Journal articles: 'Optimum tilt angle equations'

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Makenzi, Macben, Joseph Muguthu, and Evan Murimi. "Maximization of Site-Specific Solar Photovoltaic Energy Generation through Tilt Angle and Sun-Hours Optimization." Journal of Renewable Energy 2020 (November 11, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8893891.

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Many photovoltaic solar projects do not achieve optimum energy and power outputs due to poor technical sizing and system design approaches. Concerns on low-conversion rates, high intermittencies, and high-capital costs still haunt PV projects. The establishment of design methodologies that would result in increased outputs from solar arrays is crucial in addressing the aforementioned issues. The tilt angles of installed PV modules are critical factors that influence the power output of solar modules. Several resources are available that provide generic linear fits and estimation of tilt angles for various global regions. However, very few are capable of determining precise, location-specific tilt angles that would allow for optimal power output and energy generation. This paper presents a methodology developed to establish the optimum tilt angles for solar panels installed at specific locations, thus ensuring maximum energy generation. The modeling is based on the maximization of the solar irradiation incident on the surface of a PV panel by considering multiple site-specific variables. Different sets of transcendent equations have been derived which were used to calculate optimum tilt angles and the subsequent energy generation from specific configurations of photovoltaic arrays. The resulting algorithms were used to determine optimum tilt angles and energy generation for solar PV installations in Athi River, Kenya. Dynamic and static optimal tilt angles were compared with the region’s baseline industry practice of using a fixed tilt angle of 15◦. It was observed that the dynamic tilt angles improved the daily solar energy output by up to 6.15%, while the computed optimal static tilt angle provided a 2.87% output increment. This improvement presents a significant impact on the technical specification of the PV system with a consequent reduction in the investment and operational cost of such installations. It further demonstrated that the use of the optimum static tilt angle results in cost and space savings of up to 2.8% as compared to the standard industry practice. Additionally, 5.8% cost and space savings were attained by the utilization of dynamic tilt angles.

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Calabrò, Emanuele. "An Algorithm to Determine the Optimum Tilt Angle of a Solar Panel from Global Horizontal Solar Radiation." Journal of Renewable Energy 2013 (2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/307547.

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This paper proposes an algorithm to calculate the optimum tilt angle of solar panels by means of global horizontal solar radiation data, provided from Earth-based meteorological stations. This mathematical modeling is based on the maximization of the theoretical expression of the global solar irradiation impinging on an inclined surface, with respect to the slope and orientation of the panel and to the solar hour angle. A set of transcendent equations resulted, whose solutions give the optimum tilt and orientation of a solar panel. A simulation was carried out using global horizontal solar radiation data from the European Solar Radiation Atlas and some empirical models of diffuse solar radiation. The optimum tilt angle resulted was related to latitude by a linear regression with significant correlation coefficients. The standard error of the mean values resulted increased significantly with latitude, suggesting that unreliable values can be provided at high latitudes.

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Khademi, Maryam, Farzad Jafarkazemi, S. Ali Saadabadi, and Ehsan Ghazi. "Optimizing the Tilt Angle of Solar Panels by SQP Algorithm." Applied Mechanics and Materials 253-255 (December 2012): 766–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.253-255.766.

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In present research we propose a nonlinear solving method to obtain the optimum tilt angle for solar panels. For this purpose, solar radiation on tilted panels are estimated by applying anisotropic model in Maple and the maximum is obtained by solving parametric nonlinear equations with Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) algorithm. Comparing its results with prevalent calculation proved this method faster and more efficient. The used model is validated by comparing results with measured data on a 45o-tilted surface in Tehran, Iran. Results showed solar radiation on a tilted surface increases 32% by monthly adjustments, in comparison with a fixed horizontal surface.

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Gaevskii, A. Y., and A. N. Gaevskaya. "A METHOD FOR DETERMINING OF OPTIMAL TILT ANGLE AND ORIENTATION OF PV MODULES BASED ON MEASURED SOLAR RADIANCE DATA." Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE), no. 13-15 (August 11, 2018): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15518/isjaee.2018.13-15.015-029.

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For calculating and designing of photovoltaic (PV) plant, it is necessary to choose the optimal tilt angle and azimuth orientation of solar panels which will largely determine the electricity output produced by future PV plant during an operational calendar period. However, in order to determine these angles experimentally by monitoring the PV plant electricity yield at different panel’s positions, it will take many years. Therefore, it is advisable to develop a theoretical model, which a priori calculates the optimal tilt and azimuth angles of panels amounted in fixed positions. This paper assumes the maximum of the total radiation arrival per unit area on the receiving surface over the calendar period of PV plant operation as an optimization criterion for these angles. The calculation scheme has been applied for the whole year, for four year seasons and for a whole year period except winter. In the developed optimization method, the initial data are the geographical coordinates of the PV plant, the hourly sums of direct and diffuse radiation on the horizontal plane, as well as the reflectivity of the earth's surface. These data obtained by averaging the long-term measurements of the main solar radiation components are experimental ones. The developed computational scheme is based on nonlinear equations for the optimal tilt angles of panels first obtained for anisotropic solar radiation models. This scheme allows us to calculate the optimal panel angles for any operational PV plant period and for any region for which experimental radiation data are available. As the examples, we have calculated the graphs of the average daily radiation arrival dependencies on the panel’s position angles and have determined the optimal fixed tilt and azimuth angles for six cities of Russia located in different climatic zones. The method allows us to evaluate the gain in the electricity yield of PV plant when choosing the optimum tilt angles and azimuth of the panels, and to a djust the tilt angles to the optimum values for each season if this is envisaged by the PV string design.

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Farahat, Ashraf, Harry D. Kambezidis, Mansour Almazroui, and Emad Ramadan. "Solar Potential in Saudi Arabia for Southward-Inclined Flat-Plate Surfaces." Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (April 30, 2021): 4101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11094101.

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The major objective of the present work is to investigate into the appropriate tilt angles of south-oriented solar panels in Saudi Arabia for maximum performance. This is done with the estimation of the annual energy sums received on surfaces with tilt angles in the range 15°–55° inclined to south at 82 locations covering all Saudi Arabia. The analysis shows that tilt angles of 20°, 25° and 30° towards south are the optimum ones depending on site. These optimum tilt angles define three distinct solar energy zones in Saudi Arabia. The variation of the energy sums in each energy zone on annual, seasonal and monthly basis is given; the analysis provides regression equations for the energy sums as function of time in each case. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of the annual global inclined solar energy in Saudi Arabia is shown in a solar map specially derived. The annual energy sums are found to vary between 1612 kWhm−2year−1 and 2977 kWhm−2year−1 across the country. Finally, the notion of a correction factor is introduced, defined, and employed. This factor can be used to correct energy values estimated by a reference ground albedo to those based on near-real ground albedo.

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Soulayman, S., and W. Sabbagh. "Optimum Tilt Angle at Tropical Region." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 4, no. 1 (February 15, 2015): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.4.1.48-54.

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: One of the important parameters that affect the performance of a solar collector is its tilt angle with the horizon. This is because of the variation of tilt angle changes the amount of solar radiation reaching the collector surface. Meanwhile, is the rule of thumb, which says that solar collector Equator facing position is the best, is valid for tropical region? Thus, it is required to determine the optimum tilt as for Equator facing and for Pole oriented collectors. In addition, the question that may arise: how many times is reasonable for adjusting collector tilt angle for a definite value of surface azimuth angle? A mathematical model was used for estimating the solar radiation on a tilted surface, and to determine the optimum tilt angle and orientation (surface azimuth angle) for the solar collector at any latitude. This model was applied for determining optimum tilt angle and orientation in the tropical zones, on a daily basis, as well as for a specific period. The optimum angle was computed by searching for the values for which the radiation on the collector surface is a maximum for a particular day or a specific period. The results reveal that changing the tilt angle 12 times in a year (i.e. using the monthly optimum tilt angle) maintains approximately the total amount of solar radiation near the maximum value that is found by changing the tilt angle daily to its optimum value. This achieves a yearly gain in solar radiation of 11% to 18% more than the case of a solar collector fixed on a horizontal surface.

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Ulgen, Koray. "Optimum Tilt Angle for Solar Collectors." Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 28, no. 13 (September 2006): 1171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00908310600584524.

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MUJAHID, ABDULAZIZ M. "OPTIMUM TILT ANGLE FOR SOLAR COLLECTION SYSTEMS." International Journal of Solar Energy 14, no. 4 (March 1994): 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01425919408909810.

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Chauhan, Ranchan, N. S. Thakur, and Sunil Chamoli. "Tilt Angle Optimization for Grid Interactive Solar Photovoltaic Array." Applied Mechanics and Materials 110-116 (October 2011): 4554–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.4554.

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The overall performance of any solar energy project largely depends upon the available solar radiations, inclination and orientation of solar collectors. Presented in this paper is the analytical study on optimum tilt angles and lifetime differential savings for a distributed 200 kW grid connected mono-crystalline solar PV system operating at Khatkar Kalan, Punjab, India. The optimum tilt angles for monthly, seasonally and yearly basis is carried out by searching the values of tilt angle for which electric power output is maximum for a particular day or a specific period using energy conversion model. The results reveal that the yearly optimum tilt angle for the SPV plant at Khatkar Kalan is 36° which is 4.58° higher than the latitude angle. The power output from the array increases with increase in angle of tilt for winter months whereas the trend is reverse for the summer months. In winter months the maximum power output is achieved for the array surface with a tilt of angle 13° - 23° higher than the local latitude while for summer months the maximum power output is achieved at 16° lower than the latitude angle. The optimum tilt angles maximizing monthly power output for south facing surface shows that the monthly optimum tilt angle varies from 15° to 55°. Also the parametric analysis for some influential factors such as latitude of location and reflectivity of ground surface is explored.

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Kamanga, B., J. S. P. Mlatho, C. Mikeka, and C. Kamunda. "Optimum Tilt Angle for Photovoltaic Solar Panels in Zomba District, Malawi." Journal of Solar Energy 2014 (January 9, 2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/132950.

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A study to determine the optimum tilt angle for installing photovoltaic solar panels in Zomba district, Malawi, has been conducted. The study determined the optimum monthly tilt angles of PV solar panels and the seasonal adjustments needed for the panels in order to collect maximum solar radiation throughout the year. In this study, global solar radiation (GSR) on four tilted surfaces was measured. The north-facing surfaces were titled at angles of 0°, 15°, 20°, and 25°. The GSR data was used to determine the daily and monthly optimum tilt angles for the PV panels. The optimum tilt angles were found to be 0° or 25° depending on the time of the year. From October to February, the optimum tilt angle has been determined to be 0° and, from March to September, the optimum tilt angle is observed to be 25°. There are only two seasonal adjustments that are needed for PV solar panels in Zomba district and these should be carried out at the end of February and at the end of September. For fixed solar panels with no seasonal adjustments, the optimum tilt angle for the PV solar panels that are northfacing has been determined to be 25°.

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Krishna, Yathin, Shashikantha Karinka, Mohd Faizal Fauzan, and Prashanth Pai Manihalla. "An Experimental and Mathematical investigation of optimal tilt angle and effects of reflectors on PV energy production." MATEC Web of Conferences 335 (2021): 03020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202133503020.

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The performance of the solar photovoltaic panels relies on its direction and tilt angle with respect to the horizontal to obtain better conversion efficiency. The tilt angle of the PV panel needs to be in proper location and position to obtain maximum power output from photovoltaics. The optimum tilt angle is generally calculated based on global, diffused, and direct radiation on the horizontal surface. This study focuses on the concept of the optimal tilt angle that improves the performance of the PV panel. The paper discusses the MATLAB mathematical modelling and experimental validation conducted at Nitte, India to determine the optimal tilt angle of PV panels of the region for maximum solar radiation. The investigation also includes the effect of three different types of reflectors on the PV panel for the obtained optimal tilt angle. The experimental results show that to get the optimum power output, the tilt angle needs to be changed every month. Hence monthly optimal tilt must be chosen for optimum power output. The results showed a PV panel with a focused mirror reflector produced higher power output compared to aluminum and stainless-steel reflectors.

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Memon, Qasir Ali, Abdul Qadir Rahimoon, Khurshed Ali, Muhammad Fawad Shaikh, and Shoaib Ahmed Shaikh. "Determining Optimum Tilt Angle for 1 MW Photovoltaic System at Sukkur, Pakistan." International Journal of Photoenergy 2021 (May 21, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5552637.

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Solar energy is directly converted into electrical energy by using photovoltaic (PV) panels. The efficiency of PV panel varies with its orientation and tilt angle with the horizontal plane. In this paper, we investigate the optimum tilt angle of solar panels installed at Sukkur IBA University. The optimum angle for tilted surfaces varying from 0° to 90° in steps of 1° was calculated for the values of which the daily total solar radiation was maximum for a specific period. It was found that the optimum tilt angle changed between 0° and 61.1° throughout the year in Sukkur IBA University, Sindh Pakistan ( latitude = 27.7268 ° N, longitude = 68.8191 ° E). For calculating irradiance, optimal fixed (15 and 29.5 degrees) and variable tilt angles are used for every month of year 2019. The irradiance calculated at 15 degrees tilt angle is compared with the fixed angle of 29.5 and variable angles. It was found that optimal tilt angle for the region of Sukkur located in northern Pakistan is to be 29.5 degrees.

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Soulayman, Soulayman, Alhelou Mohammad, and Nouredine Salah. "Solar Receivers Optimum Tilt Angle at Southern Hemisphere." OALib 03, no. 02 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1102385.

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Salam T. Hussain, Abadal. "Measuring PV Module Performance at Different Tilt Angles in Southern Iraq Based Simulation." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.34 (June 8, 2018): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.34.13918.

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This paper presented that how to calculate the tilt angles and solar irradiance on photovoltaic (PV) module in southern Iraq (latitude 30° N). The latitude and day number of the city is taken into account to calculate the tilt angle and solar irradiance by using a mathematical equation. The optimum tilt angles of PV module in southern Iraq are range from 38° to 84°. The yearly maximum total and average solar irradiance is needed to determine the optimum tilt angle of PV module. The result shows that 50° of tilt angle is the best performance of PV module in southern Iraq.

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Tırmıkçı, Ceyda Aksoy, and Cenk Yavuz. "Determining the Number of Solar Modules of a 1kW Solar Energy System in Antalya, Turkey." Academic Perspective Procedia 1, no. 1 (November 9, 2018): 521–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33793/acperpro.01.01.101.

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In this paper the number of solar modules of a 1kW solar energy system was determined by using the total solar radiation and the solar module energy output energy relation. The total solar radiation was correlated with the tilt angle of solar modules. Thus the optimum yearly tilt angle of solar modules was calculated and assumed that solar modules of the system were tilted at this angle. In conclusion the monthly average daily total solar radiation, optimum yearly tilt angle and the number of solar modules of the related system were established for the city.

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Liu, Tong, Li Liu, Yufang He, Mengfei Sun, Jian Liu, and Guochang Xu. "A Theoretical Optimum Tilt Angle Model for Solar Collectors from Keplerian Orbit." Energies 14, no. 15 (July 23, 2021): 4454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154454.

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Solar energy has been extensively used in industry and everyday life. A more suitable solar collector orientation can increase its utilization. Many studies have explored the best orientation of the solar collector installation from the perspective of data analysis and local-area cases. Investigating the optimal tilt angle of a collector from the perspective of data analysis, or guiding the angle of solar collector installation, requires an a priori theoretical tilt angle as a support. However, none of the current theoretical studies have taken the real motion of the Sun into account. Furthermore, a complete set of theoretical optimal tilt angles for solar energy is necessary for worldwide locations. Therefore, from the view of astronomical mechanics, considering the true orbit of the Sun, a mathematical model that is universal across the globe is proposed: the Kepler motion model is constructed from the solar orbit and transformed into the local Earth coordinate system. After that, the calculation of the optimal tilt angle solution is given. Finally, several examples are shown to demonstrate the variation of the optimal solar angle with month and latitude. The results show that for daily fixed solar collectors, the altitude angle of the collector should be about 6° above the noon solar altitude angle in summer and 6° lower in winter. For annual fixed collectors, the tilt angle should be slightly higher than the latitude. In summary, this study demonstrates that when a location is specified, this model can be used to calculate the theoretical optimum tilt angle of solar collectors for that position.

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Martin, William J., and Alan Shapiro. "Impact of Radar Tilt and Ground Clutter on Wind Measurements in Clear Air." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 22, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 649–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech1737.1.

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Abstract From geometrical considerations, the optimum tilt angle for a meteorological radar at which the best possible vertical resolution results is derived. This optimum angle is a compromise between the effects of beam divergence and range gate spacing. For typical S-band radar parameters, this optimum tilt angle is found to be about 7°. However, wind analyses at this tilt angle were found not to be accurate in practice because of ground clutter contamination, and suboptimal angles need to be used. Most of the ground clutter was found to be sensed in the radar beam sidelobes. The data presented here imply that ground clutter is a serious contaminant at tilt angles as high as 45°. For clear-air wind profiling in the boundary layer, the impact of ground clutter contamination increased as the tilt angle was increased. Data presented from four radars [the Goodland, Kansas, Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D); the University of Oklahoma’s Doppler on Wheels; NCAR’s S-band dual-polarization Doppler radar (S-Pol); and NSSL’s Cimarron] suggest that a fairly narrow range of tilt angles from 1° to 2° is generally acceptable for wind profiling of the boundary layer in clear-air conditions. Tilt angles outside this range lead to significant systematic errors, primarily from ground clutter contamination.

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Hailu and Fung. "Optimum Tilt Angle and Orientation of Photovoltaic Thermal System for Application in Greater Toronto Area, Canada." Sustainability 11, no. 22 (November 15, 2019): 6443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226443.

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We present a study conducted to obtain optimum tilt angle and orientation of a solar panel for the collection of maximum solar irradiation. The optimum tilt angle and orientation were determined using isotropic and anisotropic diffuse sky radiation models (isotropic and anisotropic models). The four isotropic models giving varying optimum tilt angles in the range of 37 to 44°. On the other hand, results of the four anisotropic models were more consistent, with optimum tilt angles ranging between 46–47°. Both types of models indicated that the collector tilt should be changed four times a year to receive more solar radiation. The results also indicate that the solar panel should be installed with orientation west or east of due south with a flatter tilt angle. A 15° change in orientation west or east of due south results in less than 1% reduction of the total solar radiation received. For a given optimum tilt angle, the effect of photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) orientation west or east of due south on the outlet temperature was determined using a one-dimensional steady state heat transfer model. It was found that there is less than 1.5% decrease in outlet temperature for a PV/T panel oriented up to 15° east or west of due south from March to December. This result indicates that existing roofs with orientations angles up to 15° east or west of due south can be retrofitted with a PV/T system without changing the roof shape.

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Nageh, Mohamed, Md Pauzi Abdullah, and Belal Yousef. "OPTIMUM TILT ANGLE FOR MAXIMIZING LARGE SCALE SOLAR ELECTRICAL ENERGY OUTPUT." Jurnal Teknologi 83, no. 3 (April 20, 2021): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v83.16261.

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Many large-scale solar (LSS) plants that are being installed today have solar photovoltaic (PV) panels mounted on fixed structures, which limits its electrical energy production. Tracking system can be installed so that the PV panels could change its tilt angle automatically in accordance with the sun’s movement. However, it will increase the construction, operation and maintenance cost significantly. Another option is to manually adjust the tilt angle on periodically basis, but the time period and the optimum tilt angle need to be systematically determined. This paper investigates the impact of using monthly and seasonal optimum tilt angle, βopt on electrical energy production of LSS plant. The proposed strategy can be implemented by using tiltable solar panel mounting structures which is far cheaper than the tracking system. For the study, 1 MW LSS system model is used. Twelve cities around the globe with latitude angle ranging from 0º to 55º are strategically selected. The electrical energy output from the 1 MW LSS plant is simulated by using PV mathematical model that is developed in Matlab software. The overall results show that by adjusting the tilt angle of the PV modules into its optimum angle on monthly or seasonal basis, it would increase the generated energy output between 1.91% and 7.24% for monthly adjustments and between 1.59% and 6.06% for seasonal adjustments.

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, S.K. Suman, Radhika. "Effect of Tilt angle and Azimuth angle on Solar Output and Optimum Tilt and Azimuth angle for Chandigarh, India." International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering 04, no. 06 (June 20, 2015): 5104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15662/ijareeie.2015.0406028.

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Tan, Jian Ding, Siaw Paw Koh, Sieh Kiong Tiong, Kharudin Ali, and Ying Ying Koay. "An Electromagnetism-like Mechanism Algorithm Approach for Photovoltaic System Optimization." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 12, no. 1 (October 1, 2018): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v12.i1.pp333-340.

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Solar energy has become one of the most studied topic in the field of renewable energy. In this paper, an artificial intelligent approach is proposed for the optimization of a photovoltaic solar energy harvesting system. An Electromagnetism-Like Mechanism Algorithm (EM) has been developed to search for the hourly optimum tilt angles for photovoltaic panels. In order to investigate the effect of the search step size on the efficiency and overall accuracy of the algorithm, the EM has also been modified into several variants with different search step size settings. Experimental findings show that EM with bigger search lengths has the advantage of reaching a near optimum tilt angle in earlier iterations but less accurate. EM with smaller step lengths, on the other hand, can hit a relatively more optimum tilt angle in the process. During the peak of the power generation at noon, EM with smaller search stes found an optimum tilt angle which yielded additional 3.17W of power compared to a fixed panel. We thus conclude that the proposed EM performs well in optimizing the tilt angle of a photovoltaic solar energy harvesting system.

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Kanianthara, Namruta S., Swee Peng Ang, Ashraf Fathi Khalil Sulayman, and Zainidi bin Hj. Abd. Hamid. "Optimising monthly tilt angles of solar panels using particle swarm optimisation algorithm." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 23, no. 1 (July 1, 2021): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v23.i1.pp75-89.

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This paper presents an intelligent computational method using the PSO (particle swarm optimisation) algorithm to determine the optimum tilt angle of solar panels in PV systems. The objective of the paper is to assess the performance of this method against conventional methods of determining the optimum tilt angle. The method presented here can be used to determine the optimum tilt angle at any location around the world. In this paper, it was applied to Brunei Darussalam, and succeeded in computing monthly optimum tilt angles, ranging from 34.7ᵒ in December to -26.7ᵒ in September. Results showed that changing the tilt angle every month, as determined by the PSO algorithm, increased annual yield by: (i) 5.94%, compared to keeping it fixed at 0ᵒ, (ii) 8.65%, compared to Lunde’s method and (iii) 17.31%, compared to Duffie and Beckman’s method. Benchmark test functions were used to compare and evaluate the performance of the PSO algorithm with the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm, another metaheuristic algorithm. The tests revealed that the PSO algorithm outperformed the ABC algorithm, exhibiting lower root mean square error and standard deviation, better convergence to the global minimum, more accurate location of the global minimum, and faster execution times.

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Abdeen, Eltaib, Mohamed Orabi, and El-Sayed Hasaneen. "Optimum tilt angle for photovoltaic system in desert environment." Solar Energy 155 (October 2017): 267–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2017.06.031.

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Ahmad, M. Jamil, and G. N. Tiwari. "Optimum tilt angle for solar collectors used in India." International Journal of Ambient Energy 30, no. 2 (April 2009): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2009.9675788.

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BALOUKTSIS, A., D. TSANAKAS, and G. VACHTSEVANOS. "On the Optimum Tilt Angle of a Photovoltaic Array." International Journal of Solar Energy 5, no. 3 (June 1987): 153–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01425918708914416.

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Saraf, G. R., and Faik Abdul Wahab Hamad. "Optimum tilt angle for a flat plate solar collector." Energy Conversion and Management 28, no. 2 (January 1988): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0196-8904(88)90044-1.

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Ibrahim, D. "Optimum tilt angle for solar collectors used in Cyprus." Renewable Energy 6, no. 7 (October 1995): 813–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-1481(95)00070-z.

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Tsalides, Ph, and A. Thanailakis. "Direct computation of the array optimum tilt angle in constant-tilt photovoltaic systems." Solar Cells 14, no. 1 (April 1985): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-6787(85)90008-0.

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E Hertzog, Pierre, and Arthur J Swart. "Optimum Tilt Angles for PV Modules in a Semi-Arid Region of the Southern Hemisphere." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.15 (October 7, 2018): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.15.23010.

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It is essential to repeat a test of a given construct in research in order to underpin knowledge, support validity and enable its application in other contexts. The purpose of this article is to present repetitive test results validating the optimum tilt angle of a stationary PV module that was installed in a semi-arid region of South Africa. An experimental design incorporating a two-year longitudinal study is used. The results for 2016 and 2017 reveal that a PV module with a tilt angle of Latitude plus 10° yielded the highest output power for winter months, while a PV module with a tilt angle of Latitude minus 10° yielded the highest output power for summer months. However, for both years, a tilt angle set to the Latitude angle of the installation site yielded the highest overall average output power (60.02 Wh per day). It is therefore recommended to install stationary PV modules at a tilt angle equal to the Latitude of the installation site for a semi-arid region in the southern hemisphere.

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Kathirvelu, K. Parkavi, and B. Viswanathan. "Estimation of Optimum Tilt Angle of PV Panel for Maximum Energy Harvesting." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 5 (October 1, 2016): 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i5.pp2015-2024.

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In solar energy conversion system harvesting of maximum energy is necessary in order to maximize the utilization of available energy. The maximum energy from the solar panel can be extracted by keeping solar panel in an optimum tilt angle. Various approaches are available to find optimum tilt condition of the solar panel. In this work two different positions of the panel such as fixed tilt, seasonal tilt were analyzed using isotropic and anisotropic models. Among the various models available in the above said broad category six models such as Liu-Jordan, Koronokis Model, Badescu model, Hay and Davis model, Reindel model, Hay&Davis and Reindel & Klucher combined model are incorperated to predict the monthly average of daily global solar irradiation of the inclined panels held in SASTRA University, Thanjavur (India) location. Statistical tests have been performed in order to evaluate the consequences predicted by the models with the experimental results. Finally a detailed comparison between fixed tilt and seasonal tilt of the panel has been carried out and the suitable model for this location is also suggested.

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Kathirvelu, K. Parkavi, and B. Viswanathan. "Estimation of Optimum Tilt Angle of PV Panel for Maximum Energy Harvesting." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 5 (October 1, 2016): 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/v6i5.11478.

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In solar energy conversion system harvesting of maximum energy is necessary in order to maximize the utilization of available energy. The maximum energy from the solar panel can be extracted by keeping solar panel in an optimum tilt angle. Various approaches are available to find optimum tilt condition of the solar panel. In this work two different positions of the panel such as fixed tilt, seasonal tilt were analyzed using isotropic and anisotropic models. Among the various models available in the above said broad category six models such as Liu-Jordan, Koronokis Model, Badescu model, Hay and Davis model, Reindel model, Hay&Davis and Reindel & Klucher combined model are incorperated to predict the monthly average of daily global solar irradiation of the inclined panels held in SASTRA University, Thanjavur (India) location. Statistical tests have been performed in order to evaluate the consequences predicted by the models with the experimental results. Finally a detailed comparison between fixed tilt and seasonal tilt of the panel has been carried out and the suitable model for this location is also suggested.

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Berisha, Xhevat, Arianit Zeqiri, and Drilon Meha. "Determining the Optimum Tilt Angles to Maximize the Incident Solar Radiation - Case of Study Pristina." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 7, no. 2 (July 10, 2018): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.7.2.123-130.

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Solar energy is derived from photons of light coming from the sun in a form called radiation. Solar energy finds extensive application in air and water heating, solar cooking, as well as electrical power generation, depending on the way of capturing, converting and distribution. To enable such application, it is necessary to analyze the horizontal tilt angle of horizontal surfaces – in order that when the solar energy reaches the earth surface to be completely absorbed. This paper tends to describe the availability of solar radiation for south-facing flat surfaces. The optimal monthly, seasonal, and annual tilt angles have been estimated for Pristina. The solar radiation received by the incident plane is estimated based on isotropic sky analysis models, namely Liu and Jordan model. The annual optimum tilt angle for Pristina was found to be 34.7°. The determination of annual solar energy gains is done by applying the optimal monthly, seasonal and annual tilt angles for an inclined surface compared to a horizontal surface. Monthly, seasonal and annual percentages of solar energy gains have been estimated to be 21.35%, 19.98%, and 14.43%. Losses of solar energy were estimated by 1.13 % when a surface was fixed at a seasonal optimum tilt angle, and when it was fixed at an annual optimum tilt angle, those losses were 5.7%.Article History: Received February 15th 2018; Received in revised form May 12th 2018; Accepted June 2nd 2018; Available onlineHow to Cite This Article: Berisha, Xh., Zeqiri, A. and Meha, D. (2018) Determining the Optimum Tilt Angles to Maximize the Incident Solar Radiation - Case of Study Pristina. Int. Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 7(2), 123-130.https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.7.2.123-130

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Abdallah, Ramez, Adel Juaidi, Salameh Abdel-Fattah, and Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. "Estimating the Optimum Tilt Angles for South-Facing Surfaces in Palestine." Energies 13, no. 3 (February 1, 2020): 623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030623.

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The optimum tilt angle of solar panels or collectors is crucial when determining parameters that affect the performance of those panels. A mathematical model is used for determining the optimum tilt angle and for calculating the solar radiation on a south-facing surface on a daily, monthly, seasonal, semi-annual, and annual basis. Photovoltaic Geographical Information System (PVGIS) and Photovoltaic Software (PVWatts) is developed by the NREL (US National Renewable Energy Laboratory) are also used to calculate the optimum monthly, seasonal, semi-annual, and annual tilt angles and to compare these results with the results obtained from the mathematical model. The results are very similar. PVGIS and PVWatts are used to estimate the solar radiation on south-facing surfaces with different tilt angles. A case study of a mono-crystalline module with 5 kWP of peak power is used to find out the amount of increased energy (gains) obtained by adjusting the Photovoltaic (PV) tilt angles based on yearly, semi-annual, seasonal, and monthly tilt angles. The results show that monthly adjustments of the solar panels in the main Palestinian cities can generate about 17% more solar energy than the case of solar panels fixed on a horizontal surface. Seasonal and semi-annual adjustments can generate about 15% more energy (i.e., it is worth changing the solar panels 12 times a year (monthly) or at least 2 times a year (semi-annually). The yearly optimum tilt angle for most Palestinian cities is about 29°, which yields an increase of about 10% energy gain compared to a solar panel fixed on a horizontal surface.

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Abdallah, Ramez, Emad Natsheh, Adel Juaidi, Sufyan Samara, and Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. "A Multi-Level World Comprehensive Neural Network Model for Maximum Annual Solar Irradiation on a Flat Surface." Energies 13, no. 23 (December 4, 2020): 6422. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236422.

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With the growing demand for clean and economically feasible renewable energy, solar photovoltaic (PV) system usage has increased. Among many factors, the tilt and azimuth angles are of great importance and influence in determining the photovoltaic panel’s efficiency to generate electricity. Although much research was conducted related to solar PV panels’ performance, this work critically determined the tilt and azimuth angles for PV panels in all countries worldwide. The optimum tilt and azimuth angles are estimated worldwide by the photovoltaic geographic information system (PVGIS). Also, annual and average daily solar irradiation incident on the tilted and oriented plate optimally (AR1 and DR1) are calculated. Besides, annual and average daily solar irradiation incident on plate tilt optimally and oriented because of the south in the northern hemisphere and because of the north in the southern hemisphere (AR2 and DR2) are estimated. PVGIS is also used to calculate the annual and average daily solar irradiation incident on the horizontal plate (AR3 and DR3). The data collected from PVGIS are used to develop an efficient and accurate artificial neural network model based on feed-forward neural network approach. This model is an essential subpart that can be used in an embedded system or an online system for further PV system analysis and optimization. The developed neural model reflected very high accuracy in predicting the PV panels’ optimal tilt and azimuth angles worldwide. The benefit of tilting is generally increased by increasing the latitude. As the latitude increases, the tilt factor (F) increases because of the increase in the optimum tilt angle by increasing the latitude. The optimal orientation is due to the north in the southern hemisphere and due to the south in the northern hemisphere for most cities worldwide. In sum, it can be concluded that the optimum tilt angle is equal to or greater than the latitude until the latitude 30°. The optimum tilt angle becomes less than the latitude, and the difference is increased until it reaches more than 20°. Hence in this study the aim is to develop a simple neural network model which can accurately predict the annual radiation and optimum tilt and azimuth angle in any region of the world and can be easily implemented in a low-cost microcontroller.

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Chang, Ying Pin. "Optimal Tilt Angle for PV Modules Using the Neural-Genetic Algorithm Considering Mathematical Model of the Solar Orbit and Position." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 250–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.250.

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This paper presents a method which combines an artificial neural network and a genetic algorithm (ANNGA) in determining the tilt angle for photovoltaic (PV) modules. First, a Taguchi experiment was used to perform an efficient experimental design and analyze the robustness of the tilt angles for fixed south-facing PV modules. Following, the results from the Taguchi experiment were used as the learning data for an artificial neural network (ANN) model that could predict the tilt angles at discrete levels. Finally, a genetic algorithm method was applied to obtain a robust tilt angle setting of the tilt angle of PV modules with continuous variables. The objective is to maximize the electrical energy of the modules. In this study, three Taiwanese areas were selected for analysis. The position of the sun at any time and location was predicted by the mathematical procedure of Julian dating; then, the solar irradiation was obtained at each site under a clear sky. To confirm the computer simulation results, experimental system are conducted for determining the optimum tilt angle of the modules. The results show that the seasonal optimum angle is 26.4 (deg.) for February-March-April; -9.47(deg.) for May-June-July, 21.32(deg.) for August-September-October and 53.13(deg.) from November-December-January in the Taiwan area.

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Waziri, N. H., A. M. Usman, and J. S. Enaburekhan. "Optimum temperature and solar radiation periods for Kano using flat plate collector." Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology 13, no. 4 (October 5, 2015): 570–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jedt-01-2013-0006.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to determine the optimum temperature and solar radiation periods from November 2008 to April 2009. Design/methodology/approach – Four flat plate collectors were constructed and inclined at an angle ß = 0o, Φ°, (Φ + 15)o and (Φ − 15)° tilt angles where Φ is the latitude of the location (12.1o). The tests were conducted for a period of six months spanning from November 2008 to April 2009. Readings were taken for solar radiation, absorber surface temperature and ambient temperature from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. on an hourly basis. The amount of solar energy in W/m2 for Kano metropolis, which lies on latitude 12.1°, was determined experimentally. Findings – It was observed that the maximum temperature was 100°C, and it falls in April at the 12.1° tilt angle followed by 99.9°C and 99.8°C at –2.9° and 0°, respectively, within same month. April is the optimum period having the highest temperature. The maximum solar radiation for the six months recorded was 1070.4 W/m2 and fell on 4th and 8th of February at the 27.1° tilt angle and the highest mean monthly solar radiation was 953.7593W/m2 in November at the 27.1° tilt angle followed by 895.7321 and 888.6286W/m2 in February at the 27.1° and 12.1° tilt angle, respectively. Research limitations/implications – The research is limited to six-month periods and Kano metropolis. Originality/value – The research was carried out in the Department of Mechanical Engineering Bayero University Kano, Nigeria.

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Chikere Aja, Ogboo, Hussain H. Al-Kayiem, and Zainal Ambri Abdul Karim. "Analytical investigation of collector optimum tilt angle at low latitude." Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy 5, no. 6 (November 2013): 063112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4829434.

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Skeiker, Kamal. "Optimum tilt angle and orientation for solar collectors in Syria." Energy Conversion and Management 50, no. 9 (September 2009): 2439–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2009.05.031.

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Anandan, V. K., I. Srinivasa Rao, and P. Narasimha Reddy. "A Study on Optimum Tilt Angle for Wind Estimation Using Indian MST Radar." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 25, no. 9 (September 1, 2008): 1579–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jtecha1030.1.

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Abstract The effect of tilt angle on horizontal wind estimation is studied using Indian mesosphere–stratosphere–troposphere (MST) radar located at Gadanki (13.45°N, 79.18°E). It operates in Doppler beam swinging (DBS) mode with a beamwidth of 3°. Horizontal winds are computed for different tilt angles from 3° to 15° with an increment of 3° from a height range of 3.6–18 km. The effective beam pointing angle (θeff) is calculated to determine the effect of aspect sensitivity on the determination of horizontal wind components. For different tilt angles radar-derived winds are compared with simultaneous GPS sonde wind measurements, which were launched from a nearby site. The first method utilizes direct comparison of radar-derived winds with those of GPS sondes using the actual beam pointing angle; the second method uses the effective beam pointing angle derived from the ratios of two oblique beams. For this study a variety of statistics were explored in terms of standard deviation, correlation coefficient, and percentage error. From the results it is observed that in agreement with previous studies, the effective beam pointing angle deviates from the actual beam pointing angle, which results in the underestimation of horizontal wind components, and also when tilt angle is close to zenith and far from zenith, the estimation of horizontal winds is found to be far from true values at different heights. Radar wind estimation has better agreement with GPS sonde measurement when the off-zenith angle is around 10°. It is also found that correction to the actual beam pointing angle provides 3%–6% improved agreement between the radar and GPS wind measurements.

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He, Shao Yao, Shao Yao Tang, and Wen Liu. "Optimum Tilt Angles of Modules on Louvered PV Façade in Changsha, China." Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (March 2013): 2135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.2135.

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This paper aims to evaluate the optimum tilt angle of PV modules on louvered PV façade in Changsha - a city located at middle and low latitude, and representative cloudy climate conditions in Central China. Within these climate conditions, this research discusses the influences of external and internal factors on photoelectric conversion efficiency and shading effect of louvered PV façade. The research result shows that the external and internal design factors of louvered PV façade take opposite effects on the louver tilt angle. Under the influence of external factors, the preferred value interval will be βopt≈Φ and βopt<Φ, whereas under the influence of the internal design factors, the preferred value interval is Φ and above. Taking all factors into consideration, the optimal tilt angle of the PV louver in Changsha is selected as 30°.

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Yang, Hongxing, and Lin Lu. "The Optimum Tilt Angles and Orientations of PV Claddings for Building-Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) Applications." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 129, no. 2 (November 14, 2005): 253–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2212439.

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The tilt and azimuth angles of a photovoltaic (PV) array affect the amount of incident solar radiation exposed on the array. This paper develops a new mathematical model for calculating the optimum tilt angles and azimuth angles for building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) applications in Hong Kong on yearly, seasonal, and monthly bases. The influence of PV cladding orientation on the power output of PV modules is also investigated. The correlations between the optimum tilt angle and local weather conditions or local environmental conditions are investigated. The results give reasonable solutions for the optimum tilt angles for BIPV applications for both grid-connected and stand-alone systems.

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Al-Shammari, Sarah, Abdulhassan Karamallah, and Sattar Aljabair. "Optimization of tilt angle and experimental study of standalone PV system for clean energy home supply in Baghdad." FME Transactions 49, no. 3 (2021): 664–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/fme2103664a.

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The performance of the system of the solar radiation conversion is influenced via the angle of tilt with a horizontal plane; therefore, the photovoltaic array requires to be tilted at the right angle for maximizing the system conversion efficiency. The present paper has been carried out monthly at the optimum tilt angle numerically with an experimental system set up for home supply in Baghdad city (latitude 33°20'). Mathematical models were programmed by MATLAB to predict the solar energy incident on the surface all day of the year at angles from (0-90°). Experimental results manifested the performance of photovoltaic panel (PV) to provide a home with a light energy use in the shortcut electricity. The solar power system output is a function of the solar radiation. The high output of power was between (11.00 am) and (1.00 pm), which matches the high-power output time. The monthly optimum tilt angle can vary significantly during the year between 18° in summer to 65° in winter season.

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Barbón, Arsenio, Covadonga Bayón-Cueli, José A. Fernández Rubiera, and Luis Bayón. "Theoretical Deduction of the Optimum Tilt Angles for Small-Scale Linear Fresnel Reflectors." Energies 14, no. 10 (May 17, 2021): 2883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14102883.

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A theoretical justification and computation of the optimum values of the two longitudinal tilt angles of a small-scale linear Fresnel reflector is provided. The optimum angle of the mobile structure is proved to be half the latitude of the geographic location, while the optimum angle of the secondary reflector system is proved to be equal to that latitude. Brute-force verification is carried out for five EU cities, each in one of the five European climate zones.

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Nishikawa, Shogo. "Research on Optimum Tilt Angle of A Grounded Solar PV Array." IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy 116, no. 11 (1996): 1403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejpes1990.116.11_1403.

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Yakup, Mohd Azmi bin Hj Mohd, and A. Q. Malik. "Optimum tilt angle and orientation for solar collector in Brunei Darussalam." Renewable Energy 24, no. 2 (October 2001): 223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-1481(00)00168-3.

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Jafarkazemi, Farzad, S. Ali Saadabadi, and Hadi Pasdarshahri. "The optimum tilt angle for flat-plate solar collectors in Iran." Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy 4, no. 1 (January 2012): 013118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3688024.

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KOÇER, Abdülkadir, Seyfi Şevik, and Afşin GÜNGÖR. "Determination of Solar Collector Optimum Tilt Angle for Ankara and Districts." Uludağ University Journal of The Faculty of Engineering 21, no. 1 (April 13, 2016): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17482/uujfe.80088.

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Qiu, G., and S. B. Riffat. "Optimum tilt angle of solar collectors and its impact on performance." International Journal of Ambient Energy 24, no. 1 (January 2003): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2003.9674898.

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De Bernardez, L. S., R. H. Buitrago, and N. O. García. "Photovoltaic generated energy and module optimum tilt angle from weather data." International Journal of Sustainable Energy 30, no. 5 (October 2011): 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1478646x.2010.515740.

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Dixit, T. V., Anamika Yadav, and S. Gupta. "Annual Optimum Tilt Angle Prediction of Solar Collector using PSO Estimator." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 225 (August 2017): 012296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/225/1/012296.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Optimum tilt angle equations'

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