Academic literature on the topic 'Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit'
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Journal articles on the topic "Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit"
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Nur Alya Rahmah. "ANALISIS FORECASTING PENJUALAN GUNA MEMINIMALISIR KERUGIAN AKIBAT KEKURANGAN STOK MENGGUNAKAN METODE MOVA DAN WMA (STUDI KASUS PADA TOTAL BUAH SEGAR CABANG CIKARANG PENJUALAN JERUK WOKAM)." Jurnal Ekonomi STIEP 8, no. 2 (November 29, 2023): 190–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.54526/jes.v8i2.155.
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In Indonesia, citrus fruits occupy the second level, which is the most consumed fruit with an average of 12.57 grams/capita/day. Lately the type of orange that is popular in Indonesia is wokam orange. Wokam oranges are citrus fruits imported from China. This type of orange can only be found in large fruit stores or supermarkets. Total Buah Segar is a large fruit shop that has several branches, one of which is Total Buah Segar Cikarang branch. Total Buah Segar Cikarang branch sells a variety of quality fruits, one of which is the popular wokam orange. Of course, its popularity can also cause problems in terms of stock inventory, namely there is often a shortage of wokam orange stock in Total Buah Segar Cikarang branch. Therefore, the management of Total Buah Segar Cikarang branch needs a sales forecast in order to determine the supply of wokam oranges in order to meet consumer demand. The method used in this study is a quantitative descriptive method. The calculation of forecasting the sales of wokam oranges uses the MOVA and WMA methods. Precise forecasting results are obtained, namely the WMA method from determining the smallest MAD, MSE, and MAPE values. So that Total Buah Segar Cikarang branch can consider the results of forecasting to make decisions regarding the supply of wokam oranges in the future.
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Vipriyanti, Nyoman Utari, I. Ketut Arnawa, and Anita Anul. "Karakteristik dan Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Keputusan Konsumen dalam Pembelian Buah Jeruk Lokal dan Impor di Denpasar Bali." JIA (Jurnal Ilmiah Agribisnis) : Jurnal Agribisnis dan Ilmu Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian 8, no. 5 (October 26, 2023): 392–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.37149/jia.v8i5.644.
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Recently, imported oranges have dominated Bali's local market, leading to low demand for local oranges because both oranges have different tastes, colors, and sizes. Research about the demand rate of local oranges in traditional markets is abundant. However, analysis that compares local and imported oranges' characteristics and supermarket consumer preferences is still lacking. This study aimed to determine (1) consumer preferences for the attributes of local and imported oranges in supermarkets in Denpasar City and (2) Factors that affected consumer decisions in buying local and imported oranges. The location of this study was determined purposively at four modern markets in Denpasar City with 100 respondents. The results showed that (1) Most consumers of oranges (68 percent) in the contemporary market are women, with 79 percent preferring to buy local oranges and only 21 percent preferring to buy imported oranges. In contrast, male consumers prefer imported oranges (69 percent), and only 31 percent prefer local oranges. This illustrates that female consumers tend to buy household needs and play a more significant role in making purchasing decisions for daily needs, including the demand for fruit. Consumers who bought oranges fruits were dominated by women, with a majority of the productive age range between 20 and 30 years (38%). Cumulative preference showed that local oranges were in the strongly like category. At the same time, imported oranges were in the neutral type only. (2) The attributes of local orange and imported oranges, such as taste, color, and texture, significantly influence consumer decisions in buying local and imported oranges. This study only emphasizes five attributes of orange without considering household income, ethnicity, and culture inside the model.
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Byard, Kevin. "Oranges aren't the only fruit. Ask a Gardner." Education 3-13 32, no. 1 (March 2004): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03004270485200031.
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Tamba, I. Made. "Kajian Buah-Buahan Lokal Unggulan Provinsi Bali dan Potensi Dinamisnya." JIA (Jurnal Ilmiah Agribisnis) : Jurnal Agribisnis dan Ilmu Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian 9, no. 2 (April 30, 2023): 126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37149/jia.v9i2.1117.
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Bali Province is an area rich in types and varieties of fruit, which must be preserved and promoted sustainably for the community's prosperity. This research aims to (1) analyze superior local fruit in Bali Province and (2) estimate local Balinese fruit that has the potential to become superior fruit or which will be degraded to become non-primed fruit in the future. The fruit production data used as the basis for information in this research is the average production for 2017 to 2023 obtained from Bali Province in Figures 2017–2023 BPS - Statistics Indonesia. LQ analysis is used to analyze superior local Balinese fruit. In contrast, a combination of LQ analysis and LQ growth rate analysis is used to estimate the potential superior fruit of local Balinese fruit in the future. This research showed five types of superior fruit in Bali Province: Siamese oranges, mangosteens, bananas, salacca, and sapodilla. It has been identified that only two types of local fruit will remain Bali's superior fruit in the future, namely mangosteen and salacca. At the same time, Siamese oranges, bananas, and sapodilla are local Balinese fruits indicated to be relegated to non-prime fruit. Water guava, big orange, and soursop are local Balinese fruits promise to become Bali's leading fruit in the future. Based on the results of this research, it is recommended that local Balinese fruits be preserved and even developed sustainably through various multi-party intervention and collaboration programs to provide stimulation so that local Balinese fruits remain strong and growing.
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Giménez-Sanchis, Adrián, Kui Zhong, Aurora Pintor, Vittorio Farina, and Cristina Besada. "Understanding Blood versus Blond Orange Consumption: A Cross-Cultural Study in Four Countries." Foods 11, no. 17 (September 2, 2022): 2686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11172686.
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Understanding consumer perceptions and attitudes to specific fruit is key information for not only increasing fruit consumption, but also for marketing reasons. It may also give clues to breeders to set quality objectives. This study explores different aspects that help to explain blood vs. blond orange consumption: availability and consumption habit, satisfaction attributes, facilitators and consumption barriers, consumption contexts, expectations and purchase intention. The study was conducted in China, Mexico, Spain and Italy, where citrus fruit consumers were invited to respond an online questionnaire. Our results revealed Italy as the country with the highest availability and consumption of blood oranges, followed by China, Mexico and Spain. “Liking” and “healthy properties” were the most important reasons for consumption irrespectively of orange type, but certain differences among countries were detected in secondary reasons. In all the countries, “juicy” was the most relevant attribute for consumer satisfaction, followed by flavour/taste attributes. “Aromatic” and “unfibrous” were substantial requirements for Italians and Chinese, while Spaniards attached importance to the blood oranges colour. Regarding consumption contexts, “eat with salt or chilly powder” was specific for Mexico, while “to improve health”, “as a gift” or “at a restaurant” were contexts mainly cited in China. Despite taste preferences for other fruit being the main consumption barrier in all the countries for both orange types, the relevance of other barriers depended on culture and orange type. Mexican participants seemed to take a more neophobic attitude to blood oranges, while “inconvenient” was reported as a barrier for consuming blond ones in Spain and China. We conclude that blond and blood oranges can co-exist on markets at a high consumption rate, as in Italy. Specific interventions are needed in other countries because consumer attitudes to oranges, mainly blood ones, depend on culture.
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Ramos, Yuri Caires, André Luiz Fadel, Horst Bremer Neto, Marina Maitto Caputo, Eduardo Sanches Stuchi, and Francisco de Assis Alves Mourão Filho. "Mid-season sweet oranges for fresh and processing markets in Brazil." Experimental Agriculture 57, no. 1 (February 2021): 15–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479721000016.
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AbstractPera sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) is the most important mid-season sweet orange cultivar in Brazil, not only because of its desirable fruit quality for both juice processing and the fresh fruit market, but also because there is a lack of adequate mid-season alternative sweet orange cultivars. This study aimed to evaluate the horticultural performance of other sweet oranges in an attempt to identify similar or superior selections to the standard cultivar, Pera IAC sweet orange. Seventeen sweet oranges selections, including the standard Pera IAC, were budded on Sunki mandarin [C. sunki (Hayata) hort. ex Tanaka]. The experiment was planted in 2007, using 12-month-old nursery trees, with 6.5 × 2.5 m spacing in the Southern region of São Paulo state, Brazil. The experimental orchard was maintained with standard commercial management practices, and without supplementary irrigation. Data collection started three years after planting and was carried out until seven years after the experiment had been installed. Vegetative growth, plant yield, fruit drop, fruit quality, and fruit maturation regressions were assessed. Averages of the alternative selections were compared with those of the standard cultivar by Dunnett test. Performance indexes were calculated in order to identify potential superior selections for the fresh fruit market and for juice processing. Results indicated significant differences among the selections evaluated when compared with the standard cultivar, suggesting better alternatives to be exploited. Five selections (Biondo, Finike, Pera Alexandre Maróstica, Seleta Rio, and Vaccaro Blood) offered superior performance in terms of attributes required for the fresh fruit market, while one selection (Pera Alexandre Maróstica) was superior for juice processing traits. These alternatives to Pera IAC represent an opportunity for more efficient and productive scions with higher fruit quality, and with a slight shift within the mid-season harvest time of sweet oranges in Brazil.
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Bai, Jinhe, Elizabeth Baldwin, Jack Hearn, Randy Driggers, and Ed Stover. "Volatile and Nonvolatile Flavor Chemical Evaluation of USDA Orange–Mandarin Hybrids for Comparison to Sweet Orange and Mandarin Fruit." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 141, no. 4 (July 2016): 339–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.141.4.339.
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Three citrus hybrids, containing 50% to 75% sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) genome in their pedigrees and similar to sweet orange in fruit size, color, and taste, were tested for their potential to be classified as new “sweet orange” cultivars. ‘Hamlin’, ‘Midsweet’, and three other early to midseason sweet oranges, along with ‘Dancy’ tangerine (Citrus reticulata), a typical mandarin, were used for comparison. Fruit were picked on 23 Jan. 2014, 30 Dec. 2014, and 27 Jan. 2015. A total of 114 volatiles were detected and separated into seven groups by detection frequency: three groups with 43 volatile components did not show differences and thus contributed little information for classification of sweet orange vs. mandarin, and the remaining four groups with 71 volatiles contributed to distinctions between orange and mandarin. Among the hybrids, the pattern of volatile detection frequency for hybrid FF-1-74-52 was virtually identical to sweet orange, and cluster analysis agreed with the classification. The number of average peaks were 55 to 62 in sweet oranges, 67 in FF-1-74-52, and 17 to 37 in tangerine and other hybrids. Quantity analysis of individual volatiles and chemical classes indicated that FF-1-74-52 and sweet oranges were rich in total volatile abundance, and almost all chemical classes including mono and sesquiterpenes, aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, and esters. This was especially true for ethyl butanoate, which contributes a fruity top note, and valencene and all sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, which only contribute to citrus flavor indirectly through their contribution to headspace partitioning. Two other hybrids, FF-1-75-55 and FF-1-76-51, each had some similarity to sweet oranges in several chemicals and classes, but not in the overall volatile profile. All three sweet orange–like hybrids met the standards for mandarins and oranges in soluble solids content, titratable acidity (TA), and the ratio. The above volatile and nonvolatile flavor chemical profile comparisons strongly support a proposal to classify FF-1-74-52 as a “sweet orange” commercially, and all three hybrids were previously shown to be more similar to sweet orange in their volatile profile than is ‘Ambersweet’. ‘Ambersweet’ was a hybrid that was legally classified as a “sweet orange” in 1995 based on its volatile profile.
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Goforth, Madison, Margarethe A. Cooper, Andrew S. Oliver, Janneth Pinzon, Mariya Skots, Victoria Obergh, Trevor V. Suslow, et al. "Bacterial community shifts of commercial apples, oranges, and peaches at different harvest points across multiple growing seasons." PLOS ONE 19, no. 4 (April 16, 2024): e0297453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0297453.
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Assessing the microbes present on tree fruit carpospheres as the fruit enters postharvest processing could have useful applications, as these microbes could have a major influence on spoilage, food safety, verification of packing process controls, or other aspects of processing. The goal of this study was to establish a baseline profile of bacterial communities associated with apple (pome fruit), peach (stone fruit), and Navel orange (citrus fruit) at harvest. We found that commercial peaches had the greatest bacterial richness followed by oranges then apples. Time of harvest significantly changed bacterial diversity in oranges and peaches, but not apples. Shifts in diversity varied by fruit type, where 70% of the variability in beta diversity on the apple carposphere was driven by the gain and loss of species (i.e., nestedness). The peach and orange carposphere bacterial community shifts were driven by nearly an even split between turnover (species replacement) and nestedness. We identified a small core microbiome for apples across and between growing seasons that included only Methylobacteriaceae and Sphingomonadaceae among the samples, while peaches had a larger core microbiome composed of five bacterial families: Bacillaceae, Geodermtophilaceae, Nocardioidaceae, Micrococcaeceae, and Trueperaceae. There was a relatively diverse core microbiome for oranges that shared all the families present on apples and peaches, except for Trueperaceae, but also included an additional nine bacterial families not shared including Oxalobacteraceae, Cytophagaceae, and Comamonadaceae. Overall, our findings illustrate the important temporal dynamics of bacterial communities found on major commercial tree fruit, but also the core bacterial families that constantly remain with both implications being important entering postharvest packing and processing.
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Mcquate, Grant T., Peter A. Follett, Nicanor J. Liquido, and Charmaine D. Sylva. "Assessment of Navel Oranges, Clementine Tangerines, and Rutaceous Fruits as Hosts of Bactrocera cucurbitae and Bactrocera latifrons (Diptera: Tephritidae)." International Journal of Insect Science 7 (January 2015): IJIS.S20069. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/ijis.s20069.
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Export of Citrus spp. fruits may require risk mitigation measures if grown in areas with established tephritid fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) populations capable of infesting the fruits. The host status of Citrus spp. fruits is unclear for two tephritid fruit fly species whose geographic ranges have expanded in recent years: melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Cocquillett), and Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel). In no choice cage infestation studies, B. latifrons oviposited into intact and punctured Washington navel oranges ( Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck) and Clementine tangerines ( C. reticulata L. var. Clementine), but eggs rarely developed to the adult stage. B. cucurbitae readily infested intact and punctured tangerines, and to a lesser extent punctured oranges, but did not infest intact oranges. Limited cage infestation and only a single literature report of field Citrus spp. infestation suggest that risk mitigation of Citrus spp. for B. latifrons is not needed. Risk mitigation options of Citrus spp. for B. cucurbitae, including heat and cold treatments and systems approaches, are discussed.
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Arruda, Maria Cecília de, Angelo Pedro Jacomino, Ana Luíza Pinheiro, Rafael Vasconcelos Ribeiro, Michelle Antonio Lochoski, and Raquel Capistrano Moreira. "Hydrothermal treatment favors peeling of 'Pera' sweet orange fruit and does not alter quality." Scientia Agricola 65, no. 2 (April 2008): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162008000200007.
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Consumer demand for ready-to-eat-products has stimulated the development of new processing techniques to prepare fresh-cut fruit and vegetables. The aim of this study was to propose a peeling method for 'Pera' oranges (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osb.) by using a hydrothermal treatment and to determine its influence on the respiratory activity, physicochemical and sensorial characteristics, as well as on the peeling time. Cooled oranges (6ºC) were immersed in heated water (50ºC) for eight minutes and then, peeled and stored at 6ºC. The internal fruit temperatures taken at 1 and 3 cm depths (from fruit surface) were 15ºC and 10ºC, respectively, at the end of the hydrothermal treatment. Non-hydrothermally-treated peeled oranges were used as control. The peeling time for treated oranges was 3.2 times as short as the time used for the control. The yield of marketable oranges was 95% for hydrothermally-treated oranges versus 60% for control. The respiratory activity of hydrothermally-treated oranges was greater than that of control oranges only during the first hour after peeling. The hydrothermal treatment influenced neither the physicochemical quality (given by soluble solids, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid content) nor fruit flavor. Oranges peeled with the aid of the hydrothermal treatment had better appearance. The hydrothermal treatment makes the peeling of oranges easier and does not affect their respiratory activity or their physicochemical and sensorial qualities.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit"
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Tonetto, Nicola <1994>. "The Forbidden Fruit of 'Unnatural Passions': Breaking the Boundaries of the Bildungsroman in Jeanette Winterson’s "Oranges Are Not The Only Fruit"." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/21134.
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In "The History of Sexuality", Michel Foucault claimed that the category of the homosexual emerged towards the end of the nineteenth century and came to define a type of personality through the proliferation of medical, legal and psychological discourses. The crystallisation of queer identities in the twentieth century became progressively visible in literary fiction too, prompting new variations of longstanding literary patterns, such as that of the Bildungsroman. While traditionally following the quest for identity of a male hero from an early age into adulthood through a series of formative experiences, the Bildungsroman genre has been adapted also to articulate the modern urge of “coming out”. This thesis attempts to demonstrate how Jeanette Winterson subverts the conventional framework of the Bildungsroman in her groundbreaking novel "Oranges Are Not The Only Fruit". It first concentrates on the realist aspects of the novel to investigate how the narrative deviates thematically from the classical novels of formations. By focusing on the non-mimetic fragments of Winterson’s novel, this thesis then argues that she disrupts the formal features of the genre through the interweaving of fairy tales, dreams, hallucinations and mythical tales with the realist thread of the story. The final part analyses Winterson's narrative techniques as well as the unconventional modes of representation of the main character’s consciousness in order to observe how "Oranges Are Not The Only Fruit" evokes character identification and invites readers’ empathy. By taking the novel as a model, this thesis argues that contemporary Bildungsromane may enable a better understanding of marginalised subcultures, such as those belonging to the LGBTQ+ spectrum.
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Shephard, Keinwen. "Reading feminisms in the 1990's : Jeanette Winterson's Oranges are not the only fruit and Andrea Goldsmith's Facing the music /." Title page and introduction only, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09ars5477.pdf.
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Mattsson, Alexandra. ""No Emotion Is the Final One" : Constructing and Performing Gender Identity Through Storytelling in Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit - A Queer Reading." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Engelska, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-27378.
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Erasmus, Shirley. "Challenging Biblical boundaries: Jeanette Winterson’s postmodern feminist subversion of Biblical discourse in Oranges are not the only fruit (1985) and Boating for beginners (1985)." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/59121.
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This thesis investigates the subversion of Biblical discourse in Jeanette Winterson’s first two novels, Oranges are Not the Only Fruit and Boating for Beginners. By rewriting Biblical stories Winterson challenges traditional Western religious discourses and their rules for heteronormative social and sexual behaviours and desires. Winterson’s texts respond to the patriarchal nature of socially pervasive texts, such as the Bible, by encouraging her readers to regard these texts with suspicion, thus highlighting what can be seen as a ‘postmodern concern’ with the notion of ‘truth’. Chapter One of this thesis comprises a discussion of Biblical boundaries. These boundaries, I argue, are a process of historical oppression which serves to subjugate and control women, a practice inherent in the Bible and modern society. The Biblical boundaries within which women are expected to live, are carefully portrayed in Oranges and then comically and blasphemously mocked in Boating. Chapter One also argues that Winterson’s sexuality plays an important role in the understanding of her texts, despite her desire for her sexuality to remain ‘outside’ her writing. Chapter Two of this thesis, examines the mix of fact and fiction in Oranges, in order to create a new genre: fictional memoir. The chapter introduces the concept of the ‘autobiographical pact’ and the textual agreement which Winterson creates with her readers. In this chapter, I examine Winterson’s powerful subversion of Biblical discourse, through her narration of Jeanette’s ‘coming out’ within a Biblical framework. Chapter Three of this thesis examines Winterson’s second book, Boating, and the serious elements of this comic book. This chapter studies the various postmodern narrative techniques used in Boating in order to subvert Biblical and historical discourse. Chapter Three highlights Winterson’s postmodern concern with the construction of history as ‘truth’. Finally, Chapter Four compares Oranges and Boating, showing the texts as differing, yet equally relevant textual counterparts. This chapter examines the anti-feminine characters in both texts and Winterson’s ability to align her reader with a feminist or lesbian viewpoint. This thesis argues that Winterson’s first two texts deliberately challenge Biblical discourse in favour of a postmodern feminist viewpoint.
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von, Malmborg Siri. "It´s a way of understanding the universe while leaving the universe unexplained : Sökandet efter det autofiktiva jaget i Jeanette Wintersons Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för genus, kultur och historia, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-18547.
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In this essay I examine the auto fictive self in Jeanette Wintersons Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit. I do this through a close reading of the novel using Mieke Bals narratological terms;narrator, story, fabula, time and order. These narratological terms have been merged together with central themes of the book. I look at the readers understanding of the novel, the relation between fairytale and realism, symbols, intertextuality, the mother-daughter relationship and silences and I analyze these themes in their relation to autofiction and the auto fictive self. Gemma Lopez Seductions and Narratives has been a key reference, mainly her theories on self-creation in narratives, and the construction of the self, trough language. The narrative is the place where the self can transgress and reshape, which gives the narrative a subversive power. I analyze this presumed power, and look at how the story shapes an opportunity for the subject to see itself. Language is an important factor, and I discuss the contradiction in how we can use the language at the same time as we are formed by it. This essay has a queer theoretic ground, and elements such as transgression, queer leakages, and binary structures are studied and discussed throughout the essay. Deconstruction is a vital term in the creation of the self through language but the deconstructive viewpoint, in opposition to its aim, sometimes has a tendency to get absolute in its view of the relativity of things. I try to avoid reducing the auto fictive self into one single factor. I argue on a diverse and multiple approach when understanding the auto fictive self. I see the auto fictive self in Oranges as constituted by a number of factors, such as the encounter of autobiography and fiction, the readers assumptions, a genre or a classification, a free space for the reader and the author, and a way for the subject to see itself and its narrative: a place where the self can reshape and “the alternative story” can be made visible – filled with the words that cannot be spoken. The multiplicity of factors is an asset rather than a limitation, and what I have found in my search for the auto fictive self in Oranges is this multiplicity.
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Cantrell, Samantha E. "Housing sexuality: domestic space and the development of female sexuality in the fiction of Angela Carter and Jeanette Winterson." Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2226.
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A repeated theme in the fiction of Angela Carter and Jeanette Winterson is the use of domestic space as a tool for defining socially acceptable versions of female sexuality. Four novels that crystallize this theme are the focus of this
dissertation: Winterson??s Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit (1985) and Art and Lies (1994) and Carter??s The Magic Toyshop (1967) and Nights at the Circus (1984). Each chapter examines both authors?? treatments of a specific room in the
house. Chapter II, "Parlor Games: Spatial Literacy in Formal Rooms," discusses how rooms used for formal occasions project a desirable public image of a family. More insidiously, however, the rooms protect the sexual order of the household, which often privileges male sexuality. Using the term spatial literacy to describe how characters interpret rooms, the chapter argues that characters with a high spatial literacy can detect not only the overt messages of these
formal rooms, but also what underlies those messages. Chapter III, "Making Meals, Breaking Deals: Mothers, Daughters, and Kitchens," discusses the kitchen as the site of the production of domestic comfort. An analysis of who
has primary responsibility for the production of comfort and whose comfort is privileged often reveals the power hierarchy of a given household. The chapter also examines the kitchen as a volatile space that can erupt with violence and the expression of repressed emotions and repressed sexuality. Finally, the kitchen is analyzed as a space of intimacy between mothers and daughters. Chapter IV, "Bedtime Stories: Assaulting Sexuality in the Bedroom," argues that the privacy of the adolescent bedroom is often disrupted by the surveillance of family members trying to control the sexual identity of the room??s occupant. The chapter also examines how social prescriptions encourage women to tolerate the interruption of their privacy. Each of the protagonists from these four novels has
opportunities to learn about subverting the discursive constructions of domestic space, and several characters enact that subversion. This ability for subversion suggests the possibility for agency, a possibility that postmodernist thought often rejects, but one that Carter and Winterson allow.
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Mihajlovska, Lupka. "L'hybridation dans l'oeuvre de Jeannette Winterson." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00835085.
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Nous définissons l'hybridation littéraire comme la combinaison d'éléments a priori disparates aboutissant à la création d'un ensemble à la fois un et multiple, qui garde les traces de ses parties constitutives tout en étant autre, différent, nouveau. L'hybride englobe les sphères de représentation de ses éléments-parents tout en les dépassant. Par conséquent, l'hybridation tend vers l'extension de toutes les frontières, littéraires et culturelles, dans le but de nous offrir une vision du monde et du sujet toujours plus complète. Dans Oranges are not the Only Fruit, Sexing the Cherry, Written on the Body et The PowerBook de Jeanette Winterson, l'hybridation se manifeste à tous les niveaux du texte. L'hybridité physique et sexuelle des narrateurs est ainsi une des manifestations de leurs identités et vies plurielles et paradoxales. Ces hybrides incarnés (monstres, travestis ou androgynes) se construisant au fil de leurs histoires, qui s'inspirent toujours de récits antérieurs, narrateurs et narrations se démultiplient conjointement, s'entremêlent et se redéfinissent sans cesse. Le texte fluctue au gré de l'hybridation générique et de l'intertextualité. De l'entrecroisement de genres réalistes - tels que l'autobiographie, le récit historique ou le discours scientifique - et fictionnels - tels que le conte ou la romance - naît un hybride générique à résonances parodiques représentant la nature du sujet, de sa vie, de la réalité et de la vérité. Enfin, en hybridant des textes préexistants à des motifs personnels, l'auteur élabore une narration originale qui réécrit les schémas sexistes relayés par ses ancêtres et retranscrit sa vision de l'individu, du monde et de l'art.
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Hordijk, Jeanine. "Studies to reduce the incidence of chilling injury in navel orange fruit." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80254.
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Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Citrus fruit exported from South Africa to markets such as the USA and China undergo a mandatory 24 day exposure of -0.6°C during shipment to kill any insect larvae in the fruit, however, this protocol causes chilling injury (CI). The aim of this study was firstly to determine the influence of various preharvest factors on chilling sensitivity. In addition, Near-Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was tested as a potential management tool to identify variation in CI susceptibility of fruit and lastly the efficacy of thiabendazole (TBZ) applied in the packline to reduce CI was determined. Various factors influence the susceptibility of a navel orange fruit to CI including cultivar, micro-climate, harvest date, fruit size and rind colour. In this study it was found that ‘Washington’ was more susceptible to CI compared to ‘Navelina’ navel orange. Fruit from the coldest part of Citrusdal (Tharakama) had the highest incidence of CI, which concurred with literature. The incidence of CI was overall less when fruit were harvested in the middle of the commercial harvest window; however, the internal maturity at harvest does not appear to be related to the sensitivity of orange fruit to CI. Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was tested as a potential tool to predict fruit quality parameters in relation to CI. Analysing the NIR data with principal components analysis (PCA), score plots were obtained that separate fruit in clusters from the inside and outside of the canopy positions as well as different sizes and rind colours (green vs. orange). However, analysing data with partial least square regression (PLS) using fruit quality parameters (firmness, rind colour and mass), the NIR spectra obtained with the integrated sphere did not provide a good prediction model for CI index. Thiabendazole (TBZ) is reported to reduce the incidence of CI of citrus fruit and this fungicide was applied in a semi-commercial packline in the wax as well as the drench. The results of the application of different fungicides from the TBZ chemical group indicated that the TBZ dip treatments had the highest efficacy in reducing both the incidence and severity of CI and in addition were more effective when applied in warm (40°C) than cold water (10°C). Applications at the commercial recommended rate (20mL.L-1 and half of the commercial recommended rate were both effective in reducing the incidence of CI. Wax application was effective in reducing the incidence of CI however, the application of TBZ in the wax reduced the incidence of CI even more. For the successful reduction of CI incidence in commercial shipments of citrus fruit the focus should not be on a single factor but rather a strategy that encompasses pre-harvest factors that would influence rind quality as well as specific postharvest technologies know to decrease the impact of CI.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sitrus vrugte ondergaan 'n verpligte 24 dae blootstelling aan -0,6°C om moontlike insek-larwes te dood gedurende die uitvoer na markte soos die VSA en China, maar hierdie protokol veroorsaak koueskade. Die doel van hierdie studie was eerstens om die invloed van verskillende voor-oes faktore op koueskade-sensitiwiteit van nawel lemoene te bepaal. Daarbenewens is naby-infrarooi (NIR) spektroskopie as 'n potensiële tegniek getoets om variasie in koueskade-sensitiwiteit van nawel lemoene te identifiseer, en laastens is die effektiwiteit van thiabendazole (TBZ) toediening in die verpakkings lyn, om koueskade te verminder, ondersoek. Verskillende faktore soos kultivar, mikroklimaat, oesdatum, vruggrootte en skilkleur beïnvloed die koueskade-sensitiwiteit van sitrus. Hierdie studie het bevind dat die ‘Washington’ meer sensitief is vir koueskade as die ‘Navelina’ nawels. Vrugte afkomstig uit die koudste deel van Citrusdal (Tharakama) het die hoogste voorkoms van koueskade. In die algemeen was vrugte ge-oes in die middel van die kommersiële-venster die minste koueskade-sensitief, maar interne rypheid hou nie verband met koueskadesensitiwiteit nie. Naby-Infrarooi (NIR) spektroskopie is getoets as 'n potensiële instrument om vrugkwaliteit parameters te voorspel met betrekking tot koueskade. Deur ontleding van die NIR data met behulp van ‘Principal Components Analysis’ kon vrugte groepeer word volgens posisie (binne vs. buite blaredak), groottes en skilkleur. Deur ‘Partial Least Square Regression’ verdere data ontleding en met inagneming van vrugkwaliteit parameters (fermheid, skil kleur en massa), kon die NIR spektra wat verkry was egter nie 'n goeie voorspelling model vir koueskade verskaf nie. TBZ verminder die voorkoms van koueskade van sitrusvrugte na dit toegedien was in 'n semi-kommersiële verpakkingslyn in die waks, ‘drench’ of baddens. Die toediening van verskillende swamdoders van die TBZ chemiese groep in baddens, het aangedui dat die TBZ doop behandeling effektief was om die voorkoms van koueskade te verminder. Daarbenewens was TBZ meer effektief in verlaging van koueskade as dit toegedien word in warm (40°C) as koue (10°C) water, asook teen die volle (20mL.L-1) en die helfte van die aanbevole kommersiële dosis. Wakstoediening was effektief in die vermindering van die voorkoms van koueskade en byvoeging van TBZ in die waks het die effektiwiteit verhoog. Die suksesvolle vermindering van koueskade tydens kommersiële verskeping van sitrusvrugte moet egter nie fokus op 'n enkele faktor nie, maar op 'n strategie wat bestaan uit voor-oes faktore wat die vrugskil kwaliteit beïnvloed, sowel as spesifieke na-oes tegnologieë en hanteringsprotokolle wat bekend is vir die vermindering van koueskade.
Citrus Research International
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Maurer, Michael A., and Kathryn C. Taylor. "Effect of foliar boron sprays on yield and fruit quality of navel oranges." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/222531.
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A field study was designed to determine if foliar boron (B) sprays could increase fruit set and yield of 'Parent Washington' navel oranges (Citrus sinensis). Treatments consisted of two application timings (prebloom and postbloom) and five application rates 0, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 ppm B as Solubor. Leaf B levels had a significant response to both application timing and rate. There were no significant difference in fruit quality or yield.
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Pham, Tam Thi Minh. "Pre-harvest factors affecting fruit quality in sweet oranges with an emphasis on albedo breakdown." Thesis, Curtin University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2300.
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Albedo breakdown known as creasing, a physiological disorder, due to abnormal separation of cells leading to the formation of irregular fractures in the white tissue (albedo) causing the creases of sweet orange rind. It causes serious economic losses to the sweet orange growers in Australia and in other orange producing areas of the world.Fruit quality, particularly albedo breakdown has been influenced by various factors such as plant water relations, genetic factors, plant nutritional status and plant growth regulators. My research investigated the development of the incidence and the severity of albedo breakdown during fruit maturation and ripening, the effects of severity of albedo breakdown on fruit quality among locations and cultivars of ‘Navel’ sweet orange. I also elucidated the influence of deficit regulated irrigation, exogenous application of surfactants added in calcium solution, exogenous application of boron and the role of ethylene in the incidence of albedo breakdown, textural properties of the rind and fruit quality of ‘Navel’ sweet oranges.The incidence and the severity of albedo breakdown increased rapidly after commercial harvest. The incidence and severity of albedo breakdown in ‘Washington Navel’ orange differed from location to location, with the lowest at Harvey as compared to three other locations. Regardless of locations and cultivars, the severity of albedo breakdown did not affect juice content, soluble solids concentration, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, citric acid and malic acid except for decreasing succinic acid and increasing tartaric acid. Locations and cultivars significantly influenced these fruit quality parameters.The application of deficit irrigation (50% and 75% water supply of control trees) improved fruit quality in terms of increased soluble solids concentrations and acidity levels without affecting percentage of juice, pH of juice, ascorbic acid and individual organic acids in ‘Navelina’ sweet orange. The enhancement of the uptake of Ca in leaf, rind, and pulp of the fruit and the reduction in the incidence of albedo breakdown were obtained with the application of different surfactants added into aqueous solutions of 2% Ca(NO[subscript]3)[subscript]2 starting from 81 days after full bloom (DAFB) at 10-day intervals. Among four tested surfactants, ‘Tween 20’ (0.05%) was the most effective in enhancing Ca uptake, reducing albedo breakdown and improving textural properties of rind and fruit firmness while maintaining the other important fruit quality attributes in ‘Washington Navel’ sweet orange.The foliar application of boron enhanced the concentration of boron and calcium in the leaf, rind and pulp. The single spray application of boron in early summer at 600 mg.L[superscript]-1 was the most effective in increasing boron concentration in the leaf, rind and pulp of fruit, reducing the incidence of albedo breakdown and improving textural properties of rind and fruit firmness without affecting any the other fruit quality attributes in ‘Washington Navel’ sweet orange.Rind of fruit with albedo breakdown produced the higher ethylene production than the normal fruit. The exogenous application of ethylene inhibitors including AVG (200 mg.L[superscript]-1) and CoSO[subscript]4 (300 mg.L[superscript]-1) reduced the incidence of albedo breakdown and improved the rind textural properties in ‘Washington Navel’ sweet orange. Ethylene seems to be involved in the incidence of albedo breakdown.In conclusion, the severity of albedo breakdown did not affect the major attributes of fruit quality in ‘Navel’ sweet oranges. The applications of deficit irrigation, exogenous 2% Ca(NO[subscript]3)[subscript]2 containing ‘Tween 20’ as a surfactant and the exogenous spray application of boron (600 mg.L[superscript]-1) influenced the incidence and severity of albedo breakdown without affecting other fruit quality parameters. Ethylene seems to be associated with the incidence of albedo breakdown in ‘Washington Navel’ sweet orange.
Books on the topic "Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit"
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Winterson, Jeanette. Oranges are not the only fruit. New York, N.Y: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1987.
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Winterson, Jeanette. Great moments in aviation and oranges are not the only fruit: Two filmscripts. London: Vintage, 1994.
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Jonathan, Noakes, ed. Jeanette Winterson: Oranges are not the only fruit, The passion, Sexing the cherry, The powerbook. London: Vintage, 2003.
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DeMarin, Layne. Oranges: From fruit to juice. Mankato, Minn: Capstone Press, 2012.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit"
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Gutenberg, Andrea. "Winterson, Jeanette: Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit." In Kindlers Literatur Lexikon (KLL), 1–2. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-476-05728-0_17412-1.
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Makinen, Merja, and Nicolas Tredell. "Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit (1985) as a Lesbian Text." In The Novels of Jeanette Winterson, 5–29. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-80259-9_2.
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Makinen, Merja, and Nicolas Tredell. "Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit (1985) as a Postmodern Text." In The Novels of Jeanette Winterson, 30–52. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-80259-9_3.
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Andermahr, Sonya. "Hooked on Classics: Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit 25 Years On." In Reassessing the Twentieth-Century Canon, 250–65. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137366016_18.
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Andermahr, Sonya. "Oranges are Not the Only Fruit, the Passion and Sexing the Cherry." In Jeanette Winterson, 49–75. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-11352-8_4.
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Ranjitha, G., and C. Jothi. "The Narratology of the Lesbian Protagonist in Jeanette Winterson's Oranges are Not the Only Fruit." In Integrating Advancements in Education, and Society for Achieving Sustainability, 90–95. London: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032708461-14.
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Bastianel, Marinês, Vera L. N. P. Barros, Augusto Tulmann Neto, Paulo S. Souza, Rose M. Pio, and Rodrigo R. Latado. "Induction and selection of mandarin mutants with fruits containing low number of seeds." In Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change, 379–85. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0039.
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Abstract The Brazilian citrus industry has a worldwide presence for production and export of sweet orange juice, but it has little contribution to the production of fruits for the fresh fruit market. One requirement of this market is the production of seedless fruits. The Fremont IAC 543 mandarin produces fruits with good commercial qualities, large numbers of seeds (10-12), and plants with resistance to Alternaria brown spot (ABS), an important disease present in several countries. The objective of this work was to induce and select mutants of Fremont IAC 543 mandarin with seedless fruits or fruits with a low number of seeds, using gamma-ray induced mutagenesis. In vivo buds were irradiated with doses of 20 and 30 Gy of gamma-rays. After irradiation and grafting of 2000 in vivo buds with each mutagenic dose, 4000 plants were produced and planted in an experimental field. During development of these plants, they were pruned several times allowing only the development of M1V4 branches or more advanced ones (without new grafting). A total of 32 branches were selected during the harvesting period because they produced seedless fruits and nine mutant clones were selected after another vegetative multiplication. Fruit and juice qualities, including seed number of the fruits, were evaluated in a further experiment including six mutants and a control. The results obtained showed that all mutants produced fruits with a lower number of seeds (between 3.7 and 9.1 seeds per fruit) in relation to the control (22.0 seeds per fruit), but without the existence of other alterations (fruit metric and chemical characteristics of the juice). All selected mutants (nine) are participating in advanced agronomic evaluation experiments, with a greater number of replicates and several local checks, in order to evaluate commercial yield, presence of chimeras, disease resistance and organoleptic quality of the fruits.
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McKay, Dana. "Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit: An Institutional Case Study Demonstrating Why Data Digital Libraries Are Not the Whole Answer to E-Research." In The Role of Digital Libraries in a Time of Global Change, 236–49. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13654-2_29.
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Bråten, Oddrun Marie Hovde. "Are Oranges the only fruit? A discussion of Comparative Studies in Religious Education in relation to the plural nature of the field internationally." In Religious Education at Schools in Europe, 19–44. Göttingen: V&R Unipress, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.14220/9783737002738.19.
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Brinks, Ellen, and Lee Talley. "Unfamiliar Ties: Lesbian Constructions of Home and Family in Jeanette Winterson's Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit and Jewelle Gomez's The Gilda Stories." In Homemaking, 145–74. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003249481-12.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit"
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Irianto, Gugus. "SWITCHING STRATEGY AS AN EFFORT TO SURVIVE DURING THE PANDEMIC (BUSINESS IN THE CITRUS PLANTATION SECTOR)." In International conference on Innovation and Technology. JOURNAL OF INNOVATION AND APPLIED TECHNOLOGY, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jiat.2021.se.01.011.
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The agricultural sector has an important role in national economic development because of the abundant potential of natural resources and can support economic growth in rural areas. According to the Center for Agricultural Data and Information Systems, the Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture in 2020 stated that during the Covid-19 pandemic, the agricultural sector in Indonesia has proven to be a mainstay in stabilizing the country's economy. Until 2020, Bocek Village is the only village in Karangploso District, Malang Regency that does not yet have a Village-Owned Enterprises (VOE). With the Doctoral Service Program (Program Doktor Mengabdi), Bocek Village has established VOE in 2020. The DSP program in Bocek Village aims to create jobs and improve community welfare. The DSP program which is under the auspices of the Institute for Research and Community Service (IRCS) Universitas Brawijaya, is expected to be able to produce Leading Assisted Villages for the development of the agricultural and agro-industrial sectors in Bocek Village. The implementation of the DSP Program in Bocek Village has entered its 2nd year (2021) with a focus on strengthening the role of VOE in developing the community business sector. The team of DSP plans community service activities in the form of strengthening Bocek VOE in agricultural, agro-industry clusters and dissemination of technology and information. An alternative solution for the Bocek VOE business unit is to create a derivative product from citrus fruits, namely orange juice. The raw material for orange juice is the result of the process of sorting ripe oranges that have fallen to the ground. Marketing of citrus fruit juice products is planned by opening a Marketplace that can reach a wider target market. In addition, the potential for online sales can now be said to be more profitable than conventional because it has been supported by the rapidly growing digitalization transformation making online sales and marketing more profitable.
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S, Wimalasiri, and Somasiri S.C. "Ensiled Fruit Peels of Pineapple (Ananas comosus) and Papaya (Carica papaya) as an Animal Feed." In 2nd International Conference on Agriculture, Food Security and Safety. iConferences (Pvt) Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32789/agrofood.2021.1003.
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One of the major issues for the development of the livestock sector in Sri Lanka is the unavailability of quality animal feeds. Thus, this study was carried out to prepare value-added silages using fruit peels for feeding livestock. Silage has been prepared using pineapple (Ananas comosus) and papaya (Carica papaya) fruit peels obtained from a fruit processing factory in Sri Lanka. Ensiling was done either in fruit peels only or in different combinations of fruit peels and chopped Hybrid Napier (CO-3 Pennisetum perpureum × Pennisetum americarnum) grass. The experimental design was a completely Randomized Design having ten treatments (T1 to T10) with two replicates per each. The treatments were T1 Papaya 100%, T2 Pineapple 100%, T3 Grass 100 %, T4 Pineapple 75%+ Papaya 25%, T5 Pineapple 50%+ Papaya 50%, T6 Pineapple 25%+ Papaya 75%, T7 Pineapple 20%+Papaya 70%+ Grass 10%, T8 Pineapple 30%+ Papaya 50%+ Grass 20%, T9 Pineapple 70%+ Papaya 20%+ Grass 10%, and T10 Pineapple 50%+ Papaya 30%+ Grass 20%. The fruit peels and grass were dried under shade, chopped, and mixed according to the different treatments. After 21days, representative silage samples from each treatment were analyzed for nutrient content, colour, odour, pH, and Ammonium Nitrogen (NH3N) content. The colour of all silages ranged from olive green to orange. All the treatments had a fruity smell. The pH values ranged from 3.41 to 4.04 in all treatments. The highest (p<0.05) crude protein (CP) content was in T3, and the lowest (p<0.05) was observed in T4 and T5. The highest (p<0.05) acid detergent fibre (ADF) contents were in T3, T8, and T10, and the lowest (p<0.05) was in T5 and T6. The highest (p<0.05) neutral detergent fibre (NDF) content was in T9 (44.00±0.02%) and the lowest (p<0.05) in T2. The NH3N was not present in any of the treatments. Based on CP, ADF, and NDF contents, T1, T7, T8, T9, and T10 were selected for further studies with animals to select the best treatment.
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Evelyn, Evelyn, Chairul Chairul, Lamboi Lamboi, and Arie Choyungsya. "Resistance of <i>Paecilomyces variotii</i> Mold Ascospores to Dense CO<sub>2</sub> and Dense CO<sub>2</sub>- Assisted Thermal Processing." In 4th International Seminar on Fundamental and Application of Chemical Engineering. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-pz1d7o.
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P aecilomyces variotii is one of the heat-resistant fungi that causes spoilage problems, especially in processed fruit products. Many non-thermal methods have been tested for their efficacy to inactivate spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms. The objectives of this study were to use dense CO2 (HPCD) and their combination with thermal processing at 50-90oC to reduce the population of P. variotii mold ascospores in orange juice. Application of dense CO2 between 0.4 to 0.8 MPa for 30 min only reduced <1.0 log of these spores. The highest log reductions achieved (2.24 log) were shown by sequential treatments of 0.8 Mpa pressurized CO2 for 30 min followed by 90oC-30 min thermal processes. Soluble solid content (10-30oBrix) affected the spore reduction by dense CO2-assisted thermal processing, being higher at lower oBrix. These results indicate that P. variotii mold ascospores were highly resistant to these treatments. Increasing the pressure of HPCD treatment might improve the log reductions required for food pasteurization.
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Putra, Karisma Trinanda, Tony Khristanto Hariadi, Slamet Riyadi, and Anna Nur Nazilah Chamim. "Feature Extraction for Quality Modeling of Malang Oranges on an Automatic Fruit Sorting System." In 2018 2nd International Conference on Imaging, Signal Processing and Communication (ICISPC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icispc44900.2018.9006688.
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Zidane, F., J. Lanteri, L. Brochier, J. Marot, and C. Migliaccio. "Fruit Sorting with Amplitude-only Measurements." In 2021 18th European Radar Conference (EuRAD). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/eurad50154.2022.9784513.
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Hošková, Elena, and Iveta Zentková. "The Impact of Import and Export on the Domestic Trade of Fruit in the SR." In Liberec Economic Forum 2023. Technical University of Liberec, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.15240/tul/009/lef-2023-27.
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The aim of the paper is to find out the impact of import and export of fruits on the domestic market through the trends of import and export of selected fruits in the Slovak Republic. The period under study is 2010-2022. The data are from the DataCube database (SUSR), Situational and Outlook Commodity Reports for Fruit and Vegetable Commodities (VUEPP) and Eurostat. Descriptive analysis and regression analysis are used in the paper. During the period under review, the consumption of southern fruits exceeded that of temperate fruits. The amount of fruit imported was higher than the amount exported. Twice as much southern fruit was imported into Slovakia as temperate fruit in the period under review. Bananas, apples, mandarins and oranges accounted for the largest share of fruit imports. Imports of all fruits are on an increasing trend. As far as fruit exports are concerned, exports of temperate and southern fruits from Slovakia were almost balanced during the period under review. Apples and bananas accounted for the largest share of fruit exports. Exports of all fruits, except plums and sloes, are on an increasing trend.
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Muraro, Ronald P., Thomas H. Spreen, and Marisa L. Zansler. "Florida’s Citrus Canker Eradication Program: Cost-Benefit Analysis With an Example of an Endemic Citrus Canker Situation for Florida Processed Oranges." In ASME 2006 Citrus Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/cec2006-5201.
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The rapid expansion and integration of international trade, increased tourism, and changes in methods of production in recent decades have increased the likelihood of the introduction of invasive species to U.S. agriculture. Invasive species can have adverse environmental and/or economic impacts when introduced to a region. Economic impacts include marketing, production, and trade implications. One such invasive species imposing adverse economic impacts to the Florida citrus industry is a bacterial disease known as citrus canker (Xanthomonas axanopodis pv. citri). Citrus canker causes lesions on the leaves, stems, and fruit of citrus trees. The disease adversely affects the proportion of fruit intended for the fresh market, serves to weaken citrus trees, leads to a reduction in yields, and leads to higher costs of production. Florida’s Citrus Canker Eradication Program (CCEP) was implemented in the mid-1990s in an attempt to establish the guidelines for averting the spread of the disease. Currently there is no available biological or chemical cure for citrus canker. The CCEP instituted a policy of immediate eradication of any tree infected with citrus canker. Based upon the research by Gottwald et al., 2002, the CCEP also stipulated that all trees within a radius of 1900 feet of any infected trees be eradicated. Eradication is mandatory in such situations even if the trees within this radius do not yet show signs of infection. In addition to eradication, the CCEP defined additional regulations such as the decontamination of grove workers, field equipment, and packinghouses with approved chemicals (Chung et al., 2002). In 2004, an economic/benefit-cost analysis of the CCEP was conducted using the predicted values of the benefits and the costs associated with the policy. The actual expenditures of implementation through 2004 were weighed against the projected loss of revenue and the cost savings associated with an industry with pervasive citrus canker in an attempt to assess the net benefits of the policy. In this paper, a summary of the CCEP cost benefit analysis will be discussed. Three segments of Florida’s citrus industry were analyzed separately: 1) processed oranges; 2) fresh and processed grapefruit; and 3) specialty citrus fruit. An example will also be discussed which estimates the cumulative 15-year net grower returns for processed Hamlin and Valencia oranges which compares a no citrus canker situation with four possible endemic citrus canker fruit loss situations that include the additional grower costs to manage citrus canker. Note: The summary discussion presented in this paper on the economic impact of Florida’s citrus canker eradication program (CCEP) was completed in June–July 2004 prior to hurricanes Charley, Frances, and Jeanne, and in 2005 hurricane Wilma spreading citrus canker across Florida’s commercial citrus acreage. Updating economic impact of the CCEP to reflect the impact of the hurricanes is currently being planned. Paper published with permission.
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Varga, Leon Amadeus, Hannah Frank, and Andreas Zell. "Self-supervised Pretraining for Hyperspectral Classification of Fruit Ripeness." In OCM 2023 - 6th International Conference on Optical Characterization of Materials, March 22nd – 23rd, 2023, Karlsruhe, Germany : Conference Proceedings. KIT Scientific Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.58895/ksp/1000155014-9.
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The ripeness of fruit can be measured in a non-destructive way using hyperspectral imaging (HSI) and deep learning methods. However, the lack of labeled data samples limits hyperspectral image classification. This work explores self-supervised learning (SSL) as pretraining for HSI classification of fruit ripeness. Three state-of-the-art SSL methods, Sim-CLR, SimSiam, and Barlow Twins are implemented, and augmentation techniques for HSI are developed. A 3D-2D hybrid convolutional network is proposed to support the pretraining procedure. This model is evaluated against a ResNet-18 and a HS-CNN. The pretraining is evaluated on the fruit ripeness prediction task using the proposed second version of the DeepHS fruit data set. Besides comparing the classification performance of the pretrained models to only supervised training, the influence of the model architecture and size, pretraining method, and augmentations for SSL is investigated. This work shows that it is possible to transfer the ideas of SSL to HSI. It is possible to extract essential features in an unsupervised manner via this pretraining. Pretraining stabilizes classifier training and improves the classifier performance. Further, it can partially compensate for the need for large labeled data sets in HSI classification.
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Bahloul, Neila, M. A. Balti, M. S. Guellouze, and Nabil Kechaou. "Coupling of microwave radiations to convective drying for improving fruit quality." In 21st International Drying Symposium. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ids2018.2018.7794.
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The present study aims to find the best drying method to minimize the duration of the operation while respecting the nutritional value of the product. Experiments of convective drying and microwave radiation were respectively carried out with a convective dryer (heat temperature: 65 °C and air velocity: 1.3 m/s) and a microwave oven (power level: 100 W and frequency: 2450 MHz). Six coupling tests between the convective drying and microwave radiation were conducted. The only variable condition is the time output of tomatoes from the convective dryer or the microwave oven corresponding to an intermediate mass ratio (IMR) 0.5, 0.4 and 0.3. The microwave drying removes the bound water faster than convective drying. This explains the observed time savings due to convection-microwave and microwave-convection combined drying. The combination of convection drying and microwave drying to an IMR 0.5 preserved better the red color and the antioxidants of the tomato. Thus, the convection–microwave combined drying (IMR 0.5) proved most suitable for preserving the quality of tomatoes. Keywords: convective drying; microwave; coupled drying; color.
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Althubaiti, Heba. "Examining staff and students perception on daily fruit and vegetable." In Food Safety Nutrition Webinar. Herald Meetings, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52437/fnc-0821/10001.
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Introduction: There is a lack in the awareness in the fruit and vegetable (F&V) recommendation among Saudi society. Although the known facts of the benefits of F&V on health, information on Saudi society following the advised recommendation whether by WHO or local is still unknown. Aim: This cross- sectional study aim to examine the perception of F&V intake among students and staff at Umm Al-Qura University and to assess if they follow these recommendations of F&V locally and internationally. Method: Students and staff from Umm Al-Qura University participated in this study (n= 98, age between 18- 55). All data were collected using short online survey via Online survey - Survey Monkey in 2019. Result: 55% students and staff were not aware about these recommendations whereas 45% were aware about WHO recommendation. The majority of students and staff 53% have less than two portions a day of F&V. Only 14% have between two to four portions a day. 32% do not eat any portion of F&V daily. 59%, 14%, 5% of students and staff who believe that they should have five, seven, more than seven portions a day for being healthy respectively. Maintaining health, reduce the risk for chronic disease and providing essential vitamins and minerals to the body were all reasons why students and staff believe that they should have F&V everyday by 71%. Busy lifestyle, F&V cost, lack of the awareness about the health benefits, dislike the taste, some F&V spoil easily were all factors affecting eating F&V daily. Conclusion: People need educational and nutritional campaigns to spread the awareness about the health benefits of F&V. Most importantly the ministry of health should support those campaigns to increase people awareness and build a healthy society with a good habit. Keywords: Fruit intake, veg intake, F&V recommendation, students, staff, Umm Al-Qura University
Reports on the topic "Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit"
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Porat, Ron, Doron Holland, and Linda Walling. Identification of Citrus Fruit-Specific and Pathogen-Induced Promoters and Their Use in Molecular Engineering. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7585202.bard.
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This one year BARD project was funded to develop methods to monitor promoter activity a gene expression patterns in citrus fruit. To fulfill this goal, we divided the research tasks between both labs so that the Israeli side evaluated the use of microprojectile bombardment ; a tool to evaluate transient gene expression in various citrus fruit tissues, and the US side optimized technical parameters required for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of various citrus cultivars. Microprojectile bombardment appeared to be a very efficient method for transient gene expression analysis in citrus leaf tissues but was somewhat less applicable in fruit tissues. Nevertheless, we did succeeded to achieve significant levels of 35S-GUS gene expression in young green flavedo tissue. However, only single random spots of 35S-GUS gene expression were detected mature flavedo and in juice sacs and albedo tissue. Overall, we assume that following some more technical improvements particle bombardment could provide a useful technique to rapidly analyze promoter activity at least in the flavedo tissue. For Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, we found that shoot cultures of 'Washington' navel oranges,'Fairchild' mandarins,'Eureca' lemons,'Troyer' citrange and various grapefruits provided a more reliable and consistent source of tissue for transformation than germinated seedlings. Moreover, various growth media's (McCown, Quoirin & Lepoivre, DCR) further improved shoot and root growth relative to MS mineral media, which is commonly used. Also pure white light (using bulbs which do not emit UV or blue light) improved shoot growth in various citrus varieties, and paromomycin appeared to be a more efficient antibiotic for the selection of transgenic plants than Kanamycin. Overall, these optimizations improve transformation efficacy and shoot growth and rooting capacity. In addition to the development of transformation methods, both Israeli and US labs achieved progress in the identification of citrus fruit-specific promoters. In Israel, we isolated a 3.6 kb promoter fragment of the thiamine biosynthesis c-thi gene, which is highly expressed in fruit peel tissue, whereas in the US we isolated a 1.5 kb promoter fragment of the citrus seed-specific cDNA CssH. The identification of more fruit-specific cDNAs and their corresponding promoter regions is currently in progress.
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Friedmann, Michael, Charles J. Arntzen, and Hugh S. Mason. Expression of ETEC Enterotoxin in Tomato Fruit and Development of a Prototype Transgenic Tomato for Dissemination as an Oral Vaccine in Developing Countries. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7585203.bard.
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The broad objective of the project was to develop a feasible approach to combat diarrheal disease caused by ETEC through the development of a low-cost oral immunogen in tomato fruit, expressed in the context of a prototype tomato that would answer the shortcomings of plant oral vaccines, especially in terms of produce handling and control of gene escape. Specifically, the goals for Boyce Thompson Institute (BTI) on this project were to develop transgenic tomato lines that express the enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) subunits A and/or B for use in oral edible vaccines, and to optimize expression and assembly of these antigens in tomato fruits.LT-B is a useful vaccine antigen against ETEC disease, since antibodies against LT-B can prevent binding and delivery of the holotoxinLT. Mutant forms of the toxic LT-A subunit that have reduced toxicity can be co-expressed and assembled with LT-Bpentamers to form mutant LT (mLT) complexes that could be used as mucosaladjuvants for other oral vaccines. Work on the project is continuing at Arizona State University, after Dr. Mason moved there in August 2002. A number of approaches were taken to ensure the expression of both subunits and bring about their assembly inside the transgenic fruits. Initially, expression was driven by the fruit-specific E-8 promoter for LT-B and the constitutive CaMV 35S promoter for LT-A(K63). While LT-B accumulated up to 7 µg per gram ripe fruit, assembled LT-K63 was only 1 µg per gram. Since promoter activities for the two genes likely differed in cell type and developmental stage specificity, the ratios of A and B subunits was not optimal for efficient assembly in all cells. In order to maximize the chance of assembly of mLT in fruit, we focused on constructs in which both genes are driven by the same promoter. These included co-expression plasmids using the 35S promoter for both, while switching to attenuated mLTs (LT-R72 and LT-G192) that have shown greater potential for oral adjuvanticity than the initial LT-K63, and thus are better candidates for a plant-derived adjuvant. Other, more novel approaches were then attempted, including several new vectors using the tomato fruit-specific E8 promoter driving expression of both LT-B and mutant LT-A, as well as a dicistronic construct for co-expression of both LT-B and mutant LT-A genes from a single promoter, and a geminivirusreplicon construct. We describe in the Appendix the results obtained in transgenic tomato lines transformed with these constructs. Overall, each contributed to enhanced expression levels, but the assembly itself of the holotoxin to high levels was not observed in the fruit tissues. The Israeli lab’s specific objective was to develop transgenic tomato lines expressing the LTholotoxin antigen bearing attributes to prevent gene escape (male sterility and orange fruit color) and to improve the dissemination of the oral vaccine (long shelf-life tomato cherry fruit or tomato processing background). Breeding lines bearing a number of attributes to prevent gene escape were developed by combining material and backcrossing either to a tomato cherry background, or two different processing backgrounds. Concomitantly, (these lines can be utilized for the creation of any future oral vaccine or other therapeutic-expressing tomato, either by crosses or transformation), the lines were crossed to the holotoxin-expressing tomatoes received from the United States, and this transgenic material was also incorporated into the backcrossing programs. To date, we have finalized the preparation of the cherry tomato material, both non-transgenic (bearing all the desired attributes), and transgenic, expressing the holotoxin. The level of expression of LT-B in the cherry fruits was comparable to the original transgenic tomatoes. Since it was not higher, this would necessitate the consumption of more fruits to reach a desired dose. A final backcross has been made for both the non-transgenic and the transgenic material in the processing lines. Auxin sprays resulted in high percentages of fruit set, but the processing genotypes gave many puffed fruits.
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Ori, Naomi, and Jason W. Reed. Engineering parthenocarpic fruit production in tomato. Israel: United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2021.8134175.bard.
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Normally, fruits are formed only following fertilization. In tomato, fertilization is sensitive to extreme temperatures, resulting in reduced yield. Yield stability would therefore benefit from tomato varieties with parthenocarpic fruits, which develop independently of fertilization. The objective of the research was to generate parthenocarpic tomato lines by mutating PRC2 components, to investigate how PRC2 and auxin signaling regulate fruit initiation and growth, and to generate parthenocarpic lines for breeding. We reasoned that heterozygous prc2 mutations would generate parthenocarpic fruits with minimal vegetative effects, as they act in the female gametophyte. The specific objectives were : To generate (1) tomato PRC2 mutants and characterize them developmentally (2) and molecularly (3), and to test their performance in the field (4). Aim 1 proved challenging, and was achieved only during the third year. Therefore the research was extended for an additional 8 months, during which goals 2 and 4 were achieved. The research yielded mutations in 4 different PRC2 components, two of which were loss-of-function mutations that produced parthenocarpic fruits, Slfie and Slmsi1 mutants. Characterization of heterozygote Slfie mutants showed that they produce fruits independently of fertilization across a range of growth conditions. No homozygote Slfie mutants were obtained, likely due to failure of the mutant allele to transfer via the female gametopyte. Slfie/+ fruits were of good quality in contrast to most previously described parthenocarpic fruits. Initial characterization under heat stress showed a dramatic increase in yield under extreme heat, therefore providing yield stability. In addition, we characterized single and double mutants in tomato SlARF8a and SlARF8b, and found that these also gave plants with parthenocarpic fruit growth and increased yield stability. The research yielded genetic material that can be used in breeding programs to increase yield stability under unstable climate
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Blumwald, Eduardo, and Avi Sadka. Citric acid metabolism and mobilization in citrus fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7587732.bard.
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Accumulation of citric acid is a major determinant of maturity and fruit quality in citrus. Many citrus varieties accumulate citric acid in concentrations that exceed market desires, reducing grower income and consumer satisfaction. Citrate is accumulated in the vacuole of the juice sac cell, a process that requires both metabolic changes and transport across cellular membranes, in particular, the mitochondrial and the vacuolar (tonoplast) membranes. Although the accumulation of citrate in the vacuoles of juice cells has been clearly demonstrated, the mechanisms for vacuolar citrate homeostasis and the components controlling citrate metabolism and transport are still unknown. Previous results in the PIs’ laboratories have indicated that the expression of a large number of a large number of proteins is enhanced during fruit development, and that the regulation of sugar and acid content in fruits is correlated with the differential expression of a large number of proteins that could play significant roles in fruit acid accumulation and/or regulation of acid content. The objectives of this proposal are: i) the characterization of transporters that mediate the transport of citrate and determine their role in uptake/retrieval in juice sac cells; ii) the study of citric acid metabolism, in particular the effect of arsenical compounds affecting citric acid levels and mobilization; and iii) the development of a citrus fruit proteomics platform to identify and characterize key processes associated with fruit development in general and sugar and acid accumulation in particular. The understanding of the cellular processes that determine the citrate content in citrus fruits will contribute to the development of tools aimed at the enhancement of citrus fruit quality. Our efforts resulted in the identification, cloning and characterization of CsCit1 (Citrus sinensis citrate transporter 1) from Navel oranges (Citrus sinesins cv Washington). Higher levels of CsCit1 transcripts were detected at later stages of fruit development that coincided with the decrease in the juice cell citrate concentrations (Shimada et al., 2006). Our functional analysis revealed that CsCit1 mediates the vacuolar efflux of citrate and that the CsCit1 operates as an electroneutral 1CitrateH2-/2H+ symporter. Our results supported the notion that it is the low permeable citrateH2 - the anion that establishes the buffer capacity of the fruit and determines its overall acidity. On the other hand, it is the more permeable form, CitrateH2-, which is being exported into the cytosol during maturation and controls the citrate catabolism in the juice cells. Our Mass-Spectrometry-based proteomics efforts (using MALDI-TOF-TOF and LC2- MS-MS) identified a large number of fruit juice sac cell proteins and established comparisons of protein synthesis patterns during fruit development. So far, we have identified over 1,500 fruit specific proteins that play roles in sugar metabolism, citric acid cycle, signaling, transport, processing, etc., and organized these proteins into 84 known biosynthetic pathways (Katz et al. 2007). This data is now being integrated in a public database and will serve as a valuable tool for the scientific community in general and fruit scientists in particular. Using molecular, biochemical and physiological approaches we have identified factors affecting the activity of aconitase, which catalyze the first step of citrate catabolism (Shlizerman et al., 2007). Iron limitation specifically reduced the activity of the cytosolic, but not the mitochondrial, aconitase, increasing the acid level in the fruit. Citramalate (a natural compound in the juice) also inhibits the activity of aconitase, and it plays a major role in acid accumulation during the first half of fruit development. On the other hand, arsenite induced increased levels of aconitase, decreasing fruit acidity. We have initiated studies aimed at the identification of the citramalate biosynthetic pathway and the role(s) of isopropylmalate synthase in this pathway. These studies, especially those involved aconitase inhibition by citramalate, are aimed at the development of tools to control fruit acidity, particularly in those cases where acid level declines below the desired threshold. Our work has significant implications both scientifically and practically and is directly aimed at the improvement of fruit quality through the improvement of existing pre- and post-harvest fruit treatments.
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Eyal, Yoram, Gloria Moore, and Efraim Lewinsohn. Study and Manipulation of the Flavanoid Biosynthetic Pathway in Citrus for Flavor Engineering and Seedless Fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7570547.bard.
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The proposal was aimed to identify and functionally characterize key genes/enzymes in the citrus flavanone neohesperidoside biosynthetic pathway and to use them as tools for metabolic engineering to decrease bitterness levels in grapefruit. The proposed section on fruit seediness was dropped as suggested by the reviewers of the proposal. Citrus flavor and aroma is composed of complex combinations of soluble and volatile compounds. The former includes mainly sugars, acids and flavanones, a subgroup of flavonoids that includes bitter compounds responsible for the bitter flavor of grapefruit and pummelo. Bitter species contain mostly bitter flavanone neohesperidosides, while non-bitter species contain mostly tasteless flavanone rutinosides. Both flavanone versions are diglycosides consisting of a rhamnose-glucose oligosaccharide a-linked at position 7 to the flavanone skeleton. However, in the bitter neohesperidosides the rhamnose is attached at position 2 of the glucose moiety, while in the tasteless rutinosides the rhamnose is attached at position 6 of the glucose moiety. Thus, the position of the rhamnose moiety, determined by the specificity of the last enzymes in the pathway- rhamnosyltransferase (1,2 or 1,6 specificity), is the determinant of the bitter flavor. Flavanones, like all flavonoids are synthesized via one of the branches of the phenylpropanoid pathway; the first committed step is catalyzed by the enzyme Chalcone synthase (CHS) followed by Chalcone isomerase (CHI). During the course of the work a key gene/enzyme in the biosynthesis of the bitter flavanones, a 1,2 rhamnosyltransferase (1,2RT), was functionally characterized using a transgenic cell-culture biotransformation system, confirming that this gene is a prime candidate for metabolic engineering of the pathway. This is the first direct functional evidence for the activity of a plant recombinant rhamnosyltransferase, the first confirmed rhamnosyltransferase gene with 1,2 specificity and the second confirmed rhamnosyltransferase gene altogether in plants. Additional genes of the flavanone pathway that were isolated during this work and are potential tools for metabolic engineering include (I) A putative 1,6 rhamnosyltransferase (1,6RT) from oranges, that is presumed to catalyze the biosynthesis of the tasteless flavanones. This gene is a prime candidate for use in future metabolic engineering for decreased bitterness and is currently being functionally characterized using the biotransformation system developed for characterizing rhamnosyltransferases. (2) A putative 7-0-glucosyltransferase presumed to catalyze the first glycosylation step of the flavanone aglycones. Silencing of gene expression in grapefruit was attempted using three genes: (1) The "upstream" flavonoid biosynthesis genes CHS and CHI, by antisense and co-suppression; and (2) The "downstream" 1,2R T, by an RNAi approach. CHS and CHI silencing resulted in some plants with a dramatically decreased level of the bitter flavanone neohesperidoside naringin in leaves. We have yet to study the long-term effect of silencing these genes on tree physiology, and on the actual bitterness of fruit. The effect of 1,2RT silencing on naringin content in grapefruit has yet to be examined, but a slow growth phenotype for these plants was noted. We speculate that silencing of the final glycosylation step of the flavanones delays their evacuation to the vacuole, resulting in accumulation of flavanones in the cytoplasm, causing inhibitory effects on plant growth. This speculation is yet to be established at the product level. Future metabolic engineering experiments are planned with 1,6RT following functional characterization.
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Yuval, Boaz, and Todd E. Shelly. Lek Behavior of Mediterranean Fruit Flies: An Experimental Analysis. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7575272.bard.
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The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a ubiquitous pest of fruit trees, causing significant economic damage both in the U.S. and in Israel. Control efforts in the future will rely heavily on the sterile insect technique (SIT). Success of such operations hinges on the competitive ability of released males. The mating system of the medfly is based on leks. These are aggregations of sexually signaling males that attract females (who then select and copulate a courting male). A major component of male competitiveness is their ability to join existing leks or establish leks that are attractive to wild females. Accordingly, we identified leks and the behaviors associated with them as critical for the success of SIT operations. The objectives of this proposal were to determine 1. what makes a good lek site, 2. what are the energetic costs of lekking, 3. how females choose leks, and finally 4. whether the copulatory success of sterile males may be manipulated by particular pre-release diets and judicious spatial dispersal. We established that males choose lek sites according to their spatial location and penological status, that they avoid predators, and within the lek tree choose the perch that affords a compromise between optimal signalling, micro-climatic conditions and predation risk (Kaspi & Yuval 1999 a&b; Field et al 2000; Kaspi & Yuval submitted). We were able to show that leks are exclusive, and that only males with adequate protein and carbohydrate reserves can participate (Yuval et al 1998; Kaspi et al 2000; Shelly et al 2000). We determined that females prefer leks formed by protein fed, sexually experienced males (Shelly 2000). Finally, we demonstrated that adding protein to the diet of sterile males significantly enhances their probability of participating in leks and copulating wild females (Kaspi & Yuval 2000).
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Arazi, Tzahi, Vivian Irish, and Asaph Aharoni. Micro RNA Targeted Transcription Factors for Fruit Quality Improvement. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7592651.bard.
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Fruits are unique to flowering plants and represent an important component of human and animal diets. Development and maturation of tomato fruit is a well-programmed process, and yet, only a limited number of factors involved in its regulation have been characterized. Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are small, endogenous RNAs that regulate gene expression in animals and plants. Plant miRNAs have a vital role in the generation of plant forms through post-transcriptional regulation of the accumulation of developmental regulators, especially transcription factors. Recently, we and others have demonstrated that miRNAs and other type of small RNAs are expressed in tomato fruit, and target putative transcription factors during its development and maturation. The original objectives of the approved proposal were: 1. To identify fruit miRNA transcription factor target genes through a bioinformatic approach. 2. To identify fruit miRNA transcription factor target genes up-regulated in tomato Dicer-like 1 silenced fruit. 3. To establish the biological functions of selected transcription factors and examine their utility for improving fleshy fruit quality trait. This project was approved by BARD as a feasibility study to allow initial experiments to peruse objective 2 as described above in order to provide initial evidence that miRNAs do play a role in fruit development. The approach planned to achieve objective 2, namely to identify miRNA transcription factor targets was to clone and silence the expression of a tomato DCL1 homolog in different stages of fruit development and examine alterations to gene expression in such a fruit in order to identify pathways and target genes that are regulated by miRNA via DCL1. In parallel, we characterized two transcription factors that are regulated by miRNAs in the fruit. We report here on the cloning of tomato DCL1 homolog, characterization of its expression in fruit flesh and peel of wild type and ripening mutants and generation of transgenic plants that silence SlDCL1 specifically in the fruit. Our results suggest that the tomato homolog of DCL1, which is the major plant enzyme involved in miRNA biogenesis, is present in fruit flesh and peel and differentially expressed during various stages of fruit development. In addition, its expression is altered in ripening mutants. We also report on the cloning and expression analysis of Sl_SBP and Sl_ARF transcription factors, which serve as targets of miR157 and miR160, respectively. Our data suggest that Sl_SBP levels are highest during fruit ripening supporting a role for this gene in that process. On the other hand Sl_ARF is strongly expressed in green fruit up to breaker indicating a role for that gene at preripening stage which is consistent with preliminary in_situ analyses that suggest expression in ovules of immature green fruit. The results of this feasibility study together with our previous results that miRNAs are expressed in the fruit indeed provide initial evidence that these regulators and their targets play roles in fruit development and ripening. These genes are expected to provide novel means for genetic improvement of tomato fleshy fruit.
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Paran, Ilan, and Molly Jahn. Analysis of Quantitative Traits in Pepper Using Molecular Markers. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7570562.bard.
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Original objectives: The overall goal of the proposal was to determine the genetic and molecular control of pathways leading to the production of secondary metabolites determining major fruit quality traits in pepper. The specific objectives were to: (1) Generate a molecular map of pepper based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. (2) Map QTL for capsaicinoids content (3) Determine possible association between capsaicinoids and carotenoid content and structural genes for capsaicinoid and carotenoid biosynthesis. (4) Map QTL for quantitative traits controlling additional fruit traits. (5) Map fruit-specific ESTs and determine possible association with fruit QTL (6) Map the C locus that determines the presence and absence of capsaicinoids in pepper fruit and identify candidate genes for C. Background: Pungency, color, fruit shape and fruit size are among the most important fruit quality characteristics of pepper. Despite the importance of the pepper crop both in the USA and Israel, the genetic basis of these traits was only little known prior to the studies conducted in the present proposal. In addition, molecular tools for use in pepper improvement were lacking. Major conclusions and achievements: Our studies enabled the development of a saturated genetic map of pepper that includes numerous simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and the integration of several independent maps into a single resource map that consists of over 2000 markers. Unlike previous maps that consisted mostly of tomato-originated RFLP markers, the SSR-based map consists of largely pepper markers. Therefore, the SSR and integrated maps provide ample of tools for use in marker-assisted selection for diverse targets throughout the Capsicum genome. We determined the genetic and molecular bases of qualitative and quantitative variation of pungency, the most unique characteristics of pepper fruit. We mapped and subsequently cloned the Pun1 gene that serves as a master key for capsaicinoids accumulation and showed that it is an acyltransferase. By sequencing the Pun1 gene in pungent and non-pungent cultivars we identified a deletion that abolishes the expression of the gene in the latter cultivars. We also identified QTLs that control capsaicinoids content and therefore pungency level. These genes will allow pepper breeders to manipulate the level of pungency for specific agricultural and industrial purposes. In addition to pungency we identified genes and QTLs that control other key developmental processes of fruit development such as color, texture and fruit shape. The A gene controlling anthocyanin accumulation in the immature fruit was found as the ortholog of the petunia transcription factor Anthocyanin2. The S gene required for the soft flesh and deciduous fruit nature typical of wild peppers was identified as the ortholog of tomato polygalacturonase. We identified two major QTLs controlling fruit shape, fs3.1 and fs10.1, that differentiate between elongated and blocky and round fruit shapes, respectively. Scientific and agricultural implications: Our studies allowed significant advancement of our understanding at the genetic and molecular levels of important processes of pepper fruit development. Concomitantly to gaining biological knowledge, we were able to develop molecular tools that can be implemented for pepper improvement.
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Carpita, Nicholas C., Ruth Ben-Arie, and Amnon Lers. Pectin Cross-Linking Dynamics and Wall Softening during Fruit Ripening. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7585197.bard.
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Our study was designed to elucidate the chemical determinants of pectin cross-linking in developing fruits of apple and peach and to evaluate the role of breakage cross-linkages in swelling, softening, and cell separation during the ripening. Peaches cell walls soften and swell considerably during the ripening, whereas apples fruit cells maintain wall firmness but cells separate during late stages of ripening. We used a "double-reduction" technique to show that levels of non-methyl esters of polyuronic acid molecules were constant during the development and ripening and decreased only in overripe fruit. In peach, methyl and non-methyl esters increased during the development and decreased markedly during the ripening. Non-methyl ester linkages in both fruit decreased accompanied fruit softening. The identity of the second component of the linkage and its definitive role in the fruit softening remain elusive. In preliminary examination of isolated apples cell walls, we found that phenolic compounds accumulate early in wall development but decrease markedly during ripening. Quantitative texture analysis was used to correlate with changes to wall chemistry from the fresh-picked ripe stage to the stage during storage when the cell separation occurs. Cell wall composition is similar in all cultivars, with arabinose as the principal neutral sugar. Extensive de-branching of these highly branched arabinans pre-stages softening and cell-cell separation during over-ripening of apple. The longer 5-arabinans remain attached to the major pectic polymer rhamnogalacturonan I (RG I) backbone. The degree of RG I branching, as judged from the ratios of 2-Rha:2,4-Rha, also decreases, specially after an extensive arabinan de-branching. Loss of the 4-Rham linkages correlated strongly with the softening of the fruit. Loss of the monomer or polymer linked to the RG I produce directly or indirectly the softening of the fruit. This result will help to understand the fruit softening and to have better control of the textural changes in fruit during the ripening and especially during the storage. 'Wooliness', an undesirable mealy texture that is induced during chilling of some peach cultivars, greatly reduces the fruit storage possibilities. In order to examine the hypothesis that the basis for this disorder is related to abnormality in the cell wall softening process we have carried out a comparative analysis using the resistant cultivar, Sunsnow, and a sensitive one, Hermosa. We investigated the activity of several pectin- and glycan-modifying enzymes and the expression of their genes during ripening, chilling, and subsequent shelf-life. The changes in carbohydrate status and in methyl vs. non-methyl uronate ester levels in the walls of these cultivars were examined as well to provide a basis for comparison of the relevant gene expression that may impact appearance of the wooly character. The activities of the specific polygalacturonase (PGase) and a CMC-cellulase activities are significantly elevated in walls of peaches that have become wooly. Cellulase activities correlated well with increased level of the transcript, but differential expression of PGase did not correspond with the observed pattern of mRNA accumulation. When expression of ethylene biosynthesis related genes was followed no significant differences in ACC synthase gene expression was observed in the wooly fruit while the normal activation of the ACC oxidase was partially repressed in the Hermosa wooly fruits. Normal ripening-related loss of the uronic acid-rich polymers was stalled in the wooly Hermosa inconsistent with the observed elevation in a specific PGase activity but consistent with PG gene expression. In general, analysis of the level of total esterification, degree of methyl esterification and level of non-methyl esters did not reveal any major alterations between the different fruit varieties or between normal and abnormal ripening. Some decrease in the level of uronic acids methyl esterification was observed for both Hermosa and Sunsnow undergoing ripening following storage at low temperature but not in fruits ripening after harvest. Our results support a role for imbalanced cell wall degradation as a basis for the chilling disorder. While these results do not support a role for the imbalance between PG and pectin methyl esterase (PME) activities as the basis for the disorder they suggest a possible role for imbalance between cellulose and other cell wall polymer degradation during the softening process.
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Crisosto, Carlos, Susan Lurie, Haya Friedman, Ebenezer Ogundiwin, Cameron Peace, and George Manganaris. Biological Systems Approach to Developing Mealiness-free Peach and Nectarine Fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7592650.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Peach and nectarine production worldwide is increasing; however consumption is flat or declining because of the inconsistent eating quality experienced by consumers. The main factor for this inconsistent quality is mealiness or woolliness, a form of chilling injury that develops following shipping periods in the global fruit market today. Our research groups have devised various postharvest methods to prolong storage life, including controlled atmosphere and delayed storage; however, these treatments only delay mealiness. Mealiness texture results from disruption of the normal ripening process involving disassembly of cell wall material, and creates a soft fruit texture that is dry and grainy instead of juicy and smooth. Solving this problem is a prerequisite for increasing the demand for fresh peach and nectarine. Two approaches were used to reveal genes and their associated biochemical processes that can confer resistance to mealiness or wooliness. At the Volcani Center, Israel, a nectarine cultivar and the peach cultivar (isogenetic materials) from which the nectarine cultivar spontaneously arose, and at the Kearney Agricultural Center of UC Davis, USA, a peach population that segregates for quantitative resistance to mealiness was used for dissecting the genetic components of mealiness development. During our project we have conducted research integrating the information from phenotypic, biochemical and gene expression studies, proposed possible candidate genes and SNPs-QTLs mapping that are involved in reducing peach mealiness susceptibility. Numerous genes related to ethylene biosynthesis and its signal transduction, cell wall structure and metabolism, stress response, different transcription factor families were detected as being differentially accumulated in the cold-treated samples of these sensitive and less sensitive genotypes. The ability to produce ethylene and keep active genes involved in ethylene signaling, GTP-binding protein, EIN-3 binding protein and an ethylene receptor and activation of ethyleneresponsive fruit ripening genes during cold storage provided greater resistance to CI. Interestingly, in the functional category of genes differentially expressed at harvest, less chilling sensitive cultivar had more genes in categories related to antioxidant and heat sock proteins/chaperones that may help fruit to adapt to low temperature stress. The specific objectives of the proposed research were to: characterize the phenotypes and cell wall components of the two resistant systems in response to mealiness- inducing conditions; identify commonalities and specific differences in cell wall proteins and the transcriptome that are associated with low mealiness incidence; integrate the information from phenotypic, biochemical, and gene expression studies to identify candidate genes that are involved in reducing mealiness susceptibility; locate these genes in the Prunus genome; and associate the genes with genomic regions conferring quantitative genetic variation for mealiness resistance. By doing this we will locate genetic markers for mealiness development, essential tools for selection of mealiness resistant peach lines with improved fruit storability and quality. In our research, QTLs have been located in our peach SNPs map, and proposed candidate genes obtained from the integrated result of phenotypic, biochemical and gene expression analysis are being identified in our QTLs as an approach searching for consistent assistant markers for peach breeding programs.