Academic literature on the topic 'Optimum fertility'
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Journal articles on the topic "Optimum fertility"
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Grant, C. A., and L. D. Bailey. "Fertility management in canola production." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 73, no. 3 (July 1, 1993): 651–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps93-087.
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A review of the world literature on canola, a type of oilseed rape with low glucosinolates and low erucic acid, indicated that canola is a heavy user of plant nutrients. Canola requires as much or more nitrogen than cereal crops. Although canola requires more P than cereal crops for optimum yield, it may require lower levels of P fertilizers, as it is very effective at utilizing both soil P and applied P. During growth, canola takes up large quantities of K, but only a small amount is removed in the seed, so canola appears to require less fertilizer K than cereals. Canola requires more S than do cereal crops and S deficiencies may severely restrict canola yield, particularly where high levels of N are applied. Micronutrient deficiencies in canola are not common, but may occur on specific soils. Increases in canola yield with application of B, Zn and Cu have been reported in field studies. Balanced nutrition of canola is important to ensure optimum seed yield and quality as well as the most economic response to applied fertilizer. Key words: Brassica campestris, Brassica napus, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur
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Hirazawa, Makoto, Kimiyoshi Kamada, and Takashi Sato. "Altruism, environmental externality and fertility." Environment and Development Economics 24, no. 3 (March 20, 2019): 317–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x19000068.
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AbstractWe investigate the interaction between environmental quality and fertility in an altruistic bequest model with pollution externalities created by the aggregate production. Despite the negative externality related to the endogenous childbearing decisions, parents may choose to have fewer children in the competitive economy than in the social optimum. To achieve optimality, positive taxes on childbearing are required even with an insufficient number of children, if the social discount factor equals the parents' degree of altruism. On the other hand, child allowances may constitute the optimal policy if the social discount factor exceeds the parents' degree of altruism.
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Wall, E., I. M. S. White, M. P. Coffey, and S. Brotherstone. "The relationship between fertility, rump and other type traits in Holstein Friesian cows." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2005 (2005): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200009649.
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Cattle breeders, farmers and vets believe that the decline in fertility seen in recent years can be partially attributed to changes in rump angle with selection being for more angular cows. This suggests that animals with pin bones that sit above the hip bones (high rump angle) will have poorer fertility. Few studies have shown a significant relationship between fertility and rump traits. This study investigates the popular belief that high rump angle equates to poor fertility by examining the genetic and phenotypic correlation between rump angle and fertility traits. The relationship between rump angle and fertility was also examined to see if there was an intermediate optimum or threshold of rump angle for good/bad fertility. The correlation of other type traits (udder and composite traits) with fertility was also examined to see if they had potential to add information to the estimation of fertility breeding values.
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Thompson, Alan Bruce. "Fertility of crustal rocks during anatexis." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 87, no. 1-2 (1996): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300006428.
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ABSTRACT:After many years of systematic experimental investigations, it is now possible to quantify the conditions for optimum fertility to melt production of most common crustal rock types as functions of temperature and to about 30 kbar pressure. Quartzo-feldspathic melting produces steady increases in melt proportion with increasing temperature. The exact melt fraction depends on the mineral mode relative to quartz-feldspar eutectics and the temperatures of mica dehydration melting reactions. Mica melting consumes SiO2 from residual quartz during the formation of refractory Al2SiO5, orthopyroxene, garnet or cordierite.A simple graphical interpretation of experimental results allows a deduction of the proportions of mica and feldspar leading to optimum fertility. In effect, the mica dehydration melting reactions, at specific pressure and are superimposed on quartz-feldspar melting relations projected onto Ab-An-Or. Fertility to melt production varies with the mica to feldspar ratio and pressure. Pelites are more fertile than psammites at low pressures (e.g. 5 kbar), especially if they contain An40 to An50 plagioclase. At higher pressure (e.g. 10-20 kbar) and for rocks containing albitic plagioclase, psammites are more fertile than pelites. For a typical pelite (e.g. with An25 at 20 kbar), the cotectic with muscovite lies at higher (≍·) and XAb (≍0·42) than with biotite :≍0·35; XAb(≍·), thus dehydration melting of muscovite requires 10% more plagioclase for fertility than does biotite.The first melts from dehydration melting of muscovite (with Plg + Qtz) are more sodic and form at lower temperatures than the first melts from Bio + Plg + Qtz. With increasing pressure, to at least 30 kbar, granite minimum and mica dehydration melts become more sodic. This indicates that of such melts is greater than 0·3.
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Johnson, Charles D., and Dennis R. Decoteau. "Nitrogen and Potassium Fertility Affects Jalapeño Pepper Plant Growth, Pod Yield, and Pungency." HortScience 31, no. 7 (December 1996): 1119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.7.1119.
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The influence of N and K rates in Hoagland's nutrient solution on Jalapeño pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plant growth and pod production was determined on greenhouse-grown plants in sand culture. Varying the rates of N (1 to 30 mm) and K (1 to 12 mm) in Hoagland's solution identified optimum concentrations for Jalapeño plant growth and pod production. Two experiments were conducted to determine Jalapeño pepper sensitivity to differential fertilization. In the experiment seeded in April, nutrient treatments began at transplanting, and in the one seeded in May, treatments began after all plants had flower buds and half had flowered. Biomass and pod production per plant responded curvilinearly to N rate in both experiments. Optimum N rate for pod yield was 15 mm. Nitrogen rate affected pungency of pods only in the first experiment, with 1 mm N reducing capsaicin levels in fruit compared to other N rates. Biomass, fruit count, and fruit weight per plant increased linearly with increasing K rate in the first experiment and curvilinearly with K rate in the second experiment. The optimum K rate for pod yield was 6 mm. Potassium rates did not affect pod pungency. Jalapeño peppers grown in sand culture required 15 mm N and at least 3 mm K for optimum pod production.
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TOURNEMAINE, FREDERIC, and CHRISTOPHER TSOUKIS. "STATUS, FERTILITY, GROWTH AND THE GREAT TRANSITION." Singapore Economic Review 55, no. 03 (September 2010): 553–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590810003894.
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We develop an overlapping generation model to examine how the relationship between status concerns, fertility and education affect growth performances. Results are threefold. First, we show that stronger status motives heighten the desire of parents to have fewer but better educated children, which may foster economic development. Second, the government should sometimes postpone the introduction of an economic policy in order to maintain the process of economic development, although such a policy aims to implement the social optimum. Third, status can alter the dynamic path of the economy and help to explain the facts about fertility during the great transition.
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Nanyanzi, Mary, Elizabeth Balyejusa Kizito, Michael Masanza, Godfrey Sseruwu, and Moses Makoma Tenywa. "Effect of Different Rates of Poultry Manure and Bio-Slurry on the Yield of Solanum aethiopicum Shum." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 4 (March 5, 2018): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n4p158.
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Poor soil fertility remains the major cause of low crop productivity on smallholder farms that are engaging in vegetable production in sub-Saharan Africa. Appropriate soil fertility regimes are therefore critical for improving crop productivity. Its yield has remained low mainly due to poor soil fertility. A field experiment in two different seasons was planted in a Completely Randomized Block Design using Solanum aethiopicum Shum (Nakati). The treatments were 3 sole fertilizer options applied at the following rates: poultry manure and bio-slurry manure at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 t ha-1, NPK (25:5:5) at the recommend application rate for tomato which is a sister crop and a control without any fertilizer. Crop budgets were used to determine the economic optimum rates of both sole applications of manure and combinations of manure with NPK. The sole applications and showed significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased the yield of S. aethiopicum compared with the control. The established biological optimum rates were at 24.19 t ha-1 and 21.51 t ha-1 for poultry manure and bio-slurry respectively. Using the crop budgets it was concluded that the established economic optimum rates were 20 t ha-1 and 10 t ha-1 for sole poultry manure and bio-slurry respectively. Recommendations for use of sole poultry manure and bio- slurry at the rate of 20 t ha-1 and 10 t ha-1 respectively were made.
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Hayashikawa, Shuji, and Ken Takesaki. "An estimate of optimum timing for control of alfalfa weevil fertility." Kyushu Plant Protection Research 58 (2012): 100–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4241/kyubyochu.58.100.
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Stott, A. W., R. F. Veerkamp, and T. R. Wassell. "The economics of fertility in the dairy herd." Animal Science 68, no. 1 (February 1999): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800050074.
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AbstractA method to establish the economic optimum (minimum) cost of fertility in the dairy herd is described and demonstrated. A Markov chain model is used iteratively to establish the gross margin of the herd in the long term at various levels of oestrous detection rate and under two different rebreeding strategies. These gross margins are required by the optimization methodology. Under the initial assumptions reflecting current commercial practice in the United Kingdom, gross margin was £806 per cow. This figure varied by proportionately 0·15 over the range of oestrous detection rates assumed (0·4 to 0·7) while delaying rebreeding by 20 days caused gross margin to drop by approximately 0·04. It was concluded that it is important to optimize fertility control as well as rebreeding strategy in order to establish the economic impact of fertility in the dairy herd.The economic value of fertility was also expressed per unit of calving interval and adjusted calving interval (ACI). ACI was calculated by dividing calving interval by the proportion of cows not culled for reproductive failure. Under the assumptions made, the marginal value of calving interval at the optimum oestrous detection rate was £6·22 per day, rising to £7·44 per day if rebreeding was delayed. The corresponding figures for ACI were £1·57 per day and £1·24 per day. The range in marginal values at sub-optimal oestrous detection rates were £4·38 for calving interval and £0·61 for ACI. It was concluded that the lower variation in ACI at different levels of fertility may make it a more representative trait for inclusion in a selection index provided the necessary genetic parameters can be reliably estimated.
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Bratte, L., and S. N. Ibe. "Optimal insemination interval, semen dose and dilution for optimum fertility in chickens under humid tropical conditions." Animal Reproduction Science 20, no. 3 (September 1989): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4320(89)90083-3.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Optimum fertility"
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Striessnig, Erich, and Wolfgang Lutz. "How does education change the relationship between fertility and age-dependency under environmental constraints? A long-term simulation exercise." Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2014.30.16.
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Background: When asked what a desirable fertility level for populations might be, most politicians, journalists, and even social scientists would say it is around two children per woman, a level that has been labelled by demographers "replacement-level fertility." The reasons given for considering this level of fertility as something to aim at usually include maintaining the size of the labour force and stabilizing the old-age-dependency ratio.
Objective: In this paper, we scrutinize this wide-spread view by introducing education in addition to age and sex as a further relevant source of observable population heterogeneity. We consider several criteria for assessing the long-term implications of alternative fertility levels and present numerical simulations with a view on minimizing the education-weighted total dependency ratio and complement this with the goal of reducing the amount of greenhouse gas emission in the context of climate change.
Methods: We perform thousands of alternative simulations for different fertility levels (assumed to be constant over time) starting from empirically given population structures and derive the rate of fertility which yields the lowest level of our education-weighted dependency ratio. We study the sensitivity of our results to different parameter values and choose to focus on the actual populations of Europe and China over the course of the 21st century.
Results: The results show that when education is assumed to present a cost at young age and results in higher productivity during adult age, then the fertility rate that on the long run keeps dependency at a minimum turns out to lie well below replacement fertility both in Europe and in China under a set of plausible assumptions. The optimal fertility level falls even lower when climate change is factored in as well.
Conclusions: We conclude that there is nothing magical or particularly desirable about replacement level fertility. (authors' abstract)
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Tizale, Chilot Yirga. "The dynamics of soil degradation and incentives for optimal management in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06082007-094341.
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Rodriguez, Wilmer Mauricio. "Effects of Elevated CO2 on Growth, Development, Nutrient Concentration and Insect Performance of Plants Grown at Sub-Optimal Temperature." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1299603101.
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(9874766), JL Vaughan. "Control of ovarian follicular growth in the alpaca, Lama pacos." Thesis, 2001. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Control_of_ovarian_follicular_growth_in_the_alpaca_Lama_pacos/13424564.
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The aim of the studies in this thesis was to develop a treatment protocol that controlled ovarian follicular growth so that the time of optimum fertility could be predicted in female alpacas.
Female alpacas exhibit growth and regression of successive large follicles and typically only ovulate in response to the mating stimulus. Non-pregnant females are sexually receptive most of the time, apparently regardless of the stage of ovarian follicular growth. Conventional breeding
results in slow genetic gain because matings occur at random stages of follicular development. Because of the nature of their reproductive physiology, assisted breeding technologies are poorly developed in alpacas and the Australian alpaca industry relies on transport of males and females over relatively large distances to disseminate superior genotypes. The efficiency of this form of genetic improvement would be enhanced if conception rates to a single mating could be increased.
Initial studies in this thesis aimed to clarify ovarian follicular growth characteristics in nonpregnant females. An inverse relationship between the diameter of the largest follicle and the number of follicles detected supports the hypothesis that follicular growth in camelids occurs in
waves. It was established that the growth characteristics of follicular waves varied within and between females. Wide variation in the interval between successive follicular waves made the use of a mean interwave interval value inappropriate. Non-pregnant alpacas had a follicle in the size range potentially capable of ovulating, but of unknown fertility, on either ovary most of the time.
A second objective was to determine the relationships between sexual receptivity, mating behaviour, ovarian follicular state and mating success. It was not possible to correlate mating behaviour or ovarian status with mating success. Matings to optimise pregnancy rates in alpacas need to occur in the presence of an oestrogenic follicle that is capable of ovulation in response to mating. Simple detection of alpacas with follicles in this state was not possible and treatments to control ovarian follicular growth were therefore investigated.
Attempts to control ovarian follicular waves in alpacas were focussed on inducing regression of the existing dominant follicle of unknown age and allowing emergence of a new cohort of follicles at a known time after treatment. The induction of ovulation to remove the existing dominant follicle was not considered in these studies. Single intramuscular (i.m.)
injections of 1713-oestradiol (oestradiol) or oestradiol benzoate, at different doses and with and without simultaneous injection of progesterone, were unsuccessful in controlling follicular growth
to allow emergence of a new follicular wave at a known time. This finding was unexpected given that oestradiol causes the regression of follicles in cattle and sheep. It was concluded that alpacas, and perhaps camelids in general, have different intra- and/or extra-ovarian mechanisms that control follicular growth and regression compared with ruminants that are spontaneous ovulators.
Subsequent studies examined the effects of different protocols of progesterone treatment on ovarian follicular growth and regression. Twice daily i.m. injection of25 mg of progesterone for 21 days was effective at inducing regression of the existing dominant follicle and suppressing emergence of a new follicular wave until treatment ceased. To make the treatment more practical and reduce the number of injections required, subcutaneous implants of norgestomet and lower
frequency, higher dose progesterone treatments were examined. The most practical and effective protocol for ovarian follicular control in female alpacas was provided by 200 mg progesterone injected i.m. on Days 0, 2 and 4. The majority of females treated with this protocol had a newlyemerged follicle with a diameter capable of ovulation on Day 16, 12 days after progesterone
treatment ceased. Mating trials were performed on three commercial alpaca farms to compare pregnancy rates at Day 60 in females treated with the progesterone protocol and mated on Day 16 and females mated at random. Results showed that treated females were capable of ovulation, fertilisation and pregnancy, however, there was no difference in 60-day pregnancy test percentage between females receiving the Day 0-4 progesterone synchronisation protocol and females treated with oil placebo.
The oocyte contained in the first dominant follicle following progesterone treatment would need to be of normal fertility in order for the progesterone-based protocol to increase pregnancy rates to a single mating. As a first step to examining oocyte integrity, oocytes were retrieved by ultrasound-guided, transvaginal aspiration on Day 17 in females treated with the progesterone protocol described above involving injections on Days 0, 2 and 4. Half of these females had an injection ofluteinising hormone (LH) on Day 16 to simulate a mating-induced LH
surge. Oocytes were examined by light and electron microscopy to observe whether the cellular ultrastructure was indicative of normal maturation. Only oocytes from those females that received LH showed changes to the cellular ultrastructure indicative of normal maturation including meiotic progression (nuclear maturation) from Prophase I to Metaphase I, an increase in the width of the perivitelline space and expansion of the cumulus cells surrounding the oocyte. This finding was
interpreted to suggest that the oocyte contained in the first ovulatory follicle after progesterone treatment has a normal capacity for fertilisation and embryo development competency.
This thesis presents new information on ovarian follicular wave characteristics in nonpregnant female alpacas and introduces a practical protocol based on progesterone to control ovarian follicular growth. The protocol allows for fixed-time mating. The Australian alpaca industry will benefit from more efficient utilisation of genetically superior males and females and faster dissemination of improved genotypes throughout the national herd. Potential benefits include incorporation of the progesterone protocol into other assisted breeding technologies such as artificial insemination, embryo transfer and possibly the in vivo maturation of oocytes for in vitro fertilisation.
Books on the topic "Optimum fertility"
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Gwendolyn, Johnson-Acsadi, IPPF Programme Committee., and World Fertility Survey, eds. Optimum conditions for childbearing. London: International Planned Parenthood Federation, 1986.
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Holford, Patrick. The perfect pregnancy cookbook: Boost fertility and promote a healthy pregnancy with optimum nutrition. London: Piatkus, 2010.
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Beth, Heller, and Bussell Jeanie Lee, eds. Fully fertile: A 12-week plan for optimal fertility. 2nd ed. Forres, Scotland: Findhorn Press, 2010.
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Rayan, Lilly. Secrets to Optimum Female Reproductive Health: Welcome Fertility, Libido, and Overall Well-Being. Independently Published, 2018.
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Edenborough, Frank P. Fertility, contraception, and pregnancy. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198702948.003.0012.
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This chapter describes the physiological effect of CFTR dysfunction on the development of the reproductive system. Young people with CF and their parents are poorly educated regarding sexual function and becoming parents themselves. They often wish to learn this from their CF teams. Male and female potency, reproductive genetics, and the need for genetic and general counselling before embarking on pregnancy are covered. Contraception, emphasizing the need to avoid unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases, and assisted reproductive techniques are described. We discuss the evolving medical and obstetric management of pregnancy, including the likely need for optimizing drug treatment or escalating to more intensive treatment for intercurrent infection. Optimal delivery in the context of maternal health, fetal risks, and longer term maternal outcomes are discussed. Pregnancy post transplantation and termination of unwanted pregnancy or where the mother is too poorly to continue conclude the chapter.
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George, Dennis Alan St. Optimal interbirth intervals in a nineteenth century migrating mennonite congregation. 1998.
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Deliciously Healthy Fertility: Nutrition and Recipes for Optimal Reproductive Health. Dorling Kindersley Publishing, Incorporated, 2023.
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Kaplan, Brian, Tami Quinn, Jeanie Lee Bussell, and Beth Heller. Fully Fertile: A Holistic 12-Week Plan for Optimal Fertility. Inner Traditions International, Limited, 2010.
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Huntriss, Ro. Deliciously Healthy Fertility: Nutrition and Recipes for Optimal Reproductive Health. Kindersley Ltd., Dorling, 2023.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Optimum fertility"
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Majumdar, Kaushik, Robert M. Norton, T. Scott Murrell, Fernando García, Shamie Zingore, Luís Ignácio Prochnow, Mirasol Pampolino, et al. "Assessing Potassium Mass Balances in Different Countries and Scales." In Improving Potassium Recommendations for Agricultural Crops, 283–340. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59197-7_11.
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AbstractEstimating nutrient mass balances using information on nutrient additions and removals generates useful, practical information on the nutrient status of a soil or area. A negative input–output balance of nutrients in the soil results when the crop nutrient removal and nutrient losses to other sinks become higher than the nutrient inputs into the system. Potassium (K) input–output balance varies among regions that have different climates, soil types, cropping systems, and cropping intensity. This chapter illustrates the farm-gate K balances in major production areas of the world and their impacts on native K fertility and crop yields. On-farm and on-station research examples show significant negative K balances in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, while China, the USA, Brazil, and countries of the Latin America Southern Cone highlighted continued requirement of location-specific K application to maintain crop yields and soil K fertility status at optimum levels.
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Muraoka, Rie. "Integrated Farming Management Practices in Sub-Saharan Africa: Toward a Sustainable African Green Revolution." In Emerging-Economy State and International Policy Studies, 151–61. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5542-6_12.
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AbstractThis study investigates the possibilities and limitations of integrated farming management practices, such as sustainable intensification, integrated soil fertility management, climate-smart agriculture (CSA), and conservation agriculture (CA) in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), based on a literature review. We first introduce the concept of these practices as a means to improve land productivity while maintaining agricultural sustainability. Subsequently, we show the adoption determinants and their effects based on recently published empirical studies in SSA. Finally, we conclude with the policy implications and research agenda to disseminate optimum integrated farming management practices and achieve a sustainable African Green Revolution in SSA.
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Mackens, Shari, Arne van de Vijver, and Samuel Santos-Ribeiro. "Optimal Preparation Prior to the Use of Cryopreserved Oocytes." In Preventing Age Related Fertility Loss, 103–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14857-1_9.
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Somasegaran, Padma, and Heinz J. Hoben. "Investigating the Importance of Optimal Soil Fertility in the Response of a Legume to Inoculation with Rhizobia." In Handbook for Rhizobia, 206–13. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8375-8_24.
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Mandpe, Ashootosh, Sweta Kumari, and Sunil Kumar. "Composting: A Sustainable Route for Processing of Biodegradable Waste in India." In Organic Waste Composting through Nexus Thinking, 39–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36283-6_3.
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AbstractSurging populations, coupled with the ever-increasing demand for sustenance, have led to the generation of behemoth proportions of wastes throughout the globe. The processing of such a considerable amount of waste has raised concerns for environmental planners, policymakers, and researchers in regard to maintaining sustainability. Biodegradable waste is a part of the total waste stream. Consideration should be given to the importance of making better use of biodegradable waste. The technology that is adopted for the management of biodegradable waste should be ecologically sustainable and cost-effective, as well as beneficial to social well-being. The most efficient way of managing biodegradable waste must include different methods for the optimal utilisation of such waste, ranging from the small scale (single household) to the very large scale (entire city). Amid all the other waste processing technologies, composting stands out as a most potent option because of its ability to maintain and restore soil fertility, along with the transformation of waste into a resource. Composting is one of the few technologies which has a benefit–cost ratio higher than 1 at all scales of operation. This chapter analyses the most significant aspects of the composting process, including the recent developments and dynamics involved in it. The chapter discusses various aspects of composting via analysis of the integrated waste management system and composting-related projects implemented at the community level in the Indian context. Finally, the chapter presents policies and the efforts put in place by the Government of India with the aim of encouraging composting practice and related activities.
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Rawat, Shweta, and Sanjay Kumar. "The Feasibility Study of Green Microalgae Assisted Coal Mine Effluent Desalination." In Proceedings of the Conference BioSangam 2022: Emerging Trends in Biotechnology (BIOSANGAM 2022), 255–67. Dordrecht: Atlantis Press International BV, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-020-6_25.
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AbstractCarbon-neutral sustainable approaches are highly demanding in the coal energy sector. Coal mine effluent disposal is a severe challenge with crucial concern issues of salinity hazard and heavy metal contamination due to long-duration water and coal interaction. The medium to the high salinity of coal mine effluent leads towards irrigation unsuitability due to the negative impact upon infiltration and permeability of nutrients from the soil to plant. Focusing on the international irrigation water quality standards given by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, most coal mine effluents are considered negatively impacting crops, soil fertility, groundwater, and aquatic life. Therefore, the current study investigates the direct cultivation suitability of Chlorella pyrenoidosa to simultaneously treat coal mine effluent for salinity removal and biomass production. Initially, C. pyrenoidosa culture adaptation in varying concentrations of coal mine effluents (25%–100%) in coal mine effluent, which are collected from two different points of coal mine named as coal mine effluent 1 (CME1) and coal mine effluent 2 (CME2). Evaluating C. pyrenoidosa growth kinetics, it was observed that the doubling time extended from 2.25 days (100% BG-11 as a medium; control) to 4.33 days (100% CME as a medium). Interestingly, the highest value for biomass production was 1.78 ± 0.12 g/ L with 25% CME 1 supplemented with essential growth nutrients; this value lies near 100% BG11 supplemented growth, 1.81 ± 0.05 g/L. In the current study, taking salinity removal as a prime concern, 100% utilization of CME-2 in place of BG-11 medium was very significant for salinity reduction from 4.80 ± 0.50 mS/cm (initial) to 0.98 ± 0.02 mS/cm (final) during 14 days batch growth. In continuation of that, the significant finding was salinity reduction of both samples (50% and 75% sample) to the level of 0.7 mS/ cm, which lies under the FAO guidelines for irrigation. Present findings also revealed an alternative to conventional processes, i.e., thermal and membrane desalination. Microalgae-assisted desalination is a novel, energy-efficient, eco-sustainable, cost-effective, and long-term operational approach. It has good potential to treat medium to sub-optimal salinity of coal mine effluent coupled with high-value biomass production.
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Szenci, Ottó. "Importance of Monitoring the Peripartal Period to Increase Reproductive Performance in Dairy Cattle." In Animal Husbandry. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105988.
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Parallel with the successful genetic selection for higher milk production in Holstein-Friesian cows, a dramatic decline in fertility rates has been observed around the world. Therefore, to achieve an optimum herd reproductive performance, we must focus on the first 100 days postpartum. During and after calving, a cow overcomes a series of physiological hurdles before becoming pregnant. By selecting accurate diagnostic devices and/or methods, such as predicting the onset of calving, monitoring activity and rumination time to determine cows for early treatment of clinical metritis and/or metabolic diseases, long-term measurement of reticuloruminal pH to monitor subclinical acidosis, perform metabolic profile tests to diagnose subclinical metabolic diseases at the herd level, estrous detectors and/or detection aids, on-farm/in-line P4 test to monitor specific events in the postpartum periods, diagnosis of early pregnancy and pregnancy loss using ultrasonography to correctly identify problems and their potential causes to enable these issues are to be rectified. Despite higher milk production, acceptable fertility results can be achieved, even on large-scale dairy farms, if the impacts of the above factors that contribute to reduced fertility can be moderated. The advantages and disadvantages of the different diagnostic methods are discussed to help the dairy select the most accurate method.
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White, Robert E. "Nutrients for Healthy Vines and Good Wines." In Soils for Fine Wines. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195141023.003.0007.
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The fertility of a soil refers to its nutrient supplying power. It is one of the most important soil factors affecting vineyard productivity, which is measured in tonnes of grapes per ha (or sometimes tons per acre). For viticulture, soil physical properties, notably structure, aeration, and drainage are also very important determinants of productivity, as discussed in chapters 3, 6, and 7. Because vines are grown in permanent rows, and there are many cultural operations, soil physical problems are often more difficult to ameliorate than problems of soil fertility. Soil fertility is assessed either by observing the condition of vines growing on a particular soil or by measuring the nutrient supplying power of the soil itself. The assessment should include recommendations on how to correct any problems identified. Thus, assessment of soil fertility can be made in two parts: 1. Diagnosis of nutrient deficiencies or excesses. The aim here is to identify which nutrients are deficient or in excess and the degree of deficiency or excess. An excess of a nutrient, which may create an imbalance with other nutrients, often leads to a nutrient toxicity. 2. Estimation of nutrient requirements. The goal here is to estimate how much of a limiting nutrient is required to achieve optimum growth or how to remedy a toxicity problem. Nutrient amendments can be made with fertilizers, manures, and composts, or by growing cover crops that include legumes. Visual symptoms are the signs that indicate a deficiency or excess of one or more essential elements in a plant. In the case of grapevines, such symptoms include chlorosis, stunted growth of shoots, necrosis of leaf margins, irregular fruit set, and small berries. Chlorosis is a generic term for leaf yellowing due to loss of chlorophyll. N deficiency typically causes an overall chlorosis of the leaves, but in other cases chlorosis occurs between the leaf veins (interveinal chlorosis). Some examples of visual symptoms are given in table 5.1 and figure 5.1.
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Sophocleous, Marios. "Towards Fully Automated Decision-Making Systems for Precision Agriculture." In Precision Agriculture Technologies for Food Security and Sustainability, 71–93. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-5000-7.ch004.
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As the world population increases, food demands continue with it. This puts the challenge to feed the world in a continuously rising priority position, which requires to be timely and properly addressed. Precision agriculture (PA), a concept that has been around for decades with the potential to address this challenge by maximizing agricultural efficiency and effectiveness, hasn't yet seen worldwide adoption due to missing enabling technologies. Soil sensing technologies able to monitor soil fertility/quality can close the loop in maintaining optimum soil conditions for maximizing crop yield and quality through the implementation of agricultural automated decision-making systems (ADMS). This chapter provides an overview of the existing soil sensing technologies towards the implementation of ADMS and highlights the major challenges in the development of such systems. The chapter continues to give an insight on how different technologies could be combined to form sophisticated systems for agricultural applications.
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Tesfaye Atumo, Tessema, Milkias Fanta Heliso, Derebe Kassa Hibebo, Bereket Zeleke Tunkala, and Yoseph Mekasha. "Top Dressing of Fertilizers: A Way Forward for Boosting Productivity and Economic Viability of Grasslands." In Grasses and Grassland - New Perspectives [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99094.
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Grasslands in the Ethiopian highlands have been degrading with grazing loads. Fertilizers like nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur improves the soil fertility and species composition of the grazing lands. This study justifies, evaluation of top dressing nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on biomass yield of grass lands for market-oriented livestock production studied at Chosha kebele, Southern Ethiopia in 2017. Three fertilizer levels ((T1), 150 kg ha−1 urea (T2) and combination of 110 kg ha−1 urea and 100 kg ha−1 NPS (T3)) were laid out in randomized complete block design with 6 replications in summer and winter cropping seasons. Dry matter yield was significantly (P<0.001) different among treatments and higher results were obtained for combination of urea and NPS, followed by urea and the control one. Higher grasses species composition between application of combination of urea and NPS than urea alone. Net revenue is higher in nitrogen alone application than nitrogen and phosphorus. Therefore, better marginal rate of return (MRR=828%) recorded in Urea application for grazing land improvement in Gamo highland areas. It is recommendable to apply 150 kg/ha urea fertilizer to bring optimum yield of grazing land in Southern Ethiopian Highlands.
Conference papers on the topic "Optimum fertility"
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Aninkan, Anjola S., and Eyitayo A. Makinde. "Fertilizer Rate for Optimum Growth and Yield of Egusi Melon (ColocynthiscitrullusL.)/ Hot Pepper (Capsicum chinense, Jackquin cv. rodo) Intercrop." In International Students Science Congress. Izmir International Guest Student Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52460/issc.2021.005.
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The use of chemical fertilizers as a supplemental source of nutrients has been on the increase but they are not applied in balanced proportion by most farmers [1]. Also, fertilizer requirements of the mixed intercropping systems have been a matter of conjecture; some studies had suggested that fertilizer requirements of the dominant component be applied [2], others recommend that the sum of the sole crop requirements, be applied [3]. Teriah [4], however, stated that both practices have proved either inadequate or wasteful. In this experiment the effects of different rates of NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer application on growth and yield of hot pepper and Egusi melon in an intercropping system was examined to determine optimum rate for production. The experiment was carried out at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, in the south western part of Nigeria. It took place from March to October 2017 during the growing season. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 5 treatments (fertilizer rates) and 3 replicates. Treatments were; 0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 kg/ha of NPK 15-15-15 applications. Plot size was 3m by 3m with a 1.5m gang way round each plot to reduce inter-plot effect. Data were collected on growth parameters at 6 weeks after treatment (WAT) and continued at two-week intervals until 10 WAT. Four plants each of pepper and Egusi melon from the inner rows were randomly selected and tagged for the purpose of data collection. Data on yield were also collected at ripening. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out on each observation and the Least Significant Difference (LSD) was used for means separation (P≤0.05). The effects of fertilizer rates showed significant difference on pepper plant height, number of leaves, number of branches and leaf area. However, there was no significant difference in the effect of fertilizer rate on days to 50% flowering of pepper. Number of vines and vine length of Egusi melon were significantly different in their responses to fertilizer rates but the leaf area and days to 50% flowering of melon were similar at the various treatment levels. Meanwhile, total fruit yield of pepper, number of Egusi melon pods per hectare and the dry matter yield of Egusi melon showed significant difference. It was concluded from the study that the growth and yield of pepper and Egusi melon in intercrop increased with increase in fertilizer rate up to 400Kg/ha of NPK (15:15:15). However, higher fertilizer application rates should be explored in future studies for a better yield increase. These studies should be carried out with various compositions of inorganic and organic fertilizer application rates to ensure sustainable fertilizer application and to also preserve the natural fertility of the soil.
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Draganskaya, Maria, and Inna Savvicheva. "CULTIVATION OF LUPIN YELLOW IN THE CHANGED SOILAND CLIMATIC CONDITIONS NONCHERNOZEM ZONE." In Multifunctional adaptive feed production. ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2020-22-70-91-98.
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Features of cultivation of lupine yellow as a source of increase of fertility of sandy and sandy loam soils are designated. In the changed soil and climatic conditions, work is carried out in the direction of creating varieties of different economic use: seeds, green mass, silage, grain fodder adapted to this zone and to various diseases with an optimal relationship between the host plant and the pathogen.
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Fu, Jun, Hong Zhu, and Zhiwen Zhao. "Optimal fertility rate control for a semi-linear population system with final state observation." In 2011 23rd Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccdc.2011.5968741.
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Ghuge, Dhananjay, Alok Tiwari, Subraharsh Singh, and Satinder Kaur. "Clinico-pathological characterstics of epithelial ovarian malignancy in young female." In 16th Annual International Conference RGCON. Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Private Ltd., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1685298.
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Background and Objective: Epithelial ovarian cancer mostly appears in aged women, but rarely in young women. Little is known about the clinical characteristics and prognosis of epithelial ovarian cancer in women aged below 40 years. This study was to evaluate the clinical and histopathological characteristics of young patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. Methods: A total of 31 patients with confirmed epithelial ovarian cancer under the age of 40 years between 2007 to 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. Results: Mean age of the patient is 32 years. The common symptoms included abdominal pain (21 patient 67%), self detected pelvic mass (9 patient 29%) and 1 patient with bleeding per vaginum. The average maximum diameter of tumour is 10.7 cm. Family history positive in 8 patient (5 ca.breast and 3 ca.ovary). Mean level of CA. 125 is 883.36 u/ml. CA 125 level lowest is of 6 u/ml and highest is of 7557 u/ml. Tumour located bilaterally in 14 patient (45%). Ascitis present in 18 patient (58%). Pleural effusion seen in 6 patient (19%). Twenty six cases underwent optimal cytoreduction out of them 7 taken NACT. Two patient underwent fertility preservation surgery. Three patient underwent palliative chemotherapy due to unwillingness. Eleven patient classified as stage III and stage IV each (35% of each), six patient is of stage I (19%) and three patient of stage II (9.6%). Serous adenocarcinoma (80.6%) and mucinous adenocarcinoma (19%) are the common histopathological findings. Thirteen patient (41.9%) has well differentiated tumour, eight (25.8%) has moderately differentiated and ten (32.25%) has poorely differentiated tumour. Twenty eight patient received platinum and paclitaxel-based chemotherapy before or after operation. Conclusion: Young women with epithelial ovarian cancer under the age of 40 years mostly have serous adenocarcinoma; well differentiated and tumors are normally bilateral. The ovarian function can be preserved (fertility preservation) in part of stage Ia and Grade I patients.
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Sîtnic, Veaceslav. "Fertilitatea și mortalitatea claselor de varstă ale speciei Microtus arvalis (Rodentia, Cricetidae)." In International symposium ”Actual problems of zoology and parasitology: achievements and prospects” dedicated to the 100th anniversary from the birth of academician Alexei Spassky. Institute of Zoology, Republic of Moldova, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.53937/9789975665902.99.
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The present paper analyses fertility and mortality of age classes of two species of microtine. The dominant number of the female population and the increase of the period of reproduction represents a strategic peculiarity of reproduction. It has been explained the importance of different age groups in regulating the number of population. The year adverse conditions prevail, the number of individuals of the current year increases to maintain the number of population, while the year optimal conditions prevail, the number of individuals that wintered increases. A primary adaptive importance is the instability of the reproductive cycle which contributes to the survival of the potential producers in a short period of time and leads to their increase in number under favourable conditions. The maximal offspring is recorded only in physiologically mature individuals for whom the growth ended. Reproduction, which is mainly charactersitc of younger individuals, represents an adaptation in adverse conditions.
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Ellis, Eugenia Victoria, and David Alan Kratzer. "Farmworks: Building as a Machine for Growing Food." In 2020 ACSA Fall Conference. ACSA Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.19.
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Traditional agricultural production is impacted by the fertility and availability of land, length of the growing season, access to freshwater, pests, CO2 fertilization, and extreme weather events. On the other hand, if a farming operation were to be integrated with the built environment in a high-performance building, then the growing operation would not be bound by season or weather conditions. Further, if this farming operation were to be attached or adjacent to a major food supplier, then transportation costs and carbon emissions would be significantly reduced. Most importantly, with today’s technology the building interior could be tuned to optimize a particular plant’s needs for light and the appropriate wavelengths for germinating, growing and flowering; the interior temperature could be adjusted to support the different temperature requirements for growing, harvesting, packaging and shipping (with temperature ranges from 38-75°F); water could be supplied with the appropriate nutrients for a specific plant, eliminating the need for organic fertilizer, which also reduces the likelihood of introducing bacteria or insects into the food; the planting beds could be stacked vertically, accessed via a forklift; and the growing day could be shifted with respect to the outdoor environment to equalize the heat produced by the lighting indoors with outdoor temperatures and seasonal variation. Farmworks is a machine for growing: the wavelength of the lighting in this indoor environment is tuned to optimize plant growth and moves vertically in pace with the plant’s height, the HVAC system keeps temperature and humidity optimal, and the building envelope is insulated and pressurized to balance interior and exterior conditions and to prevent water from condensing in the exterior wall. Here, the entire supply chain of food production occurs in one building, producing the equivalent of one acre of land using only two-and-a-half 4’x9’ towers.
Reports on the topic "Optimum fertility"
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Castellano, Mike J., Abraham G. Shaviv, Raphael Linker, and Matt Liebman. Improving nitrogen availability indicators by emphasizing correlations between gross nitrogen mineralization and the quality and quantity of labile soil organic matter fractions. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597926.bard.
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A major goal in Israeli and U.S. agroecosystems is to maximize nitrogen availability to crops while minimizing nitrogen losses to air and water resources. This goal has presented a significant challenge to global agronomists and scientists because crops require large inputs of nitrogen (N) fertilizer to maximize yield, but N fertilizers are easily lost to surrounding ecosystems where they contribute to water pollution and greenhouse gas concentrations. Determination of the optimum N fertilizer input is complex because the amount of N produced from soil organic matter varies with time, space and management. Indicators of soil N availability may help to guide requirements for N fertilizer inputs and are increasingly viewed as indicators of soil health To address these challenges and improve N availability indicators, project 4550 “Improving nitrogen availability indicators by emphasizing correlations between gross nitrogen mineralization and the quality and quantity of labile organic matter fractions” addressed the following objectives: Link the quantity and quality of labile soil organic matter fractions to indicators of soil fertility and environmental quality including: i) laboratory potential net N mineralization ii) in situ gross N mineralization iii) in situ N accumulation on ion exchange resins iv) crop uptake of N from mineralized soil organic matter sources (non-fertilizer N), and v) soil nitrate pool size. Evaluate and compare the potential for hot water extractable organic matter (HWEOM) and particulate organic matter quantity and quality to characterize soil N dynamics in biophysically variable Israeli and U.S. agroecosystems that are managed with different N fertility sources. Ultimately, we sought to determine if nitrogen availability indicators are the same for i) gross vs. potential net N mineralization processes, ii) diverse agroecosystems (Israel vs. US) and, iii) management strategies (organic vs. inorganic N fertility sources). Nitrogen availability indicators significantly differed for gross vs. potential N mineralization processes. These results highlight that different mechanisms control each process. Although most research on N availability indicators focuses on potential net N mineralization, new research highlights that gross N mineralization may better reflect plant N availability. Results from this project identify the use of ion exchange resin (IERs) beads as a potential technical advance to improve N mineralization assays and predictors of N availability. The IERs mimic the rhizosphere by protecting mineralized N from loss and immobilization. As a result, the IERs may save time and money by providing a measurement of N mineralization that is more similar to the costly and time consuming measurement of gross N mineralization. In further search of more accurate and cost-effective predictors of N dynamics, Excitation- Emission Matrix (EEM) spectroscopy analysis of HWEOM solution has the potential to provide reliable indicators for changes in HWEOM over time. These results demonstrated that conventional methods of labile soil organic matter quantity (HWEOM) coupled with new analyses (EEM) may be used to obtain more detailed information about N dynamics. Across Israeli and US soils with organic and inorganic based N fertility sources, multiple linear regression models were developed to predict gross and potential N mineralization. The use of N availability indicators is increasing as they are incorporated into soil health assessments and agroecosystem models that guide N inputs. Results from this project suggest that some soil variables can universally predict these important ecosystem process across diverse soils, climate and agronomic management. BARD Report - Project4550 Page 2 of 249
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Leroux, Marie-Louise, Pierre Pestieau, and Gregory Ponthiere. The optimal design of assisted reproductive technologies policies. CIRANO, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/ezmm9028.
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This paper studies the optimal design of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) policies in an economy where individuals differ in their reproductive capacity (or fecundity) and in their wage. We find that the optimal ART policy varies with the postulated social welfare criterion. Utilitarianism redistributes only between individuals with unequal fecundity and wages but not between parents and childless individuals. To the opposite, ex post egalitarianism (which gives absolute priority to the worst-off in realized terms) redistributes from individuals with children toward those without children, and from individuals with high fecundity toward those with low fecundity, so as to compensate for both the monetary cost of ART and for the disutility from involuntary childlessness resulting from unsuccessful ART investments. Under asymmetric information and in order to solve for the incentive problem, utilitarianism recommends also to either tax or subsidize ART investments of low-fecundity-low productivity individuals depending on the degree of complementarity between fecundity and ART in the fertility technology. On the opposite, ex post egalitarianism always recommends marginal taxation.