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Journal articles on the topic 'Optometry Optometry Optometry'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Goss, David A. "From the Editor." Hindsight: Journal of Optometry History 49, no. 4 (November 6, 2018): 75–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/hindsight.v49i4.25907.

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Historical narratives reflect the biases of their creators. In order to promote his own interests, sporting goods magnate A.G. Spalding created a "creation myth" that baseball was a uniquely American sport which evolved from the English game "rounders." While historians later debunked this assertion and established an earlier and more complicated origin story for baseball, Spalding's historical narrative persists in popular culture. Optometry has a similar "creation myth" which holds that the profession began at the turn-of-the 20th century in the United States with the founding members of the American Optometric Association (AOA) and the move to make optometry a legislated profession. However, optometry's origins are much older, beginning in the late 13th century and, therefore, can be divided into periods. The period beginning in 1890 and which saw the founding of the AOA should be viewed as the beginning of "modern optometry." Optometry historians should recognize the importance of all periods of optometry history.

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Hebert, Kirsten L. "News." Hindsight: Journal of Optometry History 51, no. 2 (June 20, 2019): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/hindsight.v51i2.30275.

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Highlights recent activities of the Optometric Historical Society and related events, including information about the Blast from the Past and Annual Business Meeting 2020, Optometry's Meeting, 2020, the National Optometry Hall of Fame 2020, and new faces on the editorial staff of Hindsight and the OHS Committee.

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Hebert, Kirsten. "Minerva H. Weinstein (1893-1982)." Hindsight: Journal of Optometry History 51, no. 1 (January 29, 2020): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/hindsight.v51i1.29134.

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Dr. Minerva H. Weinstein (1893-1982), was the first woman licensed by examination to practice optometry in New York City and the fourth woman licensed in the State of New York. In 1915, Dr. Weinstein graduated from the American Institute of Optometry, becoming the third generation in her family to forge a career in applied optics. She began her practice at one of three family-owned optical shops in the Bronx, where she remained for more than 40 years, diligently serving the needs of her community’s most vulnerable members and tirelessly researching new techniques to improve care for the most difficult vision problems. During her career, she founded the Bronx County Optometric Society and organized the local Woman’s Auxiliary for the Bronx, Manhattan and Brooklyn, as well as the New York state affiliate of the national organization. She was a founding member of the Bronx County Optometric Service, the first free optometry clinic in New York, and went on to expand the service to two additional locations. She also participated in professional women’s organizations, charitable foundations and civic clubs, and represented optometry at community events. Dr. Weinstein’s narrative is unique, but in many ways her family’s story was typical of many immigrants arriving in the U.S. during the late-nineteenth and early twentieth centuries who were successful in improving their lot and passing on a professional legacy to the younger generation−and it is a story that is particularly common among optometry’s founders, and one that resonates in the first two decades of the twenty first century. The story of her career, and the personal details that serve as its backdrop, are also representative of the many challenges faced by the generation of professional women who helped establish the profession of optometry during the inter-war years. This biographical sketch, made possible through research in Minerva Weinstein Papers (MSS 501.4.11) held at the Archives & Museum of Optometry, sheds light on the tremendous debt optometry owes to its founding mothers and highlights the work that remains to complete the narrative of optometry history through new scholarship in hidden collections.

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Goss, David A. "Hindsight is 2020." Hindsight: Journal of Optometry History 50, no. 1 (January 11, 2019): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/hindsight.v50i1.26585.

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This paper gives an account of the history of the Optometric Historical Society (OHS), based on material in its quarterly publication, variously named Newsletter of the Optometric Historical Society (1970-1991), Hindsight (1992-2006), and Hindsight: Journal of Optometry History (2007-present). Operated as an independent organization for many years from its founding in 1969, the OHS became a part of Optometry Cares – The AOA Foundation in 2012. In addition to its publication, now totaling more than 3,300 pages since its inception, the OHS has also held meetings referred to as Reminisce-ins or Blasts from the Past, in association with annual meetings of the American Optometric Association and the American Academy of Optometry. Officers and participants in the OHS have included many significant individuals in optometry.

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Hebert, Kirsten. "News." Hindsight: Journal of Optometry History 50, no. 1 (January 28, 2019): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/hindsight.v50i1.26597.

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6

Newcomb, Robert D. "Brief History of the American Optometric Foundation." Hindsight: Journal of Optometry History 51, no. 4 (October 4, 2020): 93–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/hindsight.v51i4.31571.

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The American Optometric Foundation (AOF), an affiliate of the American Academy of Optometry and now called the American Academy of Optometry Foundation (AAOF), has a proud history of financially supporting graduate optometric education since 1947. This article reviews its mission, history, governance and success in establishing the requisite academic foundation for an ever-evolving independent health care profession.

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Abu, Sampson Listowell. "History and Current Status of Optometric Education in Africa." Hindsight: Journal of Optometry History 51, no. 4 (September 28, 2020): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/hindsight.v51i4.31557.

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Over the last decade, 16 new optometry programs have been established across Africa and there are efforts to set up additional training institutions in the future. Also, existing optometry programs are undergoing modifications to offer an international standard of optometric education and training. This paper focuses on the history and further assesses the current status of optometric education on the continent of Africa. Additionally, optometric education in Africa is compared to North American training programs. Challenges facing optometric programs in Africa are highlighted with recommendations to address them.

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8

Hebert, Kirsten. "News." Hindsight: Journal of Optometry History 50, no. 2 (March 30, 2019): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/hindsight.v50i2.27026.

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Hebert, Kirsten. "News." Hindsight: Journal of Optometry History 50, no. 3 (August 7, 2019): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/hindsight.v50i3.27560.

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Hebert, Kirsten. "News." Hindsight: Journal of Optometry History 51, no. 1 (January 29, 2020): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/hindsight.v51i1.29135.

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Highlights recent activities of the Optometric Historical Society and related events, including the the OHS' nomination of Dr. Robert Koetting to the National Optometry Hall of Fame, information about the selection of The Archives & Museum of Optometry to exhibit artifacts at the Lamber International Airport in St. Louis, MO, and a summary of the work completed by the OHS Committee in 2019.

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Amos, John F. "The University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Optometry." Hindsight: Journal of Optometry History 50, no. 4 (October 16, 2019): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/hindsight.v50i4.28035.

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This article traces the history of the University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Optometry since its founding 50 years ago. The article highlights notable leaders of the university as well as individuals important in paving the way for the school of optometry's founding, the school of optometry's evolving mission, programs and expanding footprint.

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Cole, Barry L. "The Challenge of Preserving the Artifacts of Optometric History." Hindsight: Journal of Optometry History 50, no. 3 (August 7, 2019): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/hindsight.v50i3.27564.

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This paper looks at optometry museums around the world. There are only five general optometry museums: three are hosted by optometric institutions in three countries, Australia, Britain and the U.S.A., one is hosted by a Canadian university that has an optometry school, and one is in private hands in Southbridge, Massachusetts. They are supplemented by six excellent corporate museums in France, Germany and Italy, but these museums focus on either spectacles or ophthalmic instruments, rather than optometry in general. Two of the optometry museums were founded over 100 years ago, and two have had their 50th birthday, but can they survive forever? Museums are expected to preserve collections for posterity for the edification and enjoyment of future generations, yet all institutions are at risk of disruption: few institutions last more than a couple of hundred years. This paper discusses strategies optometry museums might pursue to guard against mismanagement and neglect and provide for the protection of their collections in the event of the demise of the museum or its host institution.

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Bennett, Irving. "The Year OHS Began." Hindsight: Journal of Optometry History 50, no. 1 (January 11, 2019): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/hindsight.v50i1.26586.

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The year 1969 was a time of tremendous change in American society as well as in the profession of optometry. In the broader culture, academics, students and community activists organized grassroots campaigns to change institutions from the bottom up. For optometry, this movement began with the January 1968 “LaGuardia” meeting, when a small group of optometrists planned a campaign to transform the profession by agitating for the American Optometric Association (AOA) to advocate for the expansion of the scope of practice. Ripe for change, the AOA membership began to respond. In June of 1968, despite early opposition, OHS founder Henry W Hofstetter was the first full-time academic to serve as president of the AOA. Only one year after La Guardia in February of 1969, the AOA held the Airlie House Conference which set a new course for the profession. When the movement to change optometry gained traction, the keepers of the culture began to recognize the need to document the past. In December of 1969, Hofstetter and the AOA Librarian Maria Dablemont founded the Optometric Historical Society to ensure the history of optometry would not be lost. This first-person reminiscence by Irving Bennett, O.D. recounts his recollections of the individuals and events instrumental in the formation of the OHS.

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KRAGHA, I. K. O. K. "Optometry and Optometric Practices in Nigeria." Optometry and Vision Science 62, no. 7 (July 1985): 487–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006324-198507000-00009.

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15

Marshall, Edwin C. "The Hofstetter Effect." Hindsight: Journal of Optometry History 50, no. 2 (January 11, 2019): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/hindsight.v50i2.26590.

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This biographical sketch profiles the international impact of Optometric Historical Society founder Henry W Hofstetter, OD, PhD. The article illuminates how Hofstetter's involvement and interest in international optometry history influenced the organization.

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Zeri, Fabrizio, Riccardo Cervio, Marta Mosci, Silvia Tavazzi, and Shehzad Naroo. "Group Work and Peer Assessment in Optometry Higher Education." Scandinavian Journal of Optometry and Visual Science 13, no. 1 (July 31, 2020): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5384/sjovs.vol13i1p10-18.

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In health-related professions, education has unique challenges. Problem-based learning can be extremely useful and driven by strategies such as group-work (GW) and peer assessment (PA), which are both used as formative and assessment tools. This study aimed to explore experience and perceptions about GW and PA held by educators and students in optometry. In a first survey, 45 Italian educators (43.8 ± 13.0 years old) of optometric clinical modules answered an email questionnaire investigating their attitudes towards GW and PA. In a second survey, 66 3rd-year undergraduates (22.5 ± 2.0 years old) answered a questionnaire investigating the perception and attitudes towards GW and PA at the beginning and at the end of a module of Advanced Optometry structured with a formative/summative GW activity with a final PA. Two-thirds of optometry educators declared they use GW, but not as a summative assessment tool. Only a quarter of the sample answered that they used PA at least once. Educators’ attitudes towards GW were more positive than PA (p < 0.001). About 60% and 80% of the interviewed students stated they have never participated in GW and PA, respectively. Students’ pre-course attitudes towards GW and PA resulted in values close to the middle of the scale with no significant differences and positive correlations between them (p < 0.001). When students’ GW attitudes were compared with educators’ GW attitudes, the latter were more positive. Students’ post-course attitudes towards GW and PA were enhanced. Although GW and PA are considered very good strategies to improve teaching, the results of the present study have demonstrated that the use of these strategies in Italian optometric higher education is limited. However, the study has also demonstrated that Italian optometry educators have positive attitudes towards “social” teaching strategies especially for GW. Furthermore, optometry students showed improved attitudes towards these strategies once exposed to them. Overall, the results of the study open the possibility to integrate “social” teaching strategies to improve the effectiveness of optometry education.

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Hebert, Kirsten L. "Optometry's Clubwomen." Hindsight: Journal of Optometry History 51, no. 2 (April 24, 2020): 51–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/hindsight.v51i2.30281.

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A brief history of The Woman's Auxiliary to the American Optometric Association featuring images of objects and other materials from the Archives & Museum of Optometry and the AFVA Records Collection, RG 410.08.

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Newcomb, Robert D. "Two Visionary Ohio Women." Hindsight: Journal of Optometry History 51, no. 1 (January 29, 2020): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/hindsight.v51i1.29139.

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This article profiles the careers of the Ohio State University College of Optometry’s most prominent mid-century women graduates: Dr. Lois Black Bing (1909-2009) and Dr. Ruth P. Morris (1920-2011). The author highlights Drs. Morris’ and Bing’s contributions to the profession, including Dr. Bing’s leadership role in bringing together the fields of education, psychology and optometry to advance children’s vision., and Dr. Morris’ business model as a family practice serving the vision care needs of patients in all stages of their lives, and her role as a mentor for optometry students at the OSU.

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King, Kyle W. "Pioneering Women in Indiana Optometry." Hindsight: Journal of Optometry History 51, no. 1 (January 29, 2020): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/hindsight.v51i1.29143.

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This memoir is a summary of an oral interview conducted by Kyle W. King, O.D. with fellow Indiana-based optometrist Miriam Boyd, O.D. about her career in optometry and the career of her mother, Virlee Metzger, O.D. Dr. David Goss performed historical research to supplement Dr. Boyd's memoir. Taken together, the Metzger and Boyd's careers spanned 80 years (1933-2015) and represent an impressive professional legacy that endured changes both in society and in the scope and nature of optometric practice.

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Soroka, Mort, David Krumholz, and Amy Bennett. "The practice of optometry: National Board of Examiners in Optometry survey of optometric patients." Optometry - Journal of the American Optometric Association 77, no. 9 (September 2006): 427–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optm.2006.04.121.

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SOROKA, MORT, DAVID KRUMHOLZ, and AMY BENNETT. "The Practice of Optometry: National Board of Examiners in Optometry Survey of Optometric Patients." Optometry and Vision Science 83, no. 9 (September 2006): E625—E636. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.opx.0000236028.23657.76.

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22

Lussier, Claudine. "Portrait of the profession according to millenials." Canadian Journal of Optometry 81, no. 3 (September 4, 2019): 62–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/cjo.v81i3.741.

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The Optometric Leaders Forum (OLF), held in late January, is THE annual gathering of leaders from associations, provincial associations and Canadian schools of optometry. It is a good opportunity for taking stock of the current practice and identifying emerging trends. In order to obtain a snapshot of the situation, the Canadian Association of Optometrists (CAO) conducted two surveys. One was done among optometry students from the Montreal and Waterloo schools, and the other was done among young optometrists from 2013 to 2017. The respondents were therefore millennials aged 21 to 37. We compare students’ ideals to the reality of young graduates in a context of full employment.

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Kędzia, Bolesław. "Professor Henry W. Hofstetter." Hindsight: Journal of Optometry History 50, no. 2 (January 11, 2019): 41–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/hindsight.v50i2.26591.

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Personal memoir describing Optometric Historical Society found Henry W Hofstetter, OD, PhD's visit to Karol Marcinkowski Unviersity of Medical Sciences (KMUMS) in Poznan Poland in 1984. The author discusses Hofstetter's imact on their research on ocular emmetropia/ametropia and on the curriculum and pedagogy of founders of KMUMS' Department of Optometry.

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Hebert, Kirsten L. "News." Hindsight: Journal of Optometry History 51, no. 3 (June 24, 2020): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/hindsight.v51i3.31039.

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Highlights recent activities of the Optometric Historical Society and Archives & Museum of Optometry, including information about Hindsight being free to all AOA members, Phase II of the transfer of museum holdings to the University of Pikeville, graduating UMSL intern Taylour Arkfeld, and the resignation of Heritage Services Specialist, Kirsten Hebert.

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Kiely, Patricia M., and Joseph Chakman. "Practice standards for optometry and optometric practice accreditation." Clinical and Experimental Optometry 86, no. 3 (May 2003): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-0938.2003.tb03096.x.

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Ettinger, Ellen Richter. "Optometric Educators: Contributing to the Future of Optometry." Optometry and Vision Science 75, no. 12 (December 1998): 849–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006324-199812000-00001.

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Caplan, Lester. "A Personal Reflection on the 50th Year Anniversary of the Optometric Historical Society." Hindsight: Journal of Optometry History 50, no. 1 (January 11, 2019): 17–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/hindsight.v50i1.26588.

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Personal reflections of Dr. Lester Caplan, a founding member of the Optometric Historical Society, on his involvement during the course of his life and his career as a private practitioner in Baltimore, MD, as an academic at the University of Alabama, and his leadership in public health optometry at the local, state and federal level.

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Freeman, Paul B. "Optometry is as optometry does." Optometry - Journal of the American Optometric Association 76, no. 9 (September 2005): 487–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optm.2005.08.003.

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Oduntan, A. O., A. Louw, and V. R. Moodley. "Perceptions, expectations, apprehensions and realities of graduating South African optometry students (PEAR study, 2006)." African Vision and Eye Health 66, no. 3 (December 19, 2007): 94–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/aveh.v66i3.237.

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The objective of this study was to establish the perceptions, expectations, apprehensions and realities of South Africa optometry students completing their undergraduate studies in 2006. Copies of a questionnaire containing relevant information were distributed to all graduating students at the four Universities offering Optometry. The responses were coded and analyzed. The respondents (N=143), representing 77% of the graduating students included 27.3% males and 72.7% females, aged 20 to 37 years (mean = 23.34 ± 2.75). About a third (32.9%) of the respondents considered opening their own practice as the best way of entering into practice. Also, this mode of practice was considered as providing the greatest fulfilment for their personal (60.8%) and professional (53.8%) goals as well as offering long term financial security (43.7%). Many (56.6%) have secured employment before graduation. Upon graduation, 43.4% would like to join a franchise. Many (79.7%) felt that Government was not offering sufficient opportunities for optometrists. The majority, (70.6%) felt that the South African optometry profession is fastly becoming saturated and this was of great concern to many (31.5%). About half, (50.3%) have plans to go overseas to practice and the most common destinations were the UK (36.1%) and Australia (15%). The mean minimum monthly salary expected as new graduates was between R9 500 and R11 500 in the public and private sectors respectively. On a response scale, the future of optometry in South Africa was scored as 6.59 ± 1.92. Findings in this study may be useful to all stake holders in optometric education in South Africa, as they may reflect the future of the optometry profession in the country.

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Fernandes, Priyanka, Kelsey Oyong, and Dawn Terashita. "680. “There’s More to This Than Meets the Eye”: Opportunities for Infection Prevention in Optometry Clinics." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 5, suppl_1 (November 2018): S245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy210.686.

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Abstract Background Los Angeles County Department of Public Health (LAC-DPH) investigated an outbreak of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis secondary to adenovirus between June and July 2017, and all cases were linked to a single optometry clinic. The LAC-DPH aimed to determine whether sub-optimal infection prevention practices used in the implicated clinic were commonplace within other local optometry clinics. The objective of this study was to understand infection prevention practices in optometry clinics within Los Angeles County. Methods LAC-DPH conducted a survey consisting of 17 questions related to infection prevention practices among a sample of optometry providers in the county. The survey was administered online (SurveyMonkey) via emails sent to a local optometric society’s listserv and in-person at a local continuing education event for optometrists. The results were analyzed and are represented as percentages. Results There were 42 responses, 20 via the online survey (response rate 15%) and 22 via the in-person survey (response rate 22%). The majority worked in an optometry clinic: 77.5% (n = 31). More than half had no written hand-hygiene policy (58.5%, n = 24), 46.2% (n = 18) did not wear gloves while examining patients with eye drainage and about half (48.7%, n = 18) did not use droplet precautions for patients with respiratory symptoms. The vast majority used multi-dose eye-drop vials (92.5%, n = 37) but more than 40% (n = 21) did not discard the vial if the tip came into contact with conjunctiva. The majority (68.4%, n = 26) used alcohol wipes with 70% isopropyl alcohol to disinfect tonometers, while 47.4% (n = 18) used noncontact tonometers and 23.6% (n = 9) used disposable tips (options for this question were not mutually exclusive). Conclusion Infection prevention practices in optometry clinics are sub-optimal and must be improved. All optometry clinics must have a hand-hygiene policy and discard multi-dose vials which come into contact with conjunctivae. While the evidence on the best disinfectant for tonometers is limited, commonly used disinfectants like 70% alcohol wipes or 3% hydrogen peroxide have been associated with adenovirus outbreaks. Current evidence suggests that infectious spread via tonometers can be prevented by using disposable covers or by disinfection with 1:10 diluted bleach. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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Grosvenor, Theodore. "OPTOMETRY." Optometry and Vision Science 66, no. 9 (September 1989): 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006324-198909000-00013.

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Davis, Viktoria, and Lilien Vogl. "Gertrude Stanton (1863-1931)." Hindsight: Journal of Optometry History 51, no. 1 (December 9, 2019): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/hindsight.v51i1.28765.

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Dr. Ella Gertrude Smith Ayer Stanton Jones (1863-1931), better known as Gertrude Stanton, was the first woman licensed to practice optometry in the United States. A native of Iowa, Stanton began her career as a teacher, but eventually moved to Minnesota where she received training and began to work as an itinerant refracting optician or optometrist, building her professional reputation through clever marketing. In 1901, shortly after the passage of the first optometry licensure law in Minnesota, Stanton applied for and received a license by exemption. Stanton went on to become an in-store optometrist at Dayton’s Department Store and eventually set up her own storefront where she employed her daughter and ran an optical business run entirely by women. During her career, she participated in optometry and professional associations and public service projects and was active in her community. Thrice married with three children, Stanton’s abiding popularity with her patients and the public as well as her financial success despite leading an unconventional life for a woman at the turn of the twentieth century is a testament to her fierce independence, indomitable spirit and impressive business acumen. This article, constructed from meticulous research in archival records, paints a detailed portrait of Stanton’s life and career as an optometric pioneer.

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Phillips, K., L. Thorpe, and G. Innes. "LO13: Eye care in the emergency department: what proportion of patients presenting to the emergency department with isolated eye related complaints could alternatively be seen by an optometrist?" CJEM 20, S1 (May 2018): S11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2018.75.

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Introduction: Approximately 2-3 percent of emergency department (ED) visits are due to eye-related complaints, adding to the ED workload. Many of these could be seen instead by an optometrist who specializes in the examination, diagnosis and treatment of eye-related disorders. We sought to determine the proportion of ED patients with isolated eye-related complaints that could be managed by an optometrist. Methods: We performed an administrative database study and descriptive analysis of all patients presenting to Calgary EDs with eye-related complaints during a one-year period. We determined optometry eligibility by reviewing discharge diagnoses and assessing whether that condition was within the Alberta Association of Optometrys (AAO) defined scope of practice. Patients were considered ineligible if their condition was related to bites, stings, thermal burns, assault, MVA or operative complications; if they required hospitalization or referral to a non-eye specialist (e.g. neurology); if they had associated headache, dizziness, syncope, hypertension, neurologic abnormality (e.g. diplopia); if they had facial cellulitis, orbital infections, adverse drug effects, or if they underwent observation in the ED because of concerns about a cardiac or neurological condition. Results: In 2015, 7686 patients were seen in Calgarys 5 EDs with eye related complaints. Of these, 76.2% were optometry-eligible and 75% of optometry-eligible patients arrived during day or evening hours (0800-2100). The most common presenting complaints were visual disturbance (24.8%), redness (22.1%), and pain or photophobia (16.4%). Optometry-eligible patients waited an average of 110 min and had an ED LOS of 149 min. Conclusion: Approximately 3 in every 4 patients seen in the ED for eye related complaints could alternatively be seen by an optometrist. Further research is required to establish the feasibility of diversion to an optometrist from the ED for eye-related complaints.

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Wong, Siu G. "Siu G. Wong, O.D., M.P.H." Hindsight: Journal of Optometry History 51, no. 2 (April 24, 2020): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/hindsight.v51i2.30282.

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This memoir, written by Dr. Siu G. Wong, chronicles her early influences and education, and profiles her first career as a public health optometrist and her second career as a community activist and public historian. Dr. Wong graduated from the University of California, Berkeley with her doctorate in optometry in 1970 and received her master's in public health in 1973. Her first position as an educator at the University of Houston (UH) included pioneering an interdisciplinary community health program in a low-income neighborhood as well as coordinating the first externship program for UH optometry students with the United States Public Health Service-Indian Health Service (USPHS-IHS). Dr. Wong joined the USPHS in 1978 where she was the first female commissioned officer assigned to the Indian Health Service (IHS), the first chief optometrist of an administrative region, and eventually the first woman to hold the position of chief optometric consultant to the IHS. During her tenure, she spearheaded quality assurance programs and was active in both the American Optometric Association (AOA) and the American Public Health Association (APHA), serving in leadership roles in the AOA's Council on Clinical Optometric Care, Hospital Privileges Committee, the QA Committee, and the Multidisciplinary Practice Section. She also became a member of the APHA's Vision Care Section and the Armed Forces Optometric Society. After retirement, Dr. Wong continued her role in public service, serving as the Clinical Director for the Special Olympics Opening Eyes program and as a clnical consultant. She became active also in public history, joining the Chinese American Citizens Alliance where she works to raise awareness of the contributions of Chinese Americans to American history. This article was annotated by Kirsten Hebert.

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Myers, Raymond I. "The Origins of the Optometric Historical Society." Hindsight: Journal of Optometry History 50, no. 1 (January 11, 2019): 19–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/hindsight.v50i1.26587.

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This article is a first-person account of the historical development of the Optometric Historical Society (OHS) which includes a description of the pivotal roles played by Head Librarian Maria Dablemont of the International Library, Archives and Museum of Optometry and Henry W Hofstetter, O.D., Ph.D., and the conditions that contributed to the need for a historical society. The author was a student, colleague and contemporary of Dr. Hofstetter and Ms. Dablemont during his education and employment in St. Louis, MO.

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36

Darko-Takyi, C., A. Owusu-Ansah, C. Appiah-Eduenu, E. K. Abu, S. B. Boadi-Kusi, and Y. Osei-Akoto. "Refractive and binocular vision status of optometry students, Ghana." Journal of Medical and Biomedical Sciences 5, no. 2 (October 20, 2016): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jmbs.v5i2.4.

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To investigate the refractive and non-strabismic binocular vision status of Optometry students in University of Cape Coast, Ghana and to establish any associations between these conditions. A cross sectional study of 105 Optometry students were taken through a comprehensive optometric examination to investigate the refractive and non-strabismic binocular vision status. Fisher’s exact test (IBM SPSS version 21) was used to assess association between these conditions. Prevalence of refractive error and non-strabismic binocular vision dysfunctions were 59.0% and 34.3% respectively. Prevalence of specific refractive errors were 17.1% myopia, 19.0% hyperopia and 22.9% astigmatism. Non-strabismic accommodative and vergence dysfunctions were found to be 21.9% and 12.4% respectively. Specific types of accommodative and vergence disorders were as follows: accommodative fatigue (8.6%), accommodative infacility (6.7%), accommodative insufficiency (4.7%) and accommodative excess (1.9%), convergence insufficiency (1.9%), convergence excess (1.0%), divergence insufficiency (2.9%), basic exophoria (1.9%), and basic esophoria (4.7%). There was a significant association between refractive errors in general and accommodative fatigue (p = 0.030) and between myopia and accommodative excess (p= 0.028). It is critical that potential primary eye care practitioners become aware of their refractive and non-strabismic binocular vision status.Journal of Medical and Biomedical Sciences (2016) 5(2), 24-29

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Crossland, Michael, Mary-Lou Jackson, and William H. Seiple. "Microperimetry: a review of fundus related perimetry." Optometry Reports 2, no. 1 (February 24, 2012): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/optometry.2012.e2.

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Visual field assessment is a key part of optometry and ophthalmology practice. However, in people with non-central or unstable fixation, it is not possible to relate defects on a visual field map to a specific retinal location. Microperimetry (or fundus related perimetry) is a technique that images the retina during visual field testing, enabling a correlation to be made between visual function and retinal structure. In this article, the history of fundus related perimetry is reviewed. Three modern microperimeters (MP-1, OCT/SLO and MAIA) are described and their relative merits identified. Finally, the uses of microperimetry in optometric practice are discussed.

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Bader, Dennis. "PEDIATRIC OPTOMETRY." Optometry and Vision Science 62, no. 5 (May 1985): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006324-198505000-00012.

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39

Freeman, Paul B. "Optometry update." Optometry - Journal of the American Optometric Association 76, no. 8 (August 2005): 413–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optm.2005.07.001.

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40

Emch, Andrew J. "Why optometry?" Optometry - Journal of the American Optometric Association 77, no. 6 (June 2006): 251–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optm.2006.04.100.

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Freeman, Paul B. "Optometry online." Optometry - Journal of the American Optometric Association 80, no. 8 (August 2009): 411–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optm.2009.06.009.

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42

Pickwell, David. "WORLD OPTOMETRY." Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 7, no. 2 (April 1987): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-1313.1987.tb01005.x.

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Woodruff, M. E. "PEDIATRIC OPTOMETRY." Optometry and Vision Science 67, no. 7 (July 1990): 564–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006324-199007000-00019.

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Kader, Harvey A. "OPTOMETRY CLINICS." Optometry and Vision Science 72, no. 7 (July 1995): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006324-199507000-00016.

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45

Sangster, Andrew. "OPTOMETRY GUEST EDITORIAL Optometry, technology, synergy and superiority." Clinical and Experimental Optometry 85, no. 1 (January 2002): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-0938.2002.tb03066.x.

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BORISH, IRVIN M. "Teaching the Traditional Optometry with the New Optometry." Optometry and Vision Science 70, no. 8 (August 1993): 637–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006324-199308000-00009.

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47

Kiely, Patricia M., and Jared Slater. "Optometry Australia Entry-level Competency Standards for Optometry 2014." Clinical and Experimental Optometry 98, no. 1 (December 28, 2014): 65–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cxo.12216.

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Rumney, Nicholas. "Optometry and independent prescribing." Journal of Prescribing Practice 1, no. 2 (February 2, 2019): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/jprp.2019.1.2.87.

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In 2008, optometry became the latest autonomous regulated healthcare profession to achieve independent prescribing. Independent prescribing in optometry remains a postgraduate qualification which, with the notable exception of Scotland, has been largely self-funded. There are now approximately 600 optometrists qualified as independent prescribers working in both community and hospital settings. Non-surgical outpatient ophthalmology is one of the most numerically pressured NHS services. Independent prescribing optometry is in a unique position to assist in coping with this demographically growing demand. Independent prescribing optometrists represent a considerable potential resource whether in the hospital eye service or in the community as the ‘GP’ of the eye. This article describes the pathway to independent prescribing, both professionally and individually.

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Goss, David A. "Comments on the Current Status of the Study of Optometry History." Hindsight: Journal of Optometry History 50, no. 3 (August 7, 2019): 57–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/hindsight.v50i3.27570.

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An online search for articles on the history of optometry and other healthcare fields is reported and is compared to a similar search conducted in 2007. A possible explanation for comparatively fewer articles on the history of optometry is explored. Brief comments are made on the significance of optometry history, along with suggestions on ways to enhance its study.

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Woo, G. C. "DICTIONARY OF OPTOMETRY." Optometry and Vision Science 64, no. 6 (June 1987): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006324-198706000-00016.

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