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Journal articles on the topic 'Oral creatine monohydrate'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 19 February 2023

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1

Law, Jonathan Philip, Saveria Di Gerlando, Tanya Pankhurst, and Lavanya Kamesh. "Elevation of serum creatinine in a renal transplant patient following oral creatine supplementation." Clinical Kidney Journal 12, no. 4 (October 16, 2018): 600–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfy101.

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Abstract We report the case of a renal transplant recipient presenting with elevated serum creatinine levels whilst taking oral creatine ethyl ester (CEE), but not creatine monohydrate (CM). Standard investigations for allograft dysfunction, including Doppler ultrasound and renal biopsy, were normal. Serum creatinine normalized following cessation of the supplement. CM is poorly absorbed and does not affect creatinine. In contrast, CEE is converted and absorbed as creatinine, elevating serum levels. In such cases, creatinine is not a valid surrogate for glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Alternate methods of GFR measurement should be considered and a rigorous clinical and drug history taken.

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2

DOHERTY, MIKE, PAUL M. SMITH, R. C. RICHARD DAVISON, and MICHAEL G. HUGHES. "Caffeine is ergogenic after supplementation of oral creatine monohydrate." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 34, no. 11 (November 2002): 1785–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200211000-00015.

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3

Dechent, P., P. J. W. Pouwels, B. Wilken, F. Hanefeld, and J. Frahm. "Increase of total creatine in human brain after oral supplementation of creatine-monohydrate." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 277, no. 3 (September 1, 1999): R698—R704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1999.277.3.r698.

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The effect of oral creatine supplementation on brain metabolite concentrations was investigated in gray matter, white matter, cerebellum, and thalamus of healthy young volunteers by means of quantitative localized proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in vivo (2.0 T, stimulated echo acquisition mode sequence; repetition time = 6,000 ms, echo time = 20 ms, middle interval = 10 ms, automated spectral evaluation). Oral consumption of 4 × 5 g creatine-monohydrate/day for 4 wk yielded a statistically significant increase (8.7% corresponding to 0.6 mM, P < 0.001) of the mean concentration of total creatine (tCr) when averaged across brain regions and subjects ( n = 6). The data revealed considerable intersubject variability (3.5–13.3%), with the smallest increases observed for the two male volunteers with the largest body weights. A regional analysis resulted in significant increases of tCr in gray matter (4.7%), white matter (11.5%), and cerebellum (5.4%) and was most pronounced in thalamus (14.6% corresponding to 1.0 mM). Other findings were significant decreases of N-acetyl-containing compounds in cerebellum and thalamus as well as of choline-containing compounds in thalamus. All cerebral metabolic alterations caused by oral Cr were reversible, as evidenced by control measurements at least 3 mo after the diet. This work demonstrates that excess consumption of Cr yields regionally dependent increases of the tCr concentration in human brain over periods of several weeks.

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Redondo, Diego R., Elizabeth A. Dowling, Bryan L. Graham, Anthony L. Almada, and Melvin H. Williams. "The Effect of Oral Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation on Running Velocity." International Journal of Sport Nutrition 6, no. 3 (September 1996): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsn.6.3.213.

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Creatine supplementation has been shown to augment muscle PCr content and increase the rate of ATP resynthesis. Thus, we hypothesized that creatine supplementation might enhance sprinting performance. Eighteen subjects completed both of two testingsessions(control and postsupplement) 1 week apart, wherein they sprinted three 60-m distancetrialsthat were recorded with videotape. Following the control session, for 7 days, subjects in the treatmentgroupingested a creatine-glucose mixture, while the placebogroupconsumed a glucose powder, followed by the postsupplementation session. Velocities of the subjects through three testingzoneswithin the 60-m sprint were calculated from the videotape. Resultant velocities were analyzed using a MANOVA with a2x2x3x3 (Group x Session x Trial x Zone) design. Results indicated that there were no statistically significant main or interaction effects on velocity between groups for session, trial, or zone. These data do not support the hypothesis that supplementary creatine ingestion will enhance velocity during the early or latter segments of a 60-m sprint.

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Lukaszuk, Judith M., Robert J. Robertson, Judith E. Arch, Geoffrey E. Moore, Kenneth M. Yaw, David E. Kelley, Joshua T. Rubin, and Niall M. Moyna. "Effect of Creatine Supplementation and a Lacto-Ovo-Vegetarian Diet on Muscle Creatine Concentration." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 12, no. 3 (September 2002): 336–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.12.3.336.

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The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of preceding oral creatine monohydrate with a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet on muscle creatine concentration. Thirty-two healthy men, who regularly consumed an omnivorous diet, were randomly assigned to consume a weight maintaining, lacto-ovo-vegetarian (LOV; n = 16) or omnivorous (Omni; n = 16) diet for 26 days. In addition to their assigned diet, on day 22 of the study, subjects were assigned in a double-blind manner to receive either creatine monohydrate (CM; 0.3 g · kg · d−1 + 20 g Polycose) or an equivalent dose of placebo (PL) for 5 days. There were no significant differences between the LOV and Omni groups at baseline with respect to age, height, and weight. The results demonstrated that consuming a LOV diet for 21 days was an effective procedure to decrease muscle creatine concentration (p < .01) in individuals who normally consume meat and fish in their diet. However, muscle total creatine (TCr) following creatine supplementation did not differ statistically between LOV and Omni diet groups (148.6 ± 4.5 vs. 141.7 ± 4.5 mmol · kg−1 d.m.).

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6

Redondo, D., M. Williams, E. Dowling, B. Graham, S. Jones, and A. Almada. "THE EFFECT OF ORAL CREATINE MONOHYDRATE SUPPLEMENTATION ON RUNNING VELOCITY." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 27, Supplement (May 1995): S146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199505001-00819.

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7

Ipsiroglu, Osman S., Carmen Stromberger, Josenato Ilas, Harald Höger, Adolf Mühl, and Sylvia Stöckler-Ipsiroglu. "Changes of tissue creatine concentrations upon oral supplementation of creatine-monohydrate in various animal species." Life Sciences 69, no. 15 (August 2001): 1805–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0024-3205(01)01268-1.

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8

Alraddadi, Eman, Ryan Lillico, Jonathan Vennerstrom, Ted Lakowski, and Donald Miller. "Absolute Oral Bioavailability of Creatine Monohydrate in Rats: Debunking a Myth." Pharmaceutics 10, no. 1 (March 8, 2018): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics10010031.

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9

Veggi, Kelle F. T., Marco Machado, Alexander J. Koch, Sandro C. Santana, Sedison S. Oliveira, and Michael J. Stec. "Oral Creatine Supplementation Augments the Repeated Bout Effect." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 23, no. 4 (August 2013): 378–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.23.4.378.

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Purpose:We examined the effects of creatine supplementation on the response to repeated bouts of resistance exercise.Methods:Young men (24.1 ± 5.2 yr) were divided into Creatine (CM, n = 9) and Placebo (PL, n = 9) groups. On day (D) 1 and D15, subjects performed four sets of bicep curls at 75% 1-RM to concentric failure. On D8-D13, subjects consumed either 20g/d creatine monohydrate or placebo. Muscle soreness and elbow joint range of motion (ROM) were assessed on D1-D5 and D15-D19. Serum creatine kinase activity (CK) was assessed on D1, D3, D5, D15, D17, and D19.Results:The first exercise bout produced increases in muscle soreness and CK, and decreases in ROM in both groups (p < .001). The second bout produced lesser rises in serum CK, muscle soreness, and a lesser decrease in ROM (bout effect, p < .01 for all), with greater attenuation of these damage markers in CM than PL. CK levels on D17 were lower (+110% over D15 for CM vs. +343% for PL), muscle soreness from D15–19 was lower (–75% for CM vs. –56% for PL compared with first bout), and elbow ROM was decreased in PL, but not CM on D16 (p < .05 for all).Conclusions:Creatine supplementation provides an additive effect on blunting the rise of muscle damage markers following a repeated bout of resistance exercise. The mechanism by which creatine augments the repeated bout effect is unknown but is likely due to a combination of creatine’s multifaceted functions.

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10

Möller, Harald E., and Dirk Wiedermann. "Magnetization‒transfer31P NMR of biochemical exchangein vivo: Application to creatine kinase kinetics." Spectroscopy 16, no. 3-4 (2002): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2002/326454.

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Phosphorus‒31 saturation‒transfer NMR spectroscopy provides an elegant means to study fluxes through the creatine kinase reaction in human skeletal muscle. To obtain reliable quantitative kinetic information, experimental imperfections, such as incomplete saturation and radiofrequency bleed over need to be addressed appropriately. In resting muscle, creatine kinase was near equilibrium both in normal controls and in a patient with impaired oxidative phosphorylation. Oral intake of high doses of creatine monohydrate for several days resulted in significantly increased concentrations of phosphocreatine but had no measurable effect on the phosphocreatine resynthesis rate in resting muscle.

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Lukaszuk, Judith M., Robert J. Robertson, Judith E. Arch, and Niall M. Moyna. "Effect of a Defined Lacto-Ovo-Vegetarian Diet and Oral Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation on Plasma Creatine Concentration." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 19, no. 4 (2005): 735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/r-16224.1.

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LUKASZUK, JUDITH M., ROBERT J. ROBERTSON, JUDITH E. ARCH, and NIALL M. MOYNA. "EFFECT OF A DEFINED LACTO-OVO-VEGETARIAN DIET AND ORAL CREATINE MONOHYDRATE SUPPLEMENTATION ON PLASMA CREATINE CONCENTRATION." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 19, no. 4 (November 2005): 735–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/00124278-200511000-00003.

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13

Hamilton, Karyn L., Michael C. Meyers, William A. Skelly, and Robert J. Marley. "Oral Creatine Supplementation and Upper Extremity Anaerobic Response in Females." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 10, no. 3 (September 2000): 277–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.10.3.277.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of creatine monohydrate () on upper extremity anaerobic response in strength-trained females involved in overhand sports. Two movements were utilized in this evaluation: elbow flexion (EF) and shoulder internal rotation (IR). Subjects were pair-matched and assigned to receive placebo (n = 13) or 25 g (n = 11) for 7 days. Pre- and post-treatment measurements included peak concentric and eccentric isokinetic torque, isotonic 1RM, and fatigue (FAT) during EF; isotonic 1RM, FAT, and peak velocity during IR; and body weight. MANOVAs revealed significant interaction between treatment and trial for EF (p < .05) but not for IR or weight. Univariate analysis indicated a significantly greater change in following than following placebo. Thus, did not influence peak EF or IR strength, IR work to fatigue, or IR velocity, but was associated with greater work capacity during fatiguing EF. These data suggest that may enhance upper extremity work capacity, but this enhancement may not extend to the muscles primarily responsible for overhand sports performance.

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Derave, Wim, Bart Marescau, Els Vanden Eede, Bert O. Eijnde, Peter P. De Deyn, and Peter Hespel. "Plasma guanidino compounds are altered by oral creatine supplementation in healthy humans." Journal of Applied Physiology 97, no. 3 (September 2004): 852–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00206.2004.

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Although creatine is one of the most widely used nutritional supplements for athletes as well as for patients with neuromuscular disorders, the effects of oral creatine supplementation on endogenous creatine synthesis in humans remains largely unexplored. The aim of the present study was to investigate the metabolic consequences of a frequently used, long-term creatine ingestion protocol on the circulating creatine synthesis precursor molecules, guanidinoacetate and arginine, and their related guanidino compounds. For this purpose, 16 healthy young volunteers were randomly divided to ingest in a double-blind fashion either creatine monohydrate or placebo (maltodextrine) at a dosage of 20 g/day for the first week (loading phase) and 5 g/day for 19 subsequent wk (maintenance phase). Fasting plasma samples were taken at baseline and at 1, 10, and 20 wk of supplementation, and guanidino compounds were determined. Plasma guanidinoacetate levels were reduced by 50% after creatine loading and remained ∼30% reduced throughout the maintenance phase. Several circulating guanidino compound levels were significantly altered after creatine loading but not during the maintenance phase: homoarginine (+35%), α-keto-δ-guanidinovaleric acid (+45%), and argininic acid (+75%) were increased, whereas guanidinosuccinate was reduced (−25%). The decrease in circulating guanidinoacetate levels suggests that exogenous supply of creatine chronically inhibits endogenous synthesis at the transamidinase step in humans, supporting earlier animal studies showing a powerful repressive effect of creatine on l-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase. Furthermore, these data suggest that this leads to enhanced utilization of arginine as a substrate for secondary pathways.

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PEETERS, BRIAN M., CHRISTOPHER D. LANTZ, and JERRY L. MAYHEW. "Effect of Oral Creatine Monohydrate and Creatine Phosphate Supplementation on Maximal Strength Indices, Body Composition, and Blood Pressure." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 13, no. 1 (February 1999): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/00124278-199902000-00001.

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PEETERS, BRIAN M., CHRISTOPHER D. LANTZ, and JERRY L. MAYHEW. "Effect of Oral Creatine Monohydrate and Creatine Phosphate Supplementation on Maximal Strength Indices, Body Composition, and Blood Pressure." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 13, no. 1 (1999): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/1533-4287(1999)013<0003:eoocma>2.0.co;2.

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de Guingand, Deborah L., Kirsten R. Palmer, Rodney J. Snow, Miranda L. Davies-Tuck, and Stacey J. Ellery. "Risk of Adverse Outcomes in Females Taking Oral Creatine Monohydrate: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Nutrients 12, no. 6 (June 15, 2020): 1780. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12061780.

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Creatine Monohydrate (CrM) is a dietary supplement routinely used as an ergogenic aid for sport and training, and as a potential therapeutic aid to augment different disease processes. Despite its increased use in recent years, studies reporting potential adverse outcomes of CrM have been mostly derived from male or mixed sex populations. A systematic search was conducted, which included female participants on CrM, where adverse outcomes were reported, with meta-analysis performed where appropriate. Six hundred and fifty-six studies were identified where creatine supplementation was the primary intervention; fifty-eight were female only studies (9%). Twenty-nine studies monitored for adverse outcomes, with 951 participants. There were no deaths or serious adverse outcomes reported. There were no significant differences in total adverse events, (risk ratio (RR) 1.24 (95% CI 0.51, 2.98)), gastrointestinal events, (RR 1.09 (95% CI 0.53, 2.24)), or weight gain, (mean difference (MD) 1.24 kg pre-intervention, (95% CI −0.34, 2.82)) to 1.37 kg post-intervention (95% CI −0.50, 3.23)), in CrM supplemented females, when stratified by dosing regimen and subject to meta-analysis. No statistically significant difference was reported in measures of renal or hepatic function. In conclusion, mortality and serious adverse events are not associated with CrM supplementation in females. Nor does the use of creatine supplementation increase the risk of total adverse outcomes, weight gain or renal and hepatic complications in females. However, all future studies of creatine supplementation in females should consider surveillance and comprehensive reporting of adverse outcomes to better inform participants and health professionals involved in future trials.

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Lo, M. S., and L. L. Lin. "THE EFFECT OF ORAL CREATINE MONOHYDRATE SUPPLEMENTATION ON ECCENTRIC MUSCLE ACTIONS AND BODY COMPOSITION." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 35, Supplement 1 (May 2003): S218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200305001-01204.

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Hall, E. L., J. C. Smith, D. P. Stephens, P. G. Snell, and C. P. Earnest. "EFFECT OF ORAL INGESTION OF CREATINE MONOHYDRATE ON PARAMETERS OF THE WORK-TIME RELATIONSHIP." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 27, Supplement (May 1995): S15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199505001-00090.

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Burke, Louise M., David B. Pyne, and Richard D. Telford. "Effect of Oral Creatine Supplementation on Single-Effort Sprint Performance in Elite Swimmers." International Journal of Sport Nutrition 6, no. 3 (September 1996): 222–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsn.6.3.222.

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Oral supplementation with creatine monohydrate (Cr.0) has been reported to increase muscle creatine phosphate levels. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of such supplementation on performance of a single-effort sprint by elite swimmers. Thirty-two elite swimmers (M = 18, F = 14; age = 17-25 years) from the Australian Institute of Sport were tested on two occasions, 1 week apart. Tests performed were 25-m, 50-m, and 100-m maximal effort sprints (electronically timed with dive start, swimmers performing their best stroke), each with approximately 10 min active recovery. A 10-s maximal leg ergometry test was also undertaken. Swimmers were divided into two groups matched for sex, stroke/event, and sprint time over 50 m, and groups were randomly assigned to 5 days of Cr.0 supplementation (4 · day−1x 5 g Cr.0 + 2 g sucrose,n= 16) or placebo (4 · day−1x 5 g Poly cose + -2 g sucrose,n= 16) prior to the second trial. Results revealed no significant differences between the group means for sprint times or between 10-s maximal leg ergometry power and work. This study does not support the hypothesis that creatine supplementation enhances single-effort sprint ability of elite swimmers.

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Rae, Caroline, Alison L. Digney, Sally R. McEwan, and Timothy C. Bates. "Oral creatine monohydrate supplementation improves brain performance: a double–blind, placebo–controlled, cross–over trial." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 270, no. 1529 (October 22, 2003): 2147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2003.2492.

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Ikeda, Ken, Yasuo Iwasaki, and Masao Kinoshita. "Oral administration of creatine monohydrate retards progression of motor neuron disease in the wobbler mouse." Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Other Motor Neuron Disorders 1, no. 3 (January 2000): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14660820050515205.

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Moghadam, Abdolkarim Zamani, Habibolla Nazem, Iraj Karimi, Izad Abolhasani Darani, and Hossein Hassanpour. "Study of Oral Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation on Growth Performance and Histopathological Assessment in Rats and Chickens." Journal of Biological Sciences 8, no. 2 (February 1, 2008): 436–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2008.436.440.

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Manna, I., and G. Khanna. "Effect of oral creatine monohydrate and maltodextrine supplementation on cardiovascular adaptation and endurance performance in athletes." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 12 (January 2010): e29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2009.10.059.

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Ferraz, Guilherme de Camargo, Antônio Raphael Teixeira-Neto, Flora Helena de Freitas D’Angelis, José Corrêa de Lacerda-Neto, and Antonio de Queiroz-Neto. "Long-term creatine supplementation improves the aerobic capacity of horses." Ciência Rural 36, no. 2 (April 2006): 514–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782006000200023.

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The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of long-term oral supplementation of creatine on the physiological responses to aerobic training. Twelve purebred Arabian horses were submitted to aerobic training for 90 days, with and without creatine supplementation which consisted of the daily administration of 75g of creatine monohydrate mixed into the ration for 90 days of training. Physical conditioning was conducted on a high performance treadmill and training intensity was stipulated by calculating the V4 (velocity at which blood lactate reaches 4mmol L-1) determined monthly for each animal. The individual intensity of physical force at 80% of aerobic threshold was established. An incremental exercise test was used to set the individual V4. After a warm up period of 4 min at 4m s-1, the speed was increased at 2min intervals to 6, 8 and 10m s-1. The blood samples were collected 15s before the end of each step to determine the concentration of lactate, packed cell volume, hemoglobin and red cell values. The results demonstrated a significant increase (P<0.05) in V4 in the groups that received creatine supplementation for 60 days or more when compared to the animals without creatine supplememntation. The other hematological variables were similar to all groups. The results showed that the prolonged creatine supplementation may have a beneficial al effect on the equine athletic performance.

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Mayhew, David L., Jerry L. Mayhew, and John S. Ware. "Effects of Long-term Creatine Supplementation on Liver and Kidney Functions in American College Football Players." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 12, no. 4 (December 2002): 453–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.12.4.453.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of long-term Cr supplementation on blood parameters reflecting liver and kidney function. Twenty-three members of an NCAA Division II American football team (ages = 19–24 years) with at least 2 years of strength training experience were divided into a Cr monohydrate group (CrM, n = 10) in which they voluntarily and spontaneously ingested creatine, and a control group (n = 13) in which they took no supplements. Individuals in the CrM group averaged regular daily consumption of 5 to 20 g (mean ± SD = 13.9 ± 5.8 g) for 0.25 to 5.6 years (2.9 ± 1.8 years). Venous blood analysis for serum albumin, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, bilirubin, urea, and creatinine produced no significant differences between groups. Creatinine clearance was estimated from serum creatinine and was not significantly different between groups. Within the CrM group, correlations between all blood parameters and either daily dosage or duration of supplementation were nonsignificant. Therefore, it appears that oral supplementation with CrM has no long-term detrimental effects on kidney or liver functions in highly trained college athletes in the absence of other nutritional supplements.

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Wallimann, Theo, Caroline H. T. Hall, Sean P. Colgan, and Louise E. Glover. "Creatine Supplementation for Patients with Inflammatory Bowl Diseases: A Scientific Rationale for a Clinical Trial." Nutrients 13, no. 5 (April 23, 2021): 1429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13051429.

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Based on theoretical considerations, experimental data with cells in vitro, animal studies in vivo, as well as a single case pilot study with one colitis patient, a consolidated hypothesis can be put forward, stating that “oral supplementation with creatine monohydrate (Cr), a pleiotropic cellular energy precursor, is likely to be effective in inducing a favorable response and/or remission in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), like ulcerative colitis and/or Crohn’s disease”. A current pilot clinical trial that incorporates the use of oral Cr at a dose of 2 × 7 g per day, over an initial period of 2 months in conjunction with ongoing therapies (NCT02463305) will be informative for the proposed larger, more long-term Cr supplementation study of 2 × 3–5 g of Cr per day for a time of 3–6 months. This strategy should be insightful to the potential for Cr in reducing or alleviating the symptoms of IBD. Supplementation with chemically pure Cr, a natural nutritional supplement, is well tolerated not only by healthy subjects, but also by patients with diverse neuromuscular diseases. If the outcome of such a clinical pilot study with Cr as monotherapy or in conjunction with metformin were positive, oral Cr supplementation could then be used in the future as potentially useful adjuvant therapeutic intervention for patients with IBD, preferably together with standard medication used for treating patients with chronic ulcerative colitis and/or Crohn’s disease.

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Eijnde, Bert O., Wim Derave, Jørgen F. P. Wojtaszewski, Erik A. Richter, and Peter Hespel. "AMP kinase expression and activity in human skeletal muscle: effects of immobilization, retraining, and creatine supplementation." Journal of Applied Physiology 98, no. 4 (April 2005): 1228–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00665.2004.

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The effects of leg immobilization and retraining in combination with oral creatine intake on muscle AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) protein expression and phosphorylation status were investigated. A double-blind trial was performed in young healthy volunteers ( n = 22). A cast immobilized the right leg for 2 wk, whereafter the knee-extensor muscles of that leg were retrained for 6 wk. Half of the subjects received creatine monohydrate throughout the study (Cr; from 15 g down to 2.5 g daily), and the others ingested placebo (P; maltodextrin). Before and after immobilization and retraining, needle biopsies were taken from the right and left vastus lateralis muscles. In the right leg of P and Cr, immobilization did not affect AMPK α1-, α2-, and β2-subunit expression or AMPK α-subunit phosphorylation status. However, irrespective of the treatment received, retraining increased the degree of α-subunit phosphorylation by ∼25% ( P < 0.05) and increased AMPK α1-subunit expression ( P < 0.05) in both groups. From the start to the end of the study, AMPK subunit protein expression and α-subunit phosphorylation status were unchanged in the contralateral control leg. It is concluded that immobilization-induced muscle inactivity for 2 wk does not alter AMPK α1-, α2-, and β2-subunit expression or α-AMPK phosphorylation status. Furthermore, the present observations indicate that AMPK probably is not implicated in the previously reported beneficial effects of oral creatine supplementation on muscle during immobilization and rehabilitative weight training.

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Lyoo, In Kyoon, Sek Won Kong, Seung Mo Sung, Fuyuki Hirashima, Aimee Parow, John Hennen, Bruce M. Cohen, and Perry F. Renshaw. "Multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of high-energy phosphate metabolites in human brain following oral supplementation of creatine-monohydrate." Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 123, no. 2 (June 2003): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-4927(03)00046-5.

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30

Chwalbiñska-Moneta, Jolanta. "Effect of Creatine Supplementation on Aerobic Performance and Anaerobic Capacity in Elite Rowers in the Course of Endurance Training." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 13, no. 2 (June 2003): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.13.2.173.

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The effect of oral creatine supplementation on aerobic and anaerobic performance was investigated in 16 elite male rowers during 7-day endurance training. Before and after the daily ingestion of 20 g creatine monohydrate for 5 days (Cr-Group, n = 8) or placebo (Pl-Group, n = 8), subjects performed two exercise tests on a rowing ergometer: (a) incremental exercise consisting of 3-min stage durations and increased by 50 W until volitional exhaustion; (b) an all-out anaerobic exercise performed against a constant load of 7 W/kg. Heart rate and blood lactate concentrations were determined during exercise and recovery. Maximal power output did not significantly differ after the treatment in either group. The mean individual lactate threshold rose significantly after Cr treatment from 314.3 ± 5.0 W to 335.6 ± 7.1 W (p < .01), as compared with 305.0 ± 6.9 W and 308.9 ± 5.9 W (ns), before and after placebo ingestion, respectively. During the anaerobic test, the athletes supplemented with creatine were able to continue rowing longer (mean increase, 12.1 ± 4.5 s; p < .01) than Pl-Group (2.4 ± 8.2 s; ns). No significant differences were found between groups in blood LA after the all-out exercise. The results indicate that in elite rowers, creatine supplementation improves endurance (expressed by the individual lactate threshold) and anaerobic performance, independent of the effect of intensive endurance training.

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Jones, Andrew M., Helen Carter, Jamie S. M. Pringle, and Iain T. Campbell. "Effect of creatine supplementation on oxygen uptake kinetics during submaximal cycle exercise." Journal of Applied Physiology 92, no. 6 (June 1, 2002): 2571–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01065.2001.

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Abstract:

The purpose of this study was to test the effect of oral creatine (Cr) supplementation on pulmonary oxygen uptake (V˙o 2) kinetics during moderate [below ventilatory threshold (VT)] and heavy (above VT) submaximal cycle exercise. Nine subjects (7 men; means ± SD: age 28 ± 3 yr, body mass 73.2 ± 5.6 kg, maximalV˙o 2 46.4 ± 8.0 ml · kg−1 · min−1) volunteered to participate in this study. Subjects performed transitions of 6-min duration from unloaded cycling to moderate (80% VT; 8–12 repeats) and heavy exercise (50% change; i.e., halfway between VT and maximal V˙o 2; 4–6 repeats), both in the control condition and after Cr loading, in a crossover design. The Cr loading regimen involved oral consumption of 20 g/day of Cr monohydrate for 5 days, followed by a maintenance dose of 5 g/day thereafter. V˙o 2 was measured breath by breath and modeled by using two (moderate) or three (heavy) exponential terms. For moderate exercise, there were no differences in the parameters of the V˙o 2 kinetic response between control and Cr-loaded conditions. For heavy exercise, the time-based parameters of the V˙o 2response were unchanged, but the amplitude of the primary component was significantly reduced with Cr loading (means ± SE: control 2.00 ± 0.12 l/min; Cr loaded 1.92 ± 0.10 l/min; P < 0.05) as was the end-exerciseV˙o 2 (control 2.19 ± 0.13 l/min; Cr loaded 2.12 ± 0.14 l/min; P < 0.05). The magnitude of the reduction in submaximalV˙o 2 with Cr loading was significantly correlated with the percentage of type II fibers in the vastus lateralis ( r = 0.87; P < 0.01; n = 7), indicating that the effect might be related to changes in motor unit recruitment patterns or the volume of muscle activated.

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Kambis, Kenneth W., and Sarah K. Pizzedaz. "Short-term Creatine Supplementation Improves Maximum Quadriceps Contraction in Women." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 13, no. 1 (March 2003): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.13.1.87.

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Creatine monohydrate (CrH2O) supplementation has been demonstrated to increase skeletal muscle power output in men. However, its effect upon women is not as clearly defined. This study investigated the effect of oral creatine supplementation upon muscle function, thigh circumference, and body weight in women. Twenty-two consenting college-age women were assigned to 1 of 2 groups matched for dietary and exercise habits, phase of menstrual cycle, and fat-free mass (FFM). After familiarization with testing procedures, pretrial measures of muscle function (5 repetitions 60 deg · s−1 and 50 repetitions 180 deg · s−1) were conducted during maximal voluntary concentric contraction of the preferred quadriceps muscle using an isokinetic dynamometer. Subjects then ingested 0.5 g · kg−1 FFM of either CrH2O or placebo (one fourth dosage 4 times daily) in a double-blind design for 5 days. Resistance exercise was prohibited. After the ingestion phase was completed, all measures were repeated at the same time of day as during pretrials. Statistical analysis revealed time to peak torque in quadriceps extension decreased from pre-test values of 255 ± 11 ms (mean ± SEM) to post-test values of 223 ± 3 ms; average power in extension increased from 103 ± 7 W pre-test to 112 ± 7 W post-test; and, during flexion, average power increased from 59 ± 5 W pre-test to 65 ± 5 W post-test in the creatine group as compared to controls (p ≤ .05). FFM, percent body fat, mid-quadriceps circumference, skinfold thickness of the measured thigh, and total body weight did not change for both groups between trials. We conclude that CrH2O improves muscle performance in women without significant gains in muscle volume or body weight.

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Lyoo, In Kyoon, Sujung Yoon, Tae-Suk Kim, Jaeuk Hwang, Jieun E. Kim, Wangyoun Won, Sujin Bae, and Perry F. Renshaw. "A Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial of Oral Creatine Monohydrate Augmentation for Enhanced Response to a Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor in Women With Major Depressive Disorder." American Journal of Psychiatry 169, no. 9 (September 2012): 937–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12010009.

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Buck, Kelmerson, Estélio Dantas, and Elirez Silva. "The infl uence of oral monohydrated creatine intake for physical performance of military people in continuous combat operations." Fitness & Performance Journal 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3900/fpj.2.1.11.e.

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Skelton, Michele, and Erica Dellis-Leeper. "The effect of oral creatine monohydrate supplementation on cognitive function in young women." FASEB Journal 26, S1 (April 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.26.1_supplement.847.4.

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Kalman, Douglas S., Samantha Feldman, Howard I. Schwartz, and Diane R. Krieger. "A double blind clinical trial evaluating the relative pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of oral creatine monohydrate when combined with either isomaltulose or dextrose in healthy adult males." Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 9, S1 (November 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-9-s1-p14.

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