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1
Permatasari, Ulfa Septilia, and Indrastanti Ratna Widiasari. "Analisis Routing Protokol Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) Pada Raspberry Pi." AITI 16, no. 2 (2020): 151–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24246/aiti.v16i2.151-164.
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Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR)is one of the two standard for mesh networks. OLSR is a link state routing protocol, which use hallo message and topology control (TC) to determine the link state information across the mobile ad-hoc network. OLSR is widely used in the wireless mesh network. Raspberry Pi is a mini computer which can be used as a node router to replace the function of a router in a wireless mesh network. In this research, Raspberry Pi is used as a router nodes to determine the performance of routing protocol OLSR. The parameters used to measure its performance is self-configure time, self-healing and bandwidth usage. The test results showed that the use of routing protocols OLSR on the Raspberry Pi in a wireless mesh network proved able to repair itself if there is a problem on the network since it has ability to self-configure and self-healing.
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Tuli, Esmot Ara, Mohtasin Golam, Dong-Seong Kim, and Jae-Min Lee. "Performance Enhancement of Optimized Link State Routing Protocol by Parameter Configuration for UANET." Drones 6, no. 1 (2022): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones6010022.
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The growing need for wireless communication has resulted in the widespread usage of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in a variety of applications. Designing a routing protocol for UAVs is paramount as well as challenging due to its dynamic attributes. The difficulty stems from features other than mobile ad hoc networks (MANET), such as aerial mobility in 3D space and frequently changing topology. This paper analyzes the performance of four topology-based routing protocols, dynamic source routing (DSR), ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV), geographic routing protocol (GRP), and optimized link state routing (OLSR), by using practical simulation software OPNET 14.5. Performance evaluation carries out various metrics such as throughput, delay, and data drop rate. Moreover, the performance of the OLSR routing protocol is enhanced and named “E-OLSR” by tuning parameters and reducing holding time. The optimized E-OLSR settings provide better performance than the conventional request for comments (RFC 3626) in the experiment, making it suitable for use in UAV ad hoc network (UANET) environments. Simulation results indicate the proposed E-OLSR outperforms the existing OLSR and achieves supremacy over other protocols mentioned in this paper.
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Singh, Jaspreet, Gurpreet Singh, Deepali Gupta, Ghulam Muhammad, and Ali Nauman. "OCI-OLSR: An Optimized Control Interval-Optimized Link State Routing-Based Efficient Routing Mechanism for Ad-Hoc Networks." Processes 11, no. 5 (2023): 1419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11051419.
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MANET (Mobile Ad hoc Networks) functionality is determined by routing protocols’ ability to adjust to atypical changes in information and communication technologies, topological systems, and connection status. Due to interference, node migration, the growth of several pathways, security, and propagation loss, MANET network configurations are dynamic. The proactive routing protocol enhances the message flow utilized in the neighborhood discovery process by using the multipoint relays (MPR) approach. In order to increase the protocol’s effectiveness and efficiency while maintaining the OLSR protocol’s reliability, the research presented in this paper proposed an improved OCI-OLSR (Optimized Control Interval-Optimized Link State Routing) that focuses on better control interval management, an advanced MPR selection process, reducing neighbor hold time as well as decreasing flooding. The suggested proposed protocol was examined using the NS3 simulator, and it was compared to the standard OLSR version and AODV(Ad-hoc On-Demand Routing) routing protocol. According to the analysis’s findings, the suggested system has a lot of promise in terms of a variety of performance metrics under diverse conditions. Overall, the article makes the case that the OCI-OLSR protocol may enhance the performance of the regular OLSR protocol in wireless ad hoc networks by addressing a number of the protocol’s flaws.
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Jubair, Mohammed Ahmed, Salama A. Mostafa, Ravie Chandren Muniyandi, et al. "Bat Optimized Link State Routing Protocol for Energy-Aware Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks." Symmetry 11, no. 11 (2019): 1409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11111409.
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Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) can be described as a group of wireless mobile nodes that form a temporary dynamic and independent infrastructure network or a central administration facility. High energy consumption is one of the main problems associated with the MANET technology. The wireless mobile nodes used in this process rely on batteries because the network does not have a steady power supply. Thus, the rapid battery drain reduces the lifespan of the network. In this paper, a new Bat Optimized Link State Routing (BOLSR) protocol is proposed to improve the energy usage of the Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol in the MANET. The symmetry between OLSR of MANET and Bat Algorithm (BA) is that both of them use the same mechanism for finding the path via sending and receiving specific signals. This symmetry resulted in the BOLSR protocol that determines the optimized path from a source node to a destination node according to the energy dynamics of the nodes. The BOLSR protocol is implemented in a MANET simulation by using MATLAB toolbox. Different scenarios are tested to compare the BOLSR protocol with the Cellular Automata African Buffalo Optimization (CAABO), Energy-Based OLSR (EBOLSR), and the standard OLSR. The performance metric consists of routing overhead ratios, energy consumption, and end-to-end delay which is applied to evaluate the performance of the routing protocols. The results of the tests reveal that the BOLSR protocol reduces the energy consumption and increases the lifespan of the network, compared with the CAABO, EBOLSR, and OLSR.
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K., Thamizhmaran. "Performance Comparison of Routing Protocols in Manet." Advancement and Research in Instrumentation Engineering 8, no. 1 (2024): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14499014.
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<em>All nodes work as routers on take path in discovery and maintenance of routes to other nodes in the network to know their advantages are more, still drawbacks are security, energy and transmission. In a mobile environment, routing is handled by a variety of protocols. Routing protocol performance is a critical issue due to its highly dynamic nature. The two well-known protocols that will be the subject of this project are the Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) and Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) protocols. The simulation result shows the optimal routing protocol that provides the highest performance when the routing protocols are implemented using NS2.34. One significant attack in this project is a denial-of-service (DDOS) attack against the Optimized Link State Routing protocol (OLSR), also known as the node isolation attack. Destination-sequenced distance vector and optimized link state routing protocols are the two ad hoc routing protocols that are compared in the simulation. Simulation-based comparison and performance analysis on various parameters, such as average end-to-end delay, throughput, and normalized routing overhead, are presented in our project.</em>
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K.Thamizhmaran. "Optimization Link Sate Routing Analysis with Destination Sequenced Distance Vector for MANET." Journal of Research in Electrical Power System 1, no. 1 (2025): 31–37. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15210274.
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<em>Every node functions as a router, finding and maintaining routes to other nodes in the network to let them know about their benefits. However, security, energy, and transmission are still disadvantages. In a mobile setting, routing is handled via a variety of protocols. Routing protocol performance is a critical issue due to its extremely dynamic nature. The two well-known protocols that will be the subject of this study are the Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) and Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) protocols. When the routing protocols are built using NS2.34, the simulation result demonstrates the best routing protocol that offers the best performance. A notable attack in this study is the node isolation attack, which is a denial-of-service (DDOS) attack against the Optimized Link State Routing protocol (OLSR). Two ad hoc routing protocols are compared in the simulation: destination-sequenced distance vector and optimal link state routing methods. We give simulation-based comparison and performance analysis on multiple factors, including throughput, normalized routing overhead, and average end-to-end delay.</em>
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Dr., P. Venkatasubramanian. "Cooperative Analysis of Reactive Routing Protocols Attacks in Manet." Journal of Emerging Trends in Electrical Engineering 6, no. 1 (2023): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10431960.
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<em>All nodes work as routers on take path in discovery and maintenance of routes to other nodes in the network to know there advantages are more, still drawbacks are security, energy and transmission. In a mobile context, there are various methods for managing routing. The performance of routing protocols is a critical issue due to their extremely dynamic nature. This project will focus on two well-known protocols: Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) and Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) Protocols. In this project One major attack is DDOS attack against the Optimized Link State Routing protocol (OLSR) known as the node isolation attack, the simulation result presents the best routing protocol which gives the highest performance when the routing protocols are implemented using NS2.34. Destination-sequenced distance vector and optimal link state routing protocols are two ad hoc routing protocols that are compared in this simulation. In this project, we compare and analyze performance using simulation for various factors, including average end-to-end latency, throughput, and normalized routing overhead.</em>
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Cho, Tae-Kyung, and Jea-Hee Lee. "The Study on the OLSR(Optimized Link State Routing Protocol) Implementation in the Mobile Ad-hoc Network." Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 60, no. 4 (2011): 257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5370/kieep.2011.60.4.257.
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Wheeb, Ali H., Rosdiadee Nordin, Asma’ Abu Samah, and Dimitris Kanellopoulos. "Performance Evaluation of Standard and Modified OLSR Protocols for Uncoordinated UAV Ad-Hoc Networks in Search and Rescue Environments." Electronics 12, no. 6 (2023): 1334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12061334.
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Widespread usage of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in new and emerging applications needs dynamic and adaptive networking. The development of routing protocols for UAV ad hoc networks faces numerous issues because of the unique characteristics of UAVs, such as rapid mobility, frequent changes in network topology, and limited energy consumption. The Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol seems to be a promising solution as it offers improved delay performance. It is expected that OLSR will satisfy the strict demands of real-time UAV applications such as “search and rescue” (SAR) missions as it involves the most recent update of routing information. The classical OLSR routing protocol and its enhanced versions, D-OLSR, ML-OLSR, and P-OLSR, use different techniques to make an appropriate decision for routing packets. These routing techniques consider the quality of a wireless link, type of antenna, load, and mobility-aware mechanism to select the best UAV to send the message to the destination. This study evaluates and examines the performance of the original and modified OLSR routing protocols in UAV ad hoc networks for three SAR scenarios: (1) increasing mobility, (2) increasing scalability, and (3) increasing the allowed space of UAVs. It analyzes and validates the performance of the four OLSR-based routing protocols. It determines the best OSLR routing protocol by taking into account the packet delivery ratio, latency, energy consumption, and throughput. The four routing protocols and the SAR scenarios were simulated using NS-3.32. Based on the simulation results, ML-OLSR outperforms OLSR, D-OLSR, and P-OLSR in the considered measures.
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Rahmadani, Rahmadani. "Analisis Kinerja Protocol OLSR Pada Jaringan Ad Hoc." INFORMATICS FOR EDUCATORS AND PROFESSIONAL : Journal of Informatics 8, no. 1 (2023): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.51211/itbi.v8i1.2513.
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Abstrak: Analisis kinerja dengan menggunakan protocol Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) pada jaringan ad hoc telah didapatkan hasil Quality of Service atau QoS terhadap nilai throughput, packet loss dan delay serta uji performa proses transfer data dilakukan dengan menggunakan software Network Simulator 3 (NS-3) pada sistem operasi Linux Ubuntu, berdasarkan jumlah node yang terus ditambah sesuai dengan skenario pengujian pada jaringan ad hoc. Skenario pengujian dilakukan dengan penambahan node secara bertahap mulai dari 10 node, kemudian ditambahkan menjadi 20 node, sampai berjumlah 40 node. Hasil analisis kinerja protocol Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) serta pengukuran yang didapatkan terhadap nilai throughput, menghasilkan nilai rata-rata sebesar 3.1872 Kbps sehingga termasuk ke dalam kategori bagus. Nilai packet loss menghasilkan rata-rata sebesar 3,48% termasuk kedalam kategori bagus dan nilai delay menghasilkan rata-rata 6.824 ms yang juga masuk ke dalam kategori bagus. Hasil akhir analisis kinerja dengan menggunakan protocol Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) pada jaringan ad hoc telah disajikan dalam bentuk grafik untuk memudahkan proses pengamatan dan penelitian selanjutnya.
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Rahul, Desai, P. Patil B, and Pal Sharma Davinder. "Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad Hoc Network: A Survey and Analysis." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 5, no. 1 (2017): 795–801. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v7.i3.pp795-801.
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Ad hoc networks are mobile wireless networks where each node is acting as a router. The existing routing protocols such as Destination sequences distance vector, Optimized list state routing protocols, Ad hoc on demand routing protocol, Ad hoc on demand multipath routing protocol, Dynamic source routing are optimized versions of distance vector or link state routing protocols. In this paper, existing protocols such as DSDV, AODV, AOMDV, OLSR and DSR are analyzed on 50 nodes Mobile Ad Hoc network with random mobility. Packet delivery ratio, delay, control overhead and throughput parameters are used for performance analysis.
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K., Thamizhmaran. "Secure Hybrid Shortest Path Algorithm in Mobile Ad hoc Networks for Optimize Link State Routing." Journal of VLSI Design and its Advancement 6, no. 3 (2023): 14–18. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10082579.
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<i>MANETs are the significant technologies among various air communication technologies where all the nodes are mobile and can be connected dynamically using wireless link in a random manner. All nodes work router and maintain routes to other nodes in the network. In this recent research work, a new system called, Secure Hybrid Shortest Path (SHSP) Routing compare with optimized link state routing (OLSR) proactive routing protocol is designed for MANETs to reduce end-to-end delay, secure hybrid shortest path routing algorithm besides avoiding delay and packet loss, it increases the node speed also. Network Simulator (NS2) is used to simulate the proposed method and implemented in the test system. The new routing protocol named OLSR-SHSP using OLSR is proposed to address the problem. Shortest path system based transmission is highly secure with the lowest delay and packet dropping. All the three scenarios OLSR-SHSP provides better performance compared to the existing system routing protocol by decreasing end-to-end delay, lowering routing overhead and reducing packet drop compared to the OLSR routing protocol. To enhance the merits of this research work, there is a plan to investigate the following issues in the future. However, the same concept can be applied in satellite to reduce end-to-end delay in the route and reduce packet loss, Possibilities of adopting secure quality oriented techniques to further improve the network performance of quality</i>.
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Cett, Koay Yong, Nor Aida Mahiddin, Fatin Fazain Mohd Affandi, Raja Hasyifah Raja Bongsu, and Aznida Hayati. "Performance Analysis of OLSR Protocol in Manet Considering Different Mobility Speed and Network Density." International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks 13, no. 6 (2021): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijwmn.2021.13602.
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A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is created when an independent mobile node network is connected dynamically via wireless links. MANET is a self-organizing network that does not rely on pre-existing infrastructure such as wired or wireless network routers. Mobile nodes in this network move randomly, thus, the topology is always changing. Routing protocols in MANET are critical in ensuring dependable and consistent connectivity between the mobile nodes. They conclude logically based on the interaction between mobile nodes in MANET routing and encourage them to choose the optimum path between source and destination. Routing protocols are classified as proactive, reactive, or hybrid. The focus of this project will be on Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol, a proactive routing technique. OLSR is known as the optimized variant of link state routing in which packets are sent throughout the network using the multipoint relay (MPR) mechanism. This article evaluates the performance of the OLSR routing protocol under condition of changing mobility speed and network density. The study's performance indicators are average packet throughput, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and average packet latency. Network Simulator 2 (NS-2) and an external patch UM-OLSR are used to simulate and evaluate the performance of such protocol. As a result of research, the approach of implementing the MPR mechanism are able to minimise redundant data transmission during the normal message broadcast. The MPRs enhance the link state protocols’ traditional diffusion mechanism by selecting the right MPRs. Hence, the number of undesired broadcasts can be reduced and limited. Further research will focus on different scenario and environment using different mobility model.
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Zhang, Cheng. "Performance Analysis of DSR OLSR and OLSR-MIP in VANET." Advanced Materials Research 846-847 (November 2013): 1452–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.846-847.1452.
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Vehicle Ad Hoc network (VANET) has grown fast in recent years. The routing protocol is one of the key technologies in VANET. Due to the particularity of VANET networks, the implementation and validation of all the protocols in realistic scenes are not possible. In this paper, we use the network simulation software OPNET to simulate the network models of VANET in different urban scenarios. We assessed the performance of Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocols. Then we propose a new method by deploying the roadside equipment with Mobile IP. The results show that the performance is improved compared with the existing schemes.
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Desai, Rahul M., B. P. Patil, and Davinder Pal Sharma. "Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad Hoc Network - A Survey and Analysis." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 7, no. 3 (2017): 795. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v7.i3.pp795-801.
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<p class="Default">Ad hoc networks are mobile wireless networks where each node is acting as a router. The existing routing protocols such as Destination sequences distance vector, Optimized list state routing protocols, Ad hoc on demand routing protocol, Ad hoc on demand multipath routing protocol, Dynamic source routing are optimized versions of distance vector or link state routing protocols. In this paper, existing protocols such as DSDV, AODV, AOMDV, OLSR and DSR are analyzed on 50 nodes Mobile Ad Hoc network with random mobility. Packet delivery ratio, delay, control overhead and throughput parameters are used for performance analysis.</p>
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Ahmed, Waleed Khalid, Mohd Nazri bin Mohd Warip, Mohamed ElshaikhElobaid Said Ahmed, and Phaklen Ehkan. "Multipoint Relay Path for Efficient Topology Maintenance Algorithm in Optimized Link State Routing-Based for VANET." International journal of Computer Networks & Communications 16, no. 1 (2024): 125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijcnc.2024.16108.
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The Optimal Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol employs multipoint relay (MPR) nodes to disseminate topology control (TC) messages, enabling network topology discovery and maintenance. However, this approach increases control overhead and leads to wasted network bandwidth in stable topology scenarios due to fixed flooding periods. To address these challenges, this paper presents an Efficient Topology Maintenance Algorithm (ETM-OLSR) for Enhanced Link-State Routing Protocols. By reducing the number of MPR nodes, TC message generation and forwarding frequency are minimized. Furthermore, the algorithm selects a smaller subset of TC messages based on the changes in the MPR selection set from the previous cycle, adapting to stable and fluctuating network conditions. Additionally, the sending cycle of TC messages is dynamically adjusted in response to network topology changes. Simulation results demonstrate that the ETM-OLSR algorithm effectively reduces network control overhead, minimizes end-to-end delay, and improves network throughput compared to traditional OLSR and HTR-OLSR algorithms.
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Khanchandani, Shailesh Kumar. "A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PROACTIVE ROUTING PROTOCOLS (DSDV, OLSR) & REACTIVE ROUTING PROTOCOLS (AODV, DSR) IN MANET USING NS-3." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 04 (2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem30773.
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The abstract outlines a comprehensive analysis focusing on routing protocols in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs). Ad-hoc networks are dynamic wireless networks without a central infrastructure. This analysis compares two types of routing protocols—proactive (table-driven) and reactive (on-demand)—using simulation analysis. The protocols DSDV, OLSR, AODV, and DSR are evaluated using NS-3, considering various performance metrics under different scenarios. The research aims to provide insights into protocol strengths and weaknesses, aiding network protocol selection and potential enhancements. This investigation contributes to understanding routing behaviours in ever-changing MANETs, benefiting network design and optimization efforts. Keywords: MANET (Mobile Ad Hoc Network), DSDV (Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector), OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing), AODV (Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector), DSR (Dynamic Source Routing), Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
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Rani, Shalli, Deepika Koundal, Kavita, Muhammad Fazal Ijaz, Mohamed Elhoseny, and Mohammed I. Alghamdi. "An Optimized Framework for WSN Routing in the Context of Industry 4.0." Sensors 21, no. 19 (2021): 6474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21196474.
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The advancements in Industry 4.0 have opened up new ways for the structural deployment of Smart Grids (SGs) to face the endlessly rising challenges of the 21st century. SGs for Industry 4.0 can be better managed by optimized routing techniques. In Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs), the topology is not fixed and can be encountered by interference, mobility of nodes, propagation of multi-paths, and path loss. To extenuate these concerns for SGs, in this paper, we have presented a new version of the standard Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol for SGs to improve the management of control intervals that enhance the efficiency of the standard OLSR protocol without affecting its reliability. The adapted fault tolerant approach makes the proposed protocol more reliable for industrial applications. The process of grouping of nodes supports managing the total network cost by reducing severe flooding and evaluating an optimized head of clusters. The head of the unit is nominated according to the first defined expectation factor. With a sequence of rigorous performance evaluations under simulation parameters, the simulation results show that the proposed version of OLSR has proliferated Quality of Service (QoS) metrics when it is compared against the state-of-the-art-based conventional protocols, namely, standard OLSR, DSDV, AOMDV and hybrid routing technique.
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Rahul, Desai, P. Patil B, and Pal Sharma Davinder. "Learning Based Route Management in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 5, no. 1 (2017): 718–23. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v7.i3.pp718-723.
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Ad hoc networks are mobile wireless networks where each node is acting as a router. The existing routing protocols such as Destination sequences distance vector (DSDV), Optimized list state routing protocols (OLSR), Ad hoc on demand routing protocol (AODV), dynamic source routing (DSR) are optimized versions of distance vector or link state routing protocols. Reinforcement Learning is new method evolved recently which is learning from interaction with an environment. Q Learning which is based on reinforcement learning that learns from the delayed reinforcements and becomes more popular in areas of networking. Q Learning is applied to the routing algorithms where the routing tables in the distance vector algorithms are replaced by the estimation tables called as Q values. These Q values are based on the link delay. In this paper, various optimization techniques over Q routing are described in detail with their algorithms.
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Cheng, Yan Ming, Jing Niu, and Tie Jun Sun. "Study on Performance Comparison of OLSR and AODV Routing Protocols." Applied Mechanics and Materials 672-674 (October 2014): 1977–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.672-674.1977.
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A Mobile Ad hoc network (MANET) is a network consisting of a set of wireless mobile nodes, in which nodes can communicate with each other without centralized control or established infrastructure. To obtain a better understanding of AODV (Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol) and OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing Protocol) routing protocols, different performances are simulated and analyzed using OPNET modeler 14.5 with the various performance metrics, such as PDR (Packet Delivery Ratio), end-to-end delay and routing overhead. Only effect of mobility is analyzed in the paper. As a conclusion, in mobility case, routing overhead is not greatly affected by mobility speed in AODV and OLSR, and the PDR of OLSR is decreased as the node speed increased, while AODV is not changed. As to delay, AODV is always higher than OLSR in both static and mobility cases.
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Abul, Hassan Muhammad, Syed Irfan Ullah, Abdus Salam, Arbab Wajid Ullah, Muhammad Imad, and Farhat Ullah. "Energy efficient hierarchical based fish eye state routing protocol for flying Ad-hoc networks." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 21, no. 1 (2021): 465–71. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v21.i1.pp465-471.
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Flying Ad-hoc networks are emergent area in Ad-hoc networks evolved from MANETs and VANETs. Small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are used in FANETs applications and these small UAVs have limited resources while efficiently utilization of these resources is most critical task in real time monitoring of FANETs application. Network consumes its resources in path selection process and data routing from source to destination. Selecting of efficient routing protocol to utilize all available resources played vital role in extending network life time. In this article fisheye state routing (FSR) protocol is implemented in FANET and compare networks performance in term of channel utilization, link utilization vs throughput and packet delivery ratio (PDR) with distance sequence distance vector (DSDV), optimized link state routing (OLSR), adhoc on demand distance vector (AODV), dynamic source routing (DSR) and temperary ordered routing protocol (TORA). Experimental analysis slows that FSR is good in term of PDR (16438 packets delivered), channel utilization (89%) and link vs throughput from the rest of routing protocols after addressing of these problems UAVs resources are efficiently utilized (energy).
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Yu Xian, Yap, Sumendra Yogarayan, Siti Fatimah Abdul Razak, et al. "Performance Assessment of Optimized Link State Routing Protocol on Vehicular Ad Hoc Network Simulation." HighTech and Innovation Journal 6, no. 1 (2025): 289–302. https://doi.org/10.28991/hij-2025-06-01-019.
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Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) are dedicated forms of wireless communication networks designed to handle the challenges of vehicular environments, including high mobility, varying traffic densities, and constantly changing topologies. These factors necessitate the development and evaluation of routing protocols to ensure reliable data communication between vehicles. This study evaluates the performance of the Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol within Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs), focusing on its capability to handle different traffic densities and dynamic environments. Reliable data communication in VANETs is critical due to the high mobility and constantly changing topologies, especially in urban and highway settings. Using NS-3 for network simulation and Simulation of Urban MObility (SUMO) for realistic vehicular mobility modelling, we conducted a series of simulations to assess OLSR’s performance in low-density and high-density scenarios across highway and urban environments. Key performance metrics, including packet delivery ratio (PDR), end-to-end delay (E2ED) and throughput were analyzed to capture OLSR’s strengths and weaknesses in each setting. The analysis showed that OLSR excels in low-density highway scenarios, achieving a PDR of 100% and low E2ED. However, in high-density urban settings, the protocol encounters performance challenges, with a reduced PDR of 81.40% and a high E2ED of 85.52 seconds, indicating delays in data transmission. These findings emphasize the limitations of OLSR in dense urban environments, highlighting the necessity for adaptive routing protocols that can improve performance in complex, high-density vehicular networks. Doi: 10.28991/HIJ-2025-06-01-019 Full Text: PDF
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Manhar, Advin, and Dr Deepak Dembla. "Improved Hybrid Routing Protocol (IHRP) in MANETs Based on Situation Based Adaptive Routing." International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research 11, no. 1 (2023): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37391/ijeer.110103.
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Without the need of a fixed foundation or base station, the Mobile Ad hoc Network creates its own wireless network. One of the most troublesome aspects of Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is the occurrence of unexpected loss of network connectivity. As a result of this problem, packets continue to drop, and we must restore the connection by sending Route Request (RREQ) and Route Reply (RREP). As a result, network performance will suffer yet another setback. We used the scenario routing technique to combine the Dream Multipath Routing (DMR), Ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV), Optimized link-state routing (OLSR), and Ad-hoc on Demand Vector (AODV) routing protocols to build the IHRP routing protocol in this work. According to previous studies, (AODV) is more suited when node motion is high. The purpose of DREAM Multipath Routing (DMR) is to maintain node mobility and location information coordinated. Route packet flooding is prevented by computing the expected chance of node relocation. The number of mobile nodes in the wireless network fluctuates, and the DMR operates on each one individually. In the network, each node maintains a list of nearby nodes and their current locations. Using the AOMDV routing protocol is effective for load balancing and preventing congestion on the network. OLSR is a good fit for networks that priorities link reliability above other considerations when routing traffic. When using the aforementioned (DMR, AODV, AOMDV, and OLSR) protocols to create the IHRP routing protocol, we are capable of better regulation of network behavior and perform. In the case of 100 nodes, data is sent for analysis for The Improved Hybrid Routing Protocol (IHRP), Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP), AOMDV, AODV, and OLSR routing protocols. For data send, the performance of IHRP, ZRP, AOMDV, AODV, and OLSR is 11513, 10240, 10225, 10558, and 9184, respectively, and for 50 nodes, the performance of IHRP, ZRP, AOMDV, AODV, and OLSR is 11151, 9807, 9636, 9586, and 7470, respectively. Thus, with 100 and 50 nodes, the Improved Hybrid Routing Protocol (IHRP) outperforms the AOMDV, ZRP, AODV, and OLSR routing protocols. In the case of 100 nodes and 50 nodes, the data receive analysis for IHRP, ZRP, AOMDV, AODV, and OLSR routing protocols is 11513, 10240, 10225, 10558, and 9184, respectively, and 9367, 8714, 8370, 6730, and 7298, respectively, So IHRP also receives data faster than ZRP, AOMDV, AODV, and OLSR routing protocols. The IHRP outperforms AOMDV, AODV, ZRP, and OLSR routing protocols in terms of data transmit, receive, data drop, PDR, throughput, E-E latency, and NRL.
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Rani, Seema, and Saurabh Charaya. "Improving the Performance of OLSR in Wireless Networks using Reinforcement Learning Algorithms." International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 11, no. 7s (2023): 166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v11i7s.6988.
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The Optimized Link State Routing Protocol is a popular proactive routing protocol used in wireless mesh networks. However, like many routing protocols, OLSR can suffer from inefficiencies and suboptimal performance in certain network conditions. To address these issues, researchers have proposed using reinforcement learning algorithms to improve the routing decisions made by OLSR. This paper explores the use of three RL algorithms - Q-Learning, SARSA, and DQN - to improve the performance of OLSR. Each algorithm is described in detail, and their application to OLSR is explained. In particular, the network is represented as a Markov decision process, where each node is a state, and each link between nodes is an action. The reward for taking an action is determined by the quality of the link, and the goal is to maximize the cumulative reward over a sequence of actions. Q-Learning is a simple and effective algorithm that estimates the value of each possible action in a given state. SARSA is a similar algorithm that takes into account the current policy when estimating the value of each action. DQN uses a neural network to approximate the Q-values of each action in a given state, providing more accurate estimates in complex network environments. Overall, all three RL algorithms can be used to improve the routing decisions made by OLSR. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the application of RL algorithms to OLSR and highlights the potential benefits of using these algorithms to improve the performance of wireless networks.
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Mineno, Hiroshi, Kazuyoshi Soga, Tomoya Takenaka, Yoshiaki Terashima, and Tadanori Mizuno. "Integrated protocol for optimized link state routing and localization: OLSR-L." Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory 19, no. 8 (2011): 1711–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.simpat.2010.09.008.
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C., Selvaraj, and Shanthakumari R. "MITIGATING NODE ISOLATION ATTACK IN OLSR PROTOCOL USING DCFM TECHNIQUE." International Journal of Advanced Trends in Engineering and Technology 1, no. 2 (2017): 75–82. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.345990.
Full textAbstract:
A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of mobile devices which are connected by wireless links without the use of any fixed infrastructures or centralized access points. The Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol is an important proactive routing protocol designed for mobile ad hoc networks. It employs periodic exchange of messages to maintain topology information of the network at each node. Based on topology information, each node is able to calculate the optimal route to a destination. One major DoS attack against the Optimized Link State Routing protocol (OLSR) known as the node isolation attack occurs when topological knowledge of the network is exploited by an attacker who is able to isolate the victim from the rest of the network and subsequently deny communication services to the victim. The proposed method named Denial Contradictions with Fictitious Node Mechanism (DCFM) relies on the internal knowledge acquired by each node during routine routing, and augmentation of virtual (fictitious) nodes. Moreover, DCFM utilizes the same techniques used by the attack in order to prevent it. DCFM successfully prevents the attack, specifically in the realistic scenario in which all nodes in the network are mobile.
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S, Jahir Hussain, and Sugumar Ramalingam. "Enhanced Whale Optimization Algorithm for Multi-Objective Node Disjoint Routing." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 17, no. 21 (2024): 2138–49. https://doi.org/10.17485/IJST/v17i21.3092.
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Abstract <strong>Objectives:</strong> The research goal is to identify node-disjoint pathways maximizing path lifetime, delivery ratio, etc. while establishing several node-disjoint paths to optimize routing and enhance interference reduction and PDR efficiency. <strong>Methods:</strong> In the MANET, the Enhanced Whale Optimization Algorithm (EWOA) is utilized to discover the most secure routing path. The dataset used in this research comprises simulated scenarios representing various network conditions and configurations, allowing for a comprehensive evaluation of the proposed work. The software employed for simulation and analysis includes an NS-3 network simulation tool, allowing the model to evaluate the performance of the proposed routing protocol in diverse MANET scenarios. The parameters considered during the evaluation include throughput, end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and routing overhead. The modifications involve enhancing the routing algorithm to prioritize node-disjoint pathways, thus improving interference reduction, energy efficiency, and overall network performance. <strong>Findings:</strong> The EWOA for Multi-Objective Node Disjoint Routing demonstrates superior performance compared to existing routing protocols such as SRABC and OLSR across various key metrics. Specifically, in terms of end-to-end delay, EWOA consistently outperforms SRABC and OLSR by reducing delay by 1.3% and 4.7%, respectively. Additionally, EWOA achieves a higher packet delivery ratio, surpassing SRABC and OLSR by 4.3% and 0.4%, respectively. Moreover, EWOA exhibits higher throughput, with a throughput increase of 11.3% compared to SRABC and 6.2% compared to OLSR. Furthermore, EWOA demonstrates lower routing overhead, reducing overhead by 9.6% compared to SRABC and 3.1% compared to OLSR. These findings highlight the efficacy of EWOA in optimizing multi-objective routing in MANETs, offering improved network performance and efficiency compared to existing protocols. <strong>Novelty:</strong> The Multi-Objective Node Disjoint Routing Protocol with Enhanced Whale Optimization is utilized in MANET to choose the best route, reducing latency resulting from link failure and distributing traffic loads across multiple paths. <strong>Keywords:</strong> Optimization, Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA), Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR), Secure Routing Algorithm Blockchain Technology (SRABC)), MANET
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Zhang, Hong, Jun Hu, and Lei You. "A New MSLBOLSR Routing Algorithm." Advanced Materials Research 1044-1045 (October 2014): 1003–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1044-1045.1003.
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In Optimized Link State Routing Protocol, the choice of Multi-Point Relays is based on connectivity. Based on the connection time, this paper chooses MPR by taking reference in the degree of congestion of link layer of nodes while making a balanced processing of network load. The experimental results have shown that the improved MSLBOLSR(Multidimensional Sense and Load Balanced OLSR) protocol has advanced visibly in terms of the leisure degree of application layer and the time-delay, etc.
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Mahabbati, Lathifatul, Andy Hidayat Jatmika, and Raphael Bianco Huwae. "Reducing Transmission Signal Collisions on Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Using Dynamic Power Transmission." MATRIK : Jurnal Manajemen, Teknik Informatika dan Rekayasa Komputer 24, no. 1 (2024): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.30812/matrik.v24i1.3899.
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Many devices connected to a network inevitably result in clashes between communication signals. These collisions are an important factor that causes a decrease in network performance, especially affecting Quality of Service (QoS) like throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), and end-to-end de- lay, which has a direct impact on the success of data transmission by potentially causing data loss or damage. The aim of this research is to integrate the Dynamic Power Transmission (DPT) algorithm into the Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) routing protocol to regulate the communication sig- nal strength range. The DPT algorithm dynamically adapts the signal coverage distance based on the density of neighboring nodes to reduce signal collisions. In our protocol, the basic mechanism of a DPT algorithm includes four steps. The Hello message structure of OLSR has been modified to incorporate the ”x-y position” coordinate field data. Nodes calculate distances to neighbors using these coordinates, which is crucial for route discovery, where all nearby nodes can process route re-quests. The results of this research are that DPT-OLSR improves network efficiency in busy areas. In particular, the DPT-OLSR routing protocol achieves an average throughput enhancement of 0.93%, a 94.79% rise in PDR, and reduces end-to-end delay by 45.69% across various variations in node density. The implication of this research result is that the algorithm proposed automatically adapts the transmission power of individual nodes to control the number of neighboring nodes within a de-fined range. This effectively avoids unwanted interference, unnecessary overhearing, and excessive processing by other nodes, ultimately boosting the network’s overall throughput.
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Afzal, Kiran, Rehan Tariq, Farhan Aadil, Zeshan Iqbal, Nouman Ali, and Muhammad Sajid. "An Optimized and Efficient Routing Protocol Application for IoV." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (May 19, 2021): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9977252.
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IoV is the latest application of VANET and is the alliance of Internet and IoT. With the rapid progress in technology, people are searching for a traffic environment where they would have maximum collaboration with their surroundings which comprise other vehicles. It has become a necessity to find such a traffic environment where we have less traffic congestion, minimum chances of a vehicular collision, minimum communication delay, fewer communication errors, and a greater message delivery ratio. For this purpose, a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) was devised where vehicles were communicating with each other in an infrastructureless environment. In VANET, vehicles communicate in an ad hoc manner and communicate with each other to deliver messages, for infotainment purposes or for warning other vehicles about emergency scenarios. Unmanned aerial vehicle- (UAV-) assisted VANET is one of the emerging fields nowadays. For VANET’s routing efficiency, several routing protocols are being used like optimized link state routing (OLSR) protocol, ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol, and destination-sequenced distance vector (DSDV) protocol. To meet the need of the upcoming era of artificial intelligence, researchers are working to improve the route optimization problems in VANETs by employing UAVs. The proposed system is based on a model of VANET involving interaction with aerial nodes (UAVs) for efficient data delivery and better performance. Comparisons of traditional routing protocols with UAV-based protocols have been made in the scenario of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. Later on, communication of vehicles via aerial nodes has been studied for the same purpose. The results have been generated through various simulations. After performing extensive simulations by varying different parameters over grid sizes of 300 × 1500 m to 300 × 6000 m, it is evident that although the traditional DSDV routing protocol performs 14% better than drone-assisted destination-sequenced distance vector (DA-DSDV) when we have number of sinks equal to 25, the performance of drone-assisted optimized link state routing (DA-OLSR) protocol is 0.5% better than that of traditional OLSR, whereas drone-assisted ad hoc on-demand distance vector (DA-AODV) performs 22% better than traditional AODV. Moreover, if we increase the number of sinks up to 50, it can be clearly seen that the DA-AODV outperforms the rest of the routing protocols by up to 60% (either traditional routing protocol or drone-assisted routing protocol). In addition, for parameters like MAC/PHY overhead and packet delivery ratio, the performance of our proposed drone-assisted variants of protocols is also better than that of the traditional routing protocols. These results show that our proposed strategy performs better than the traditional VANET protocols and plays important role in minimizing the MAC/PHY and enhancing the average throughput along with average packet delivery ratio.
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Sharma, Vivek, Bashir Alam, and M. N. Doja. "A-OLSR: ANFIS based OLSR to select Multi point relay." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, no. 1 (2019): 646–51. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i1.pp646-651.
Full textAbstract:
The characteristics like dynamic topology, power consumption, mobility etc. may leads to affect the routing process of packet as it progresses from one node to another node. The energy of each node is very limited in MANET’s due to which it becomes an important parameter to be considered while selecting the route. The ‘Optimized Link State Routing Protocol’ (OLSR) does not consider node energy during Multipoint relay (MPR) selection process. This paper proposes an improvement of OLSR routing protocol named as A-OLSR protocol using node energy during its MPR process. The improvement is based on adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). The network simulator NS2.35 is used for the simulation, random way point model for mobility and constant bit rate (CBR) for traffic process. The performance of proposed A-OLSR protocol is evaluated using the packet delivery ratio (PDR) and end to end delay metrices. The simulation results prove the superiority of the proposed protocol in terms of PDR.
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Hussain, S. Jahir, and Ramalingam Sugumar. "Enhanced Whale Optimization Algorithm for Multi-Objective Node Disjoint Routing." Indian Journal Of Science And Technology 17, no. 21 (2024): 2138–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/v17i21.3092.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives: The research goal is to identify node-disjoint pathways maximizing path lifetime, delivery ratio, etc. while establishing several node-disjoint paths to optimize routing and enhance interference reduction and PDR efficiency. Methods: In the MANET, the Enhanced Whale Optimization Algorithm (EWOA) is utilized to discover the most secure routing path. The dataset used in this research comprises simulated scenarios representing various network conditions and configurations, allowing for a comprehensive evaluation of the proposed work. The software employed for simulation and analysis includes an NS-3 network simulation tool, allowing the model to evaluate the performance of the proposed routing protocol in diverse MANET scenarios. The parameters considered during the evaluation include throughput, end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and routing overhead. The modifications involve enhancing the routing algorithm to prioritize node-disjoint pathways, thus improving interference reduction, energy efficiency, and overall network performance. Findings: The EWOA for Multi-Objective Node Disjoint Routing demonstrates superior performance compared to existing routing protocols such as SRABC and OLSR across various key metrics. Specifically, in terms of end-to-end delay, EWOA consistently outperforms SRABC and OLSR by reducing delay by 1.3% and 4.7%, respectively. Additionally, EWOA achieves a higher packet delivery ratio, surpassing SRABC and OLSR by 4.3% and 0.4%, respectively. Moreover, EWOA exhibits higher throughput, with a throughput increase of 11.3% compared to SRABC and 6.2% compared to OLSR. Furthermore, EWOA demonstrates lower routing overhead, reducing overhead by 9.6% compared to SRABC and 3.1% compared to OLSR. These findings highlight the efficacy of EWOA in optimizing multi-objective routing in MANETs, offering improved network performance and efficiency compared to existing protocols. Novelty: The Multi-Objective Node Disjoint Routing Protocol with Enhanced Whale Optimization is utilized in MANET to choose the best route, reducing latency resulting from link failure and distributing traffic loads across multiple paths. Keywords: Optimization, Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA), Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR), Secure Routing Algorithm Blockchain Technology (SRABC)), MANET
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Bunu, Sanusi Mohammad, Omar Younis Alani, and Mohammad Saraee. "An Improved Routing Protocol for Optimum Quality of Service in Device-to-Device and Energy Efficiency in 5G/B5G." Future Internet 16, no. 9 (2024): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi16090347.
Full textAbstract:
Some challenges when implementing the optimized link state routing (OLSR) protocol on real-life devices and simulators are unmanageable: link quality, rapid energy depletion, and high processor loads. The causes of these challenges are link state processing, unsuitable multipoint relay (MPR) nodes, and information base maintenance. This paper proposes a structured, energy-efficient link sensing and database maintenance technique. The improved OLSR in the paper replaces the OLSRv2’s HELLO, HELLO, and Topology Control (TC) message sequence with a new sequence. MPR nodes are not mandated to broadcast TC messages if the number of nodes and their OLSRv2 addresses remain unchanged after subsequent broadcasts or if no node reported 2-hop symmetric connections. The paper further proposes an MPR selection technique that considers four parameters: node battery level, mobility speed, node degree, and connection to the base station for optimum relay selection. It combines the four parameters into one metric to reduce energy dissipation and control routing overhead. The modifications were implemented in NS-3, and the simulation results show that our improved OLSR outperforms the existing OLSR, OLSRv2 and other improved routing protocols in energy consumption, routing overhead, the packet delivery ratio and end-to-end delay, as compared to the related literature.
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Maheswari, G. Uma. "Fuzzy QoS Based OLSR Network." International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking 3, no. 1 (2011): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jitn.2011010104.
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Quality-of-Service (QoS) routing protocol is developed for mobile Ad Hoc Networks. MANET is a self configuring network of mobile devices connected by wireless links. Each device in the MANET is free to move independently in any direction; therefore, it changes links to other devices frequently. The proposed QoS-based routing in the Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol relates bandwidth and delay using a fuzzy logic algorithm. The path computations are examined and the reason behind the selection of bandwidth and delay metrics is discussed. The performance of the protocol is investigated by simulation. The results in FQOLSR indicate an improvement in mobile wireless networks compared with the existing QOLSR system.
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Raad Hammoodi, Mustafa, and Ravie Chandren Muniyand. "An improved harmony search algorithm for optimized link state routing protocol in vehicular ad hoc network." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.14 (2018): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.14.12820.
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Vehicle Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is a direct application of Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET). Nodes in VANET are vehicles that communicate using vehicle to vehicle (V2V) or vehicle to infrastructure (V2I). These types of communications have led to the emergence of various applications that provide safer driving. Due to the high changing of topology and frequent fragmentation of VANET, routing pack-ets in this type of network is a hard task. In this work, the authors deal with the well-known MANET proactive Optimized Link State Rout-ing protocol (OLSR). The deployment of OLSR in VANET gives the moderate performance; this is due to its necessity of constant ex-changing of control packets. The performance of OLSR is highly dependent on its parameters, thus finding optimal parameters configura-tions that best fit VANETs environment and improves the network is essential before its deployment. Therefore, this research proposes a modified Harmony Search optimization (HSO) by incorporating selection methods in its memory consideration; roulette wheel selection to obtain fine-tuned OLSR for high density and velocity scenario. The experimental analysis showed that the OLSR with the proposed ap-proach acquired promising results regarding packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay and overhead when compared with previous approaches.
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Safrianti, Ery, Linna Oktaviana Sari, and Tulus Rahayu. "Discovery Routing Time Speed Comparison of AODV, OLSR and ZRP protocols on MANET." International Journal of Electrical, Energy and Power System Engineering 3, no. 3 (2020): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/ijeepse.3.3.100-106.
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Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a wireless network that contains a collection of nodes without infrastructure and interconnected to communicate. MANET works dynamically when a group of nodes moves spontaneously, so the network topology can change quickly and cannot be predicted. It causes changes in wireless network topology according to existing conditions. The node functions in determining the route to be selected. Ad Hoc networks have limited transmission range, so routing is needed to send data over the network. The problem with mobile nodes is that routing must provide a path when the node changes. The speed of a node obtaining information is affected by the routing protocol used in the network. Each routing protocol has different capabilities in network speed, so the discovery routing time for each routing is also different. The selected routing protocols are Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Optimized Link-state (OLSR), and Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP). The study will conduct a comparative analysis of ad hoc network initialization speeds on AODV, OLSR, and ZRP routing protocols. The parameter tested is the speed of routing discovery. After the data is collected, an analysis is carried out by looking at the routing discovery speed of each routing protocol. The test results show that each of the routing protocols examined, the AODV routing protocol, has a faster routing discovery time than the OLSR and ZRP routing protocols.
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Abood, Khaled Ahmed. "Performance evaluation of MANET routing protocols under DDOS attacks." University of Aden Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 26, no. 2 (2022): 215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.47372/uajnas.2022.n2.a09.
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Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) consist of a set of communicating wireless mobile nodes or devices that could be deployed without the need for pre-established infrastructure for communication. Due to the insecure wireless communication medium and dynamic behavior of the nodes in MANETs, routing protocols are vulnerable to various security attacks, such as distributed denial of service (DDOS) attacks. DDOS attacks are used to temporarily disable network services by overloading the target system with huge traffic, such that it cannot respond to legitimate traffic.
 In this paper, we evaluate the performance of the Ad hoc on demand vector (AODV), Temporally ordered routing algorithm (TORA), Geographic routing protocol (GRP), and optimized link state routing (OLSR) routing protocols in MANETs under the DDOS attacks. These routing protocols are simulated using OPNET simulator to compare their performance using specific performance metrics on the network. The experimental results show that TORA protocol performs better than the AODV, OLSR, and GRP protocols under the DDOS attack.
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Sharma, Vivek, Bashir Alam, and M. N. Doja. "A-OLSR: ANFIS based OLSR to select Multi point relay." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, no. 1 (2019): 646. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i1.pp646-651.
Full textAbstract:
<span lang="EN-IN">The characteristics like dynamic topology, power consumption, mobility etc. may leads to affect the routing process of packet as it progresses from one node to another node. The energy of each node is very limited in MANET’s due to which it becomes an important parameter to be considered while selecting the route. The ‘Optimized Link State Routing Protocol’ (OLSR) does not consider node energy during Multipoint relay (MPR) selection process. This paper proposes an improvement of OLSR routing protocol named as A-OLSR protocol using node energy during its MPR process. The improvement is based on adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). The network simulator NS2.35 is used for the simulation, random way point model for mobility and constant bit rate (CBR) for traffic process. The performance of proposed A-OLSR protocol is evaluated using the packet delivery ratio (PDR) and end to end delay metrices. The simulation results prove the superiority of the proposed protocol in terms of PDR.</span>
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M., Belkheir, Rouissat M., Mokaddem A., Bouziani M., and Zerroug A. "LE-OLSR protocol performance evaluation in various energy conditionsof mobile ad-hoc and sensor wireless networks." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 19, no. 3 (2022): 1391–98. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v19.i3.pp1391-1398.
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A mobile Ad hoc and sensor wireless network commonly includes various mobile devices and sensors with limited resources. In such network, energy constraint and link stability are the most critical parameters to take into consideration when deploying routing mechanisms, to assure reliable communication between nodes. These requirements are due to the network scalability and the absence of a fixed infrastructure, which may cause a rapid depletion of the nodes batteries and leads onto network link breakages. LE-OLSR (Lifetime Enhancement - Optimized Link State Protocol) is a variant of the existing OLSR. This latter is widely used as routing protocol for mobile ad-hoc and wireless sensor networks. LE-OLSR implements a new load balancing algorithm; it takes into account energy constraints of a node when selecting routers, responsible for forwarding data packets over the entire network. The aim of our work is to study and simulate the LE-OLSR protocol behavior in realistic mobile environments, including scenarios with various residual energy constraints schemes. The performed simulations had shown that LE-OLSR performances decrease compared to the case of ideal mobile network. Nevertheless, LE-OLSR had shown persistence and fair results in the realistic environment. The obtained results show that LE-OLSR protocol is an adequate and a prime solution for dense mobile ad-hoc networks.
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Wheeb, Ali H., and Nadia Adnan Al-jamali. "Performance Analysis of OLSR Protocol in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks." International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) 16, no. 01 (2022): 106–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v16i01.26663.
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Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR) is an efficient routing protocol used for various Ad hoc networks. OLSR employs the Multipoint Relay (MPR) technique to reduce network overhead traffic. A mobility model's main goal is to realistically simulate the movement behaviors of actual users. However, the high mobility and mobility model is the major design issues for an efficient and effective routing protocol for real Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). Therefore, this paper aims to analyze the performance of the OLSR protocol concerning various random and group mobility models. Two simulation scenarios were conducted over four mobility models, specifically the Random Waypoint model (RWP), Random Direction model (RD), Nomadic Community model (NC), and the Reference Point Group Model (RPGM) with a low as well as high random range mobility of the nodes. Moreover, BonnMotion Software and Network simulator NS-3 used to implement the simulation scenarios. Further, the performance of the OLSR protocol analyzed and evaluated based on latency, routing overhead, and packet loss ratio metrics. According to the results, the OLSR protocol provides the best performance over the RWP model in a low mobility environment, whereas the Nomadic mobility model is suitable for OLSR protocol in a high mobility environment.
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Priyambodo, Tri Kuntoro, Danur Wijayanto, and Made Santo Gitakarma. "Performance Optimization of MANET Networks through Routing Protocol Analysis." Computers 10, no. 1 (2020): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computers10010002.
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A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) protocol requires proper settings to perform data transmission optimally. To overcome this problem, it is necessary to select the correct routing protocol and use the routing protocol’s default parameter values. This study examined the effect of route request parameters, such as RREQ_RETRIES and MAX_RREQ_TIMOUT, on the Ad Hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol, which was then compared with the default AODV performance Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocols. The performance metrics used for measuring performance were Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), throughput, delay, packet loss, energy consumption, and routing overhead. The results show that the OLSR protocol has a smaller delay than the AODV protocol, while in other measurements, the AODV protocol is better than OLSR. By reducing the combination value of RREQ_RETRIES, MAX_RREQ_TIMEOUT in AODV routing to (2, 10 s) and (3, 5 s), the protocol’s performance can be improved. The two combinations result in an average increase in throughput performance of 3.09%, a decrease in delay of 17.7%, a decrease in packet loss of 27.15%, and an increase in PDR of 4.8%. For variations in the speed of movement of nodes, 20 m/s has the best performance, while 5 m/s has the worst performance.
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Abid, Mohamed Amine, and Abdelfettah Belghith. "Period Size Self Tuning to Enhance Routing in MANETs." International Journal of Business Data Communications and Networking 6, no. 4 (2010): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jbdcn.2010100102.
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In this paper, the authors propose a novel routing protocol driven by an asynchronous distributed cartography gathering algorithm. Each node senses its own dynamics and chooses locally an appropriate routing period size. As such stationary nodes generate little signaling traffic; fast moving nodes choose small routing periods to mitigate the effect of their mobility. Moreover, every node integrates a self regulating process that dynamically and constantly calibrates the chosen routing period to track changes in its dynamics. The performances of this proposed routing protocol are evaluated and compared to the known Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol through extensive simulations. The paper shows that the collected network cartography maintains a validity ratio near 100% even for high node speeds. The authors illustrate that the proposed routing protocol provides around 97% routing validity while the OLSR can hardly deliver more than 60% at moderate to high speeds and workloads. Finally, the protocol provides better throughput than OLSR, reaching a 50% increase at moderate to high speeds and workloads far less end-to-end delays.
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Saad, Elsayed, and Ibrahim Youssef Mohamed. "Performance evaluation of dynamic source routing protocol with variation in transmission power and speed." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 13, no. 2 (2023): 1795–802. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v13i2.pp1795-1802.
Full textAbstract:
Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a set of mobile wireless nodes (devices) which is not rely on a fixed infrastructure. In MANETs, each device is responsible for routing its data according to a specific routing protocol. The three most common MANET routing protocols are: dynamic source routing protocol (DSR), optimized link state routing protocol (OLSR), and ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV). This paper proposes an efficient evaluation of DSR protocol by testing the MANETs routing protocol with variation in transmission power at different speeds. The performance analysis has been given using optimized network engineering tools (OPNET) modeler simulations and evaluated using metrics of average end to end delay and throughput. The results show that the throughput increases as the transmission power increases up to a certain value after which the throughput decreases, also the network work optimally at a certain transmission power which varied at different speed.
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Belkheir, Mohammed, Mehdi Rouissat, Allel Mokaddem, Merahi Bouziani, and Abdelatif Zerroug. "LE-OLSR protocol performance evaluation in various energy conditionsof mobile Ad-hoc and sensor wireless networks." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 19, no. 3 (2020): 1391. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v19.i3.pp1391-1398.
Full textAbstract:
<p>A mobile Ad hoc and sensor wireless network commonly includes various mobile devices and sensors with limited resources. In such network, energy constraint and link stability are the most critical parameters to take into consideration when deploying routing mechanisms, to assure reliable communication between nodes.These requirements are due to the network scalability and the absence of a fixed infrastructure, which may cause a rapid depletion of the nodes batteries and leads onto network link breakages. LE-OLSR (Lifetime Enhancement - Optimized Link State Protocol) is a variant of the existing OLSR. This latter is widely used as routing protocol for mobile ad-hoc and wireless sensor networks. LE-OLSR implements a new load balancing algorithm; it takes into account energy constraints of a node when selecting routers, responsible for forwarding data packets over the entire network. The aim of our work is to study and simulate the LE-OLSR protocol behavior in realistic mobile environments, including scenarios with various residual energy constraints schemes. The performed simulations had shown that LE-OLSR performances decrease compared to the case of ideal mobile network. Nevertheless, LE-OLSR had shown persistence and fair results in the realistic environment.The obtained results show that LE-OLSR protocol is an adequate and a prime solution for dense mobile ad hoc networks.</p>
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Teerapat, Sanguankotchakorn, K.Wijayasekara Sanika, and Nobuhiko Sugino. "Performance of OLSR MANET Adopting Cross-Layer Approach Under CBR and VBR Traffics Environment." International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) 10, no. 6 (2018): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2202538.
Full textAbstract:
The routing protocols play an important role in Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) because of the dynamically change of its topology. Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR), unawareness of Quality of Service (QoS) and power-consumed protocol, is an example of a widely-used routing protocol in MANET. The Multi-Point Relays (MPR) selection algorithm is very crucial in OLSR. Therefore, firstly, we propose a heuristic method to select the best path based on two parameters; Bit Error Rate (BER) derived from the physical layer and Weighted Connectivity Index (CI) adopted from the network layer. This can be done via the cross-layer design scheme. This is anticipated to enhance the performance of OLSR, provide QoS guarantee and improve the power consumption. The performances of the proposed scheme are investigated by simulation of two types of traffics: CBR and VBR (MPEG-4), evaluated by metrics namely Throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Average End-to-End Delay, Control Overhead and Average Total Power Consumption.We compare our results with the typical OLSR and OLSR using only Weighted CI. It is obvious that our proposed scheme provides superior performances to the typical OLSR and OLSR using only Weighted CI, especially, at high traffic load.
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Omer, Khaled Ahmed Abood. "Impact of Jellyfish attack on routing protocols in TCP-based MANETs." University of Aden Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 27, no. 1 (2023): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.47372/uajnas.2023.n1.a09.
Full textAbstract:
Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are self-organized infrastructure-less network of mobile wireless devices that could be deployed for communication. Due to the insecure wireless communication medium, multi-hop routing communication process, and dynamic behavior of the nodes in MANETs, routing protocols are vulnerable to various security attacks, such as Jellyfish attacks. A Jellyfish node targets TCP-based MANET and exploits its working mechanism to degrade the communication performance. This attack is hard to detect since it is a TCP protocol compliant methodology.In this paper, we evaluate the performance of the Ad hoc on-demand vector (AODV), Dynamic source routing (DSR), Temporally ordered routing algorithm (TORA), Geographic routing protocol (GRP), and optimized link state routing (OLSR) routing protocols under the Jellyfish delay variance attacks for TCP-based MANETs. Further, the TAHOE, RENO, and SACK variants of TCP protocol are considered for comparison. These routing protocols are simulated using the OPNET simulator to compare their performance, using specific performance metrics on the network. The experimental results show that the AODV protocol performs better than the DSR, TORA, OLSR, and GRP protocols under the jellyfish delay variance attack. Further, the SACK TCP variant performs better than the other TCP variants under the Jellyfish delay variance attack.
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Saad, Saad Elsayed, and Mohammed Ibrahim Youssef. "Performance evaluation of dynamic source routing protocol with variation in transmission power and speed." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 13, no. 2 (2023): 1795. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v13i2.pp1795-1802.
Full textAbstract:
<span lang="EN-US">Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a set of mobile wireless nodes (devices) which is not rely on a fixed infrastructure. In MANETs, each device is responsible for routing its data according to a specific routing protocol. The three most common MANET routing protocols are: dynamic source routing protocol (DSR), optimized link state routing protocol (OLSR), and ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV). This paper proposes an efficient evaluation of DSR protocol by testing the MANETs routing protocol with variation in transmission power at different speeds. The performance analysis has been given using optimized network engineering tools (OPNET) modeler simulations and evaluated using metrics of average end to end delay and throughput. The results show that the throughput increases as the transmission power increases up to a certain value after which the throughput decreases, also the network work optimally at a certain transmission power which varied at different speed.</span>
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Kadhim, Dheyaa Jasim, and Ali Abdulwahhab Mohammed. "Proposed emerged and enhanced routing protocols for wireless networks." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 24, no. 1 (2021): 871–79. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v24.i2.pp871-879.
Full textAbstract:
The problem motivation of this work deals with how to control the network overhead and reduce the network latency that may cause many unwanted loops resulting from using standard routing. This work proposes three different wireless routing protocols which they are originally using some advantages for famous wireless ad-hoc routing protocols such as dynamic source routing (DSR), optimized link state routing (OLSR), destination sequenced distance vector (DSDV) and zone routing protocol (ZRP). The first proposed routing protocol is presented an enhanced destination sequenced distance vector (E-DSDV) routing protocol, while the second proposed routing protocol is designed based on using the advantages of DSDV and ZRP and we named it as DS-ZRP routing protocol. The third proposed routing protocol is designed based on using the advantaged of multipoint relays in OSLR protocol with the advantages of route cashing in DSR protocol, and we named it as OLS-DSR routing protocol. Then, some experimental tests are doing by demonstration case studies and the experimental results proved that our proposed routing protocols outperformed than current wireless routing protocols in terms of important network performance metrics such as periodical broadcast, network control overhead, bandwidth overhead, energy consumed and latency.
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Abul Hassan, Muhammad, Syed Irfan Ullah, Abdus Salam, Arbab Wajid Ullah, Muhammad Imad, and Farhat Ullah. "Energy efficient hierarchical based fish eye state routing protocol for flying Ad-hoc networks." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 21, no. 1 (2021): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v21.i1.pp465-471.
Full textAbstract:
<span>Flying Ad-hoc networks are emergent area in Ad-hoc networks evolved from MANETs and VANETs. Small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are used in FANETs applications and these small UAVs have limited resources while efficiently utilization of these resources is most critical task in real time monitoring of FANETs application. Network consumes its resources in path selection process and data routing from source to destination. Selecting of efficient routing protocol to utilize all available resources played vital role in extending network life time. In this article fisheye state routing (FSR) protocol is implemented in FANET and compare networks performance in term of channel utilization, link utilization vs throughput and packet delivery ratio (PDR) with distance sequence distance vector (DSDV), optimized link state routing (OLSR), adhoc on demand distance vector (AODV), dynamic source routing (DSR) and temperary ordered routing protocol (TORA). Experimental analysis slows that FSR is good in term of PDR (16438 packets delivered), channel utilization (89%) and link vs throughput from the rest of routing protocols after addressing of these problems UAVs resources are efficiently utilized (energy).</span>
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M. Shoukath Ali. "Implementation of Optimized OLSR in 5G based VANETs to Improve QoS." Journal of Information Systems Engineering and Management 10, no. 26s (2025): 421–30. https://doi.org/10.52783/jisem.v10i26s.4244.
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5G-based Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (5G-VANETs) combine the advancements of 5G wireless communication technology with the capabilities of VANETs. These networks leverage the high data rates, low latency, and massive device connectivity provided by 5G to enable efficient and reliable communication among vehicles and infrastructure. Implementing a VANET environment in real-world scenarios poses significant challenges. This paper focuses on improving the Quality of Service (QoS) in 5G-based VANETs through the implementation of an optimized approach to the routing protocol. The chosen routing protocol for this study is Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR). To optimize the protocol, Cuckoo Search Optimization (CSO) and Simulated Annealing (SA) techniques are applied. The simulation is conducted using the ManhattanGrid mobility model, which provides a realistic representation of the vehicular environment. Various test scenarios are created by varying the vehicular density and vehicle speeds. The performance evaluation of the suggested optimized techniques is carried out using three key metrics: Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), throughput, and End-to-End Delay (E2ED). The results of the simulation demonstrate that the CSO technique outperforms other optimization techniques in terms of enhancing QoS in 5G-based VANETs.