Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Optoelectronic oscillator'

The random fluctuations of signal phase of an oscillator limit the precision of time and frequency measurements. The noise and long-term stability of the system’s oscillator or clock is of major importance in applications such as optical and wireless communications, high-speed digital electronics, radar, and astronomy. The Optoelectronic Oscillator (OE Oscillator), a new class of time delay oscillator with promise as a low-phase noise source of microwave carriers, was introduced by Steve Yao and Lute Malek in 1996. The OE Oscillator combines into a closed loop an RF photonic link and an RF chain. The RF photonic link consists of a laser, electro-optic modulator, optical fibre delay line, and a photo-receiver that together provide an RF delay. An RF chain consists of one or more amplifiers and a RF resonator that together provide the sustaining amplification and the frequency selectivity necessary for single mode oscillation of the loop. The low loss of optical fibres enables the attainment of delays that correspond to optical fibre lengths of several kilometers. It is the long delay, unattainable in an all electronic implementations that is responsible for the superior phase noise performance of an OE Oscillator. In this thesis the fundamental principles of operation of an OE Oscillator are described and the principal sources of in-loop phase fluctuations that are responsible for phase-noise identified. This lays the ground for an exposition of the mechanism that describes the perturbation of a time delay oscillator by injection into the loop of a carrier that is detuned in frequency from the natural frequency of the oscillator. For sufficiently small detuning the oscillator can become phase locked to the injected carrier. The model presented in the thesis generalises the traditional Yao-Maleki and Leeson model to include all the important features that describe the injection locking dynamics of an OE Oscillator. In particular the common assumptions of single mode oscillation and weak injection are removed. This is important to correctly predict the effect of injection locking on the spurious peaks in the phase noise spectrum corresponding to the side-modes of a time delay oscillator. Simulation results are presented in order to validate the dynamics of the oscillator under injection and analytic results on the lock-in range and phase noise spectrum. A 10 GHz OE Oscillator with a single 5km delay line is used as an example in the simulation illustration.

La génération de signaux microondes à grande pureté spectrale est fondamentale pour différentes applications (systèmes RADAR, échantillonnage large bande). L’optique propose des solutions prometteuses pour la montée en fréquence des d’oscillateurs à bas bruit de phase. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier différentes configurations d’oscillateurs optoélectroniques (OEO) à 10 GHz. Pour cela, nous avons développé puis validé expérimentalement un modèle décrivant le bruit de phase, que nous avons ensuite étendu aux OEOs à boucles multiples. Cet outil unique nous a permis de concevoir un OEO à double boucles à l’état de l’art avec un encombrement réduit (premier mode parasite avec un niveau de bruit de phase de -146 dBc/Hz à 187 kHz de la porteuse). Nous avons également étudié des OEOs à amplification optique qui permettent de lever les verrous associés aux amplificateurs RF lors de la montée en fréquence (contribution de bruit et bande passante) tout en conservant d’excellentes performances. Enfin, nous nous sommes intéressés aux oscillateurs optoélectroniques couplés (COEOs), qui associent un laser à verrouillage de modes à un OEO. Nous avons modélisé le bruit de phase du laser en tenant en compte pour la première fois la non-orthogonalité des modes de la cavité, puis initié un modèle pour le COEO. Après une étude expérimentale des paramètres clef, nous avons réalisé un COEO proche de l’état de l’art, dont le bruit phase au voisinage de la porteuse est amélioré par rapport aux OEOs pour des longueurs de boucle plus courtes
High purity microwave signal generation is required in various applications (RADAR systems, wideband sampling). For high frequency operations, optics offer promising solutions to generate low noise oscillators. The objective of this thesis consists in studying various optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) configurations at 10 GHz. We first worked on a phase noise model and its experimental validation, further extended to multiple loop OEOs. This comprehensive model allowed the design of a state-of-the-art dual loop OEO with consideration to its compactness (first spur located at 187 kHz from the carrier with a phase noise level of 146 dBc/Hz).We then focused on all photonic gain OEOs to get rid of RF amplifiers whose bandwidth and noise contributions are a limit for high frequency operations. Finally, we studied coupled optoelectronic oscillators (COEOs) which may simply be described as a combination of a mode locked laser and an OEO. We worked on a phase noise model for active and harmonically mode locked laser taking into account for the first time the non-orthogonality of the cavity modes. This model is the basis to a COEO model we began to develop. After experimentally determining key parameters, we designed and optimized a low noise COEO exhibiting a close-to-carrier phase noise similar to the state-of-the-art

In this thesis, dual-frequency optoelectronic oscillators (OEOs) and their applications to transverse load sensing are studied. Two configurations of dual-frequency OEOs are proposed and investigated. In the first configuration, a polarization-maintaining phase-shifted fiber Bragg grating (PM-PSFBG) is employed in the OEO loop to the generation of two oscillating frequencies. The beat between the two oscillating frequencies is a function of the load applied to the PM-PSFBG, which is used in transverse load sensing. To avoid the frequency measurement ambiguity, a second configuration is proposed by coupling a dual-wavelength fiber laser to the dual-frequency OEO. A single tone microwave signal with the frequency determined by the birefringence of the grating is generated in the OEO and is fed into the fiber ring laser to injection lock the dual wavelengths. The sensitivity and the resolution are measured to be 9.73 GHz/(N/mm) and 2.06×10-4 N/mm, respectively. The high stability of the single-tone microwave signal permits accurate measurement, while the frequency interrogation allows an ultra-high speed demodulation.

Photonic generation of ultra-low phase noise and frequency-tunable microwave or millimeter-wave (mm-wave) signals has been a topic of interest in the last few years. Advanced photonic techniques, especially the recent advancement in photonic components, have enabled the generation of microwave and mm-wave signals at high frequencies with a large tunable range and ultra-low phase noise. In this thesis, techniques to generate microwave and mm-wave signals in the optical domain are investigated, with an emphasis on system architectures to achieve large frequency tunability and low phase noise. The thesis consists of two parts. In the first part, techniques to generate microwave and mm-wave signals based on microwave frequency multiplication are investigated. Microwave frequency multiplication can be realized in the optical domain based on external modulation using a Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM), but with limited multiplication factor. Microwave frequency multiplication based on external modulation using two cascaded MZMs to provide a larger multiplication factor has been proposed, but no generalized approach has been developed. In this thesis, a generalized approach to achieving microwave frequency multiplication using two cascaded MZMs is presented. A theoretical analysis leading to the operating conditions to achieve frequency quadrupling, sextupling or octupling is developed. The system performance in terms of phase noise, tunability and stability is investigated. To achieve microwave generation with a frequency multiplication factor (FMF) of 12, a technique based on a joint operation of polarization modulation, four-wave mixing and stimulated-Brillouin-scattering-assisted filtering is also proposed. The generation of a frequency-tunable mm-wave signal from 48 to 132 GHz is demonstrated. The proposed architecture can even potentially boost the FMF up to 24. In the second part, techniques to generate ultra-low phase noise and frequency-tunable microwave and mm-wave signals based on an optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) are studied. The key component in an OEO to achieve low phase noise and large frequency-tunable operation is the microwave bandpass filter. In the thesis, we first develop a microwave photonic filter with an ultra-narrow passband and large tunability based on a phase-shifted fiber Bragg grating (PS-FBG). Then, an OEO incorporating such a microwave photonic filter is developed. The performance including the tunable range and phase noise is evaluated. To further increase the frequency tunable range, a technique to achieve microwave frequency multiplication in an OEO is proposed. An mm-wave signal with a tunable range more than 40 GHz is demonstrated.

Photonic sensing technologies offer unexceptionable features for taking high requirement measurement in a harsh environment. They inherit advantages such as fast speed and immunity from electromagnetic interference from optical communications. In addition, with the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technologies, chip scale optical sensors are capable of providing high sensitivity with an ultra-compact form factor. The motivation is derived from the high demand for sensors in the new era of the Data Age and the great potential of fast response, highly sensitive and ultra-compact photonic sensor. Furthermore, rapid sensor development puts forward a new prospect for many areas such as medical and health measurement, defence technology, and the internet of things. With all the advantages that SOI-based chip scale optical sensors provide, there are still shortcomings can be improving to provided much more capable sensing abilities from many aspects. With that in mind, this thesis will focus on SOI-based optical microring resonator, one of the most popular SOI-based optical structure for sensing purpose; and solutions for two shortcomings of the common SOI-based optical sensor. One of the solutions that will be mentioned in this thesis is intended to solve the issues of limited measurement speed and low resolution that caused by the way of the data analysis in the common SOI-based optical sensing system. The second purposed solutions in this thesis focused on the connection schemes of the SOI-based optical sensor; Common connection schemes of SOI-based optical chip needs at least two optical ports for coupling the light into and out of the silicon photonics chip which limits the ability to perform measurements at remote locations that are hard to be reached. Chapter 4 and 5 of this thesis contains detailed explorations of these shortcomings and solutions. An integrated photonic sensor based on optoelectronic oscillator with an on-chip sensing probe that is capable of realising highly sensitive and high-resolution optical sensing is presented in this thesis as a solution for the first shortcoming. The key component is an integrated SOI-based microring resonator which is used to implement a microwave photonic bandpass filter (MPBF) to effectively suppress the side modes of the optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) by more than 30dB, thus generating a peak RF signal that maps the detected optical change into a resulting shift in the oscillating frequency. As an application example, the proposed optical sensor system is employed to detect small changes in temperature, and experimental results demonstrate a highly sensitive optical temperature sensor with an achieved sensitivity of 7.7 GHz/°C. Moreover, the proposed sensing system revealed a 0.02°C measurement resolution which is a tenfold improvement compared with the modest resolution of 0.23°C seen by the conventional MPBF system without the OEO loop, rendering it highly suitable for diverse high-resolution sensing applications. With the purpose of reducing the size of the SOI-based photonic sensor and to overcoming the second shortcoming, an ultra-compact, reflective optical sensor probe based on SOI microring resonator and Y-junction structure is also presented in this thesis. This structure is capable of simultaneously achieving high sensitivity and fine resolution optical sensing. The reflective configuration of the probe enables remote measurements at locations which are otherwise hard to be assessed by transmission based sensors. As an application example, the proposed sensor probe for temperature measurement is demonstrated. Experiment results show that the center wavelength shift of the sensor’s reflected spectrum offers a linear response to temperature change with a high sensitivity of 66 pm/°C.

Dans ce travail, nous étudions deux types de problèmes à retard. Le premier traite des oscillateurs optoélectroniques (OOEs). Un OOE est un système bouclé permettant de délivrer une onde électromagnétique radio-fréquence de grande pureté spectrale et de faible bruit électronique. Le second problème traite du couplage retardé de neurones. Une nouvelle forme de synchronisation est observée où un régime oscillant est une alternative à un état stationnaire stable. Ces deux problèmes présentent des oscillations de type slow-fast. Une grande partie de ma thèse est dévouée à l’analyse de ces régimes. Etant donné qu’il s’agit d’équations nonlinéaires à retard, les techniques asymptotiques classiques ont dû être revues. En plus d’une étude théorique, des expériences ont été effectuées. Le travail sur les OOEs a été rendu possible grâce aux invitations respectives de L. Larger dans son laboratoire à l’Université de Franche-Comté et de D.J. Gauthier à Duke University. Le travail sur le couplage de neurones a bénéficié d’expériences réalisées par L. Keuninckx du groupe « Applied Physics » de la Vrije Universiteit Brussel.

Une contribution importante de cette thèse est à la fois l’analyse mathématique mais aussi l’observation expérimentale d’ondes carrées stables asymétriques présentant des longueurs de plateau différentes mais ayant la même période dans un OOE. Une bifurcation de Hopf primaire d’un état stationnaire est le mécanisme menant à ces régimes. Un deuxième phénomène qui a été à la fois observé pour l’OOE et pour les neurones couplés est la coexistence entre plusieurs ondes carrées ayant des périodes différentes. Pour l’OOE, ces oscillations peuvent être reliées à plusieurs bifurcations de Hopf primaires qui sont proches les unes des autres à cause du grand délai. Le mécanisme de stabilité est similaire à celui de "Eckhaus" pour les systèmes spatialement étendus. Pour le couplage de cellules excitables, nous avons étudié des équations couplées de type FitzHugh-Nagumo (FHN) linéaires par morceaux et obtenu des résultats analytiques. Nous montrons que le mécanisme menant à ces régimes périodiques correspond à un point limite d’un cycle-limite. La robustesse de ces régimes par rapport au bruit a ensuite été explorée expérimentalement en utilisant des circuits électroniques couplés et retardés. Ce système peut être modélisé mathématiquement par les mêmes équations de type FHN. Pour terminer, nous montrons que les équations pour l’OOE et le FHN possèdent des propriétés similaires. Ceci nous permet de généraliser nos principaux résultats à une plus grande variété d’équations différentielles à retard.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Ces travaux portent sur l'insertion de résonateurs en anneau de silicium dans des boucles d’oscillateurs optoélectroniques (OEO) pour la génération de signaux micro-ondes à faible bruit de phase et constituent une contribution à la future intégration complète des systèmes OEO en photonique silicium. L'orientation de l'application qui a été explorée a été d'évaluer la performance de ces systèmes pour la détection de variations d’indice optique en volume. Deux configurations différentes de résonateurs en anneau de silicium à base d'OEO ont été proposées et démontrées : des OEO à base de résonateurs en anneau silicium millimétriques et des OEO accordables à base d’anneaux plus compacts et d'un schéma spécifique de réinjection de porteuse optique.Dans la première approche, le signal optique est utilisé comme porteuse optique, qui est modulée par un modulateur d'intensité qui produit un ensemble de deux bandes latérales dans le domaine optique, tandis que le résonateur en anneau génère un peigne optique qui agit comme un filtre optique, transposant son intervalle spectral libre (ISL) dans le domaine micro-onde. Par le battement des deux raies optiques adjacentes dans un photodétecteur, l’information est ainsi traduite dans le domaine RF. La contribution de notre travail a été de démontrer que la réalisation de résonateurs millimétriques (environ 6mm) en photonique silicium était une approche viable et intéressante pour la réalisation directe d'OEO. Dans les configurations étudiées, les résonateurs en anneau SOI ont été optimisés pour satisfaire la cible requise d'un ISL d’environ 15 GHz et un facteur de qualité optique supérieur à 10^5. Les résultats expérimentaux obtenus ont démontré la viabilité et la stabilité de l'approche proposée, tandis qu’un niveau de bruit de phase de -100dBc/Hz à un décalage de 100 kHz par rapport à la porteuse et une capacité de détection du système d’environ 3,72 GHz/RIU ont été quantifiés pour une variation de l'indice de réfraction comprise entre 1,572 et 1,688, en bon accord avec les résultats des simulations.En complément de cette première étape, nous avons abordé la question très importante de l'accordabilité de la fréquence du signal hyperfréquence généré. À cette fin, nous avons proposé, conçu, puis développé et testé une configuration d’OEO originale, basée sur l'utilisation d'une seule bande de modulation et d'un mécanisme de réinjection de la porteuse optique du laser de la boucle. Dans ce schéma, le signal oscillant est créé par le battement entre le faisceau laser et une bande latérale unique du signal de modulation sélectionnée par un résonateur en anneau. Dans l'implémentation que nous avons réalisée, un résonateur photonique SOI avec un ISL de 77 GHz et un facteur de qualité optique à 8,1×10^4 a été utilisé. En modifiant la fréquence du laser tout en conservant une longueur d'onde de résonance du résonateur fixe, une accordabilité de 5,8 GHz à 18,2 GHz a été démontrée, qui est seulement limitée par le fonctionnement de l'amplificateur RF utilisé dans les expériences réalisées. Parallèlement, un niveau de bruit de phase de -115 dBc/Hz à une fréquence de décalage de 1 MHz a été obtenu pour tous les signaux générés, démontrant la possibilité de créer des fréquences d'oscillation élevées avec le même niveau de bruit de phase. Nous avons ensuite appliqué cette approche à la détection de l'indice de réfraction en volume et démontré une sensibilité de détection de 94350 GHz/RIU et une limite de détection d'indice de 10^-8 RIU. Au-delà de ces résultats expérimentaux, l'apport de cette seconde approche apporte une solution simple et flexible au problème de la génération de signaux hyperfréquences à fréquences variables à la demande, et ouvre des perspectives d'application très riches.Tous les résultats de la thèse contribuent à la question de l'intégration des OEO sur puces silicium et permettent d'anticiper diverses applications dans le domaine des communications et des capteurs
This work focuses on the insertion of silicon ring resonators into the loops of optoelectronic oscillators (OEO) for the generation of low phase noise microwave signals and is a contribution to the future full integration of OEO systems on single silicon chips. The application orientation that was explored was to evaluate the performance of these systems for bulk optical index detection. Two different configurations of silicon ring resonators based OEO have been proposed and demonstrated: OEO based on millimeter-long silicon ring resonators and tunable OEO based on more compact silicon ring resonators and a specific optical carrier reinjection scheme.In the first approach, the optical signal is used as an optical carrier, which is modulated by an intensity modulator that produces a set of sidebands in the optical domain, while the ring resonator generates an optical comb that acts as an optical filter, translating its Free Spectral Range (FSR) into the microwave domain. By the beating of two adjacent optical comb lines in a photodetector, the optical spectral lines are then translated into the RF domain. The contribution of our work has been to demonstrate that the realization of millimeter resonators (about 6mm) in silicon photonics was a viable and interesting approach for the direct realization of OEO. In the investigated configurations, SOI ring resonators were optimized to satisfy the required target of a FSR of around 15GHz and an optical quality factor above 10^5. The demonstrated experimental results showed the viability and the stability of the proposed approach, while phase noise level of -100dBc/Hz at an offset of 100 kHz from carrier was obtained and sensing capability of the studied system was quantified to around 3.72 GHz/RIU for a refractive index variation in the range of 1.572 to 1.688, in good agreement with simulation results.In a complementary direction to this first step, we addressed the very important issue of the tunability of the frequency of the microwave signal generated. To this end, we proposed, designed, and then developed and tested an original OEO configuration based on the use of a single modulation band and a mechanism for reinjection of the optical carrier from the loop laser. In this scheme, the oscillation signal is created under the beating between the laser light beam and a single modulation signal sideband selected by an add-drop ring resonator working as an effective optical bandpass filter. In the implementation we have carried out, a SOI photonic resonator with a FSR of 77 GHz and an optical quality factor at 8.1×10^4 was used. By changing the laser frequency while keeping a fixed resonator resonance wavelength, a tunability from 5.8GHz to 18.2GHz was demonstrated, being only limited by the working operation of the RF amplifier used in the carried out experiments. Meanwhile, a phase noise level of -115 dBc/Hz at 1MHz offset frequency was obtained for all generated signals, showing the possibility of creating high oscillation frequencies with the same phase noise level. We then applied this approach for bulk refractive index sensing application and demonstrated a sensing sensitivity of 94350GHz/RIU and an index limit of detection of 10^-8 RIU by considering a signal resolution of 1MHz. Beyond these experimental results, the contribution of this second approach provides a simple and flexible solution to the problem of generating microwave signals with variable frequencies on demand, and opens up very rich application perspectives.All the results of the thesis contribute to the question of the integration of OEOs on silicon chips and make it possible to anticipate various applications in the field of communications and sensors

The results of an investigation into the use of diodes as mixers with optical local oscillator injection are presented. Such 'optically pumped mixers' might be employed in complex microwave systems where the optical distribution of the local oscillator is attractive. The photocurrent generation, through which the optical local oscillator is coupled into the device, the frequency conversion and noise mechanisms in optically pumped mixers are all investigated. Computer models of optically pumped mixing have been developed, and are shown to give very good agreement with experimental measurements. A novel optically pumped mixer structure using the tunnelling nonlinearity in a metal contact to heavily doped gallium arsenide has been investigated theoretically and experimentally. The prototype device has been found to be limited to relatively low frequencies (\simeq 100MHz) as an optically pumped mixer, although for a device of smaller area low conversion loss may be achieved at frequencies up to 1GHz. The structure is limited by the large capacitance per unit area, the generally poor responsivity, and the dependence of the responsivity on relatively slow, minority-carrier diffusion, current transport mechanisms. The results from the above investigation have enabled an improved, Mott diode structure to be proposed for optically pumped mixers. Predictions from the accurate computer model indicate efficient operation should be achievable at X-band frequencies and beyond using gallium arsenide lasers of moderate output power (\geqslant 3mW average). Similar performance at lower power levels should be achievable with shorter wavelength illumination. Due to the simplicity of using a single device, it is shown that optically pumped mixers may be more attractive than photodetector-mixer combinations in many complex microwave systems.

The classical structure of an Opto-Electronic Oscillator (OEO) is based on a long fiber loop acting as a delay line and leading to the high spectral purity, or very low phase noise, of the oscillator. Such an OEO has been developed in SATIE/LPQM laboratory at ENS Cachan, operating at 8 GHz frequency. However, this system has some main disadvantages such as a bulky size, the difficulty to control temperature and a wide range of peaks among which it is difficult to select only one mode. In order to eliminate these disadvantages, high quality factor optical resonator can be used instead of the optical fiber loop. In this thesis, two resonator structures are produced and investigated. Microspheres are fabricated based on optical single mode fiber. Whispering gallery modes of these resonators are characterized by tapered fiber -resonator coupling. The experimental results show that the quality factor of the microsphere is up to 106 and FSR depends on the diameter of the resonator. A microsphere with a diameter of 300 µm, presents a FSR of 0.2 nm corresponding to a frequency of 25 GHz. However, for an OEO system which should work at 8 GHz, microsphere with a smaller FSR or with diameter of some millimeters should be fabricated- that is really difficult to obtain. Another add/drop racetrack resonator is designed and investigated. Optical experimental behavior of racetrack is characterized via fiber micro-lens coupling. The transmission spectrum shows resonance dips with average quality factor of 105 and a small FSR of 0.050 ± 0.003 nm (actually corresponding to 6 GHz) for a scanning wavelength range from 1534 nm to 1610 nm. The most promising features of the racetrack resonator are its high quality factor, and its free spectral range, which give it the high suitability for being used in the OEO system. Nevertheless the coupling with fiber lens leads to high losses and it is not possible to fulfill the oscillation conditions. Future work should be conducted for improving the coupling and for controlling the resonance dips position in agreement with the wavelength of the laser used in the OEO.

La croissance des services de télécommunications et l’augmentation du trafic de données àl’échelle mondiale favorise le développement et l’intégration de différents réseaux de transmissionde données. Un exemple de ce développement est constitué par les réseaux defibres optiques, qui sont actuellement chargés d’interconnecter les continents par des liaisonslongues avec des taux de transfert importants. Les réseaux optiques, ainsi que les réseauxsupportés par d’autres moyens de transmission, utilisent des signaux électriques à certainesfréquences pour la synchronisation des éléments du réseau. La qualité de ces signaux est unfacteur décisif dans la performance globale du système, c’est pourquoi leur bruit de phasedoit ˆetre aussi faible que possible.Ce document décrit la conception et la mise en œuvre d’un système optoélectronique pour lagénération de signaux micro-ondes à l’aide de diodes laser à cavité verticale (VCSEL) et sonintégration dans un système de transmission optique de données. Compte tenu du fait que lesystème proposé intègre un laser VCSEL directement modulé, une caractérisation théoriqueet expérimentale a été élaborée sur la base des équations d’évolution du laser, de mesuresdynamiques et statiques, et d’un modèle électrique équivalent de la région active. Cetteméthode a permis l’extraction de certains paramètres intrinsèques du VCSEL, ainsi que lavalidation et la simulation de ses performances dans différentes conditions de modulation.Le VCSEL utilisé émet en bande C et a été sélectionné en considérant que cette bande estcouramment utilisée dans les liaisons à longue distance.Le système proposé est constitué d’une boucle fermée qui déclenche l’oscillation grâce auxsources de bruit des composants et module le VCSEL en fort signal pour générer des impulsionsoptiques (gain switching). Ces impulsions optiques, qui dans le domaine des fréquencescorrespondent à un peigne de fréquences optiques, sont détectées pour générer simultanémentune fréquence fondamentale (déterminée par un filtre passe-bande) et plusieurs harmoniques.Le bruit de phase mesuré à10 kHz de la porteuse à1,25 GHz est de -127,8 dBc/Hz, etconstitue la valeur la plus faible signalée dans la littérature pour cette fréquence et cette architecture.La gigue et la largeur d’impulsion optique ont été déterminées lorsque différentescavités résonantes et différents courants de polarisation étaient utilisés. La durée d’impulsion
The massive growth of telecommunication services and the increasing global data traffic boostthe development, implementation, and integration of different networks for data transmission.An example of this development is the optical fiber networks, responsible today for theinter-continental connection through long-distance links and high transfer rates. The opticalnetworks, as well as the networks supported by other transmission media, use electricalsignals at specific frequencies for the synchronization of the network elements. The qualityof these signals is usually determined in terms of phase noise. Due to the major impact ofthe phase noise over the system performance, its value should be minimized.The research work presented in this document describes the design and implementation ofan optoelectronic system for the microwave signal generation using a vertical-cavity surfaceemittinglaser (VCSEL) and its integration into an optical data transmission system. Consideringthat the proposed system incorporates a directly modulated VCSEL, a theoreticaland experimental characterization was developed based on the laser rate equations, dynamicand static measurements, and an equivalent electrical model of the active region. This proceduremade possible the extraction of some VCSEL intrinsic parameters, as well as thevalidation and simulation of the VCSEL performance under specific modulation conditions.The VCSEL emits in C-band, this wavelength was selected because it is used in long-haullinks. The proposed system is a self-initiated oscillation system caused by internal noise sources,which includes a VCSEL modulated in large signal to generate optical pulses (gain switching).The optical pulses, and the optical frequency comb associated, generate in electricaldomain simultaneously a fundamental frequency (determined by a band-pass filter) and severalharmonics. The phase noise measured at 10 kHz from the carrier at 1.25 GHz was -127.8dBc/Hz, and it is the lowest value reported in the literature for this frequency and architecture.Both the jitter and optical pulse width were determined when different resonantcavities and polarization currents were employed. The lowest pulse duration was 85 ps andwas achieved when the fundamental frequency was 2.5 GHz. As for the optical frequencycomb, it was demonstrated that its flatness depends on the electrical modulation conditions.The flattest profiles are obtained when the fundamental frequency is higher than the VCSELrelaxation frequency. Both the electrical and the optical output of the system were integrated into an optical transmitter.The electrical signal provides the synchronization of the data generating equipment,whereas the optical pulses are employed as an optical carrier. Data transmissions at 155.52Mb/s, 622.08 Mb/s and 1.25 Gb/s were experimentally validated. It was demonstrated thatthe fundamental frequency and harmonics could be extracted from the optical data signaltransmitted by a band-pass filter. It was also experimentally proved that the pulsed returnto-zero (RZ) transmitter at 1.25 Gb/s, achieves bit error rates (BER) lower than 10−9 whenthe optical power at the receiver is higher than -33 dBm. la plus faible, 85 ps, a été obtenue lorsque la fréquence fondamentale du système était de 2,5 GHz. En ce qui concerne le peigne de fréquences optiques, il a été démontré que la formedu peigne dépend des conditions de modulation électrique et que les profils les plus platssont obtenus lorsque la fréquence fondamentale est supérieure à la fréquence de relaxationdu VCSEL. Les sorties électrique et optique du système ont été intégrées dans un émetteur optique. Lesignal électrique permet la synchronisation de l’équipement responsable de la génération desdonnées, tandis que les impulsions optiques sont utilisées comme porteuse optique. La transmissionde données à 155,52 Mb/s, 622,08 Mb/s et 1,25 Gb/s a été validée expérimentalement

Les modulateurs electro-optiques (EOM) sont des composants importants dans les systemes de telecommunication. Malheureusement, ils ne sont pas parfaitement stables dans Ie temps et leur fonction de transfert (TF) a tendance a se decaler durant Ie temps d'operation. La derive de la TF d'un EOM peut etre expliquee par des effets differents tels que les changements de la temperature ambiante, de la polarisation ou de l'efficacite de couplage optique. La these presente une methode de me sure de la derive de la TF de I'EOM (a grace d'estimation du comportement non-linearite du modulateur, NLl), et propose deux systemes instrumentaux pour ameliorer son fonctionnement: Ie premier pour contraler la temperature de l'EOM, il est possible de forcement reduire cette derive, Ie deuxieme pour compenser la derive (la stabilisation du point de fonctionnement autour du point quadrature est obtenue jusqu'au 0,22% ou la fluctuation de phase est de 0,44°). Ces techniques ont ete aussi appliquees pour ameliorer Ie comportement d'un oscillateur optoelectronique haute frequence. Nous avons realise les experiences par asservissement de temperature, par compensation de la derive. Pour une stabilite de I'OEO a court terme, la stabilisation de la frequence est amelioree jusqu'a 28% en utilisant un contrale de temperature seule etjusqu'a 71 % avec les deux processus. Pour une stabilite de l'OEO a long terme, en deux cas sans contra Ie, I'OEO fonctionne pendant 3 heures et pendant 1,6 heure (puis I'OEO ne marche plus). En utilisant une compensation de la derive de la TF de I'EOM, l'OEO fonctionne bien meme apres 7 heures et 8 heures.

Mechanical ventilation saves lives, but it is an intervention fraught with the potential for serious complications. Prevention of these complications has become the focus of research and critical care in the last twenty years. This thesis presents the first use, or the application under new conditions, of three technologies that could contribute to optimization of mechanical ventilation. Optoelectronic plethysmography was used in Papers I and II for continuous assessment of changes in chest wall volume, configuration, and motion in the perioperative period. A forced oscillation technique (FOT) was used in Paper III to evaluate a novel positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) optimization strategy. Finally, in Paper IV, FOT in conjunction with an optical sensor based on a self-mixing laser interferometer (LIR) was used to study the oscillatory mechanics of the respiratory system and to measure the chest wall displacement. In Paper I, propofol anesthesia decreased end-expiratory chest wall volume (VeeCW) during induction, with a more pronounced effect on the abdominal compartment than on the rib cage. The main novel findings were an increased relative contribution of the rib cage to ventilation after induction of anesthesia, and the fact that the rib cage initiates post-apneic ventilation. In Paper II, a combination of recruitment maneuvers, PEEP, and reduced fraction of inspired oxygen, was found to preserve lung volume during and after anesthesia. Furthermore, the decrease in VeeCW during emergence from anesthesia, associated with activation of the expiratory muscles, suggested that active expiration may contribute to decreased functional residual capacity, during emergence from anesthesia. In the lavage model of lung injury studied in Paper III, a PEEP optimization strategy based on maximizing oscillatory reactance measured by FOT resulted in improved lung mechanics, increased oxygenation, and reduced histopathologic evidence of ventilator-induced lung injury. Paper IV showed that it is possible to apply both FOT and LIR simultaneously in various conditions ranging from awake quiet breathing to general anesthesia with controlled mechanical ventilation. In the case of LIR, an impedance map representing different regions of the chest wall showed reproducible changes during the different stages that suggested a high sensitivity of the LIR-based measurements.

Les oscillateurs sont présents dans tous les systèmes de communications que nous utilisons. Ils nous permettent de faire la synchronisation entre l’émetteur et le récepteur d’un message. La qualité de cette synchronisation dépend de la stabilité de l’oscillateur. Afin de caractériser cette stabilité dans le domaine fréquentiel, le bruit de phase est utilisé comme paramètre de référence. Un oscillateur qui délivre un signal avec une faible valeur de bruit de phase est un oscillateur de grande pureté spectrale. Les oscillateurs électroniques ont une bonne performance à basse fréquence. En mesure de la demande des systèmes de très haut débit, les oscillateurs électroniques ne sont pas capables de produire signaux qu’avec l’utilisation de multiplicateurs de fréquence qui ajoutent plusieurs éléments à la chaine de communication. Les systèmes hybrides permettent de prendre d’avantage la bonne performance de composants optiques en haute fréquence afin de les intégrer dans les systèmes électroniques et surmonter de cette façon-là les limitations fréquentielles des systèmes électroniques. Ce travail vise l’utilisation de la technique de verrouillage optique par injection du faisceau d’un laser maître vers la cavité d’un VCSEL sous modulation directe dans la boucle d’oscillation. La technique du verrouillage optique du VCSEL permets d’élargir la bande passante de modulation directe du VCSEL et réduire son bruit d’intensité (Relative Intensity Noise - RIN). La réduction du RIN a comme effet secondaire la réduction de la contribution du bruit additif dans l’oscillateur et, en conséquence, la réduction du bruit de phase de l’oscillateur
Oscillators are present in all telecommunication systems. They synchronize the emitter and receiver of a message. The quality of the synchronization depends on the oscillator stability. To characterize the frequency domain oscillator stability, the phase noise of the carrier is used as figure of merit. An oscillator delivering a low phase noise carrier is a high spectral purity oscillator. Electronic oscillators are high performing at low frequencies. As communications systems require high data rate transmission, the electronic oscillators uses frequency multipliers that degrades the spectral purity of the carrier. The hybrid systems take advantage of the good performance of optical components at high frequency with the goal to be integrated in the electronic systems to overcome frequency limitation issues. This work use the optical injection locking technique by injecting the laser beam of a master laser inside the cavity of a VCSEL under direct modulation. The optical injection locking technique enlarges the direct modulation bandwidth of the VCSEL and reduces the Relative Intensity noise of the laser (RIN). The RIN reduction has as side effect the reduction of the additive noise inside the oscillator and, in consequence, reducing the oscillator phase noise

Le développement technologique dans le domaine des télécommunications, ainsi que des systèmes de détection, a accru ces dernières années la nécessité de signaux de référence présentant une très haute pureté spectrale. L'augmentation des débits, la saturation des bandes de fréquence ainsi que les performances imposées pour la détection radar ont ouvert la voie à la génération micro-onde par l'optique. Ces références de fréquence sont souvent issues d'oscillateurs optoélectroniques (OEO). Ces oscillateurs intègrent un élément de stockage de l'énergie au travers de résonateurs ou de longues lignes à retard fibrées afin d'augmenter leur facteur qualité et permettant ainsi d'atteindre des performances supérieures aux signaux multipliés à partir de sources basses fréquences ou directement à partir d'oscillateurs micro-ondes à résonateur diélectrique (DRO). Une topologie originale d'oscillateurs optoélectroniques a été proposée à la fin des années 1990 par une équipe américaine : il s'agit de remplacer le résonateur passif nécessitant un verrouillage du laser sur ce dernier par un résonateur actif, intégrant un amplificateur optique. Ce résonateur actif, un laser à blocage de modes, permet un couplage entre l'oscillation optique du laser et l'oscillation optoélectronique. On parle alors d'oscillateur optoélectronique couplé (COEO). Les performances du COEO sont étroitement liées à la pureté spectrale du signal issu du laser à blocage de modes. Ce travail de thèse traite de l'étude et de l'optimisation de ces systèmes. Une étude approfondie sur le bruit dans les amplificateurs optiques a tout d'abord été menée afin de déterminer quel type d'amplificateur choisir pour le COEO et sous quelles conditions l'amplification optique apporte un bruit de phase minimal. Ensuite, un COEO à 10 GHz a été réalisé, présentant un très faible bruit de phase atteignant - 132 dBc/Hz à 10 kHz de la porteuse. Un modèle a par ailleurs été implémenté, permettant de déterminer a posteriori l'efficacité du couplage et ainsi la bande de verrouillage entre l'oscillation optoélectronique et le laser à blocage de modes. Ce couplage interne dépend fortement de la dynamique du système. Cependant, les différents effets non linéaires qui ont lieu dans l'amplificateur à semiconducteur et les fibres ne permettent pas d'obtenir un modèle analytique. Un modèle itératif a alors été proposé afin d'obtenir les propriétés de l'enveloppe complexe lentement variable du peigne de fréquence généré en sortie du laser dont la photodétection conduit à la puissance RF générée par le COEO. Le COEO génère un peigne de fréquence suffisamment large pour produire des harmoniques RF supérieurs à la fréquence de répétition du laser à blocage de modes, si les modes longitudinaux espacés de plusieurs intervalles spectraux libres (ISL) sont en phase. Le modèle itératif développé permet, à partir des paramètres expérimentaux de déterminer le spectre optique ainsi que la distribution de phase à l'intérieur de celui-ci. Il est possible alors d'augmenter la puissance d'une harmonique en sortie de la photodiode par un ajout d'éléments dispersifs. Cette multiplication de fréquence permet la génération de signaux à haute pureté spectrale en bande millimétrique. Une démonstration expérimentale à 90 GHz a été proposée, basée sur un COEO fonctionnant à 30 GHz. Ces résultats sont prometteurs et une intégration du COEO dans un boîtier thermalisé ainsi qu'une gestion plus fine de la dispersion des fibres peut permettre des améliorations significatives sur le bruit de phase du système
The important rise of telecommunication systems in the past decades, together with the sensitivity improvement of radar systems, has increased the necessity for high spectral purity frequency references at high frequencies. The saturation of classical microwave bandwidths motivated the search of frequency references at higher frequencies, such as K-band. Frequency multiplication from highly stable sources, such as quartz sources, is limited by the increase of the noise floor, which is often prohibitive at millimeter wave frequencies. On the contrary, microwave generation using optics becomes a very efficient technique in this frequency range. Indeed, passive optical resonators or delay lines feature a high Q factor which can be used to stabilize the microwave frequency. The best phase noise performance is today obtained with long delay line oscillators. However, a spurious mode suppression technique has to be implemented in this type of OEOs. The use of an active optical resonator is a third solution, which avoids any locking technique between the laser and the passive resonator. The first architecture of this type has been proposed at the end of the 1990's. In such a system, a mode-locked laser is coupled to a microwave oscillator (COEO). COEO phase noise performances are strongly dependent on the spectral purity of the mode locked laser signal. This thesis work focus on the study and the optimization of this system. Optical amplifiers noise is firstly investigated, in order to determine the optimal conditions to minimize their phase noise contribution to the COEO. A 10 GHz SOA based COEO has been realized and features a low phase noise level reaching - 132 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz from the carrier. An analytical model has also been developed to obtain the locking range of the coupled oscillations. This frequency range is strongly dependent on the coupling efficiency between optical oscillation and the optoelectronic oscillation. This parameter cannot be calculated analytically and an iterative model has been proposed to determine the amplitude and phase of the optical spectrum. Therefore, one can calculate the RF power on the photodiode, on which the coupling efficiency is depending. Since COEO features a large optical frequency comb where each tooth of the comb is phase locked thanks to the mode locked laser, harmonic generation from COEO is possible. Wide frequency comb from high frequency COEO allow millimeter wave generation. The iterative model developed in this work enable to determine the RF power of one specified harmonic from experimental parameters. Harmonic selection can also be performed through the management of the chromatic dispersion. Such frequency multiplication has been implemented to generate a high purity 90 GHz signal from a 30 GHz COEO.These results are promising and an integration of the system in a thermalized box is under process

Les liaisons par fibre optique sont une alternative sérieuse aux câbles électriques pour la transmission de signaux analogiques. A bord des satellites, elles permettent une réduction significative de la taille et de la masse des harnais de distribution vers les charges utiles, une meilleure isolation électromagnétique, et les applications TéraHertzs bénéficieront de leur bande passante très large. Au sol, la faible atténuation des fibres a des applications comme le partage d'une horloge ou la synchronisation des réseaux de stations sols ou d'antennes. Cette thèse propose des systèmes de transmissions optiques de signaux hyperfréquences, optimisés en gain et en bruit. La modulation par annulation de porteuse optique, ou DSB-CS, a été plus particulièrement étudiée. Enfin le signal reçu est conditionné par la synchronisation d'un oscillateur faible bruit : le bruit de phase du signal est ainsi amélioré et son niveau largement relevé.

博士
國立臺灣大學
光電工程學研究所
100
The self-starting optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) simultaneous generating synthesizer-free microwave clock and pulsed carrier with ultra low jitter at high-repetition-rate have emerged as a key component for the high-bit-rate optical time-division multiplexing (OTDM) communication system. In this dissertation, the synthesizer-free 10 and 40-GHz return-to-zero (RZ) carriers self-started by the feedback OEO for dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) access network with 10 and 40-Gbit/s down-stream RZ binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) and reused up-stream RZ on-off-keying (RZ-OOK) data is demonstrated respectively. First, a synthesizer-free 10-Gbit/s RZ-OOK data generator is demonstrated by gain-switching a Fabry-Perot laser diode (FPLD) or a distributed feedback laser diode (DFBLD) with the same self-started OEO feedback loop. By self-feedback triggering the microwave clock with the OEO, the modulation bandwidth of the transistor outline (TO-56) can packaged laser diode can be self-pulsating to generate optical RZ carrier at 10-GHz repetition rate. In the external modulation scheme, the synthesizer-free self-starting optoelectronic oscillating pulsator based single- and multi-channel optical RZ carrier, microwave clock and data (OOK and BPSK) generator are demonstrated by using an integrated DFBLD and electro-absorption modulator (DFBLD-EAM) link and a injection mode-locked semiconductor optical amplifier fiber laser (SOAFL) respectively. Moreover, the theoretical models of the self-pulsating EAM and the injection mode-locking SOAFL are numerically analyzed respectively to improve the self-pulsating performance of the optical RZ carriers. The jitter of the self-started RZ carrier optimized with the true-time-delay incorporated OEO feedback loop with lowest single sideband (SSB) phase noise is also theoretically and experimentally performed. For synthesizer-free RZ-BPSK data, detuning the Delayed interferometer DC bias to match the frequency comb spacing with the RZ carrier frequency further improves the transmission performance. Subsequently, the distinguished transmission performances of the 10-Gbit/s RZ-OOK data carried on the gain-switched DFBLD, the nonlinearly modulated EAM, and the injection mode-locked SOAFL pulse-train triggered with the self-feedback OEO are compared. The OEO driven gain-switching DFBLD with insufficient pulse extinction is not particularly suitable for RZ data generation owing to its intense relative intensity noise (RIN) and large timing jitter under threshold operation. In addition, although the self-pulsated harmonic mode-locking SOAFL can simultaneously generate 4-6 DWDM-channel RZ carriers, the self-pulsated RZ carrier/data generated from DFBLD under the OEO-triggered nonlinear-EAM modulation still have the better performances in many aspects such as jitter, pulsewidth, pulse on/off extinction ratio (ER), and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) because of the sufficient modulating amplitude. Such an integrated DFBLD-EAM link based self-starting OEO is a new approach for the synthesizer-free optical clock and RZ-OOK/BPSK data generation. Finally, the self-started 10 and 40-GHz DFBLD-EAM and Mach-Zehnder intensity modulator (MZM) RZ carriers are performed to demonstrate bi-directional down-stream RZ-BPSK and up-stream re-used RZ-OOK transmissions at 10 and 40 Gbit/s respectively. This study explores the new application of an OEO self-pulsated RZ carrier in further hybrid BPSK-OOK transmission network and its reusing capability.

Le missioni spaziali per osservazione della Terra o per scopi scientifici richiedono giroscopi per la misurazione della velocità angolare con performance elevate (risoluzione nell’intervallo 0.1 – 1 °/h e stabilità della polarizzazione nell’intervallo 0.001 – 0.1 °/h) per un accurato controllo dell’ assetto e dell’orbita del satellite. Affidabilità, resistenza alle radiazioni, robustezza, tolleranza agli urti, volume ridotto e basso consumo energetico sono i requisiti tipici dei sensori di velocità angolare di nuova generazione per applicazioni spaziali. In tale contesto, i risonatori ad anello fotonici stanno emergendo come elementi chiave di sistemi con elevate performance e dimensioni compatte. In particolare, per testarne l’affidabilità in ambiente spaziale, è stata dimostrata sperimentalmente un’ elevata resistenza alle radiazioni di un risonatore ad anello in InP investito da radiazioni γ. Nella tesi sono state discusse le potenzialità di un risonatore ad anello con elevato fattore di qualità Q, che funge da elemento sensibile di un giroscopio ottico risonante (RMOG) miniaturizzato con performance elevate. L'elemento chiave del giroscopio proposto è un semplice risonatore ad anello basato su Si3N4 con un cristallo fotonico monodimensionale presente lungo l’intera circonferenza del risonatore ad anello, denominato 1D-PhCRR. Il funzionamento si basa sullo sfruttamento dell'effetto di luce lenta, tipico dei cristalli fotonici, che garantisce un miglioramento del fattore di qualità di oltre 3 ordini di grandezza rispetto ad un semplice risonatore ad anello con medesimo raggio. Un PhCRR con fattore di qualità > 109, è stato teoricamente dimostrato mediante l’utilizzo di un modello matematico basato sulla teoria dei modi accoppiati (CMT). Tali performance garantiscono una risoluzione teorica del giroscopio < 0.05 °/h con un volume ridotto (< 1 cm3), conforme ai requisiti degli operatori spaziali. Lo sviluppo del 1D-PhCRR è stato condotto nell'ambito del contratto NPI dell'Agenzia Spaziale Europea (ESA), che sponsorizza le attività di dottorato. Oltre a risultare idoneo come elemento sensibile nei sottosistemi di controllo di assetto e orbita, il PhCRR potrebbe essere utilizzato per implementare diverse funzionalità nei payload di futura generazione per telecomunicazioni o per l’ osservazione della Terra. Negli ultimi anni, un notevole interesse è stato rivolto verso payload per telecomunicazioni in grado di essere adattati ed ottimizzati dopo il lancio, secondo le diverse esigenze degli utenti in termini di larghezza di banda, area di interesse ed allocazione delle frequenze. La fotonica nel regime delle microonde risulta essere l’approccio più adatto per soddisfare i requisiti dei payload di futura generazione per telecomunicazioni. In tale contesto, è stato proposto un filtro notch basato su PhCRR in silicio con larghezza di banda B = 10.43 GHz ed extinction ratio ER > 40 dB, con risposta in frequenza con profilo gaussiano, ottenuta mediante inserimento ed ingegnerizzazione di difetti all’interno del cristallo fotonico. Implementando giunzioni p-i-n in corrispondenza dei difetti, è stato dimostrato un ampio intervallo di variazione della frequenza centrale di filtraggio (15 GHz), in un rapido tempo di commutazione (≈ 1 ns) ed un consumo di energia pari a 47 mW. Inoltre, è stata proposta l’architettura innovativa di un’ oscillatore optoelettronico miniaturizzato in banda Ka, basata sul PhCRR progettato. È stato calcolato teoricamente un rumore di fase a 10 kHz di offset dalla portante (40 GHz) pari a circa -155 dBc/Hz con potenza elettrica in uscita> 10 dBm. Tali performance rappresentano un notevole miglioramento rispetto agli oscillatori optoelettronici riportati allo stato dell'arte. L'elevata purezza del segnale oscillante è stata sfruttata per la progettazione di un generatore di segnale chirpato, utile per i sistemi SAR (radar ad apertura sintetica) ad alta risoluzione per l'osservazione della Terra, con un prodotto tempo-larghezza di banda di 3200 e un rumore di fase di circa -116 dBc/Hz. Per sistemi SAR, è stata progettata una linea di ritardo fotonica tunabile in banda X, basata su un cristallo fotonico realizzato mediante pattern di uno strato di grafene, in grado di garantire un elevato angolo di puntamento in fase di trasmissione del segnale e la più alta figura di merito riportata allo stato dell’ arte.
Science and Earth observation missions require high-class gyroscopes, having a resolution in the range 0.1 – 1 °/hr and a bias stability in the range 0.001 – 0.1 °/hr, for an accurate control of the satellite attitude and orbit. High reliability, high radiation resistance, high robustness, high shock tolerance, small volume, low power consumption and reduced mass are typical requirements of new generation angular rate sensors for Space applications. In this context, the photonic ring resonators are emerging as key building blocks. The radiation hardness of a ring resonator useful for Space applications has been investigated, demonstrating a negligible worsening of the performance under γ radiations. In this thesis, the potentiality of an ultra-high-Q ring resonator, acting as sensitive element of a resonant micro-optic gyroscope architecture (RMOG), has been discussed, aiming to design a chip-scale, high performing gyroscope. The key element of the proposed RMOG configuration is a Si3N4-based simple ring resonator with a one-dimensional photonic crystal included along the whole optical path, called as 1D-PhCRR. Its operation is based on the exploitment of the slow light effect, typical of the PhC, providing an improvement of the Q-factor respect a simple ring resonator more than 3 order of magnitude. The Si3N4 PhCRR with Q > 109, has been theoretically demonstrated by using a self-made mathematical model, based on the Coupled Mode Theory (CMT). This performance ensures a gyro resolution < 0.05 °/hr with a small volume (< 1 cm3), compliant to the Space operators’ requirements. The development of the 1D-PhCRR has been carried out in the framework of the European Space Agency NPI contract, that sponsor the PhD activities. Besides its suitability for attitude and orbit control sub-systems, the PhCRR could be used to implement several functionalities in the next photonic-based generation telecom payloads and for Earth observation purpose. Telecom satellites are the most mature Space applications. In the last decades, Space operators require flexible telecom payload that can be adapted and optimized after the launch, according to the varying user demands in terms of bandwidth, coverage, and frequency allocation. The microwave photonic represents the most suitable approach to fulfil the next-generations telecom payloads requirements. In this context, photonic-based microwave filters have been investigated, and the design of a silicon – based PhCRR with a bandwidth B = 10.43 GHz and ER > 40 dB, acts as notch filter, has been reported. By inserting and engineering defects into the PhC section, superimposed the PhC on a ring resonator section, a Gaussian-shaped frequency response, with very steep sidewalls, has been simulated. A continuous tuning of the filtering central frequency (15 GHz), with a fast switching time (≈ 1 ns) and power consumption of 47 mW is ensured, by exploiting the free carrier plasma dispersion effect in correspondence of PhC defects. Furthermore, the theoretical feasibility of a miniaturized Ka-band optoelectronic oscillator, based on the designed PhCRR, with a phase noise at 10 kHz offset from the carrier of about -155 dBc/Hz and an output electric power > 10 dBm has been demonstrated, that represent a remarkable improvement respect to the state-of-the-art. The high purity of the oscillating signal has been exploited for the design of a linearly chirped microwave generator, useful for high-resolution Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) systems for Earth Observation, with a time-bandwidth product of 3200 and a phase noise of about -116 dBc/Hz. The design of an ultra-compact graphene-based optical delay line useful for the beamsteering/beamforming in X-band, is reported to ensure a wide swath size of SAR systems, with high range resolution, simulating the highest figure of merit reported at the state-of-the-art.

Tese de dout., Física, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Univ. do Algarve, 2012
The nonlinear dynamics of optoelectronic integrated circuit (OEIC) oscillators comprising semiconductor resonant tunneling diode (RTD) nanoelectronic quantum devices has been investigated. The RTD devices used in this study oscillate in the microwave band frequency due to the negative di erential conductance (NDC) of their nonlinear current voltage characteristics, which is preserved in the optoelectronic circuit. The aim was to study RTD circuits incorporating laser diodes and photo-detectors to obtain novel dynamical operation regimes in both electrical and optical domains taking advantage of RTD's NDC characteristic. Experimental implementation and characterization of RTD-OEICs was realized in parallel with the development of computational numerical models. The numerical models were based on ordinary and delay di erential equations consisting of a Li enard's RTD oscillator and laser diode single mode rate equations that allowed the analysis of the dynamics of RTD-OEICs. In this work, several regimes of operation are demonstrated, both experimentally and numerically, including generation of voltage controlled microwave oscillations and synchronization to optical and electrical external signals providing stable and low phase noise output signals, and generation of complex oscillations that are characteristic of high-dimensional chaos. Optoelectronic integrated circuits using RTD oscillators are interesting alternatives for more e cient synchronization, generation of stable and low phase noise microwave signals, electrical/optical conversion, and for new ways of optoelectronic chaos generation. This can lead to simpli cation of communication systems by boosting circuits speed while reducing the power and number of components. The applications of RTD-OEICs include operation as optoelectronic voltage controlled oscillators in clock recovery circuit systems, in wireless-photonics communication systems, or in secure communication systems using chaotic waveforms.

博士
國立清華大學
光電工程研究所
100
In this dissertation, we study the precise time transfer techniques and extend their applications into the study of optoelectronic oscillators. In the microwave domain, two-way satellite time and frequency transfer (TWSTFT) is one of the main techniques used to compare atomic time scales over long distances. As more and more TWSTFT measurements have been performed, the large number of point-to-point two-way time transfer links has grown to be a complex network. For future improvement of the TWSTFT performance, it is important to reduce measurement noise of the TWSTFT results. One method is using TWSTFT network time transfer. We propose a feasible method to improve the short-term stability by combining the direct and indirect links in the network. Through the comparisons of time deviation (TDEV), the results of network time transfer exhibit clear improved short-term stabilities. For the links used to compare 2 hydrogen masers, the average gain of TDEV at averaging times of 1 hour is 22%. As TWSTFT short-term stability can be improved by network time transfer, the network may allow a larger number of simultaneously transmitting stations. In the other work, to both improve the precision of TWSTFT and decrease the satellite link fee, a new software-defined modem with dual pseudo-random noise (DPN) codes has been developed. We demonstrate the first international DPN-based TWSTFT experiment over a period of 6 months. The results of DPN exhibit excellent performance, which is competitive with the Global Positioning System (GPS) precise point positioning (PPP) technique in the short-term and consistent with the conventional TWSTFT in the long-term. Time deviations of less than 75 ps (ps, 10^-12 s) are achieved for averaging times from 1 s to 1 day (i.e., 86400 s). Because the DPN-based system has advantages of higher precision and lower bandwidth cost, it is one of the most promising methods to improve international time-transfer links. Because there is no bandwidth limit in an optical fiber link, a new trend is to perform the time transfer through the optical fiber link. Hence, we present a two-way time transfer experiment through a 25 km optical fiber link. The fiber link, which is constructed to a common-path configuration, is used to replace the satellite link. The resulting data exhibits the time deviation of less than 7 ps at one-day averaging time. The frequency stability on the order of 1.9×10^-16 at 10^5 s has been demonstrated. In the final part of this dissertation, we point that the time transfer techniques are useful for the study of optoelectronic oscillators (OEOs). Based on optical fiber loops to act as a high-Q cavity, the OEOs are capable of generating stable radio-frequencies (RF). The long-term frequency stability of the OEO is then limited by the cavity variation that is mainly induced by temperature sensitivity of the optical fiber. In order to actively stabilize the OEO cavity, we employ the technique of RF transfer over optical fibers. We propose and experimentally demonstrate a dual-loop-OEO scheme to enhance the long-term stability with an injected probe signal to monitor the phase variation in the fiber loops. The experimental results show that the resulting spread-spectrum signal is useful in monitoring the fiber delay without observable interference. The relationships between the measured frequency and the monitored delay are theoretically and numerically discussed. We also estimate the long-term stability of the proposed OEO scheme with the cavity phase correction. The corrected result shows the long-term frequency stability of the proposed OEO is within 8.4×10^−8 at one day. Finally, we study the impact of fiber delay fluctuation on reference injection-locked OEOs. We demonstrate that the phase shift of a reference injection-locked OEO varies as the change of its fiber delay over a long period of time. The variation of the fiber delay is monitored using an injected probe signal and is compared with the phase shift. With actively stabilized fiber delays according to the monitored data, the long-term frequency stability of the reference injection-locked OEO is evaluated. In future progression, to act as a local oscillator for an atomic clock, a tunable OEO can generate an oscillation frequency corresponding to the desired atomic transition without the use of a synthesizer.