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Journal articles on the topic 'Optional Protocol'

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Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Lee, Yanghee. "Communications procedure under the Convention on the Rights of the Child: 3rd Optional Protocol." International Journal of Children's Rights 18, no. 4 (2010): 567–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181810x527239.

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AbstractThe adoption of the Convention on the Rights of the Child by the UN General Assembly in 1989 marked a shift in paradigm from viewing children as the possession of parents and objects of welfare to individuals with rights. At the outset of the second millennium, two optional protocols to the Convention (Optional Protocol on Children in Armed Conflict and Optional Protocol on Sale of Children, Child Prostitution, Child Pornography) were adopted in 2000. The need for a communications procedure was suggested from the very beginning of the drafting process. This article will discuss develop

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2

Happold, Matthew. "The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict." Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 3 (December 2000): 226–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1389135900000635.

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On 25 May 2000, the United Nations General Assembly, adopted, without a vote, the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict (‘the Optional Protocol’). The adoption of the Optional Protocol was the culmination of a long process, extending over some ten years and originating in the dissatisfaction felt by a number of states and NGOs at the level of protection afforded to children by the 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child (‘the CRC’). The Optional Protocol marks a significant step towards the prohibition of the recruitm

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3

Stohl, Rachel. "Children in conflict: assessing the Optional Protocol." Conflict, Security & Development 2, no. 02 (2002): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14678800200590614.

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4

Sokhi-Bulley, B. "The Optional Protocol to CEDAW: First Steps." Human Rights Law Review 6, no. 1 (2006): 143–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngi029.

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5

Bijnsdorp, Mireille G. E. "The Strength of the Optional Protocol to the United Nations Women's Convention." Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 18, no. 3 (2000): 329–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/092405190001800303.

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The article contains an analysis of the potential strength of the Optional Protocol to the United Nations Women's Convention. This Protocol was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in October 1999. The author discusses five stricking aspects (elements) of this new Protocol: the scope of the standing provision; the scope ratione materiae of the Protocol; the power of CEDAW to impose interim measures; the introduction of an inquiry procedure; and finally the prohibition of reservations. The author concludes that these five elements reveal a potentially strong Optional Protocol which co

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6

Hodson, L. "Women's Rights and the Periphery: CEDAW's Optional Protocol." European Journal of International Law 25, no. 2 (2014): 561–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chu027.

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7

Jones, Ashley, Cynthia Torkel, David Stanley, Jamila Nasim, Justin Borevitz, and Benjamin Schwessinger. "High-molecular weight DNA extraction, clean-up and size selection for long-read sequencing." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (2021): e0253830. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253830.

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Rapid advancements in long-read sequencing technologies have transformed read lengths from bps to Mbps, which has enabled chromosome-scale genome assemblies. However, read lengths are now becoming limited by the extraction of pure high-molecular weight DNA suitable for long-read sequencing, which is particularly challenging in plants and fungi. To overcome this, we present a protocol collection; high-molecular weight DNA extraction, clean-up and size selection for long-read sequencing. We optimised a gentle magnetic bead based high-molecular weight DNA extraction, which is presented here in de

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8

Dolan, Chris. "The Optional Protocol: in the best interest of whom?" Conflict, Security & Development 2, no. 02 (2002): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14678800200590615.

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9

Spronk, Sarah. "Realizing Children’s Right to Health." International Journal of Children’s Rights 22, no. 1 (2014): 189–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718182-55680013.

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This contribution sketches the background and development of the Optional Protocol on a Communications Procedure for Children under the Convention on the Rights of the Child. It analyzes the additional value of the Optional Protocol for realizing children’s right to health. It does so by analyzing how children’s right to participation is integrated in the Protocol and how this influences the possibility to make complaints on deficits in realizing economic, social and cultural rights, most specifically children’s right to health. It concludes by suggesting ways to strengthen opportunities for c

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10

Haldız, Ayse Cebecioglu. "The Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 6, no. 1 (2017): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v6i1.p37-44.

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An Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) was adopted by the UN General Assembly on 10 December 2008 and it came into force on 5 May 2013. The protocol gives individuals the right to raise complaints about violations of their rights which are enshrined by the covenant. Although, an optional protocol regulating the complaint procedure for its sister treaty, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, was entered into force in 1976, it was postponed for ICESCR until 2013 because of the historic debate discussing whether thes

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11

Tuan, Do Trong, LL.M, Do Duc Hong Ha, LL.D, Pham Thanh Nga, and LL.M. "The Legal Policy on Death Penalty in Vietnam: a View of Human Rights Law." International Journal of Scientific and Management Research 05, no. 06 (2022): 224–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37502/ijsmr.2022.5619.

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In 1989, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Second Optional Protocol ICCPR which provided for the abolition of the death penalty. But this Protocol was only an optional recommendation, should not be legally binding on all members, and only those members who voluntarily participate in this Protocol have international legal obligations to eliminate the death penalty within the system. Until now, the abolition of the death penalty is not an international legal obligation for all countries to comply with. Therefore, there are many member states around the world have abolished this pen

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12

Mustonen, Antti, Juhani Leijala, Johanna Aronranta, Antero Lassila, Mauri Aalto, and Janne Koskimäki. "Withdrawal from Long-Term Use of Unusually High-Dose Oxazepam." Case Reports in Psychiatry 2021 (November 5, 2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2140723.

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Benzodiazepine (BZD) misuse is a worldwide problem that healthcare professionals encounter in daily practice. High-dose BZD withdrawal is usually a long process that may require referral to an inpatient rehabilitation unit. Relapses after withdrawal are common. BZD withdrawal can cause complications including seizures, suicidal behavior, anxiety, and depression. Guidelines describe tapering protocols for modest doses; however, protocols for exceptionally high-dose BZD withdrawal are not well described. Herein, we describe a BZD tapering protocol for a patient with daily use of high-dose (1800

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13

Jägers, Nicola. "National Human Rights Institutions: The Missing Link in Business and Human Rights Governance?" ICL Journal 14, no. 3 (2020): 289–325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/icl-2020-0006.

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AbstractIn 2014, the United Nations established a working group to elaborate an international treaty on business and human rights. In October 2018, negotiations on a first draft of the actually text took place. Besides this zero-draft, the working group released the draft text of an Optional Protocol containing several institutional arrangements. The Optional Protocol carves out a key role for national implementation mechanisms to promote compliance with, monitor and implement the treaty on business and human rights. With such an institutional arrangement, the future treaty would join the rank

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14

Edwards, Alice. "THE OPTIONAL PROTOCOL TO THE CONVENTION AGAINST TORTURE AND THE DETENTION OF REFUGEES." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 57, no. 4 (2008): 789–825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589308000596.

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AbstractThe Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture entered into force on 22 June 2006. It establishes a Sub-Committee for the Prevention of Torture that has authority to visit places of detention and to assess the conditions of that detention as a way to reduce the incidence of torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Additionally, States parties are required to set up complementary national preventive mechanisms. This article explores both how these mechanisms established under the Optional Protocol could operate in the context of the detention of refugees

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15

Ashri, Abdul Munif, and Heribertus Jaka Triyana. "Menimbang Prospek Komunikasi Individual HAM: Politik Hukum dan Implikasi Potensial Bagi Indonesia." Jurnal HAM 15, no. 3 (2024): 169. https://doi.org/10.30641/ham.2024.15.169-186.

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The individual communications procedure is a vital mechanism in international human rights law that enables victims to seek remedies when domestic legal venues have been exhausted or failed to deliver justice. Although Indonesia has acceded to almost all core international human rights treaties, its individual communications procedures have yet to be accepted. This study investigates the Indonesian Government’s human rights legal policy toward individual communications procedures acceptance through the ratification/accession of the ICCPR First Optional Protocol and ICESCR Optional Protocol, as

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16

Egan, Suzanne. "The New Complaints Mechanism for the Convention on the Rights of the Child." International Journal of Children’s Rights 22, no. 1 (2014): 205–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718182-55680014.

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The un General Assembly has recently adopted a third Optional Protocol to the crc, providing for an individual complaint mechanism for children. The product of a sustained campaign on the part of ngos and children’s rights advocates, the Protocol achieves a certain parity of esteem for children vis-à-vis complainants under other core un human rights instruments by enabling them to make complaints specifically with respect to rights guaranteed by the Convention and its two substantive protocols. This article examines the terms of this new procedure in the light of its drafting history and expla

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17

Neumayer, Eric. "Death Penalty Abolition and the Ratification of the Second Optional Protocol." International Journal of Human Rights 12, no. 1 (2008): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13642980701725160.

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18

Vandenhole, Wouter. "Completing the UN Complaint Mechanisms for Human Rights Violations Step by Step: Towards a Complaints Procedure Complementing the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights." Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 21, no. 3 (2003): 423–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016934410302100304.

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With the entry into force of the Optional Protocol to CEDAW in 2000, four of the six main UN human rights treaties are now complemented with an individual complaints procedure. The proposal to establish an individual complaints mechanism for economic, social and cultural rights (ESCR) meets with considerable political opposition. Progress has been jeopardised by an ongoing discussion on the nature of ESCR, which are still very often considered as second-class human rights. It is submitted here that the two main issues of debate – justiciability and the nature of the obligations of States – hav

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19

Courtis, Christian. "THE OPTIONAL PROTOCOL TO THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS: A NEW INSTRUMENT TO ADDRESS HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS." Espaço Jurídico Journal of Law [EJJL] 16, no. 2 (2015): 295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.18593/ejjl.v16i2.7561.

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The article discusses the adoption of the new Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights as a means to obtain redress for violations against economic, social and cultural rights in the international sphere – including its potential use for the consideration of the violation of extraterritorial obligations.Keywords: Human rights. Social rights. Violations. Optinal protocol.

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20

Diallo, Boubacar Sidi. "The Protection of the Fundamental Rights of the Child in the Light of the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child." Studia Edukacyjne, no. 49 (September 15, 2018): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/se.2018.49.11.

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The adoption of a binding international treaty on the rights of the child is presented by practitioners and researchers as a “revolution”, marking the transition from the legal status of the child as a subject of the right, to a full actor of rights protection. For the fundamental rights of the child not to remain merely theoretical, but to become concrete and meaningful, it is important to provide them with effective judicial protection. This issue is more than ever topical, with the adoption by the United Nations General Assembly of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of th

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21

Alaidi, Abdul Hadi M. "Enhanced a TCP security protocol by using optional fields in TCP header." Journal of Education College Wasit University 1, no. 24 (2016): 485–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/eduj.vol1.iss24.189.

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The Transfer Control Protocol (TCP) itself does not guarantee the security of data that it transmits. However, under some circumstances, the security of TCP communication is required, e.g. the client-server communication in banking systems. Nowadays, the source socket layer (SSL) protocol is widely used; however, SSL is based on RSA (a public-key cryptographic algorithm) algorithm, which would require more computational resource. Therefore, an alternative faster solution utilizing symmetrical algorithm (AES) are proposed to achieve these goals: bidirectional authentication, encrypted data tran

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22

SEPULVEDA, MAGDALENA, and CHRISTIAN COURTIS. "Are Extra-Territorial Obligations Reviewable under the Optional Protocol to the ICESCR?" Nordic Journal of Human Rights 27, no. 01 (2009): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18261/issn1891-814x-2009-01-04.

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23

Coomaraswamy, Radhika. "The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict – Towards Universal Ratification." International Journal of Children's Rights 18, no. 4 (2010): 535–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181810x527978.

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AbstractThe changing nature of modern warfare has increasingly exposed children, both boys and girls, to direct involvement in armed conflict. In order to bring this horrible practice to a halt, the international community ten years ago adopted the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict, establishing eighteen as the minimum age for compulsory recruitment and participation in hostilities. This article presents an overview of the legislative history, legal framework and key provisions of the Optional Protocol. It also discu

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24

Paparinskis, Martins. "Immunities and Criminal Jurisdiction (Equatorial Guinea v. France): Preliminary Objections (I.C.J.)." International Legal Materials 58, no. 1 (2019): 1–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ilm.2019.1.

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On June 6, 2018, the International Court of Justice (Court) rendered a judgment on preliminary objections in the case of Immunities and Criminal Proceedings (Equatorial Guinea v. France). France had made three preliminary objections: two related to the Court's jurisdiction on the basis of, respectively, United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime (Palermo Convention) and the Optional Protocol to the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Protection (VCDR) concerning the Compulsory Settlement of Disputes (Optional Protocol), and the third challenged admissibility for abuse of proce

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25

Venčkauskas, Algimantas, Nerijus Morkevicius, Vaidas Jukavičius, Robertas Damaševičius, Jevgenijus Toldinas, and Šarūnas Grigaliūnas. "An Edge-Fog Secure Self-Authenticable Data Transfer Protocol." Sensors 19, no. 16 (2019): 3612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19163612.

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Development of the Internet of Things (IoT) opens many new challenges. As IoT devices are getting smaller and smaller, the problems of so-called “constrained devices” arise. The traditional Internet protocols are not very well suited for constrained devices comprising localized network nodes with tens of devices primarily communicating with each other (e.g., various sensors in Body Area Network communicating with each other). These devices have very limited memory, processing, and power resources, so traditional security protocols and architectures also do not fit well. To address these challe

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26

Hamilton, S. E., P. Yielder, and J. Yielder. "The peg view made easy – an adjunct to a current clinical protocol." Journal of Diagnostic Radiography and Imaging 6, no. 1 (2006): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1460472806000022.

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Purpose: In 2001 an evaluative study was conducted involving an oral positioning aid (the E-Z-Em Mouthpiece). Manufacturer opinion suggested that the device may enhance safe and demonstrative practice in the radiographic and radiological components of case examinations involving acute trauma to the upper cervical spine. The study was conducted at Auckland Public and Starship Children's Hospitals, New Zealand with prior approval from Auckland Health Research Human Subjects Ethics Committee.Literature review confirms that the atlanto-axial compartment of the cervical spine is most commonly invol

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27

Mjidi, Mostafa, Debasish Chakraborty, Naoki Nakamura, and Norio Shiratori. "The Impact of Dynamic RTS Threshold Adjustment for IEEE 802.11 MAC Protocol." Mobile Information Systems 5, no. 1 (2009): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/736242.

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In recent years, wireless technologies and application received great attention. The Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol is the main element that determines the efficiency in sharing the limited communication bandwidth of the wireless channel in wireless local area networks (WLANs). IEEE 802.11 introduced the optional RTS/CTS handshaking mechanism to address the hidden terminal problem as well as to reduces the chance of collision in case of higher node density and traffic. RTS Threshold (RT) determines when RTS/CTS mechanism should be used and proved to be an important parameter for performa

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EVJU, STEIN. "Should Norway Ratify the Optional Protocol to the ICESCR? - That Is the Question." Nordic Journal of Human Rights 27, no. 01 (2009): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18261/issn1891-814x-2009-01-06.

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29

LANGA, PIUS. "Taking Dignity Seriously – Judicial Reflections on the Optional Protocol to the ICESCR." Nordic Journal of Human Rights 27, no. 01 (2009): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18261/issn1891-814x-2009-01-02.

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30

Sanggaran, John‐Paul, and Deborah Zion. "Call for Australia's ratification of the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture." Medical Journal of Australia 202, no. 11 (2015): 561–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/mja15.00357.

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31

Gerber, Paula. "The New Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child." Alternative Law Journal 37, no. 2 (2012): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1037969x1203700209.

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32

Tang, K. l. "Internationalizing Women's Struggle against Discrimination: The UN Women's Convention and the Optional Protocol." British Journal of Social Work 34, no. 8 (2004): 1173–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bch135.

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33

Yoon, Jae-Young, and Hyung-Jin Ahn. "Strategies for Utilizing the Optional Protocol to Strengthen UNCRPD Implementation and Future Tasks." JOURNAL OF THE KOREA CONTENTS ASSOCIATION 23, no. 1 (2023): 579–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5392/jkca.2023.23.01.579.

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34

Liefaard, Ton. "A Decade of the Optional Protocol to the crc on a Communications Procedure." International Journal of Children’s Rights 32, no. 1 (2024): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718182-32010006.

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35

Todres, Jonathan. "Considering a New Optional Protocol to the crc on the Right to Education." International Journal of Children’s Rights 33, no. 2 (2025): 257–64. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718182-33020012.

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36

Verdirame, Guglielmo. "Optional protocol to the Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel." International Legal Materials 49, no. 6 (2010): 1659–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/intelegamate.49.6.1659.

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37

Meyer, Paul. "Could an optional protocol be the way to stop the weaponization of outer space?" International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis 76, no. 2 (2021): 332–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00207020211020521.

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Since the early 1980s, the United Nations General Assembly and its affiliated forum, the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva, has had the Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space issue on its agenda. In the intervening years, the threat of weapons being introduced into the outer space realm has waxed and waned, but, in the main, a benign environment free from man-made threats has prevailed, allowing for great strides in the exploration and use of space. Recently, a renewal of great power rivalry including the development of offensive “counter-space” capabilities has resurrected the spectre of

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38

SIMMONS, BETH A. "Should States Ratify? – Process and Consequences of the Optional Protocol to the ICESCR." Nordic Journal of Human Rights 27, no. 01 (2009): 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18261/issn1891-814x-2009-01-05.

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39

Della Torre, Emilia. "Women's business: the development of an Optional Protocol to the United Nations Women's Convention." Australian Journal of Human Rights 6, no. 2 (2000): 181–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1323238x.2000.11911048.

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40

Tang, Kwong-Leung, and Jacqueline Tak-York Cheung. "Realizing Women's Human Rights in Asia: The UN Women's Convention and the Optional Protocol." Asian Journal of Women's Studies 9, no. 4 (2003): 9–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/12259276.2003.11665957.

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41

Bhattacharya, Dhrubajyoti. "Can International Law Secure Women’s Health? an Examination of CEDAW and its Optional Protocol." Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 103 (2009): 471–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272503700034893.

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42

Evans, M. D., and C. Haenni-Dale. "PREVENTING TORTURE? THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE OPTIONAL PROTOCOL TO THE UN CONVENTION AGAINST TORTURE." Human Rights Law Review 4, no. 1 (2004): 19–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/4.1.19.

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43

Möller, Jakob Th, and Alfred de Zayas. "Optional Protocol cases concerning the Nordic States before the United Nations Human Rights Committee." Nordic Journal of International Law 55, no. 4 (1986): 384–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181086x00184.

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44

McGrory, Glenn. "Reservations of Virtue? Lessons from Trinidad and Tobago's Reservation to the First Optional Protocol." Human Rights Quarterly 23, no. 3 (2001): 769–826. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2001.0038.

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Bruegmann, Tobias, Matthias Fladung, and Hilke Schroeder. "Flexible DNA isolation procedure for different tree species as a convenient lab routine." Silvae Genetica 71, no. 1 (2022): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sg-2022-0003.

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Abstract DNA isolation is a fundamental technique for all molecular biology laboratories. Depending on the plant species, DNA isolation can be challenging. In particular, adapted protocols rarely exist for tree species which are not used as standard model organisms. Here, we describe a flexible DNA isolation protocol that works for 59 tree species in a modular system. It is based on an ATMAB-containing extraction buffer to which proteinase K and/or boric acid are added, depending on the plant species. Subsequent purification steps include one or two precipitations with dichloromethane and, dep

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Chen, Hai Hong, Xue Feng Wang, and Peng Wang. "Application of CAN2.0 Protocol in the Heating Energy Saving System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 543-547 (March 2014): 1575–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.543-547.1575.

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Heating saving energy is important in the study of saving energy. CAN is a high-performance and high-reliability build bus, transmission distance is very long, it can hang node on optional position in availability distance, the nodes are connected in parallel, and do not interfere with each other. By using the CAN bus technology, the control center connects CAN module, and the CAN module connects temperature sensor and valve controller. The temperature sensor gleans information that the control center controls heating valve according to the temperature information, and make room automatic cont

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47

Akhter, A. F. M. Suaib, Mohiuddin Ahmed, A. F. M. Shahen Shah, Adnan Anwar, A. S. M. Kayes, and Ahmet Zengin. "A Blockchain-Based Authentication Protocol for Cooperative Vehicular Ad Hoc Network." Sensors 21, no. 4 (2021): 1273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041273.

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The efficiency of cooperative communication protocols to increase the reliability and range of transmission for Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) is proven, but identity verification and communication security are required to be ensured. Though it is difficult to maintain strong network connections between vehicles because of there high mobility, with the help of cooperative communication, it is possible to increase the communication efficiency, minimise delay, packet loss, and Packet Dropping Rate (PDR). However, cooperating with unknown or unauthorized vehicles could result in information the

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48

Amini, Intan, and Dony Yusra Perbrianto. "Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Anak Yang Berada Di Wilayah Perang Menurut Konvensi Jenewa 1949 Dengan Protokol Tambahan 1977." Uti Possidetis: Journal of International Law 3, no. 2 (2022): 224–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/up.v3i2.14475.

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Artikel ini membahas bagaimana perlindungan terhadap anak-anak yang berada di wilayah konflik bersenjata. Perlindungan anak telah diatur pada Konvensi Jenewa 1949, Protokol Tambahan 1977, International Convention on The Rights of Childs 1989, Optional Protocol on Involvent of Children in Armed Conflict 2000. Namun, para pihak yang berkonflik masih melanggar prinsip pembedaan, prinsip pembatasan, prinsip keseimbangan, dan prinsip perlindungan yang berlaku dalam hukum humaniter internasional. Padahal, Hukum Humaniter melarang penduduk sipil dijadikan sebagai objek kekerasan dan wajib diberikan p

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Mills, Katherine L., Emma Barrett, Sudie E. Back, et al. "Randomised controlled trial of integrated trauma-focused psychotherapy for traumatic stress and substance use among adolescents: trial protocol." BMJ Open 10, no. 11 (2020): e043742. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043742.

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IntroductionPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorder frequently co-occur and tend to have their onset during adolescence. Although research has highlighted the importance of treating these disorders in an integrated fashion, there is a dearth of empirically validated integrated treatment options for adolescents with this comorbidity. This paper describes the study protocol for a randomised controlled trial (RCT) examining the efficacy of an integrated trauma-focused cognitive–behavioural treatment for traumatic stress and substance use among adolescents (Concurrent Trea

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Gomez‐Alvarez, Vicente. "Field‐ and Pilot‐Scale Approaches to Assess Finished Water Storage Tanks." Journal AWWA 115, no. 10 (2023): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/awwa.2196.

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Abstract:

Key TakeawaysThe US Environmental Protection Agency released its Storage Tank Assessment Study Protocol in 2021 as an optional tool to help water utilities gauge water quality issues.Knowledge about the complexity of storage tank ecosystems and associated potential public health risks can be included in water management programs.Pilot‐scale and field‐based testing with genomic data yielded insights into biogeochemical processes of tank ecosystems that can help utilities minimize bacterial growth.

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