Academic literature on the topic 'Orange (Color)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Orange (Color)"
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Al-Sammarraie, Mustafa Ahmed Jalal, Łukasz Gierz, Krzysztof Przybył, Krzysztof Koszela, Marek Szychta, Jakub Brzykcy, and Hanna Maria Baranowska. "Predicting Fruit’s Sweetness Using Artificial Intelligence—Case Study: Orange." Applied Sciences 12, no. 16 (August 17, 2022): 8233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12168233.
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The manual classification of oranges according to their ripeness or flavor takes a long time; furthermore, the classification of ripeness or sweetness by the intensity of the fruit’s color is not uniform between fruit varieties. Sweetness and color are important factors in evaluating the fruits, the fruit’s color may affect the perception of its sweetness. This article aims to study the possibility of predicting the sweetness of orange fruits based on artificial intelligence technology by studying the relationship between the RGB values of orange fruits and the sweetness of those fruits by using the Orange data mining tool. The experiment has applied machine learning algorithms to an orange fruit image dataset and performed a comparative study of the algorithms in order to determine which algorithm has the highest prediction accuracy. The results showed that the value of the red color has a greater effect than the green and blue colors in predicting the sweetness of orange fruits, as there is a direct relationship between the value of the red color and the level of sweetness. In addition, the logistic regression model algorithm gave the highest degree of accuracy in predicting sweetness.
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Oka, Ryohei, Jun-ichi Koyama, Takuro Morimoto, and Toshiyuki Masui. "Novel Orange Color Pigments Based on La3LiMnO7." Molecules 26, no. 20 (October 15, 2021): 6243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26206243.
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La3LiMn1−xTixO7 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.05) samples were synthesized by a solid-state reaction method, and a single-phase form was observed for the samples in the range of x ≤ 0.03. Crystal structure, optical properties, and color of the La3LiMn1−xTixO7 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.03) samples were characterized. Strong optical absorption was observed at a wavelength between 400 and 550 nm, and a shoulder absorption peak also appeared around 690 nm in all samples; orange colors were also exhibited. Among the samples synthesized, the most brilliant orange color was obtained at La3LiMn0.97Ti0.03O7. The redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) values of this pigment were higher than those of the commercially available orange pigments. Therefore, the orange color of this pigment is brighter than those of the commercial products. Since the La3LiMn0.97Ti0.03O pigment is composed of non-toxic elements, it could be a new environmentally friendly inorganic orange pigment.
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Fisher, Anna Watkins. "Safety Orange." Journal of Visual Culture 20, no. 1 (April 2021): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470412921994603.
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Safety Orange first emerged as a legal color standard in the US in the 1950s in technical manuals and federal regulations; today, it is most visible in the contexts of terror, pandemic, and environmental alarm systems; traffic control; work safety; and mass incarceration. The color is a marker of the extreme poles of state oversight and abandonment, of capitalist excess and dereliction. Its unprecedented saturation encodes the tracking of those bodies, neighborhoods, and infrastructures coded as worthy of care – and those deemed dangerous and expendable. This article uses the color orange as an interpretive key for theorizing the uneven distribution of safety and care in 21st-century US public life and to ponder what orange tells us about the relationship between phenomena often viewed as unrelated: information networks, climate data science, pandemic crisis, neoliberal policy, racist violence, and socially engaged art.
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Shim, Eun Ji, and Won-Ji Jung. "Color Change based on Mixing Ratio of Acidic Hair Dye by Hair Brightness." Asian Journal of Beauty and Cosmetology 21, no. 4 (December 28, 2023): 615–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20402/ajbc.2023.0064.
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Purpose: This study seeks to examine the difference in color change depending on the mixing ratio of acidic hair dye and hair brightness and provide baseline data on the color change of hair dye using acidic hair dye.Methods: Gray, ash blue, pink, and orange colors were used alone, mixed with gloss in transparent color in the ratio of 1:1, 1:10, and 1:20, and were applied to unbleached hair, once, twice, and three times bleached hair, respectively, and color images were taken. The L<sup>*</sup>a<sup>*</sup>b<sup>*</sup> values were measured using a spectrophotometer, and their average value was obtained.Results: It was found that when acidic hair dye was used alone, hair was less bright and more saturated. Brightness increased more when acidic hair dye was mixed with transparent shimmering gloss. Also, when dyeing with pink and orange colors, it was possible to express the desired color on once-bleached hair even with a high value of yellow color. Bright grey and ash-blue color could be expressed when the gray color was bleached three times. For the pink color, high saturation could be expressed on once-bleached hair. For orange color, it was found that various orange colors could be expressed.Conclusion: This study is meaningful in that it enhances customers’ satisfaction with hair coloring and increases the efficiency of hair dyeing service by minimizing the error between the objective color desired by the designer and the customer, and the resulting color.
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Pike, Leonard M. "`Betasweet', Carrot Designed for Flavor, Nutrition, and Health." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 457e—458. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.457e.
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`BetaSweet' is a new “designer” carrot that was conceived as a research project with the objective to create a new high-quality vegetable with unique characteristics. The gene responsible for purple or maroon color in carrots is a natural one and has been around for many years. Carrot breeders have discarded carrots that occasionally segregated to this color because orange has been the preferred traditional color. In 1989, three carrots grown from Brazilian seed were observed to have a blotchy maroon color mixed with the normal orange. Within two generations of breeding effort, I had obtained a few carrot roots with near-complete maroon exterior color and orange interior. The contrast of orange and maroon was very attractive in carrots cut as coins or sticks. The maroon and orange color would serve as the perfect way to identify and promote this new variety. Several additional generations were required using extensive laboratory testing for low terpenoids (strong carrot flavors), high sugars, high carotene, and crispy texture. Thousands of carrot roots were analyzed and selected for those qualities and for the dark maroon exterior and orange interior colors. The few best for those characteristics were intercrossed, and re-selected for their adaptation when grown under Texas climatic conditions.
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Pike, Leonard M. "`Betasweet' Carrot Designed for Flavor, Nutrition, and Health." HortScience 33, no. 4 (July 1998): 596a—596. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.4.596a.
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`BetaSweet' is a new “designer” carrot that was conceived as a research project with the objective to create a new high-quality vegetable with unique characteristics. The gene responsible for purple or maroon color in carrots is a natural one and has been around for many years. Carrot breeders have discarded carrots which occasionally segregated to this color because orange has been the preferred traditional color. In 1989, three carrots grown from Brazilian seed were observed to have a blotchy maroon color mixed with the normal orange. Within two generations of breeding effort I had obtained a few carrot roots with near complete maroon exterior color and orange interior. The contrast of orange and maroon was very attractive in carrots cut as coins or sticks. The maroon and orange color would serve as the perfect way to identify and promote this new variety. Several additional generations were required using extensive laboratory testing for low terpenoids (strong carrot flavors), high sugars, high carotene, and crispy texture. Thousands of carrot roots were analyzed and selected for those qualities and for the dark maroon exterior and orange interior colors. The few best for those characteristics were intercrossed, and reselected for their adaptation when grown under Texas climatic conditions.
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Dan Turner, Jonathan Dan, Carole J. Simmons, and Johnny R. Graham. "High-Visibility Clothing for Daytime Use in Work Zones." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1585, no. 1 (January 1997): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1585-01.
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High-visibility safety clothing serves an important role in protection of personnel in highway construction. A total of 236 fatalities in highway and street construction were reported for 1992–1993 by the Laborers’ Health and Safety Fund of North America, which puts the fatality rate of private-industry highway construction at twice that of other private-industry construction. A field study was conducted to determine the most conspicuous color of safety clothing for daytime use in the work zone. The 11 colors studied included 8 fluorescent (F1) colors (green, yellow-green, yellow, yellow-orange, red-orange, a combination of red-orange with yellow-green, red mesh over white background, and pink), two non-fluorescent colors (yellow and orange), and one semifluorescent color (yellow). Subjects were required to look through a shutter, which opened for 300 msec at 30.5-m intervals, as the researcher drove 32 km/hr toward a work zone. Subjects were instructed to indicate the point at which they first identified safety clothing in the scene. These detection distances were recorded for each color in each of four work zones. F1 red-orange was found to have the highest mean detection distance, and it was significantly different from every color except the F1 red mesh, F1 yellow-green, and F1 red-orange/F1 yellow-green combination. Each of these colors is recommended for use in safety garments with the exception of F1 red mesh, because the mesh may not perform well if worn over darker clothing.
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Pan, Zhi Bin, and Xiao Yan Wei. "Computer Vision Based Orange Grading Using SVM." Applied Mechanics and Materials 303-306 (February 2013): 1134–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.303-306.1134.
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Fruit grading is very important for promoting its additional value. We graded oranges based on its images. Four photos were taken from different view angles for each orange. Both RGB and HSI color model were utilized. We extracted a 28-dimensional feature which can describe the size and color of them. Then support vector machine was used to grade these oranges into four levels. Experimental result shows SVM has promising performance for orange grading.
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Saefudin and E. Basri. "Effect of fixator on color performance of bark extract from three tropical wetland species for fabric dye." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 976, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/976/1/012049.
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Abstract Fixation is a stage in dyeing fabric or batik fabric with natural dyes to obtain the desired color and bind the color so that it does not fade quickly due to sweat, washing, sunray, and rubbing. Three fixators used as color binders were alum (Al2[SO4]3), lime (CaCO3), and tunjung (FeSO4). Each material showed a different color on each extract. This activity aimed to observe the color performance of bark extracts from three wetland species applied to batik fabric with 1 or 2 combinations of fixators. The results showed the color performance of batik fabric depended on the bark of tree species and the kind of fixator. The performance of bark extract with fixators produced darker and sharper colors than without the use of fixators. The application of lime on Rhizophora apiculata Bl. bark extract produced dark moderate orange color, while the combination of lime and tunjung produced very dark orange (Brown tone). The combination of lime and tunjung on Acacia mangium Willd and the Terminalia catappa L. barks gave a dark moderate orange color with different intensities. In contrast, the combination of alum and tunjung on Terminalia catappa L. bark extract produced a very dark greyish orange color.
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Henderson, Warren R., Gregory H. Scott, and Todd C. Wehner. "Interaction of Genes for Flesh Color in Watermelon." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 602d—602. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.602d.
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Watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] flesh color is controlled by several genes to produce red, canary yellow, salmon yellow, and orange. Our objective was to study the interaction of three gene loci with two or three alleles at each C (canary yellow vs. red), y (salmon yellow vs. red), yo (orange), and i (inhibitory to C permitting Y to produce red flesh color). Five crosses were used to study gene action: `Yellow Baby' × `Sweet Princess', `Yellow Baby' × `Tendersweet Orange Flesh', `Yellow Baby' × `Golden Honey', `Yellow Doll' × `Tendersweet Orange Flesh', and `Yellow Doll' × `Golden Honey'. Based on the performance of six generations (PA, PB, F1, F2, BC1A, and BC1B), the parents had the following genotypes: `Yellow Baby' = CCYYII, `Yellow Doll' = CCYYII, `Sweet Princess' = ccYY ii, `Tendersweet Orange Flesh' = ccyoyoII, and `Golden Honey' = ccyyII. Segregation of flesh colors in the progeny of the five families demonstrated that there was a multiple allelic series at the y locus, where YY (red) was dominant to yo yo (orange) and yy (yellow). Also, yoyo was dominant to yy. In conclusion, epistasis is involved in genes for the major flesh colors in watermelon, with ii inhibitory to CC (Canary), resulting in red flesh, and CC in the absence of ii epistatic to YY, producing canary flesh.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Orange (Color)"
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Gallagher, Anthony. "Detection of clustered and occluded oranges from a color image of an orange tree." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 1998. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/33.
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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.Bachelors
Engineering
Electrical and Computer Engineering
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Laws, Eric L. "An Investigation of Color Memory as a Function of Hue, Saturation, Lightness and Observer Imagery Vividness for Blue, Green and Orange Test Hues." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26367.
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Fifty-two college-aged observers participated in an experiment assessing color memory via a PowerPoint '97 computer display program which varied one of the three dimensions of hue, saturation and lightness at a time. Consistent with previous research, errors were greater for the lightness conditions followed by saturation, and least for hue conditions Additionally, a signal detection analysis indicated that d-prime was greatest for the hue conditions, less for saturation and lowest for lightness conditions. There were also significant but unpredicted differences in response criterion which may reflect task difficulty. Scores on the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (Marks, 1973) were, in general, not correlated with performance on these color memory tasks, inconsistent with previous research. The role of complexity of neuronal circuitry, the significance for opponent-process, trichromatic and retinex color vision theories and the relationship to Sokolov's model of color memory were discussed. Also, it was concluded that investigators of color memory using a computer display are well-advised to calibrate the monitor with a colorimeter because the internal computer units may be unreliable indexes of changes in hue, saturation and lightness.Ph. D.
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Price, David James 1959. "The effects of ozone oxidation on dissolved organic matter, color, and trihalomethane formation potential of Orange County, California groundwater." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278305.
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Laboratory studies using ozone oxidation were conducted on samples of groundwater. The effects of ozonation on natural organic matter (NOM), color, and trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) were examined. The fourteen groundwater samples had dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations between 0.9 and 14.4 mg/L and color levels between 13 and 210 pcu. Small doses of ozone appeared to result in an oxidative polymerization phenomenon whereby the apparent molecular weight (AMW) of the organics increased. Higher doses of ozone led to lower AMW organic matter. Ozonation was successful at destroying color and ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm. Ozonation showed limited ability to remove THMFP. Ozone treatment prior to chlorination resulted in increased brominated THMs.
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Napier, Alexandra Bamberger. "Identification and confirmation of molecular markers and orange flesh color associated with major QTL for high beta-carotene content in muskmelon." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1136.
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Jomori, Maria Luiza Lye. "Métodos de desverdecimento pós-colheita de tangor ´Murcott` e laranja ´Valência`." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11136/tde-29062011-150721/.
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A procura de frutas com boas características para exportação in natura tem aumentado, sendo em grande parte dependente da melhoria da qualidade da fruta. Neste sentido, a adequação das operações ligadas à produção e pós-colheita é fundamental para tornar a fruta cítrica brasileira mais competitiva no mercado externo. Em decorrência de grande parte da área citrícola brasileira localizar-se em regiões de clima tropical, os frutos cítricos alcançam à plena maturação interna, enquanto que a casca permanece parcialmente verde, tornando-os inaceitáveis para a comercialização in natura em mercados exigentes. Assim, há necessidade do estudo de métodos e condições mais apropriadas para o desverdecimento dos frutos em pós-colheita para as nossas variedades e condições climáticas. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o uso da técnica de desverdecimento pós-colheita de tangor Murcott e de laranja Valência, por meio da aplicação de etileno, na forma líquida e gasosa (em câmara). Utilizaram-se concentrações de 0 a 8000 mg L-1 de ethephon aplicadas por imersão (3 minutos) e 0,0; 0,25; 0,5; 0,75 e 1,0 L m-3 de etileno aplicadas em câmaras por 24 a 120 horas de exposição e 15 a 30ºC e 90% UR. Foram definidas as melhores condições de desverdecimento e, posteriormente, parte dos frutos ficou por 3 dias a 25ºC e 80% UR, simulando a comercialização, e outra parte dos frutos foi submetida à refrigeração (5ºC e 90% UR) por período de 30 dias (+3 dias a 25ºC e 80% UR, simulando a comercialização). Foi avaliado também o efeito do desverdecimento em câmara após o armazenamento refrigerado dos frutos. Os frutos foram avaliados logo após os tratamentos, após a primeira simulação de comercialização, após a refrigeração e após a segunda simulação de comercialização. A condição de 0,5 L m-3 de etileno por 96 horas de exposição a 25ºC foi a mais eficiente para incrementar a coloração dos frutos. As taxas respiratórias e produção de etileno aumentaram em função da concentração usada de etileno. O incremento na atividade da clorofilase foi acompanhado pela queda no teor de clorofila, enquanto que o teor de carotenóides se manteve constante. Quanto às características internas não foram observadas alterações significativas em função dos tratamentos. Verificou-se que o armazenamento refrigerado após o desverdecimento não interfere no desenvolvimento da coloração da casca dos frutos, não afetando a qualidade dos mesmos. Além disso, o processo de desverdecimento após a refrigeração é eficaz para a mudança da coloração dos frutos das duas variedades estudadas.The demand for fresh fruits with good characteristics to exportation has increased, being mostly dependent on the improvement of fruit quality. In this sense, the adequacy of the operations related to production and post-harvest is crucial to make the Brazilian citrus fruit more competitive in foreign markets. Due to the large part of Brazilian citrus growing area is located in the tropical, citrus fruit reaches full internal maturity, while the peel remains partially green, making them unacceptable for the demanding fresh fruit markets. Thus, there is a necessity to study methods and more suitable conditions for the degreening of post-harvest fruit in our climatic conditions and varieties. This study was based on the technique of post-harvest degreening of \'Murcott\' and \'Valencia\', involving the application of ethylene in liquid and gaseous form (chamber). The concentrations used were 0 to 8000 mg L-1 of ethephon by immersion (3 minutes) and 0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 L m-3 of ethylene applied inside the chamber for 24 to 120 hours of exposure and 15 to 30ºC and 90% RH. The best conditions for degreening were defined and later, part of the fruits was for 3 days at 25ºC and 80% RH, simulating the commercialization, and the other part was stored under refrigeration (5ºC) with 90% RH for 30 days, and after that, 3 days at 25ºC and 80% RH, simulating the commercialization. The effect of cold storage of the fruit before the degreening inside the chamber was also evaluated. The fruits were evaluated right after the applications, the first simulation of commercialization, the cooling and the second simulation. The condition of 0.5 L m-3 for 96 hours at 25ºC was the most efficient way to improve fruit color. Respiratory rate and ethylene production increased with the dosage of ethylene used. The increased activity of chlorophyllase was followed by decrease in chlorophyll content, while the carotenoid content remained constant. As for the internal features, significant changes in the treatments were not observed. It was found that refrigerated storage after degreening do not interfere on the development of the fruits peal color, neither affecting their quality. Beyond that the process of degreening after cooling is effective for changing the color of both studied varieties.
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Ikeda, Yosuke 1966. "Reestablishing sufficient peel color in regreened Valencia oranges." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278218.
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Improvements in the external color of Regreened 'Valencia' oranges were studied using ethylene gas. Twelve hour cycles of gassing were followed by the restoration of normal air concentrations with high humidity. Two temperatures, 14°C and 22°C were used with ethylene concentrations of 5, 10 μl/l as well as normal generated ethylene concentration in air for two weeks. The reflectance of the fruit was measured to indicate chlorophyll concentration changes. Chroma measurements were used to mimic the human eye response. The oranges treated at 22°C with either 5 or 10 μl/l ethylene gas lost their chlorophyll (greenness) and gained orange pigment (redness). Brightness increased more in the 10 μl/l ethylene than in the 5 μl/l concentrations. At 5 μl/l little evidence of stem-end decay was observed which indicates senescence was not accelerated. Some stem-end decay was observed in oranges treated with 10 μl/l of ethylene at 22°C an indication that shelf life had been reduced because of the treatments.
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Krifi, Boubaker. "Incidence des facteurs d'environnement (lumière, aération, agitation) sur la stabilité de la couleur du jus d'oranges sanguines." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPL123N.
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Cette étude a porté sur l'incidence de divers facteurs (lumière, aération, agitation) sur la stabilité des pigments responsables de la couleur des jus d'oranges sanguines. Nos observations ont été focalisées sur les effets de la lumière et de l'aération sur les pigments anthocyaniques et caroténoïdes des jus fraichement préparés à partir de fruits ainsi que des jus issus de la dilution de concentrés industriels d'âges différents. Il apparait que les caroténoïdes en même temps que des substances liposolubles non identifiées tendent à s'opposer aux effets de la lumière et de l'autoxydation sur la dégradation des pigments anthocyaniques. D’autre part l'acide ascorbique est le principal facteur responsable de la consommation de O2 par le jus d'oranges sanguines. Ce processus apparait comme la résultante de deux processus d'autoxydation en grande partie indépendants, l'un rapide imputable à l'acide ascorbique, l'autre beaucoup plus lent qui intéresse un ensemble de constituants des jus. L'autoxydation de l'acide ascorbique entraine à la fois la déprotection des caroténoïdes et la dégradation des pigments anthocyaniques par l'intermédiaire de ses produits d'oxydation
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Pitombo, Ronaldo Nogueira de Moraes. "Comportamento higroscópico do suco de laranja liofilizado." Universidade de São Paulo, 1990. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9131/tde-15032010-152158/.
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0 comportamento higroscópico do suco de laranja liofilizado, e aditivado com malto-dextrinas e lactose, e de misturas mecânicas do suco liofilizado com os aditivos secos, foi estudado através da cinética e das isotermas de sorção de água, em diferentes temperaturas. Avaliou-se as características espectrais no visível e ultravioleta, e o teor de vitamina C, de amostras de suco de laranja liofilizado expostas a diferentes umidades relativas e temperaturas. Estudou-se a influência do valor de pH e natureza do tampão sobre a retenção do limoneno emulsionado em soluções de lactose, liofilizadas. A liofilização praticamente não alterou o teor de vitamina C e as características espectrais do suco de laranja, mas aumentou o valor monomolecular da malto-dextrina (dextrose equivalente de 9 a 12%). A lactose liofilizada apresentou-se no estado amorfo. Os teores de umidade de equilíbrio das misturas aditivadas liofilizadas, foram menores que os das misturas mecânicas. Os aditivos reduziram a sorção de umidade em função do tempo. A retenção do limoneno foi influenciada pela sua concentração inicial, sendo que ocorreu a major perda, durante a liofilização na major concentração utilizada.The higroscopic behavior of freeze-dried orange juice, with added maltodextrins and lactose and mechanical mixtures with this additives was studied through the kinetics and isoterms of water sorption in different temperatures. It was evaluated the spectral characteristics, in the visible and ultraviolet range, and the vitamin C content from samples of freeze-dried orange juice exposed at different relative humidities and temperatures. It was studied the influence of pH and buffer composition, on the limonene retention of freeze-dried emulsions. The spectral characteristics and vitamin C content showed no alterations after liofilization the maltodextrin (9-12 % dextrose equivalent monomolecular value increased. Freezedried lactose was amorphous. The equilibrium humidity content of the samples with additives were reduced when compared with mechanical mixtures. The additives also reduced the rate of water sorption. The limonene retention during freeze-drying was influenced by the initial concentration of the emulsion. The greater concentration studied showed the lower retention value.
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Lindqvist, Jonatan. "Är hälsa orange? : En kvalitativ studie av Norrbottens Läns Landstings byte av färg på Vårdcentralers logotyper i Norrbotten." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för kultur- och medievetenskaper, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-87554.
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Colours have been proven to have both a great physical and psychological impact on human beings. This essay investigates the rebranding of 37 Health Care Centers, located in Norrbotten, Sweden, and how 10 interviewees have experienced the new choice of colour on the logotypes of these Health Care Centers. The theoretical framework used in this research process, consists of theories related to rebranding, the communication process, encoding/decoding and Goethe’s Theory of Colours. To gather information about how the 10 inhabitants have experienced the new choice of colour, a semistructured form of interview was used. In addition to these interviews, three people employed by Norrbotten County Council (NLL) were interviewed, to get to know more about the rebranding process and the message behind the chosen colours of the logotype. Results show that the inhabitants had an overall positive reaction to the new colour choices, but that younger target groups lacked information about the new logotype and the rebranding. Due to these results, recommendations were made that NLL should expand the quantity of media channels to reach these younger target groups, and thereby be able to attract more patients to their Health Care Centers. NLL would also profit from investigating the inhabitants experiences related to the new colour choices themselves, but in a larger scale, to achieve greater knowledge of how to proceed with colour choices in the future.
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Liu, MingHui. "Navel orange blemish identification for quality grading system : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Computer Science at Massey University, Albany, New Zealand." Massey University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1175.
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Each year, the world’s top orange producers output millions of oranges for human consumption. This production is projected to grow by as much as 64 million in 2010 and so the demand for fast, low-cost and precise automated orange fruit grading systems is only deemed to become more increasingly important. There is however an underlying limit to most orange blemish detection algorithms. Most existing statistical-based, structural-based, model-based and transform-based orange blemish detection algorithms are plagued by the following problem: any pixels in an image of an orange having about the same magnitudes for the red, green and blue channels will almost always be classified as belonging to the same category (either a blemish or not). This however presents a big problem as the RGB components of the pixels corresponding to blemishes are very similar to pixels near the boundary of an orange. In light of this problem, this research utilizes a priori knowledge of the local intensity variations observed on rounded convex objects to classify the ambiguous pixels correctly. The algorithm has the effect of peeling-off layers of the orange skin according to gradations of the intensity. Therefore, any abrupt discontinuities detected along successive layers would significantly help identifying skin blemishes more accurately. A commercial-grade fruit inspection and distribution system was used to collect 170 navel orange images. Of these images, 100 were manually classified as good oranges by human inspection and the rest are blemished ones. We demonstrate the efficacy of the algorithm using these images as the benchmarking test set. Our results show that the system garnered 96% correctly classified good oranges and 97% correctly classified blemished oranges. The proposed system is easily customizable as it does not require any training. The fruit quality bands can be adjusted to meet the requirements set by the market standards by specifying an agreeable percentage of blemishes for each band.
Books on the topic "Orange (Color)"
More sourcesBook chapters on the topic "Orange (Color)"
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Greenberg, Robert S., Catherine A. Culver, Nicholas S. Kretchman, and Jennifer DiCicco. "Non-Enzymatic Browning in Orange Juice and Mango Puree." In Color Quality of Fresh and Processed Foods, 212–25. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2008-0983.ch017.
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Lopez-Pineiro, Sergio. "What is the Color of the Wildfire Orange Sky?" In Pedagogical Experiments in Architecture for a Changing Climate, 31–43. London: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003351498-4.
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Kreissig, Katharina. "Orange Flowers." In Identify Common Tropical and Subtropical Ornamental Plants by Flower Colour, 17–30. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-58817-8_2.
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Hernández-Hernández, José Luis, Mario Hernández-Hernández, Severino Feliciano-Morales, Valentín Álvarez-Hilario, and Israel Herrera-Miranda. "Search for Optimum Color Space for the Recognition of Oranges in Agricultural Fields." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 296–307. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67283-0_22.
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Ding, Wei, Yue Liu, Robert T. Rosen, Geetha Ghai, and Mou-Tuan Huang. "Inhibitory Effects of Oral Administration of an Extract of Orange Peel in the Diet on Azoxymethane-Induced Formation of Aberrant Crypt Foci and Colon Tumor in CF-1 Mice." In ACS Symposium Series, 213–23. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2003-0851.ch019.
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"orange colour | orange color, n." In Oxford English Dictionary. 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oed/5777998355.
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"Of Orange." In Color It True. Bloomsbury Academic, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781501383076.ch-005.
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Fernández-Vázquez, Rocío, Carla Stinco, Antonio Meléndez-Martínez, Francisco Heredia, and Isabel Vicario. "Orange Juice Color." In Color in Food, 435–42. CRC Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b11878-50.
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"Chapter 2: Orange is the New Brown." In On Color. Yale University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00089.005.
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"Chapter Two. Orange Is the New Brown." In On Color, 40–59. Yale University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/9780300235425-004.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Orange (Color)"
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Weeks, Arthur R., A. Gallagher, and J. Eriksson. "Detection of oranges from a color image of an orange tree." In SPIE's International Symposium on Optical Science, Engineering, and Instrumentation, edited by Andrew G. Tescher. SPIE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.365846.
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Post, David L., and Christopher S. Calhoun. "Color-Name Boundaries for Color Coding." In Applied Vision. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/av.1989.pd1.
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One of the main problems that arises when designing color codes for electronic visual displays involves color selection. The colors must be distinctive and immediately recognizable as corresponding with the color names they represent. Otherwise, their meanings may be ambiguous, thereby defeating the code's purpose. We are approaching this problem by mapping the relationship between location on the CIE 1976 uniform chromaticity-scale (UCS) diagram and population stereotypes for color naming. This information should simplify the color selection process by helping the designer avoid, for example, specifying a "red" that actually appears orange. Thus, our project can be characterized as an attempt to improve on the Kelly (1943) color boundaries and is similar with an earlier effort by Haeusing (1976). It is also related to Boynton and Olson's (1987) work on focal colors. This paper describes our method, provides an overview of six experiments we have performed, and shows some representative results.
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Wang, Jinjin, and Changxue Pan. "Color Preference of Large Cruise Catering Space Based on Eye Tracking Technology." In 14th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1003258.
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The color of large cruise catering space, an indispensable part of the design, is of great significance to improve the dining experience of visitors and ensuring the comfort of the space. In this study, the eye tracking technology is used for the color needs of visitors in cruise catering space. From the perspective of visitors’ color preference, the study discusses design methods of color coordination for cruise catering space in detail, and design rules and inspirations of color matching in cruise catering space, on a basis of effective data of eye tracking experiments. And from the perspective of visual psychology and combination of colors, the study analyses color elements of cruise catering space. Subjects were invited to conduct simulation test, in which the eye tracker was used to record the data of eye movement when the subjects looked at cruise catering space, including heat map, AOI and saccades, etc. At the end of each task, each subject was asked to give the color preference in the process, so as to analyze the correlation between objective research data and subjective preference. According to the heat map, it is found that the subjects mainly focus on the catering space featuring “analogous colors harmony” and “triad complementary colors harmony”. And according to the AOI bar chart, it can be concluded that the subjects show an average fixation level in the area of “red and orange” significantly higher than that in other areas. Therefore, the results suggest that visitors are more interested in the color coordination and design of cruise catering space, when it features colors similar with red and orange. And the color preference of visitors is of great significance to improve the color quality of cruise catering space, which can stimulate people’s appetite, thereby creating a pleasant and comfortable dining environment.
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Breeding, Christopher M. "THE CAUSE OF COLOR IN ORANGE GEM DIAMONDS." In GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-341119.
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Chiba, Masato, and Masashi Yamada. "A Perceptual Study on the Ratios of Areas of Two Adjacent Colors for the Optimal Congruency." In 14th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002995.
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Cute female characters frequently appear in Cool Japan content, such as anime, video games and manga. When designing a character, color is one of the most important factors. Previous studies showed that yellow characters tended to have a cute connotation like Pokémon. A character with yellow hair also had a cute impression. Particularly, a character with yellow hair and blue irises was perceived as one of the cutest types of character. A pair of yellow and blue consists of complementary colors and generally it is said that a pair of complementary colors gives an uncomfortable impression. It could be hypothesized that the small area of the pair of blue irises functioned as the effect color when combined with the wide area of yellow hair, and these colors were perceived as congruent. A Swiss artist, theorist and educator, Johannes Itten (1888-1967) calculated the ratios of areas of different colors based on a German poet, playwright, novelist and critic, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832). Goethe insisted the ratios of brightness of different colors are “yellow: orange: red: violet: blue: green = 9:8:6:3:4:6”. Then, the ratios of area of different colors for congruency were “yellow: orange: red: violet: blue: green = 3:4:6:9:8:6”, in Itten’s theory. Itten’s theory shows an inverse tendency from the phenomenon of a cute character. According to Itten’s theory, the area of blue must be wider than yellow. However, the theories of Itten and Goethe were based on their intuition. In the present study, a perceptual experiment was conducted to directly measure the ratios of areas of different colors for congruency, to test Itten’s theory. Twelve colors were selected from Itten’s color wheel; yellow, orange, red, violet, blue and green, and 132 pairs of two different colors were prepared. Two adjacent squares were painted in two different colors and 20 participants from the Kanazawa Institute of Technology were requested to adjust the boundary of the two areas to make them most congruent, using the software Illustrator. The results of the experiment showed that the ratios were “yellow: orange: red: violet: blue: green = 5:6:5:6:7:6”. The ratio of 5:7 for yellow and blue colors were smaller than Itten’s theory, but the tendency was consistent with Itten’s theory. To conclude, the phenomenon observed in cute characters in Japanese content could not be illustrated by the ratio of areas of the complementary colors of yellow and blue. The phenomenon may be explained rather by the cultural effects where Japanese people admired Western people with blond hair and blue eyes.
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McKeon, Robert. "Object Recognition for Orange Construction Barrels using Color Segmentation." In 2006 IEEE International Conference on Electro/Information Technology. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eit.2006.252117.
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Agić, Ana, Lidija Mandić, and Nikolina Stanić Loknar. "Legibility of typefaces and preferences of text/background color variations in virtual environment." In 11th International Symposium on Graphic Engineering and Design. University of Novi Sad, Faculty of technical sciences, Department of graphic engineering and design, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/grid-2022-p92.
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Text legibility is an important and influential aspect of multimedia, not only on usual multimedia reading devices (displays, tablets, and mobile phones) but also in three-dimensional virtual environments (VE). In VEs, text can be used for many purposes in accordance with the category of experience (gaming, architectural visualization, exhibition, education). Font type used can deteriorate the VE experience if the user has to strain his eyes so that he may correctly read what has been written. The purpose of this research is to examine different fonts in order to determine which properties of a typeface are more suitable for VE. Four different fonts have been tested in 10 font sizes at three viewing distances (5, 10, and 15 meters). Times New Roman as a representative of serif fonts, Helvetica as a non-serif font, Caveat as a representative of handwritten fonts, and Roboto as a font for digital use, initially developed for the Android operating system. Different typographic characteristics of fonts significantly affect readability in VE. Additionally, was explored how the color of the text and the background color influence text readability in 20 combinations. It is known that the relationship between text color and background color affects readability. Since VR is a relatively new medium, we wanted to determine which relationship between colors of text and background is the best and whether it follows some rules present on the web. The colors of the text were black and white, and the colors of the background were black, white and gray, red, green, pastel green, blue, pastel blue, yellow, pastel orange, and pastel pink. Results regarding text color/background color have shown that most participants preferred black text on white background, black text on a gray background, and white text on a pastel orange background. On the contrary, participants rated white text on a yellow background as the least preferable combination, accompanied by white text on a pastel green background.
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Pathanibul, Panchalee, Pitchayanin Boonjun, and Sairung Sae-heng. "DEVELOPMENT OF KOMBUCHA FROM BLACK TEA AND DRIED ORANGE PEEL TEA." In THE 2023 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CREATIITY, MANAGEMENT, EDUCATION, TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES. EDUCATION STUDIO, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.62788/mm785sh.
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Kombucha is a fermented tea beverage prepared by inoculating sweetened tea with symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY). SCOBY is generally perceived as a cellulose-based thick biofilm floating in kombucha. Kombucha has been gaining increasing attention globally owing to its numerous health benefits. In this study, the first aim was to investigate the effect of SCOBY age on the quality of kombucha produced. Results showed that the color values of kombucha made from SCOBYs with 1, 3, 6 weeks of age were statistically different (p≤0.05). The 6-week-old SCOBY contributed to the overall darkest color (L*=41.07) as well as the lowest pH (3.13) and the highest acidity (0.39%) of kombucha. However, total soluble solids, ethanol content, antioxidant activity, and microbial counts were similar among kombucha produced from various ages of SCOBY (p>0.05). The second aim was to evaluate the possibility to develop a new flavor of kombucha by incorporating dried orange peel tea (0, 15, 30%) into the black tea base (15%). Kombucha including 30% orange peel tea displayed the darkest color (L*=35.44) compared with the one containing only black tea (L*=63.09). Orange peel tea addition significantly had an impact on the final kombucha regarding decreased ethanol content and microbial counts, and increased antioxidant capacity (p≤0.05). Kombucha with 15% orange peel tea received the highest acceptance by panelists in more sensory quality attributes (p≤0.05). Black tea in combination with dried orange peel tea was promising as the starting teas for developing a novel flavor of kombucha with enhanced health benefits.
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Zheng, Hong, Chunna Tian, and Wei Wei. "Visual tracking based on the color attention preserved sparse generative object model." In 2014 IEEE International Conference on Orange Technologies (ICOT). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icot.2014.6954662.
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Nagy, Allen L., and Jeffrey A. Doyal. "Effect of rod signals on red-green color discrimination thresholds." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1992.wc6.
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Red-green color discrimination thresholds were measured at 25° in the nasal retina during the cone plateau following a bleach and after 30 min of dark adaptation. Thresholds were obtained for four test colors ranging in appearance from green to red with five circular stimulus fields ranging in size from 1° to 16° in diameter. Thresholds for all test colors decreased with increases in field size both during the cone plateau and after dark adaptation. Thresholds obtained after dark adaptation were always higher than those obtained on the cone plateau. The increase in threshold was typically greatest for green and yellow test colors and least for orange and red. Results on the cone plateau were described well by the Boynton and Kambe equation for red-green thresholds. Dark-adapted thresholds could also be described by adding a term representing rod excitation to this equation.
Reports on the topic "Orange (Color)"
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Williamson, Michael, and Ping Lin. Effectiveness of Contrast Markings on Roadways and Orange Markings in Work Zones. Purdue University, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317683.
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Lane departure crashes are a leading cause of fatalities and injury crashes on roadways. To solve this problem, innovative marking in the form of contrasted white on concrete sections and orange marking in work zones were evaluated for their safety benefits. A highway safety manual approach was taken to evaluate the crash reduction benefits from each marking design. Orange marking in work zones were also evaluated for their speed, lane keeping, and lane choice effects. A survey of drivers was conducted on orange markings to ascertain public opinion, the survey indicated the potential for wide public acceptance of the new marking color on Indiana roadways. The overall findings suggest that contrast pavement markings decrease lane departure crashes from between 42% and 44%. For orange markings, a speed reducing effect of 4 mph was found in work zones and a 74% reduction in lane departure crashes. Lane centering and lane position in work zones with orange marking was also investigated.
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Li, Li, Joseph Burger, Nurit Katzir, Yaakov Tadmor, Ari Schaffer, and Zhangjun Fei. Characterization of the Or regulatory network in melon for carotenoid biofortification in food crops. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7594408.bard.
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The general goals of the BARD research grant US-4423-11 are to understand how Or regulates carotenoid accumulation and to reveal novel strategies for breeding agricultural crops with enhanced β-carotene level. The original objectives are: 1) to identify the genes and proteins in the Or regulatory network in melon; 2) to genetically and molecularly characterize the candidate genes; and 3) to define genetic and functional allelic variation of these genes in a representative germplasm collection of the C. melo species. Or was found by the US group to causes provitamin A accumulation in chromoplasts in cauliflower. Preliminary genetic study from the Israeli group revealed that the melon Or gene (CmOr) completely co-segregated with fruit flesh color in a segregating mapping population and in a wide melon germplasm collection, which set the stage for the funded research. Major conclusions and achievements include: 1). CmOris proved to be the gene that controls melon fruit flesh color and represents the previously described gflocus in melon. 2). Genetic and molecular analyses of CmOridentify and confirm a single SNP that is responsible for the orange and non-orange phenotypes in melon fruit. 3). Alteration of the evolutionarily conserved arginine in an OR protein to both histidine or alanine greatly enhances its ability to promote carotenoid accumulation. 4). OR promotes massive carotenoid accumulation due to its dual functions in regulating both chromoplast biogenesis and carotenoid biosynthesis. 5). A bulk segregant transcriptome (BSRseq) analysis identifies a list of genes associated with the CmOrregulatory network. 6). BSRseq is proved to be an effective approach for gene discovery. 7). Screening of an EMS mutation library identifies a low β mutant, which contains low level of carotenoids due to a mutation in CmOrto produce a truncated form of OR protein. 8). low β exhibits lower germination rate and slow growth under salt stress condition. 9). Postharvest storage of fruit enhances carotenoid accumulation, which is associated with chromoplast development. Our research uncovers the molecular mechanisms underlying the Or-regulated high level of carotenoid accumulation via regulating carotenoidbiosynthetic capacity and storage sink strength. The findings provide mechanistic insights into how carotenoid accumulation is controlled in plants. Our research also provides general and reliable molecular markers for melon-breeding programs to select orange varieties, and offers effective genetic tools for pro-vitamin A enrichment in other important crops via the rapidly developed genome editing technology. The newly discovered low β mutant could lead to a better understanding of the Or gene function and its association with stress response, which may explain the high conservation of the Or gene among various plant species.
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Burks, Thomas F., Victor Alchanatis, and Warren Dixon. Enhancement of Sensing Technologies for Selective Tree Fruit Identification and Targeting in Robotic Harvesting Systems. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7591739.bard.
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The proposed project aims to enhance tree fruit identification and targeting for robotic harvesting through the selection of appropriate sensor technology, sensor fusion, and visual servo-control approaches. These technologies will be applicable for apple, orange and grapefruit harvest, although specific sensor wavelengths may vary. The primary challenges are fruit occlusion, light variability, peel color variation with maturity, range to target, and computational requirements of image processing algorithms. There are four major development tasks in original three-year proposed study. First, spectral characteristics in the VIS/NIR (0.4-1.0 micron) will be used in conjunction with thermal data to provide accurate and robust detection of fruit in the tree canopy. Hyper-spectral image pairs will be combined to provide automatic stereo matching for accurate 3D position. Secondly, VIS/NIR/FIR (0.4-15.0 micron) spectral sensor technology will be evaluated for potential in-field on-the-tree grading of surface defect, maturity and size for selective fruit harvest. Thirdly, new adaptive Lyapunov-basedHBVS (homography-based visual servo) methods to compensate for camera uncertainty, distortion effects, and provide range to target from a single camera will be developed, simulated, and implemented on a camera testbed to prove concept. HBVS methods coupled with imagespace navigation will be implemented to provide robust target tracking. And finally, harvesting test will be conducted on the developed technologies using the University of Florida harvesting manipulator test bed. During the course of the project it was determined that the second objective was overly ambitious for the project period and effort was directed toward the other objectives. The results reflect the synergistic efforts of the three principals. The USA team has focused on citrus based approaches while the Israeli counterpart has focused on apples. The USA team has improved visual servo control through the use of a statistical-based range estimate and homography. The results have been promising as long as the target is visible. In addition, the USA team has developed improved fruit detection algorithms that are robust under light variation and can localize fruit centers for partially occluded fruit. Additionally, algorithms have been developed to fuse thermal and visible spectrum image prior to segmentation in order to evaluate the potential improvements in fruit detection. Lastly, the USA team has developed a multispectral detection approach which demonstrated fruit detection levels above 90% of non-occluded fruit. The Israel team has focused on image registration and statistical based fruit detection with post-segmentation fusion. The results of all programs have shown significant progress with increased levels of fruit detection over prior art.
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Friedmann, Michael, Charles J. Arntzen, and Hugh S. Mason. Expression of ETEC Enterotoxin in Tomato Fruit and Development of a Prototype Transgenic Tomato for Dissemination as an Oral Vaccine in Developing Countries. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7585203.bard.
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The broad objective of the project was to develop a feasible approach to combat diarrheal disease caused by ETEC through the development of a low-cost oral immunogen in tomato fruit, expressed in the context of a prototype tomato that would answer the shortcomings of plant oral vaccines, especially in terms of produce handling and control of gene escape. Specifically, the goals for Boyce Thompson Institute (BTI) on this project were to develop transgenic tomato lines that express the enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) subunits A and/or B for use in oral edible vaccines, and to optimize expression and assembly of these antigens in tomato fruits.LT-B is a useful vaccine antigen against ETEC disease, since antibodies against LT-B can prevent binding and delivery of the holotoxinLT. Mutant forms of the toxic LT-A subunit that have reduced toxicity can be co-expressed and assembled with LT-Bpentamers to form mutant LT (mLT) complexes that could be used as mucosaladjuvants for other oral vaccines. Work on the project is continuing at Arizona State University, after Dr. Mason moved there in August 2002. A number of approaches were taken to ensure the expression of both subunits and bring about their assembly inside the transgenic fruits. Initially, expression was driven by the fruit-specific E-8 promoter for LT-B and the constitutive CaMV 35S promoter for LT-A(K63). While LT-B accumulated up to 7 µg per gram ripe fruit, assembled LT-K63 was only 1 µg per gram. Since promoter activities for the two genes likely differed in cell type and developmental stage specificity, the ratios of A and B subunits was not optimal for efficient assembly in all cells. In order to maximize the chance of assembly of mLT in fruit, we focused on constructs in which both genes are driven by the same promoter. These included co-expression plasmids using the 35S promoter for both, while switching to attenuated mLTs (LT-R72 and LT-G192) that have shown greater potential for oral adjuvanticity than the initial LT-K63, and thus are better candidates for a plant-derived adjuvant. Other, more novel approaches were then attempted, including several new vectors using the tomato fruit-specific E8 promoter driving expression of both LT-B and mutant LT-A, as well as a dicistronic construct for co-expression of both LT-B and mutant LT-A genes from a single promoter, and a geminivirusreplicon construct. We describe in the Appendix the results obtained in transgenic tomato lines transformed with these constructs. Overall, each contributed to enhanced expression levels, but the assembly itself of the holotoxin to high levels was not observed in the fruit tissues. The Israeli lab’s specific objective was to develop transgenic tomato lines expressing the LTholotoxin antigen bearing attributes to prevent gene escape (male sterility and orange fruit color) and to improve the dissemination of the oral vaccine (long shelf-life tomato cherry fruit or tomato processing background). Breeding lines bearing a number of attributes to prevent gene escape were developed by combining material and backcrossing either to a tomato cherry background, or two different processing backgrounds. Concomitantly, (these lines can be utilized for the creation of any future oral vaccine or other therapeutic-expressing tomato, either by crosses or transformation), the lines were crossed to the holotoxin-expressing tomatoes received from the United States, and this transgenic material was also incorporated into the backcrossing programs. To date, we have finalized the preparation of the cherry tomato material, both non-transgenic (bearing all the desired attributes), and transgenic, expressing the holotoxin. The level of expression of LT-B in the cherry fruits was comparable to the original transgenic tomatoes. Since it was not higher, this would necessitate the consumption of more fruits to reach a desired dose. A final backcross has been made for both the non-transgenic and the transgenic material in the processing lines. Auxin sprays resulted in high percentages of fruit set, but the processing genotypes gave many puffed fruits.