Academic literature on the topic 'Orange Diseases and pests'
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Journal articles on the topic "Orange Diseases and pests"
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Zhang, Yin’e, and Yong Ping Liu. "Identification of Navel Orange Diseases and Pests Based on the Fusion of DenseNet and Self-Attention Mechanism." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2021 (September 2, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5436729.
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The prevention and control of navel orange pests and diseases is an important measure to ensure the yield of navel oranges. Aiming at the problems of slow speed, strong subjectivity, high requirements for professional knowledge required, and high identification costs in the identification methods of navel orange pests and diseases, this paper proposes a method based on DenseNet and attention. The power mechanism fusion (DCPSNET) identification method of navel orange diseases and pests improves the traditional deep dense network DenseNet model to realize accurate and efficient identification of navel orange diseases and pests. Due to the difficulty in collecting data of navel orange pests and diseases, this article uses image enhancement technology to expand. The experimental results show that, in the case of small samples, compared with the traditional model, the DCPSNET model can accurately identify different types of navel orange diseases and pests images and the accuracy of identifying six types of navel orange diseases and pests on the test set is as high as 96.90%. The method proposed in this paper has high recognition accuracy, realizes the intelligent recognition of navel orange diseases and pests, and also provides a way for high-precision recognition of small sample data sets.
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Rifiana, Rifiana, and Hamdani Hamdani. "The Utilization of Rice Straw for Increase Orange Productivity and Reducing Environmental Pollution." TROPICAL WETLAND JOURNAL 6, no. 1 (July 30, 2020): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/twj.v6i1.78.
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Siam Banjar oranges was one of the leading commodities in South Kalimantan with an area 2,594 ha, 113,-149 tons of production and 43.72 ha-1 of productivity (Department of Agriculture South Kalimantan, 2006 in www.kalselprov.go.id/). The development of Siam Banjar oranges in South Kalimantan was overflow in Barito Kuala and Banjar District. The level of responsiveness plants for fertilization encourages farmers to apply high inorganic fertilizers. If it is applied continuously and without return organic matter into the soil, it will produce the reduced soil fertility in terms of chemical, physical, and biological soil. This research showed the effect of the use of straw in increasing the production of Siam Banjar oranges. First, they completely decomposed so that increasing soil fertility. Second, reduce environmental pollution because it did not leave residues as inorganic fertilizers. Third, prevent soil erosion so that nutrients needed by oranges for grow properly could be fulfilled optimally. So, oranges did not easily attacked by pests and diseases then provide abundant harvest. The results of the differences between two values could be concluded that, the benefits of orange farming was produced with straw was greater than farming without straw. Revenue Cost Ratio (RCR) value of orange farming with straw was 3.56 and the Revenue Cost Ratio (RCR) value of orange farming without straw was 3.26. Based on the RCR value, orange farming with straw was more feasible than orange farming without a straw.
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Hendebo, Miheret, Ali Mohammed Ibrahim, Fekadu Gurmu, and Hussien Mohammed Beshir. "Assessment of Production and Utilization Practices of Orange-Fleshed Sweet Potatoes (Ipomoea Batatas L.) in Sidama Region, Ethiopia." International Journal of Agronomy 2022 (September 30, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4922864.
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Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is an important crop which ensures food security in developing countries. It can be harvested at any stage as needed, thereby providing a flexible source of food and income for rural families that are most vulnerable to crop failures and cash income fluctuations. The production and consumption of orange-fleshed sweet potatoes (OFSP) by smallholder farmers in the Sidama region of Southern Ethiopia were explored in this study to identify key problems and opportunities in OFSP production. A preliminary investigation and rudimentary data collection were used to gather data. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, multiple linear regression, and index grading. Based on the descriptive analysis, smallholder farmers have small landholdings of 0.51 ha per family. Farmers conserve their planting materials by leaving them in the field. This causes the materials to be extensively infested with diseases, insects, and other vertebrate pests. Farmers (54.4%) do not apply inorganic fertilizersassuming that it stimulates more vegetative growth and results in tasteless storage roots. The continuous cultivation of OFSP without fertilizer application results in nutrient depletion and reduced yield. Further, the production and utilization of OFSP in the Sidama region is constrained by factors such as diseases, lack of storage facilities, lack of planting materials, drought, insect pests, low market price, and shortage of money to purchase inputs. According to the index ranking, drought, shortage of planting material, diseases, and insect pests were the most important. Combinations of social, ecological, and economic factors limit the production of sweet potatoes and therefore, a stronger extension system on agronomic practices and credit system should be made accessible to the farmers.
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Chrpová, J., V. Šíp, P. Bartoš, A. Hanzalová, J. Palicová, L. Štočková, L. Čejka, et al. "Results of the Czech National Ring Tests of disease resistance in wheat." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 48, No. 4 (October 31, 2012): 189–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/173/2012-cjgpb.
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In this contribution actual results of the Czech national ring tests of disease resistance in wheat are presented that are performed at 3–5 locations each year. Special attention was paid to possibilities of increasing resistance to rusts, powdery mildew, Fusarium head blight and brown leaf spot diseases. New sources of resistance to the above-mentioned diseases were detected and described. Achievements and prospects of wheat breeding for resistance to these diseases, as well as to other important diseases and pests (common and dwarf bunt, eyespot and stem base diseases, barley yellow dwarf virus, orange wheat blossom midge) are discussed.
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Mutiara, Vonny Indah, and Rika Hariance. "EMPOWERMENT OF SIAMESE CITRUS FARMERS KAMANG NAGARI KAMANG HILIR, KAMANG MAGEK DISTRICT, AGAM REGENCY." Andalasian International Journal of Social and Entrepreneurial Development 1, no. 01 (November 5, 2021): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/aijsed.v1.i01.29-34.2021.
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Siam Kamang citrus farmers, who are known for their JESIKA products in Nagari Kamang Hilir, Kamang Magek District, Agam Regency, have been cultivating oranges since 1962. During its development, Siamese citrus farming experienced a period of production failure due to the CVPD virus attack. Excessive use of pesticides has affected the development of Siamese orange agribusiness in Nagari Kamang. Community service activities in the form of disseminating research results on prospects for developing Siamese orange agribusiness and the financial feasibility of Siamese citrus business are carried out in an effort to empower farmers to develop Siamese citrus farming. From the FGD activities carried out, farmers finally realized that farming patterns that use pesticides as an effort to prevent pests and diseases incur large costs and have a negative impact on the development of JESIKA agribusiness. Farmers are advised to cultivate JESIKA in accordance with the recommended SOP and apply a polyculture cropping pattern with an organic farming system to increase production more optimally.
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Arif, Alfis. "A SISTEM PAKAR HAMA DAN PENYAKIT TANAMAN JERUK GERGA PAGAR ALAM MENGGUNAKAN METODE EUCLIDEAN DISTANCE BERBASIS WEBSITE." Jurnal Teknologi Informasi Mura 11, no. 02 (December 16, 2019): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.32767/jti.v11i02.610.
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Penyediaan sistem informasi tentang penyakit Tanaman Jeruk di Kota Pagaralam masih bersifat manual sehingga tak berfungsi secara maksimal saat penyebaran informasi baik ke petani, penyuluh, & pengguna lainnya. Gangguan penyakit merupakan masalah penting yang dihadapi petani dalam usaha tani buah jeruk, selain menurunkan hasil produksi serangan penyakit juga menurunkan kualitas hasil. Oleh karena itu untuk mengetahui penyakit apa yang menyerang tanaman Jeruk maka dibutuhkan suatu sistem informasi identifikasi penyakit pada tanaman buah Jeruk berbasis website. Dengan aplikasi ini diharapkan petani dapat terbantu dalam mendiagnosis hama & penyakit yang sedang menyerang tanaman jeruknya, sehingga bisa juga mengetahui penanganannya dan mencegah serangan yang lebih luas. Metode kegiatan yang digunakan pada pembuatan sistem pakar diagnosis penyakit jeruk ini adalah analisis situasi, koleksi pengetahuan, perancangan, testing & evaluasi, dokumentasi serta pemeliharaan. Sistem pakar ini menggunakan metode Euclidean Distance atau jarak terpendek dari setiap gejala yang ada terhadap serangan hama atau penyakit jeruk. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah sebuah sistem informasi identifikasi hama dan penyakit pada tanaman buah Jeruk berbasis website.
 
 Kata kunci : Hama, Jeruk, Pakar, Euclidean Distance
 
 Abstract
 
 Provision of information systems about Citrus Disease in Pagaralam City is still manual so that it does not function optimally when disseminating information to farmers, extension workers & other users. Disease is an important problem faced by farmers in the farming of citrus fruits, in addition to reducing the production of disease attacks also reduces the quality of yields. Therefore, to find out what diseases that attack citrus plants, we need a system for identifying information on diseases in citrus fruit based on a website. With this application farmers are expected to be able to assist in diagnosing pests & diseases that are attacking their citrus plants, so they can also know how to handle them and prevent wider attacks. The method of activities used in making this expert system for diagnosis of orange disease are situation analysis, knowledge collection, design, testing & evaluation, documentation and maintenance. This expert system uses the Euclidean Distance method or the shortest distance from each symptom that exists against pests or citrus diseases. The results obtained are a website-based information system for identifying pests and diseases in citrus fruit plants.
 
 Keywords : Pests, Oranges, Experts, Euclidean Distance
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Saipol Anuar, Mohd Amar Shafiq, and Nusaibah Syd Ali. "Significant Oil Palm Diseases Impeding Global Industry: A Review." Sains Malaysiana 51, no. 3 (March 31, 2022): 707–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2022-5103-06.
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Oil palm is the most well-known high yielding and versatile oil crop grown. In 2019, Malaysia ranked as the world's second largest producer of palm oil products (28%) after Indonesia (57%), contributing around USD 9.07 billion to the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and has been the main economic contributor in the agriculture sector. In recent years, increase in demand has paralleled production. However, pests and diseases have been the major constraints in production causing reduction in palm oil quality and yield. This paper reviews a current status of oil palm diseases of significant economic importance affecting the global oil palm industry. Plant diseases such as basal stem rot (BSR), Fusarium wilt, Phytophthora bud rot, Pestalotiopsis leaf spot, common spear rot, orange spotting and upper stem rot (USR) have been classified as the major diseases of oil palm in terms of economic importance. This paper discusses on the damages caused by the diseases, the causal pathogens and pathogenicity, symptoms as well as treatments or control in the view of developing measures to manage occurrences.
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Pavlova, E. V., E. V. Krasilnikova, V. A. Motorina, S. V. Kokovkina, and T. V. Tarabukina. "Features of the development of remontant raspberry varieties in the natural and climatic conditions of the Komi Republic." Proceedings of the Komi Science Centre of the Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences 1 (2021): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.19110/1994-5655-2021-1-29-36.
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The paper presents an analysis of the possibility of growing remontant type raspberry varieties in an annual culture in the climate of the northern regions, which solves the problem of shoots overwintering, both in decorative gardening and industrial plantings. The first stage of research in the collection nursery in the experiment on five remontant raspberry varieties regarding the requirements for soil and climatic conditions, resistance to diseases and pests, growth characteris-tics and individual development allows us to assess the development features of remontant raspberry varieties in the conditions of the Komi Republic. The collection nursery of remontant forms of raspberries of the Institute of Agrobio-technologies of the Federal Research Centre, Komi Science Centre, Ural Branch, RAS, was founded in 2018 and is represented by 5 varieties: Ruby necklace; Firebird, Elegant, Orange miracle, Hercules (St.). The studies were carried out according to the provisions of the standard method of field experiment during the growing seasons of 2018-2019. Agrometeorolo-gical conditions in 2018 were favorable for raspberry plants, in contrast to 2019. The unfavorable bal-ance of heat and humidity in the growing season of 2019 caused the end of the development of remontant raspberries at the stage of vegetative growth (Hercules variety) or flowering phase (4 varieties). Variety Orange miracle in the condi-tions of the Komi Republic is more susceptible to the risks of developing mycoses and damage by shoot gall midge. According to the results of two years of research, the Ruby Necklace variety showed good results in the formation of a certain number of shoots, resistance to pests and diseases, and the general condition of plants.
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Tarabukina, T. V., E. V. Pavlova, E. V. Krasilnikova, and V. A. Motorina. "RESULTS OF A PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF REPAIRED VARIETIES OF RASPBERRY FOR GROWING IN NATURAL-CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF KOMI." Scientific Life 15, no. 11 (2020): 1440–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.35679/1991-9476-2020-15-11-1440-1453.
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The possibility of using remontant varieties adapted to the climate of the northern regions will allow solving the problem of overwintering raspberries, both in amateur and industrial plantings. Obtaining primary experimental data on the requirements for soil and climatic conditions, resistance to diseases and pests, growth characteristics and individual development in five remontant raspberry varieties is the first stage in the development of guidelines for the formation of remontant raspberry agrophytocenoses in the Komi Republic. The collection nursery of remontant forms of raspberries of the Institute of Agrobiotechnology of the Federal Research Center of the Komi Scientific Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences was founded in 2018 and is represented by 5 varieties: Ruby necklace; Firebird, Elegant, Orange miracle, Hercules (St.). The studies were carried out according to the provisions of the standard method of field experiment during the growing seasons of 2018-2019. Agrometeorological conditions in 2018 were favorable for raspberry plants, in contrast to 2019. The unfavorable balance of heat and humidity during the growing season of 2019 caused the end of the development of remontant raspberries at the stage of vegetative growth (Hercules variety) or the flowering phase (4 varieties). Variety Orange miracle in the conditions of the Komi Republic is more susceptible to the risks of developing mycoses and damage by shoot gall midge. In the standard variety Hercules, despite the good vegetative growth of shoots in both years, a massive transition of plants to the ripening of berries was not noted. According to the results of two years of research, the varieties Ruby Necklace and Elegant showed good results in the formation of a certain number of shoots, resistance to pests and diseases, and the general condition of plants at the end of flowering.
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Rodríguez-Machado, Eniel, Osmany Aday-Díaz, Luis Hernández-Santana, Jorge Luís Soca-Muñoz, and Rubén Orozco-Morales. "Spectral signature of brown rust and orange rust in sugarcane." Revista Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad de Antioquia, no. 96 (February 21, 2020): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.redin.20191042.
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Precision agriculture, making use of the spatial and temporal variability of cultivable land, allows farmers to refine fertilization, control field irrigation, estimate planting productivity, and detect pests and disease in crops. To that end, this paper identifies the spectral reflectance signature of brown rust (Puccinia melanocephala) and orange rust (Puccinia kuehnii), which contaminate sugar cane leaves (Saccharum spp.). By means of spectrometry, the mean values and standard deviations of the spectral reflectance signature are obtained for five levels of contamination of the leaves in each type of rust, observing the greatest differences between healthy and diseased leaves in the red (R) and near infrared (NIR) bands. With the results obtained, a multispectral camera was used to obtain images of the leaves and calculate the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The results identified the presence of both plagues by differentiating healthy from contaminated leaves through the index value with an average difference of 11.9% for brown rust and 9.9% for orange rust.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Orange Diseases and pests"
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Knight, Toby George. "Investigation of the physiological basis of the rind disorder oleocellosis in Washington navel orange (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck)." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2002. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AHP/09ahpk71.pdf.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 152-164) Microscopy investigations into the oil glands, localisation of the rind oils and the development of oleocellosis have been carried out in Washington navel orange (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck). Aims to develop an improved understanding of the physiological basis of the rind disorder.
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Wright, Jacqueline Gilda. "The role of endophytes in citrus stem end rots." Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19736654.
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Phiri, Zanele Penelope. "Creasing studies in citrus." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4219.
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Thesis (MScAgric (Horticulture))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Creasing, also known as albedo breakdown, is a preharvest disorder that affects the albedo of
citrus fruit causing creases on the surface of the fruit. It is a recurrent problem in Navel and
Valencia oranges and can cause individual orchard losses which often exceed 50%. Although the
contributing factors are known, the physiological basis of creasing development is unresolved and
the current control measures do not prevent creasing satisfactory. Hence, better control measures
and further understanding of the physiology of creasing development is required.
The objective of this two-year study was to determine if the position of fruit in a tree, light and
carbohydrate manipulation techniques, and albedo mineral nutrients influence creasing
development. Furthermore, the most effective application timing of gibberellic acid (GA3) with
the least negative effect on fruit rind colour development and the effectiveness of cytokinins,
other products and different root biostimulants to reduce creasing incidence were evaluated.
The position of fruit in the tree and light influenced the development of creasing and the
distribution of mineral nutrients in the albedo. Creasing incidence was higher on the south side
than on the north side of the tree and fruit from the inside sub-sectors had a greater creasing
incidence compared to fruit from the outside sub-sectors. The shady part of outside fruit was
more creased compared to the sunny part of the fruit and covering fruit with brown paper bags
increased creasing severity. The light manipulation techniques used on the leaves and fruit
increased the nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and manganese (Mn) concentrations in
the albedo and differences in the albedo mineral nutrients amongst the sub-sectors evaluated were
observed, but creasing severity or creasing incidence was not significantly correlated with the
albedo mineral concentrations at harvest. Albedo mineral concentrations earlier in the season may
play a role in creasing development, as creasing severity was significantly correlated with copper (Cu), K, and Mn concentrations in the albedo during stage II of fruit development. Creasing
incidence and albedo mineral concentrations were not affected by any of the carbohydrate
manipulation techniques used in this study.
The incidence and severity of creasing was significantly reduced, with a minor negative effect on
fruit rind colour development, by the application of GA3, from mid November to mid January.
Localised fruit application of CPPU [N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N-phenylurea], MaxCel (6-
Benzyladenine) and CPPU in combination with calcium after physiological fruit drop reduced the
incidence and severity of creasing, although creasing incidence was not significantly different
from the control. The application of Messenger®, AVG (aminoethoxyvinylglycine) and different
root biostimulants did not reduce creasing incidence. The results showed that cytokinins could
reduce creasing incidence and justify further studies on application and uptake efficiency. The
use of different root biostimulants are not recommended, but it is suggested that treatment effects
may be more pronounced over a longer period.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Kraakskil is ‘n vooroes abnormalitiet wat die albedo van sitrusvrugte affekteer, deur krake op die
oppervlak van vrugte te veroorsaak. Dit is ‘n algemene probleem in Navel en Valencia lemoene
en kan boordverliese van tot 50% of soms hoër veroorsaak. Alhoewel die bydraende faktore
bekend is, is die fisiologiese basis van kraakskil ontwikkeling onopgelos en die beskikbare
beheermaatreëls is nie bevredigend nie. Dus, beter beheermaatreëls en ‘n beter begrip van die
fisiologie van kraakskil ontwikkeling is nodig.
Die doel van die twee-jaar studie was om te bepaal of die posisie van vrugte in ‘n boom, lig en
koolhidraat manipulasie tegnieke en minerale elemente in die albedo, kraakskil ontwikkeling
beïnvloed. Die mees effektiewe toedieningstyd van gibberelliensuur (GA3) sonder ‘n negatiewe
effek op vrugkleur is bepaal en die effektiwiteit van sitokiniene, ander produkte en verskillende
wortel biostimulante om kraakskil voorkoms te verminder, is geëvalueer.
Die posisie van vrugte in ‘n boom en lig het kraakskil ontwikkeling en die verspreiding van
minerale element in die albedo beïnvloed. Kraakskil voorkoms was hoër aan die suidekant van
die boom as aan die noordekant en vrugte in die binnekant van die boom het ‘n groter kraakskil
voorkoms as vrugte in die buitekant van die boom gehad. Die skadukant van buitevrugte het meer
kraakskil gehad as die sonkant en die toemaak van vrugte met ‘n bruin papiersak het die graad
van kraaksil verhoog. Die lig manipulasie tegnieke wat op die blare en vrugte gebruik is, het die
stikstof (N), fosfaat (P), kalium (K) en mangaan (Mn) konsentasies in die albedo verhoog en
verskille in die albedo minerale elemente tussen sub-sektore is waargeneem, maar betekenisvolle
korrelasies is nie tussen die graad en voorkoms van kraakskil en die albedo minerale element
konsentrasies by oestyd waargeneem nie. Albedo minerale element konsentrasies vroeër in die
seisoen mag ‘n rol speel by kraakskil ontwikkeling, omdat die graad van kraakskil betekenisvol gekorreleer was met albedo koper (Cu), K, en Mn konsentrasies tydens fase II van
vrugontwikkeling. Kraakskil voorkoms en albedo minerale element konsentrasies is nie deur
enige van die koolhidraat manipulasie tegnieke geaffekteer nie.
Die voorkoms en graad van kraakskil is betekenisvol verlaag, met ‘n geringe negatiewe effek op
vrugkleur, deur die toediening van GA3 vanaf mid November tot mid Januarie. Gelokaliseerde
vrugtoedienings van CPPU [N-(2-chloro-4-piridiel)-N-phenielureum], MaxCel (6-
Bensieladenien) en CPPU saam met kalsium na fisiologiese vrugval het die voorkoms en graad
van kraakskil verlaag, alhoewel kraakskil voorkoms nie betekenisvol van die kontrole verskil het
nie. Die toediening van Messenger®, AVG (amino etoksievinielglisien) en veskillende wortel
biostimulante het nie kraakskil voorkoms verlaag nie. Die resultate het getoon dat sitokiniene
kraakskil voorkoms kan verlaag en verdere studies op die toediening en opname effektiwiteit
word aanbeveel. Die gebruik van verskillende wortel biostimulante word nie aanbeveel nie, maar
die effek behoort meer sigbaar te wees na ‘n langer periode van behandeling.
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Barbosa, Gabriela da Rocha 1984. "Tecnologias em combate : tradução e controvérsias na produção de laranja no Estado de São Paulo." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/286901.
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Previous issue date: 2012<br>Resumo: O objetivo desta tese é entender o processo de transformação na cadeia produtiva da laranja no estado de São Paulo a partir da análise das mudanças tecnológicas introduzidas no setor produtor de laranja ao longo dos anos 2000. O estudo foca as mudanças tecnológicas relativas ao combate de doenças na lavoura citrícola, buscando analisar as controvérsias e as relações de poder presentes no processo de apropriação dessas tecnologias. As negociações em torno das formas de combate à doença da laranja conhecida como Huanglongbing (HLB ou greening) constituem o estudo de caso central na tese. O trabalho combinou a utilização de duas abordagens teóricas distintas: a cadeia global de mercadorias (global commodity chains) e a teoria ator-rede (actor network theory). A investigação também compreendeu a análise de dados empíricos a partir da realização de pesquisa de campo com diferentes estratos de produtores rurais de laranja e representantes institucionais da cadeia. Foi possível verificar que as políticas fitossanitárias de combate ao greening divulgadas pelos órgãos públicos e entidades representantes do setor não conseguiram conter o avanço da doença. Estes falharam em traduzir os interesses dos atores envolvidos na produção da laranja ao reduzir o controle a uma questão técnica desconsiderando o quadro de crise e de ampliação de assimetrias de poder na cadeia produtiva. Apesar da base técnica de controle de doenças adotada no setor apresentar sinais de esgotamento, medidas alternativas de controle esbarram nas exigências competitivas ditadas pelo modelo agrícola do setor e pela estrutura de governança da cadeia produtiva de laranja. Com o avanço do greening pelo estado de São Paulo desencadeia-se um processo de transformação sócio-técnica na cadeia produtiva da laranja cujas características principais são a crescente tecnificação do processo de produção e a ampliação das barreiras à permanência de produtores no setor<br>Abstract: The aim of this thesis is to understand the current transformation process in the orange production chain in Sao Paulo state on the basis of an analysis of technological changes in the sector over the years 2000. The study focuses on the technologies designed to combat diseases in citrus crops, trying to analyze the controversies and power relations present in the process of adoption of these technologies. Negotiations over the ways to combat the citrus disease known as Huanglongbing (HLB or greening) are the central case study in the thesis. The study combined the use of two distinct theoretical approaches: global commodity chains and actor network theory. The investigation also included the analysis of empirical data gathered through field research conducted with different strata of orange producers and institutional representatives of the productive chain. It was verified that the phytosanitary policies conducted by public entities and institutional representatives to combat the greening failed to contain the spread of the disease. These policies failed to translate the interests of the actors involved in orange production because they limited the combat of the disease to a technical issue ignoring the context of the crisis and the expansion of power asymmetries in the orange production chain. Despite the technical basis of disease control have shown signs of exhaustion, the adoption of alternative methods of control were restricted by the competitive requirements dictated by the "modern" agriculture pattern and the governance structure of the productive chain. With the spread of citrus greening disease in São Paulo state, there is the onset of a socio-technical transformation in the orange production chain, which main features are the increasing technification of the orange production process and the growing barriers to the stability of the current producers in the sector<br>Doutorado<br>Politica Cientifica e Tecnologica<br>Doutora em Política Científica e Tecnológica
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Gabia, Adriana Aparecida [UNESP]. "Flutuação populacional de Tylenchulus semipenetrans em citros, sua correlação com a produção e determinação das variáveis para avaliação populacional." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97265.
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gabia_aa_me_botfca.pdf: 416606 bytes, checksum: 894930ec055a3224888bc51077855bce (MD5)<br>Tylenchulus semipenetrans é o principal nematoide em citros, causando perdas que variam de 10 a 30%. Está amplamente disseminado nos pomares citrícolas do Brasil. Para determinar o nível populacional desse nematoide, que varia durante o ano, diferentes variáveis são utilizadas. Sendo assim o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a flutuação populacional do nematoide T. semipenetrans em pomar de laranja ‘Pera Rio’ enxertada em limoeiro ‘Cravo’, correlacionar a população do nematoide no final de cada estação com a produção e correlacionar o número de fêmeas na raiz com o número de juvenis encontrados nas amostras de solo e raiz. As amostragens foram realizadas no final de cada estação climática, durante a safra 2011/2012, numa profundidade de 0-30 cm, na projeção da copa de 10 plantas sem sintomas, 10 com sintomas e as adjacentes das sintomáticas, totalizando 60 plantas. Os nematoides presentes no solo foram extraídos pela metodologia de flutuação em centrifuga e das raízes pela técnica do liquidificador e centrifugação. Os frutos de cada planta foram colhidos separadamente e pesados. Para contagem das fêmeas, 1g de raiz de cada amostra foi submetida à coloração para facilitar a contagem. O número de nematoides no solo e na raiz foram plotados em gráficos e correlacionados com dados de temperatura e precipitação pluviométrica pela análise de Pearson; os dados de peso de fruto por planta e número de nematoides em solo...<br>Tylenchulus semipenetrans is the main nematodes in citrus trees, causing losses ranging from 10 to 30%. It is widespread in the citrus orchards of Brazil. To determine the level of nematode population which varies over the year, different variable are used. Therefore the objective of this study was to evaluate the fluctuation of nematode T. semipenetrans on acreage with orange ‘Pera Rio’ grafted on ‘Rangpur’, correlate the nematode population at the end of each season with the production and correlate the number of females in the root with the number of juveniles found in soil samples and root . Samples were taken at the end of each season climate, during the 2011/2012 season, at a depth of 0-30 cm, the crown projection of 10 plants without symptoms, 10 with symptoms and symptomatic adjacent plant, totaling 60 plants. The nematodes in the soil were extracted by centrifugal flotation method and the technique of the roots of the blender and centrifugation. The fruits of each plant were harvested and weighed separately. To count the number of females in the roots, 1g of each root sample was colored and subsequently dried. The number of nematodes in soil and roots were plotted on graphs and correlated with data on temperature and rainfall by Pearson analysis, the data for fruit weight per plant and the number of nematodes in soil and roots, on each season, were transformed and analyzed by Spearman correlation, considering both the significance level of 5%. The data on soil nematode, root nematode, sum of soil and root nematode and females per gram of root were analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis and subsequent to the correlation matrix. In the region of Botucatu, central western state of São Paulo, the largest population level of the citrus nematode occurred in late winter and lowest in late spring, and the nematodes... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Gabia, Adriana Aparecida 1984. "Flutuação populacional de Tylenchulus semipenetrans em citros, sua correlação com a produção e determinação das variáveis para avaliação populacional /." Botucatu, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97265.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Silvia Renata Siciliano Wilcken<br>Banca: Sarita Leonel<br>Banca: Claudio Marcelo Gonçalves de Oliveira<br>Resumo: Tylenchulus semipenetrans é o principal nematoide em citros, causando perdas que variam de 10 a 30%. Está amplamente disseminado nos pomares citrícolas do Brasil. Para determinar o nível populacional desse nematoide, que varia durante o ano, diferentes variáveis são utilizadas. Sendo assim o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a flutuação populacional do nematoide T. semipenetrans em pomar de laranja 'Pera Rio' enxertada em limoeiro 'Cravo', correlacionar a população do nematoide no final de cada estação com a produção e correlacionar o número de fêmeas na raiz com o número de juvenis encontrados nas amostras de solo e raiz. As amostragens foram realizadas no final de cada estação climática, durante a safra 2011/2012, numa profundidade de 0-30 cm, na projeção da copa de 10 plantas sem sintomas, 10 com sintomas e as adjacentes das sintomáticas, totalizando 60 plantas. Os nematoides presentes no solo foram extraídos pela metodologia de flutuação em centrifuga e das raízes pela técnica do liquidificador e centrifugação. Os frutos de cada planta foram colhidos separadamente e pesados. Para contagem das fêmeas, 1g de raiz de cada amostra foi submetida à coloração para facilitar a contagem. O número de nematoides no solo e na raiz foram plotados em gráficos e correlacionados com dados de temperatura e precipitação pluviométrica pela análise de Pearson; os dados de peso de fruto por planta e número de nematoides em solo... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: Tylenchulus semipenetrans is the main nematodes in citrus trees, causing losses ranging from 10 to 30%. It is widespread in the citrus orchards of Brazil. To determine the level of nematode population which varies over the year, different variable are used. Therefore the objective of this study was to evaluate the fluctuation of nematode T. semipenetrans on acreage with orange 'Pera Rio' grafted on 'Rangpur', correlate the nematode population at the end of each season with the production and correlate the number of females in the root with the number of juveniles found in soil samples and root . Samples were taken at the end of each season climate, during the 2011/2012 season, at a depth of 0-30 cm, the crown projection of 10 plants without symptoms, 10 with symptoms and symptomatic adjacent plant, totaling 60 plants. The nematodes in the soil were extracted by centrifugal flotation method and the technique of the roots of the blender and centrifugation. The fruits of each plant were harvested and weighed separately. To count the number of females in the roots, 1g of each root sample was colored and subsequently dried. The number of nematodes in soil and roots were plotted on graphs and correlated with data on temperature and rainfall by Pearson analysis, the data for fruit weight per plant and the number of nematodes in soil and roots, on each season, were transformed and analyzed by Spearman correlation, considering both the significance level of 5%. The data on soil nematode, root nematode, sum of soil and root nematode and females per gram of root were analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis and subsequent to the correlation matrix. In the region of Botucatu, central western state of São Paulo, the largest population level of the citrus nematode occurred in late winter and lowest in late spring, and the nematodes... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Mestre
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Terry, Alan J. "Control of pests and diseases." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.505965.
Full text
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George, Adrienne. "Cataloguing Diseases and Pests in Captive Corals." Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3115.
Full textAbstract:
Stony corals (Order Scleractinia) are susceptible to a variety of diseases, which can occur from abiotic or biotic factors, or a combination of both. Public aquaria provide opportunities to study coral disease. Because coral mucus is the first line of defense against disease, the Biolog EcoplateTM is a useful tool to detect differences in microbial assemblages in the surface mucopolysaccharide (mucus) layer when comparing healthy and diseased corals. Histological examination is essential to document structural changes in coral tissue in response to diseases. This study identifies and characterizes diseases in captive corals through visual recognition, characterization of carbon utilization by microbial assemblages in coral mucus samples, and histological examination. In March 2010, surveys were sent to public aquaria throughout the United States that house corals. If the survey was returned indicating that the aquarium had diseased coral specimens present, sample kits were sent to the aquarium to acquire photographs, mucus samples for microbial carbon utilization analysis, and tissue samples for histological examination. Eighteen aquaria participated in the survey and 25 sets of samples were provided. The gross lesions from diseased samples fit into six categories: discoloration associated with darkening of the tissue or with color loss (bleaching), growth anomalies, and tissue loss associated with pests, with brown jelly, or with no obvious cause. Seven categories of possible contributing factors were reported: addition of inadequately quarantined corals to the tank, damage during transport, change of location, manual stress, and variations in light, salinity, or temperature. Introduction of inadequately quarantined specimens was the most common possible contributing factor to pest introduction. Significant differences in carbon source utilization were found between tank-water samples and mucus from both healthy and diseased areas of sampled corals. Although mucus samples from healthy and diseased samples did not differ in carbon source utilization overall, D-mannitol was used by 52% of microbial assemblages from mucus from diseased areas compared with only 17% of microbial assemblages from healthy mucus samples. Histologically, the most commonly observed features across all samples were healthy zooxanthellae, endolithic organisms, and nematocysts, all of which are normal features that can be influenced by stress factors. Brown granular material and ciliates were found associated with some anomalies, primarily the three categories of tissue loss. The presence of dense aggregates of zooxanthellate-engorged ciliates in corals afflicted with brown jelly was highly similar to histological observations of brown band syndrome, previously described from natural coral reefs.
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Rodríguez, Baixauli Ana María. "Genetic engineering of plant volatiles in fleshy fruits: pest repellency and disease resistance through D-limonene downregulation in transgenic orange plants." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/31655.
Full textAbstract:
Los terpenos constituyen el mayor grupo de metabolitos secundarios, siendo
componentes de las glándulas de aceites esenciales, de las flores y de las resinas defensivas
de plantas aromáticas, a los que proporcionan sus aromas y sabores característicos. Los
terpenos volátiles se asocian a la defensa de muchas especies de plantas, animales y
microorganismos contra depredadores, patógenos y competidores. Por otra parte, estos
compuestos parecen servir como señales para atraer a los polinizadores y agentes dispersores
de semillas, así como a depredadores de plagas. El estudio de compuestos orgánicos volátiles
emitidos durante el desarrollo del fruto y después del desafío con diferentes agentes bióticos
puede ayudar a conocer las interacciones de los frutos carnosos no sólo con vertebrados
dispersores y depredadores, sino también con insectos y microorganismos.
Los frutos carnosos son particularmente ricos en volátiles. En los frutos cítricos, los
monoterpenos son los principales componentes de las glándulas del aceite esencial de la
cáscara (flavedo), siendo el D-limoneno el más abundante (hasta 95% en la naranja). Esta
característica hace que los cítricos sean un buen sistema modelo para el estudio de la función
de los terpenos en los frutos. La biología molecular moderna permite la realización de
experimentos para comprobar la función de terpenos por medio del uso de organismos
transformados genéticamente en los que se han manipulado los niveles de acumulación de
dichos compuestos. En este trabajo, se ha utilizado un plásmido que alberga el cDNA completo
del gen de una limoneno sintasa de cítricos (CiTMTSE1) en orientación antisentido (AS) o
sentido (S) para modificar la expresión y la acumulación de D-limoneno en plantas de naranjo
dulce (Citrus sinensis L. Osb.). La acumulación de D-limoneno en las frutas AS se redujo
drásticamente pero la acumulación de otros terpenos también se modificó, afectando a
compuestos tales como alcoholes monoterpenos, cuya concentración se incrementó en la
cáscara de las frutas. Las plantas transformadas fueron morfológicamente indistinguibles de las
plantas control (WT) y de las plantas transformadas con el vector vacío (EV).
Los frutos transgénicos fueron desafiados con un insecto plaga y con diferentes
patógenos para probar si la alteración de los niveles de acumulación de estos volátiles daba
como resultado una mejora en la respuesta del flavedo frente a plagas y patógenos. Los
machos de la mosca mediterránea de la fruta (Ceratitis capitata) expuestos a las frutas AS y EV
en ensayos en túnel de viento fueron significativamente más atraídos por el aroma de los frutos
control EV. En otros experimentos de desafío con el hongo de la podredumbre verde
Penicillium digitatum y la bacteria causante de la cancrosis de los cítricos Xanthomonas
axonopodis subsp. citri, las frutas transgénicas con un contenido reducido de D-limoneno
mostraron elevada resistencia a estos patógenos. El alto contenido en D-limoneno en la
cáscara de naranjas maduras puede ser una señal para la atracción de plagas y
microorganismos que podrían estar involucrados en la facilitación del acceso a la pulpa de los
frugívoros dispersores de semillas.
El análisis de la expresión génica global en el flavedo de las frutas transgénicas vinculó
la disminución de D-limoneno y la reducción de la expresión de genes del metabolismo de
monoterpenos con la activación de la expresión de genes implicados en inmunidad innata,
incluyendo factores de transcripción, genes de quinasas implicadas en la entrada de Ca2+ en la
célula y genes implicados en la activación de las cascadas de MAPKs, con la consiguiente
activación de la ruta de señalización de ácido jasmónico (JA), lo que provocó la activación del
metabolismo de JA y un aumentó drástico de la acumulación de JA en la cáscara de la naranja
tras el desafío con P. digitatum, lo que explicaría la resistencia al menos a hongos necrotrofos
observada en las frutas.
Estos resultados indican que la acumulación de D-limoneno en la cáscara de la naranja
estaría implicada en la interacción trófica entre las frutas, insectos y microorganismos, lo cual
proporciona una visión mucho más amplia de las funciones de los terpenos en la naturaleza.
También representa una alternativa muy prometedora para incrementar la resistencia o
tolerancia de las plantas frente a patógenos y plagas.<br>Terpenes, the largest group of secondary metabolites, are well known as constituents of essential oils, floral scents and defensive resins of aromatic plants, to which they impart their characteristic aromas and flavors. Terpene volatiles defend many species of plants, animals and microorganisms against predators, pathogens and competitors. Moreover, those compounds seem to serve as advertisements to attract pollinators and seed-dispersal agents as well as pest predators. The study of VOCs emitted during fruit development and after challenge with different biotic agents may help to determine the interactions of fleshy fruits not only with legitimate vertebrate dispersers and predators, but also with insects and microorganisms.
Fleshy fruits are particularly rich in volatiles. In citrus fruits, monoterpenes are the main components of the essential oil glands of the peel, being D-limonene the most abundant one (up to 95% in orange fruits). This characteristic makes citrus a good model system for studying the function of terpenes in plants. Modern molecular biology now enable experiments to test terpenoid function by the use of genetically transformed organisms in which terpene levels have been manipulated. In this work, a plasmid harboring the complete cDNA of a citrus limonene synthase gene (CiTMTSE1) in antisense (AS) or sense (S) orientation was used to modify the expression and accumulation of D-limonene of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osb) plants. D-limonene accumulation in AS fruits was dramatically reduced but the accumulation of other terpenoids was also modified, such as monoterpene alcohols, whose concentration increased in the peel of fruits. Genetically transformed plants were morphologically indistinguishable from wild-type (WT) and empty vector (EV) control plants.
Transgenic fruits were challenged against a pest and different pathogens to test whether volatile profile alteration results in an improvement in the response of the fruit flavedo against them. Males of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) exposed to AS fruits versus EV in wind tunnel assays were significantly more attracted to the odor of EV control fruits. In separate experiments with the green mould rot of citrus fruits and citrus canker caused by Penicillium digitatum and Xanthomonas axonopodis subsp. citri, respectively, transgenic fruits with a reduced content in D-limonene showed resistance to both pathogens. High D-limonene content in mature orange peels may be a signal for attractiveness of pests and microorganisms which might be likely involved in facilitating the access to the pulp of seed dispersal frugivores.
A global gene expression analysis of the flavedo of AS transgenic fruits linked the decrease of D-limonene and monoterpene metabolism to the up-regulation of genes involved in the innate immunity response, including transcription factors together with Ca2+ entry into the cell and activation of MAPK cascades, contributing to activation of jasmonic acid (JA) signaling, which triggered the up-regulation of JA metabolism and drastically increased the accumulation of JA in orange peels upon fungal challenge, explaining the resistance to necrotrophic fungi observed in AS fruits.
These results indicate that limonene accumulation in the peel of citrus fruit appears to be involved in the successful trophic interaction between fruits, insects, and microorganisms and provide a much more comprehensive view of roles of terpenes in nature. It also represents a very promising alternative for increasing resistance or tolerance of plants to pathogens.<br>Rodríguez Baixauli, AM. (2013). Genetic engineering of plant volatiles in fleshy fruits: pest repellency and disease resistance through D-limonene downregulation in transgenic orange plants [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/31655<br>TESIS
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Denman, Sandra. "Botryosphaeria diseases of proteaceae." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52721.
Full textAbstract:
Dissertation (PhD (Agric))--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Fungi belonging to the genus Botryosphaeria are heterotrophic micromycetes that can be
pathogens on woody plants. They cause serious, and in some cases devastating losses to
crops through leaf necrosis, stem cankers and plant death. The Proteaceae cut-flower
industry in South Africa accounts for 70% of the national cut-flower enterprise.
Botryosphaeria diseases are a major impediment to production and trade of Proteaceae
and there is an urgent need to investigate the etiology, epidemiology and control of these
diseases. Losses of one of the most important proteas, P. magnifica, amount to 50% or
more, locally. The main aims of this study were therefore to establish the etiology and
aspects of epidemiology of Botryosphaeria stem cankers on P. magnifica and other
Proteaceae, and to investigate methods of disease control.
Although there is a vast body of information pertaining to this fungus, which was
reviewed in Chapter 1, there is relatively little information available on Botryosphaeria
on Proteaceae. The taxonomy of Botryosphaeria requires thorough review, and
molecular techniques need to be employed to resolve species identities.
In Chapter 2, it was found that Phyllachora proteae, a leaf pathogen of proteas,
produced a Fusicoccum anamorph, which is described as F. proteae. A sphaeropsis-like
synanamorph was associated with F. proteae and a new combination for P. proteae is
proposed in Botryosphaeria, as B. proteae.
The taxonomy of Botryosphaeria is in disarray at both the generic and the specific
level. In Chapter 3 the taxonomic history of Botryosphaeria is reviewed, and the genus
circumscribed and distinguished from other morphologically similar genera. Although
several anamorph genera have been linked to Botryosphaeria, based on morphological
observations and phylogenetic analysis of lTS rDNA sequence data, two anamorph
genera are now recognised, those with pigmented conidia (Diplodia), and those with
hyaline conidia (Fusicoccum). Botryosphaeria proteae should thus be excluded from
Botryosphaeria.
Several pathogenic Botryosphaeria spp. have an endophytic phase within their
hosts. They are therefore imported unwittingly into other countries where they may pose
a risk to agriculture and indigenous vegetation. The current global distribution of Botryosphaeria spp. associated with Proteaceae is clarified and a key to these taxa
associated with Proteaceae is provided in Chapter 4. Five Botryosphaeria spp. are
associated with cut-flower Proteaceae worldwide viz. B. lute a, B. obtusa, B. protearum,
B. proteae and B. rib is. B. protearum is described as a new species.
A thorough understanding of disease epidemiology is essential to effect a
reduction of losses. In Chapter 5, I show that on P. magnifica, lesions caused by
Botryosphaeria protearum, which lead to the formation of stem cankers, are initiated in
the mid-rib vein or margin of leaves. Koch's postulates were satisfied and it was found
that the number of lesions that developed from artificial inoculations correlated with
starch levels present in leaves at the time of inoculation.
In Chapter 6 it is shown that B. protearum exists as an endophyte in leaves of P.
magnifica in naturally occurring as well as cultivated plants. In natural stands of proteas
stem cankers are rare, but in cultivated plantations the incidence is high. Nutritional
analyses indicate that higher levels of nitrogen occur in leaves of cultivated plants in
spring, which could enhance disease development. High levels of sodium in the leaves of
wild plants may restrict disease development.
The severe economic losses caused by B. protearum make the search for
improved methods of disease control essential. Fungicide applications form an important
component of an integrated approach to disease management. In Chapter 7, in vitro tests
demonstrate that tebuconazole, benomyl, prochloraz me, iprodione and fenarimol reduce
the mycelial growth of B. protearum effectively. In the field there was a 25-85%
reduction in the occurrence of stem cankers by applying fungicides or sanitation pruning.
The best control was achieved by using benomyl, bitertanol, fenarimol, iprodione,
prochloraz manganese chloride alternated with mancozeb and tebuconazole
prophylactically. If sanitation pruning is combined with regular applications of
fungicides, disease can be combated.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Mikrofungi wat tot die genus Botryosphaeria behoort, is heterotrofiese organismes, wat
patogenies op houtagtige plante kan wees. Hulle veroorsaak ernstige, en in sommige
gevalle, verwoestende verliese, deur blaarnekrose, stamkankers en plantafsterwing. Die
Proteaceae snyblom-industrie in Suid-Afrika maak 70% van die nasionale snyblomindustrie
uit. Botryosphaeria siektes is 'n belangrike struikelblok in die produksie en
handeldryf van Proteaceae, en daar is 'n ernstige behoefte om die etiologie,
epidemiologie en beheer van siektes te ondersoek. Verliese van een van die belangrikste
proteas, P. magnifica, beloop plaaslik 50% of meer. Die hoof doelstellings van hierdie
studie was dus om die etiologie en epidemiologie van Botryosphaeria stamkankers op P.
magnifica en ander Proteaceae vas te stel en metodes van siektebeheer te ondersoek.
Hoewel daar 'n wye hoeveelheid inligting rakende die swam bestaan, wat in
Hoofstuk I hersien is, is daar relatief min inligting oor Botryosphaeria op Proteaceae
beskikbaar. Die taksonomie van Botryosphaeria benodig deeglike hersiening, en
molekulêre tegnieke word benodig om spesie-identiteite op te klaar.
In Hoofstuk 2 is gevind dat Phyllachora proteae, 'n blaarpatogeen van proteas, 'n
Fusicoccum anamorf produseer, wat as F. proteae beskryf word. 'n Sphaeropsis-agtige
synanamorf is met F. proteae geassosieer en 'n nuwe kombinasie vir P. proteae is as B.
proteae in Botryosphaeria voorgestel.
Die taksonomie van Botryosphaeria is, beide op die genus- as die spesievlak, in
wanorde. In Hoofstuk 3 word die taksonomiese geskiedenis van Botryosphaeria hersien,
en die genus word omskryf en van ander morfologies soortgelyke genera onderskei.
Hoewel verskeie anamorf genera al met Botryosphaeria op grond van morfologiese
waarnemings en filogenetiese analise van ITS rDNA volgorde data verbind is, word twee
anamorf genera nou herken, dié met gepigmenteerde konidia (Diplodia), en dié met
deurskynende konidia (Fusicoccum). Botryosphaeria proteae moet dus van
Botryosphaeria uitgesluit word.
Verskeie patogeniese Botryosphaeria spp. het 'n endofitiese fase in hul
lewenssiklus. Hulle word dus onwetend in ander lande ingevoer waar hulle 'n gevaar vir
landbou en inheemse plantegroei kan inhou. Die huidige wêreldverspreiding van Botryosphaeria spp. wat met Proteaceae geassosieer word is opgeklaar, en in Hoofstuk 4
word 'n sleutel tot die taksa wat met Proteaceae geassosieer word verskaf. Vyf
Botryosphaeria spp. word met snyblom Proteaceae wêreldwyd geassosieer, naamlik B.
lutea, B. protearum, B. proteae, B. ribis en B. obtusa. B. protearum word as 'n nuwe
spesie beskryf.
'n Deeglike kennis van siekte-epidemiologie is noodsaaklik ten einde verliese te
verminder. In Hoofstuk 5 dui ek aan dat letsels wat lei tot stamkankers, veroorsaak deur
Botryosphaeria protearum op P. magnifica, in die hoofnerf of rant van blare ontstaan.
Koch se postulate is uitgevoer en daar is vasgestel dat die aantal letsels wat vanuit
kunsmatige inokulasies ontwikkel het korreleer met die styselvlakke teenwoordig in die
blare ten tye van die inokulasie.
In Hoofstuk 6 word getoon dat B. protearum as 'n endofiet in die blare van P.
magnifica. In natuurlike standplase van proteas is stamkankers skaars, maar in verboude
plantasies is die voorkoms hoog. Voedingsanalises dui aan dat hoër vlakke van stikstof
in die blare van verboude plante in die lente voorkom, wat siekte-ontwikkeling moontlik
kan bevorder. Hoë vlakke van natrium in die blare van natuurlike plante mag siekteontwikkeling
beperk.
Die ernstige ekonomiese verliese wat deur B. protearum veroorsaak word, maak
die soektog na verbeterde metodes van siektebeheer noodsaaklik. Fungisiedtoedienings
maak 'n belangrike deel uit van 'n geïntegreerde benadering tot siektebeheer. In
Hoofstuk 7 dui in vitro toetse aan dat tebuconazole, benomyl, prochloraz me, iprodione
en fenarimol die miseliumgroei van B. protearum effektief verminder. 'n Vermindering
van 25-85% is aangetoon in die voorkoms van stamkankers in die veld, deur die
toediening van fungisiedes en sanitasiesnoei. Die beste beheer is verkry deur die
voorkomende toediening van benomyl, bitertanol, fenarimol, iprodione en prochloraz
manganese chloride, afgewissel met mancozeb en tebuconazole, op plante in die veld.
Indien sanitasiesnoei met gereelde toedienings van fungisiedes gekombineer word, kan
die siekte bekamp word.
Books on the topic "Orange Diseases and pests"
1
Sawyer, Richard C. To make a spotless orange: Biological control in California. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1996.
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2
Wilson Sampaio de Azevedo Filho. Guia para coleta & identificação de cigarrinhas em pomares de citros no Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS, 2004.
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3
Wilson Sampaio de Azevedo Filho. Guia para coleta & identificação de cigarrinhas em pomares de citros no Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS, 2004.
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4
Wilson Sampaio de Azevedo Filho. Cigarrinhas de citros no Rio Grande do Sul: Taxonomia. Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS, 2006.
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5
Wilson Sampaio de Azevedo Filho. Guia para coleta & identificação de cigarrinhas em pomares de citros no Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS, 2004.
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6
1909-, Lillard Richard Gordon, and Powell Lawrence Clark 1906-, eds. Letters from the orange empire. Los Angeles: Historical Society of Southern California and A.K. Smiley Public Library, 1996.
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7
Randall, Carol. Douglas-fir beetle hazard rating system using the Oracle database and the Forest Service IBM platform. Missoula, MT: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Region, 1999.
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8
Randall, Carol. Douglas-fir beetle hazard rating system using the Oracle database and the Forest Service IBM platform. Missoula, MT: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Region, 1999.
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Randall, Carol. Hazard rating system for Mountain pine beetle in lodgepole pine using the Oracle database and the Forest service IBM platform. Missoula, MT: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Region, 2000.
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Andrew, Halstead, and Royal Horticultural Society (Great Britain), eds. Pests & diseases. London: Dorling Kindersley, 1997.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Orange Diseases and pests"
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Neves, Marcos Fava, Vinícius Gustavo Trombin, Frederico Fonseca Lopes, Rafael Kalaki, and Patrícia Milan. "Pests and diseases in the Brazil’s citrus belt." In The orange juice business, 67. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-739-4_17.
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McEwan, Margaret A., Tom A. van Mourik, Mihiretu C. Hundayehu, Frezer Asfaw, Sam Namanda, Issahaq Suleman, Sarah Mayanja, Simon Imoro, and Prince M. Etwire. "Securing Sweetpotato Planting Material for Farmers in Dryland Africa: Gender-Responsive Communication Approaches to Scale Triple S." In Root, Tuber and Banana Food System Innovations, 353–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92022-7_12.
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AbstractTriple S (Storage in Sand and Sprouting) is a root-based system for conserving and multiplying sweetpotato planting material at the household level. In sub-Saharan Africa, farmers predominantly source planting material by cutting vines from volunteer plants that sprout from roots left in the field from a previous crop. However, it takes 6 to 8 weeks after the rains start to produce enough vines for planting material, and normally these vines are infected by sweetpotato diseases and pests carried over from previous crops. Where rainfall is unpredictable, farmers can use Triple S to take advantage of the whole growing season, planting and harvesting early to obtain food, higher yields, and income. Triple S facilitates household retention and adoption of new sweetpotato varieties, notably the beta-carotene-rich, orange-fleshed varieties. Triple S PLUS is the combined innovation package of core Triple S components and complementary components used to scale the innovation. These included good agricultural practices, different storage containers, local multiplication and sales of planting material, and a multimedia communication strategy for training and extension to encourage the uptake of Triple S. Components were at different levels of scaling readiness. This chapter explores evidence from Ethiopia and Ghana (2018–2019) on the extent to which exposure to different communication channels and their combinations influenced the uptake of Triple S PLUS by male and female farmers, the partnering arrangements that supported this, and the resulting changes in food security. We discuss implications for future scaling initiatives.
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Thompson, Anthony Keith, and Ibok Oduro. "Diseases and pests." In Yams: botany, production and uses, 76–90. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249279.0006.
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Abstract This chapter describes the different diseases and pests that affect yams and various methods for their control. It particularly covers the following aspects: field fungal diseases; postharvest fungal diseases; specific fungal diseases; control of fungal diseases; bacterial diseases; viral diseases; physiological disorders; insect pests; and nematode pests.
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Laksono, N. D., U. Setiawati, F. Nur, M. Rahmaningsih, Y. Anwar, H. Rusfiandi, B. P. Forster, E. H. Sembiring, A. S. Subbarao, and H. Zahara. "Pests and diseases." In Nursery practices in oil palm: a manual, 77–85. Wallingford: CABI, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242140.0077.
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Tayal, Mukesh K., and T. P. S. Chauhan. "Silkworm Diseases and Pests." In Industrial Entomology, 265–89. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3304-9_9.
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Hunsigi, Gururaj. "Weeds, Pests and Diseases." In Advanced Series in Agricultural Sciences, 144–56. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78133-9_8.
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Sipes, B., and A. P. de Matos. "Pests, diseases and weeds." In The pineapple: botany, production and uses, 269–94. Wallingford: CABI, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786393302.0269.
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Thompson, A. K., R. K. Prange, R. D. Bancroft, and T. Puttongsiri. "Pests, diseases and disorders." In Controlled atmosphere storage of fruit and vegetables, 64–74. Wallingford: CABI, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786393739.0064.
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Sipes, Brent, and Koon-Hui Wang. "Pests, diseases and weeds." In Handbook of Pineapple Technology, 62–88. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118967355.ch4.
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Goodwin, Duncan. "Disorders, pests and diseases." In The Urban Tree, 171–85. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY : Rochester, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315266169-7.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Orange Diseases and pests"
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Mojumdar, Mayen Uddin, and Narayan Ranjan Chakraborty. "Orange & Orange leaves diseases detection using Computerized Techniques." In 2021 12th International Conference on Computing Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icccnt51525.2021.9579964.
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Munkvold, Gary P. "Managing Diseases and Pests with Seed Treatments." In Proceedings of the 16th Annual Integrated Crop Management Conference. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/icm-180809-893.
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Tumang, Gina S. "Pests and Diseases Identification in Mango using MATLAB." In 2019 5th International conference on Engineering, Applied Sciences and Technology (ICEAST). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceast.2019.8802579.
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Wang, Qiyao, Guiqing He, Feng Li, and Haixi Zhang. "A novel database for plant diseases and pests classification." In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Signal Processing, Communications and Computing (ICSPCC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icspcc50002.2020.9259502.
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Patel, Pruthvi P., and Dineshkumar B. Vaghela. "Crop Diseases and Pests Detection Using Convolutional Neural Network." In 2019 IEEE International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Communication Technologies (ICECCT). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icecct.2019.8869510.
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Kulikov, M. A., A. N. Kulikova, and A. V. Goncharov. "Resistance of sunflower hybrids to herbicides, diseases, pests and weeds." In Растениеводство и луговодство. Тимирязевская сельскохозяйственная академия, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1762-4-2020-158.
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Alfarisy, Ahmad Arib, Quan Chen, and Minyi Guo. "Deep learning based classification for paddy pests & diseases recognition." In ICMAI '18: 2018 International Conference on Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3208788.3208795.
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Xiaopeng, Dai, and Li Donghui. "Research on Rice Pests and Diseases Warning Based on CBR." In 2013 Fifth International Conference on Computational and Information Sciences (ICCIS). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccis.2013.454.
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Zhang, Ning, Zuochang Ye, and Yan Wang. "An End-to-end System for Pests and Diseases Identification." In IVSP '20: 2020 2nd International Conference on Image, Video and Signal Processing. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3388818.3389155.
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Shavanov, M. V., I. I. Shigapov, and A. Niaz. "Biological methods for pests and diseases control in agricultural plants." In ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (OCBT2020): Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference. AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0070487.
Full textReports on the topic "Orange Diseases and pests"
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Solomon, J. D., T. D. Leininger, A. D. Wilson, R. L. Anderson, L. C. Thompson, and F. I. McCracken. Ash pests: a guide to major insects, diseases, air pollution injury, and chemical injury. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/so-gtr-096.
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Solomon, J. D., T. D. Leininger, A. D. Wilson, R. L. Anderson, L. C. Thompson, and F. I. McCracken. Ash pests: a guide to major insects, diseases, air pollution injury, and chemical injury. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/so-gtr-96.
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Kosiba, Alexandra, Emma Tait, Gene Desideraggio, Alyx Belisle, Clarke Cooper, and James Duncan. Threats to the Urban Forest: The potential economic impacts of invasive forest pests and diseases in the Northeast. Forest Ecosystem Monitoring Cooperative, June 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18125/8w9j42.
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Davis, Cristina, Amots Hetzroni, Alexander Aksenov, Michael J. Delwiche, Victoria Soroker, and Victor Alchanatis. Development of a universal volatile compound detection technology for early recognition of pests and diseases in fruit trees. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600016.bard.
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Amanor, Kojo, Joseph Yaro, Joseph Teye, and Steve Wiggin. Ghana’s Cocoa Farmers Need to Change Gear: What Policymakers Need to Know, and What They Might Do. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2022.008.
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Cocoa farmers in Ghana face increasing challenges. In the past, many of them could make a living from cocoa thanks to the advantages – ‘forest rents’ – that initially apply when forest is cleared to create cocoa farms: fertile soils, few pests and diseases. With time, however, weeds invade, pests and diseases build up, and trees age. To maintain production requires more labour, more inputs and more skill. In the past, farmers would often abandon older groves and seek new forest to clear. As they did so, the frontier for cocoa farming moved westwards across Ghana to the remaining high forest. But by 2000 or so, no new forest was available. Farmers now have to manage aging stands of trees, clear weeds and parasites, and combat pests, fungi and diseases. In Suhum District in the east and in Juaboso District in the far west of Ghana, we talked to farmers. They understood the challenges they faced, and knew how to deal with some of them. But many were not farming their cocoa as well as they could, losing yields and income as a result. This brief provides a basis for policymakers to move forward in responding to the current challenges facing cocoa farmers.
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Droby, Samir, Joseph W. Eckert, Shulamit Manulis, and Rajesh K. Mehra. Ecology, Population Dynamics and Genetic Diversity of Epiphytic Yeast Antagonists of Postharvest Diseases of Fruits. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568777.bard.
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One of the emerging technologies is the use of microbial agents for the control of postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables. A number of antagonistic microorganisms have been discovered which have the potential to effectively control postharvest diseases. Some of this technology has been patented and commercial products such as AspireTM (Ecogen Corporatin, Langhorne, PA, USA), Biosave 10TM and Biosave 11TM (Ecoscience Inc., Worchester, MA, USA) have been registered for commercial use. The principal investigator of this project was involved in developing the yeast-based biofungicide-AspireTM and testing its efficacy under commercial conditions. This research project was initiated to fill the gap between the knowledge available on development and commercial implementation of yeast biocontrol agents and basic understanding of various aspects related to introducing yeast antagonists to fruit surfaces, along with verification of population genetics. The main objectives of this study were: Study ecology, population dynamics and genetic diversity of the yeast antagonists Candida guilliermondii, C. oleophila, and Debaryomyces hansenii, and study the effect of preharvest application of the yeast antagonist C. oleophila naturally occurring epiphytic microbial population and on the development of postharvest diseases of citrus fruit during storage. Our findings, which were detailed in several publications, have shown that an epiphytic yeast population of grapefruit able to grow under high osmotic conditions and a wide range of temperatures was isolated and characterized for its biocontrol activity against green mold decay caused by Penicillium digitatum. Techniques based on random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and arbitrary primed polymerase chain reaction (ap-PCR), as well as homologies between sequences of the rDNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and 5.8S gene, were used to characterize the composition of the yeast population and to determine the genetic relationship among predominant yeast species. Epiphytic yeasts exhibiting the highest biocontrol activity against P. digitatum on grapefruit were identified as Candida guilliermondii, C. oleophila, C. sake, and Debaryomyces hansenii, while C. guilliermondii was the most predominant species. RAPD and ap-PCR analysis of the osmotolerant yeast population showed two different, major groups. The sequences of the ITS regions and the 5.8S gene of the yeast isolates, previously identified as belonging to different species, were found to be identical. Following the need to develop a genetically marked strain of the yeast C. oleophila, to be used in population dynamics studies, a transformation system for the yeast was developed. Histidine auxotrophy of C. oloephila produced using ethyl methanesulfonate were transformed with plasmids containing HIS3, HIS4 and HIS5 genes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In one mutant histidin auxotrophy was complemented by the HIS5 gene of S. cerevisiae is functionally homologous to the HIS5 gene in V. oleophila. Southern blot analysis showed that the plasmid containing the S. cerevisiae HIS5 gene was integrated at a different location every C. oleophila HIS+ transformant. There were no detectable physiological differences between C. oleophila strain I-182 and the transformants. The biological control ability of C. oleophila was not affected by the transformation. A genetically marked (with b-glucuronidase gene) transformant of C. oleophila colonized wounds on orange fruits and its population increased under field conditions. Effect of preharvest application of the yeast C. oleophila on population dynamics of epiphytic microbial population on wounded and unwounded grapefruit surface in the orchard and after harvest was also studied. In addition, the effect of preharvest application of the yeast C. oleophila on the development of postharvest decay was evaluated. Population studies conducted in the orchard showed that in control, non-treated fruit, colonization of wounded and unwounded grapefruit surface by naturally occurring filamentous fungi did not vary throughout the incubation period on the tree. On the other hand, colonization of intact and wounded fruit surface by naturally occurring yeasts was different. Yeasts colonized wounded surface rapidly and increased in numbers to about two orders of magnitude as compared to unwounded surface. On fruit treated with the yeast and kept on the tree, a different picture of fungal and yeast population had emerged. The detected fungal population on the yeast-treated intact surface was dramatically reduced and in treated wounds no fungi was detected. Yeast population on intact surface was relatively high immediately after the application of AspireTM and decreased to than 70% of that detected initially. In wounds, yeast population increased from 2.5 x 104 to about 4x106 after 72 hours of incubation at 20oC. Results of tests conducted to evaluate the effect of preharvest application of AspireTM on the development of postharvest decay indicated the validity of the approach.
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Eneroth, Hanna, Hanna Karlsson Potter, and Elin Röös. Environmental impact of coffee, tea and cocoa – data collection for a consumer guide for plant-based foods. Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.2n3m2d2pjl.
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In 2020, WWF launched a consumer guide on plant-based products targeting Swedish consumers. The development of the guide is described in a journal paper (Karlsson Potter & Röös, 2021) and the environmental impact of different plant based foods was published in a report (Karlsson Potter, Lundmark, & Röös, 2020). This report was prepared for WWF Sweden to provide scientific background information for complementing the consumer guide with information on coffee, tea and cocoa. This report includes quantitative estimations for several environmental categories (climate, land use, biodiversity and water use) of coffee (per L), tea (per L) and cocoa powder (per kg), building on the previously established methodology for the consumer guide. In addition, scenarios of consumption of coffee, tea and cocoa drink with milk/plant-based drinks and waste at household level, are presented. Tea, coffee and cacao beans have a lot in common. They are tropical perennial crops traditionally grown in the shade among other species, i.e. in agroforestry systems. Today, the production in intensive monocultures has negative impact on biodiversity. Re-introducing agroforestry practices may be part of the solution to improve biodiversity in these landscapes. Climate change will likely, due to changes in temperature, extreme weather events and increases in pests and disease, alter the areas where these crops can be grown in the future. A relatively high ratio of the global land used for coffee, tea and cocoa is certified according to sustainability standards, compared to other crops. Although research on the implications of voluntary standards on different outcomes is inconclusive, the literature supports that certifications have a role in incentivizing more sustainable farming. Coffee, tea and cocoa all contain caffeine and have a high content of bioactive compounds such as antioxidants, and they have all been associated with positive health outcomes. While there is a strong coffee culture in Sweden and coffee contributes substantially to the environmental impact of our diet, tea is a less consumed beverage. Cocoa powder is consumed as a beverage, but substantial amounts of our cocoa consumption is in the form of chocolate. Roasted ground coffee on the Swedish market had a climate impact of 4.0 kg CO2e per kg powder, while the climate impact of instant coffee powder was 11.5 kg CO2e per kg. Per litre, including the energy use for making the coffee, the total climate impact was estimated to 0.25 kg CO2e per L brewed coffee and 0.16 kg CO2e per L for instant coffee. Less green coffee beans are needed to produce the same amount of ready to drink coffee from instant coffee than from brewed coffee. Tea had a climate impact of approximately 6.3 kg CO2 e per kg dry leaves corresponding to an impact of 0.064 CO2e per L ready to drink tea. In the assessment of climate impact per cup, tea had the lowest impact with 0.013 kg CO2e, followed by black instant coffee (0.024 kg CO2e), black coffee (0.038 kg CO2e), and cocoa drink made with milk (0.33 kg CO2e). The climate impact of 1kg cocoa powder on the Swedish market was estimated to 2.8 kg CO2e. Adding milk to coffee or tea increases the climate impact substantially. The literature describes a high proportion of the total climate impact of coffee from the consumer stage due to the electricity used by the coffee machine. However, with the Nordic low-carbon energy mix, the brewing and heating of water and milk contributes to only a minor part of the climate impact of coffee. As in previous research, coffee also had a higher land use, water use and biodiversity impact than tea per L beverage. Another factor of interest at the consumer stage is the waste of prepared coffee. Waste of prepared coffee contributes to climate impact through the additional production costs and electricity for preparation, even though the latter was small in our calculations. The waste of coffee and tea at Summary household level is extensive and measures to reduce the amount of wasted coffee and tea could reduce the environmental impact of Swedish hot drink consumption. For the final evaluation of coffee and tea for the consumer guide, the boundary for the fruit and vegetable group was used. The functional unit for coffee and tea was 1 L prepared beverage without any added milk or sweetener. In the guide, the final evaluation of conventionally grown coffee is that it is ‘yellow’ (‘Consume sometimes’), and for organic produce, ‘light green’ (‘Please consume). The evaluation of conventionally grown tea is that it is ‘light green’, and for organic produce, ‘dark green’ (‘Preferably consume this’). For cocoa, the functional unit is 1 kg of cocoa powder and the boundary was taken from the protein group. The final evaluation of conventionally grown cocoa is that it is ‘orange’ (‘Be careful’), and for organically produced cocoa, ‘light green’.
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Cohen, Yuval, Christopher A. Cullis, and Uri Lavi. Molecular Analyses of Soma-clonal Variation in Date Palm and Banana for Early Identification and Control of Off-types Generation. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7592124.bard.
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Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is the major fruit tree grown in arid areas in the Middle East and North Africa. In the last century, dates were introduced to new regions including the USA. Date palms are traditionally propagated through offshoots. Expansion of modern date palm groves led to the development of Tissue Culture propagation methods that generate a large number of homogenous plants, have no seasonal effect on plant source and provide tools to fight the expansion of date pests and diseases. The disadvantage of this procedure is the occurrence of off-type trees which differ from the original cultivar. In the present project we focused on two of the most common date palm off-types: (1) trees with reduced fruit setting, in which most of the flowers turn into three-carpel parthenocarpic fruits. In a severe form, multi-carpel flowers and fruitlets (with up to six or eight carpels instead of the normal three-carpel flowers) are also formed. (2) dwarf trees, having fewer and shorter leaves, very short trunk and are not bearing fruits at their expected age, compared to the normal trees. Similar off-types occur in other crop species propagated by tissue culture, like banana (mainly dwarf plants) or oil palm (with a common 'Mantled' phenotype with reduced fruit setting and occurrence of supernumerary carpels). Some off-types can only be detected several years after planting in the fields. Therefore, efficient methods for prevention of the generation of off-types, as well as methods for their detection and early removal, are required for date palms, as well as for other tissue culture propagated crops. This research is aimed at the understanding of the mechanisms by which off-types are generated, and developing markers for their early identification. Several molecular and genomic approaches were applied. Using Methylation Sensitive AFLP and bisulfite sequencing, we detected changes in DNA methylation patterns occurring in off-types. We isolated and compared the sequence and expression of candidate genes, genes related to vegetative growth and dwarfism and genes related to flower development. While no sequence variation were detected, changes in gene expression, associated with the severity of the "fruit set" phenotype were detected in two genes - PdDEF (Ortholog of rice SPW1, and AP3 B type MADS box gene), and PdDIF (a defensin gene, highly homologous to the oil palm gene EGAD). We applied transcriptomic analyses, using high throughput sequencing, to identify genes differentially expressed in the "palm heart" (the apical meristem and the region of embryonic leaves) of dwarf vs. normal trees. Among the differentially expressed genes we identified genes related to hormonal biosynthesis, perception and regulation, genes related to cell expansion, and genes related to DNA methylation. Using Representation Difference Analyses, we detected changes in the genomes of off-type trees, mainly chloroplast-derived sequences that were incorporated in the nuclear genome and sequences of transposable elements. Sequences previously identified as differing between normal and off-type trees of oil palms or banana, successfully identified variation among date palm off-types, suggesting that these represent highly labile regions of monocot genomes. The data indicate that the date palm genome, similarly to genomes of other monocot crops as oil palm and banana, is quite unstable when cells pass through a cycle of tissue culture and regeneration. Changes in DNA sequences, translocation of DNA fragments and alteration of methylation patterns occur. Consequently, patterns of gene expression are changed, resulting in abnormal phenotypes. The data can be useful for future development of tools for early identification of off-type as well as for better understanding the phenomenon of somaclonal variation during propagation in vitro.
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A 40-Year Retrospective of APHIS, 1972–2012. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7204068.aphis.
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Since APHIS was formed in 1972, it has evolved into a multi-faceted Agency with responsibilities that include protecting and promoting U.S. agricultural health from foreign pests and diseases, regulating genetically engineered organisms, administering the Animal Welfare Act, and carrying out wildlife damage management activities. It has been 15 years since APHIS compiled a history of its mission and activities. This year, 2012, marks both the 40th anniversary of the Agency and the 150th anniversary of USDA, providing a unique opportunity to put that history in context. This retrospective briefly examines the history of animal and plant health regulation within USDA, assesses APHIS'
 development over four decades, includes biographies of the Agency’s Administrators, and provides snapshots of some of the milestone issues and events that define the Agency’s history and its accomplishments.
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Plant Protection and Quarantine: Helping U.S. Agriculture Thrive--Across the Country and Around the World, 2016 Annual Report. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, March 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2017.7207241.aphis.
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For Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) and our partners, 2016 was a year of remarkable successes. Not only did we eradicate 10 fruit fly outbreaks, but we also achieved 4 years with zero detections of pink bollworm, moving us one step closer to eradicating this pest from all commercial cotton-growing areas of the continental United States. And when the U.S. corn industry faced the first-ever detection of bacterial leaf streak (Xanthomonas vasicular pv vasculorum), we devised a practical and scientific approach to manage the disease and protect valuable export markets. Our most significant domestic accomplishment this year, however, was achieving one of our agency’s top 10 goals: eliminating the European grapevine moth (EGVM) from the United States. On the world stage, PPQ helped U.S. agriculture thrive in the global market-place. We worked closely with our international trading partners to develop and promote science-based standards, helping to create a safe, fair, and predictable agricultural trade system that minimizes the spread of invasive plant pests and diseases. We reached critical plant health agreements and resolved plant health barriers to trade, which sustained and expanded U.S. export markets valued at more than $4 billion. And, we helped U.S. producers meet foreign market access requirements and certified the health of more than 650,000 exports, securing economic opportunities for U.S. products abroad. These successes underscore how PPQ is working every day to keep U.S. agriculture healthy and profitable.