Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Oranges'

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Citrus fruit exported from South Africa to markets such as the USA and China undergo a mandatory 24 day exposure of -0.6°C during shipment to kill any insect larvae in the fruit, however, this protocol causes chilling injury (CI). The aim of this study was firstly to determine the influence of various preharvest factors on chilling sensitivity. In addition, Near-Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was tested as a potential management tool to identify variation in CI susceptibility of fruit and lastly the efficacy of thiabendazole (TBZ) applied in the packline to reduce CI was determined. Various factors influence the susceptibility of a navel orange fruit to CI including cultivar, micro-climate, harvest date, fruit size and rind colour. In this study it was found that ‘Washington’ was more susceptible to CI compared to ‘Navelina’ navel orange. Fruit from the coldest part of Citrusdal (Tharakama) had the highest incidence of CI, which concurred with literature. The incidence of CI was overall less when fruit were harvested in the middle of the commercial harvest window; however, the internal maturity at harvest does not appear to be related to the sensitivity of orange fruit to CI. Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was tested as a potential tool to predict fruit quality parameters in relation to CI. Analysing the NIR data with principal components analysis (PCA), score plots were obtained that separate fruit in clusters from the inside and outside of the canopy positions as well as different sizes and rind colours (green vs. orange). However, analysing data with partial least square regression (PLS) using fruit quality parameters (firmness, rind colour and mass), the NIR spectra obtained with the integrated sphere did not provide a good prediction model for CI index. Thiabendazole (TBZ) is reported to reduce the incidence of CI of citrus fruit and this fungicide was applied in a semi-commercial packline in the wax as well as the drench. The results of the application of different fungicides from the TBZ chemical group indicated that the TBZ dip treatments had the highest efficacy in reducing both the incidence and severity of CI and in addition were more effective when applied in warm (40°C) than cold water (10°C). Applications at the commercial recommended rate (20mL.L-1 and half of the commercial recommended rate were both effective in reducing the incidence of CI. Wax application was effective in reducing the incidence of CI however, the application of TBZ in the wax reduced the incidence of CI even more. For the successful reduction of CI incidence in commercial shipments of citrus fruit the focus should not be on a single factor but rather a strategy that encompasses pre-harvest factors that would influence rind quality as well as specific postharvest technologies know to decrease the impact of CI.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sitrus vrugte ondergaan 'n verpligte 24 dae blootstelling aan -0,6°C om moontlike insek-larwes te dood gedurende die uitvoer na markte soos die VSA en China, maar hierdie protokol veroorsaak koueskade. Die doel van hierdie studie was eerstens om die invloed van verskillende voor-oes faktore op koueskade-sensitiwiteit van nawel lemoene te bepaal. Daarbenewens is naby-infrarooi (NIR) spektroskopie as 'n potensiële tegniek getoets om variasie in koueskade-sensitiwiteit van nawel lemoene te identifiseer, en laastens is die effektiwiteit van thiabendazole (TBZ) toediening in die verpakkings lyn, om koueskade te verminder, ondersoek. Verskillende faktore soos kultivar, mikroklimaat, oesdatum, vruggrootte en skilkleur beïnvloed die koueskade-sensitiwiteit van sitrus. Hierdie studie het bevind dat die ‘Washington’ meer sensitief is vir koueskade as die ‘Navelina’ nawels. Vrugte afkomstig uit die koudste deel van Citrusdal (Tharakama) het die hoogste voorkoms van koueskade. In die algemeen was vrugte ge-oes in die middel van die kommersiële-venster die minste koueskade-sensitief, maar interne rypheid hou nie verband met koueskadesensitiwiteit nie. Naby-Infrarooi (NIR) spektroskopie is getoets as 'n potensiële instrument om vrugkwaliteit parameters te voorspel met betrekking tot koueskade. Deur ontleding van die NIR data met behulp van ‘Principal Components Analysis’ kon vrugte groepeer word volgens posisie (binne vs. buite blaredak), groottes en skilkleur. Deur ‘Partial Least Square Regression’ verdere data ontleding en met inagneming van vrugkwaliteit parameters (fermheid, skil kleur en massa), kon die NIR spektra wat verkry was egter nie 'n goeie voorspelling model vir koueskade verskaf nie. TBZ verminder die voorkoms van koueskade van sitrusvrugte na dit toegedien was in 'n semi-kommersiële verpakkingslyn in die waks, ‘drench’ of baddens. Die toediening van verskillende swamdoders van die TBZ chemiese groep in baddens, het aangedui dat die TBZ doop behandeling effektief was om die voorkoms van koueskade te verminder. Daarbenewens was TBZ meer effektief in verlaging van koueskade as dit toegedien word in warm (40°C) as koue (10°C) water, asook teen die volle (20mL.L-1) en die helfte van die aanbevole kommersiële dosis. Wakstoediening was effektief in die vermindering van die voorkoms van koueskade en byvoeging van TBZ in die waks het die effektiwiteit verhoog. Die suksesvolle vermindering van koueskade tydens kommersiële verskeping van sitrusvrugte moet egter nie fokus op 'n enkele faktor nie, maar op 'n strategie wat bestaan uit voor-oes faktore wat die vrugskil kwaliteit beïnvloed, sowel as spesifieke na-oes tegnologieë en hanteringsprotokolle wat bekend is vir die vermindering van koueskade.
Citrus Research International

In January, 1985, the rate-of-flow controls ("prorate") for the California-Arizona navel orange industry were suspended for half of the marketing season. This marked the first time in 32 consecutive years that the industry operated without market controls. This study compares the behavior of industry marketing margins during the deregulated period with that of regulated seasons in order to assess the impacts of the prorate suspension on the marketing system. Econometric results indicate that relative to subsequent regulated seasons, marketing margins contracted during the prorate suspension period. This implies that despite deregulation, the agricultural marketing sector was unable to exercise market power and maintain retail orange prices high while depressing grower prices, as some growers claimed. In addition, the results suggest that shortrun distributor reaction to a permanent termination of marketing order controls would result in changes in marketing system behavior which would be favorable to consumers.

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Bachelors
Engineering
Electrical and Computer Engineering

Traditional analysis of aquifer tests uses the observed hydrograph at one well caused by pumping at another well for estimating transmissivity and storage coefficient of an aquifer. The analysis relies on Theis' or Jacob's approximate solution, which assumes aquifer homogeneity. Aquifers are inherently heterogeneous at different scales. If the observation well taps into a low permeability zone while the pumping well is located in a high permeable zone, the resulting situation contradicts the homogeneity assumption embedded in the traditional analysis. As a result, a practical but important question we ask: What do we derive from the traditional analysis? Using numerical experiments in synthetic aquifers, we answer this question. Results of the experiments indicate that the effective transmissivity, Teff , and storage coefficient, Seff , values vary with time, as well as the principal directions of the transmissivity, but both values approach their geometric means of the aquifer at large times. Analysis of the estimated transmissivity (T) and storage coefficient (S ) using well hydrographs from a single observation well shows that at early times, both the estimated T and S values vary with time. At late times, both estimates approach local averages near the observation well. The T value approaches but does not equal Teff , representing an average value over a broad area in the vicinity of the observation well while the S value converges to the value dominated by the storage coefficient near the observation wells (i.e., its average area is much smaller than that of the t value).

Interest in growing blood oranges in Arizona has been increasing in recent years, especially for producing fruit for sale in roadside stands. The Arizona Cooperative Citrus Registration Certification Program now has four selections from which to choose: 'Moro', 'Tarocco', 'Sanguinelli', and 'Ruby'. Each one has distinct advantages and disadvantages that should be considered before making a selection.

The performance of eleven 'Valencia Late' and nine 'Washington Navel' orange (Citrus sinensis) clones all on rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri) rootstock was evaluated. Significant differences in trunk cross sectional area, plant canopy volume, cumulative yield and yield efficiency were found between clones of different citrus cultivars. Some clones such as VL106, VL139, VL185 and WN204 appeared to be promising in terms of good growth characteristics and high yield, and could therefore be used for the national performance trials. Studies on post-harvest degreening of 'Valencia Late' oranges were also carried out at Matuga Regional Research Sub-Centre (Kenya) in a series of experiments. Fully mature fruits were dipped for three minutes in 0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500 and 3000 ppm concentrations of ethephon. Fruits wrapped in aluminum foil shrivelled less and retained their firmness and freshness. Rind brightness increased by dipping of fruits in ethephon (2000) ppm giving a good colour change. Dipping fruits a second time three days after the first dip did not have any significant effect on colour change. (Chemical names used: (2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon).

Improvements in the external color of Regreened 'Valencia' oranges were studied using ethylene gas. Twelve hour cycles of gassing were followed by the restoration of normal air concentrations with high humidity. Two temperatures, 14°C and 22°C were used with ethylene concentrations of 5, 10 μl/l as well as normal generated ethylene concentration in air for two weeks. The reflectance of the fruit was measured to indicate chlorophyll concentration changes. Chroma measurements were used to mimic the human eye response. The oranges treated at 22°C with either 5 or 10 μl/l ethylene gas lost their chlorophyll (greenness) and gained orange pigment (redness). Brightness increased more in the 10 μl/l ethylene than in the 5 μl/l concentrations. At 5 μl/l little evidence of stem-end decay was observed which indicates senescence was not accelerated. Some stem-end decay was observed in oranges treated with 10 μl/l of ethylene at 22°C an indication that shelf life had been reduced because of the treatments.

Across the world, Italy is one of the top producers of citrus fruit. Italian oranges, clementines, mandarins, lemons are famous all around the world and are exported as fresh fruit or as processed, for example as fruit juice. After a brief look to the actual global citrus market and some forecasts about 2018/2019 trends, this work presents the EU regulations and the international standards and guidelines of the Codex Alimentarius on sanitary measures and market standards about food export and in particular citrus fruit export. Italian citrus export to China is the focus, particular attention is given to the “PROTOCOL ON PHYTOSANITARY REQUIREMENTS FOR THE EXPORT OF FRESH CITRUS FRUITS FROM ITALY TO CHINA” drew up in 2018. In the last chapter, the Chinese version of the protocol is analysed from a morphological point of view.

Les travaux de recherche, présentés dans ce mémoire de thèse, s'inscrivent dans un projet de revalorisation des déchets de la production de jus d'oranges en Tunisie et se sont déroulés sous une co-direction Franco-Tunisienne. La première partie de ce travail concerne une analyse des sols des orangeraies par diffraction des rayons X et par infrarouge, suivie de la détection par spectroscopie d'émission atomique des métaux lourds les plus significatifs d'une éventuelle pollution. Aucune contamination des sols n'a été observée ; aucun phénomène d'accumulation de métaux lourds par les oranges n'a été noté. La valorisation de molécules bioactives présentes dans les peaux d'oranges peut donc être envisagée. Nous avons choisi d'étudier deux polyphénols majeurs dans les oranges, l'hespérétine et l'ériodyctiole et, plus particulièrement, leurs propriétés chélatrices pour deux cations délétères dans les processus de vieillissement et dans les maladies neurodégénératives, le fer(III) et le cuivre(II). Nous avons aussi examiné la chélation du zinc(II) ainsi que celle de deux métaux toxiques, le nickel(II) et l'aluminium(III). Grâce à la combinaison des développements les plus récents de nombreuses méthodes analytiques (spectrométrie de masse, spectrophotométrie d'absorption et potentiométrie), nous avons établi la stœchiométrie des complexes formés, identifié les sites de coordination et déterminé la stabilité des divers complexes métalliques formés avec les deux polyphénols considérés dans nos recherches. La dernière partie de nos travaux concerne les mécanismes de capture et de libération du fer(III) et du nickel(II) par l'hespérétine et l'ériodyctiole. L'utilisation d'un spectrophotomètre à flux stoppé a permis de suivre des processus de complexation des métaux rapides et efficaces, limités par la désolvatation pas à pas des métaux ainsi que des mécanismes de dissociation catalysés par les protons
The research presented in this PhD dissertation was carried out under a French-Tunisian scientific supervision, in the framework of a valorisation project of the orange skins with the aim of producing bioactive molecules for pharmaceutical or cosmetic applications. In the first part of this work, we studied, using X-rays diffraction and infrared spectrophotometry, the structure of some samples of soils where citrus fruits are grown in Tunisia. The concentration of heavy metals in the soils, in the citrus fruits and in the orange juices was determined by atomic emission spectroscopy. It is noteworthy that neither significant pollution of the soils, nor accumulation of toxic cations are observed. In the second part of this manuscript, we selected two major polyphenols of citrus fruits, hesperetin and eriodyctiol, and carried out an extensive characterization of the corresponding metallic complexes. Combining mass spectrometry, absorption spectrophotometry and potentiometry, we established the stoechiometry of the complexes, attributed the coordination sites and calculated the thermodynamic stability of the various complexes. We examined two prooxidant cations, Fe(III) and Cu(II), which have been proven to be deleterious in ageing processes and neurodegenerative diseases and for which the chelation will be beneficial, if moderate. Zn(II) and two toxic metals, Ni(II) and Al(III), were also studied. In the last part of our research work, we have elucidated the uptake and release mechanisms of iron(III) and nickel(II) by hesperetin and eriodyctiol. Our results showed that the uptake rate was limited by a step-by-step desolvation of the metals and that the release processes were catalysed by protons

Albedo breakdown known as creasing, a physiological disorder, due to abnormal separation of cells leading to the formation of irregular fractures in the white tissue (albedo) causing the creases of sweet orange rind. It causes serious economic losses to the sweet orange growers in Australia and in other orange producing areas of the world.Fruit quality, particularly albedo breakdown has been influenced by various factors such as plant water relations, genetic factors, plant nutritional status and plant growth regulators. My research investigated the development of the incidence and the severity of albedo breakdown during fruit maturation and ripening, the effects of severity of albedo breakdown on fruit quality among locations and cultivars of ‘Navel’ sweet orange. I also elucidated the influence of deficit regulated irrigation, exogenous application of surfactants added in calcium solution, exogenous application of boron and the role of ethylene in the incidence of albedo breakdown, textural properties of the rind and fruit quality of ‘Navel’ sweet oranges.The incidence and the severity of albedo breakdown increased rapidly after commercial harvest. The incidence and severity of albedo breakdown in ‘Washington Navel’ orange differed from location to location, with the lowest at Harvey as compared to three other locations. Regardless of locations and cultivars, the severity of albedo breakdown did not affect juice content, soluble solids concentration, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, citric acid and malic acid except for decreasing succinic acid and increasing tartaric acid. Locations and cultivars significantly influenced these fruit quality parameters.The application of deficit irrigation (50% and 75% water supply of control trees) improved fruit quality in terms of increased soluble solids concentrations and acidity levels without affecting percentage of juice, pH of juice, ascorbic acid and individual organic acids in ‘Navelina’ sweet orange. The enhancement of the uptake of Ca in leaf, rind, and pulp of the fruit and the reduction in the incidence of albedo breakdown were obtained with the application of different surfactants added into aqueous solutions of 2% Ca(NO[subscript]3)[subscript]2 starting from 81 days after full bloom (DAFB) at 10-day intervals. Among four tested surfactants, ‘Tween 20’ (0.05%) was the most effective in enhancing Ca uptake, reducing albedo breakdown and improving textural properties of rind and fruit firmness while maintaining the other important fruit quality attributes in ‘Washington Navel’ sweet orange.The foliar application of boron enhanced the concentration of boron and calcium in the leaf, rind and pulp. The single spray application of boron in early summer at 600 mg.L[superscript]-1 was the most effective in increasing boron concentration in the leaf, rind and pulp of fruit, reducing the incidence of albedo breakdown and improving textural properties of rind and fruit firmness without affecting any the other fruit quality attributes in ‘Washington Navel’ sweet orange.Rind of fruit with albedo breakdown produced the higher ethylene production than the normal fruit. The exogenous application of ethylene inhibitors including AVG (200 mg.L[superscript]-1) and CoSO[subscript]4 (300 mg.L[superscript]-1) reduced the incidence of albedo breakdown and improved the rind textural properties in ‘Washington Navel’ sweet orange. Ethylene seems to be involved in the incidence of albedo breakdown.In conclusion, the severity of albedo breakdown did not affect the major attributes of fruit quality in ‘Navel’ sweet oranges. The applications of deficit irrigation, exogenous 2% Ca(NO[subscript]3)[subscript]2 containing ‘Tween 20’ as a surfactant and the exogenous spray application of boron (600 mg.L[superscript]-1) influenced the incidence and severity of albedo breakdown without affecting other fruit quality parameters. Ethylene seems to be associated with the incidence of albedo breakdown in ‘Washington Navel’ sweet orange.

Thesis (MScAgric (Horticulture))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The size of the navel-end opening is an important parameter for external fruit quality in navel oranges [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck]. The application of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) to increase the percentage of closed navel-ends and reduce the size of the navel-end opening was conducted on six different navel orange cultivars. Treatments were applied at full bloom (FB), 100% petal drop (PD), as well as 2 weeks (2 WAPD) and 4 weeks after 100% petal drop (4 WAPD), at 15 mg·L-1 to 45 mg·L-1, to determine the most effective timing and concentration. The application of 2,4-D at FB consistently decreased the average navel-end size (all fruit) and increased the percentage of closed navel-ends in all the cultivars, with later applications at PD, 2 WAPD and 4 WAPD being generally ineffective, regardless of the concentration applied. There were no major negative side effects on internal and external fruit quality, except for the reduction in juice content (%), especially with the later treatments. Therefore, 15 mg·L-1 2,4-D at FB can be applied to increase the percentage of closed navel-ends and possibly increase export packouts. Navel oranges have a small secondary fruit located inside the primary fruit at the stylar-end and an opening at the stylar-end called the navel-end opening or the stylar-end aperture. Fruit growth and development was studied in three navel orange cultivars by measuring the primary fruit diameter, the secondary fruit diameter and the navel-end opening fortnightly, using both destructive and non-destructive sampling methods. The relationships between the primary fruit size, the secondary fruit size and the navel-end opening size were studied using correlation analysis. In addition, the effect of 2,4-D on fruit morphology, when applied as a treatment to reduce the size of the navel-end opening, was also evaluated on the same cultivars. The primary fruit, the secondary fruit and the navel-end opening followed a similar developmental pattern, although the navel-end opening developed later, about six weeks after FB. The primary fruit size was not related to the size of the secondary fruit or the navel-end opening. Similarly, the size of the navel-end opening was not related to the size of the secondary fruit. No negative effects were noted on the primary fruit morphology when 2,4-D was applied. Fruit splitting is a major physiological disorder of ‘Marisol’ Clementine mandarin (Citrus reticulata) fruit. The effect of application of 2,4-D on fruit splitting and fruit quality was evaluated on ‘Marisol’ Clementine mandarin trees grafted on Troyer citrange rootstock. Treatments included an untreated control, 2,4-D applied at 15 mg·L-1 or 25 mg·L-1 at FB and 15 mg·L-1 or 25 mg·L-1 at PD. The application of 2,4-D reduced fruit splitting in ‘Marisol’ Clementine fruit. Internal fruit quality was not affected by the treatments, however, the fruit developed a coarse rind due to enlarged oil glands and the styles stayed attached on the fruit until harvest. Therefore, although 2,4-D reduced fruit splitting, it cannot be recommended at the timings and concentrations evaluated.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die grootte van die nawel-ent opening is ‘n belangrike parameter vir eksterne vrugkwaliteit van nawel lemoene [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck]. Die toediening van 2,4-dichlorofenoksie asynsuur (2,4-D) om die persentasie geslote nawel-ente te vermeerder en die grootte van die nawel-ent opening te verklein is uitgevoer op ses verskillende nawel lemoen kultivars. Behandelings is toegedien by volblom (FB), 100% blomblaarval (PD), asook 2 weke (2WAPD) en 4 weke na 100% blomblaarval (4 WAPD), teen 15 mg·L-1 tot 45 mg·L-1, om die mees effektiewe tyd van toediening en konsentrasie te bepaal. Die toediening van 2,4-D by FB het herhaaldelik die gemiddelde nawel-ent grootte (alle vrugte) verminder en die persentasie geslote nawel-ente vermeerder in al die kultivars, terwyl die later toediening by PD, 2 WAPD en 4 WAPD oor die algemeen nie effektief was nie, ongeag die konsentrasie toegedien. Daar was geen noemenswaardige negatiewe effekte op interne en eksterne vrugkwaliteit nie, behalwe vir ‘n verlaging in die sapinhoud (%) van vrugte, veral by die later behandelings. Dus kan 15 mg·L-1 2,4-D by FB toegedien word om die persentasie geslote nawel-ente te vermeerder en moontlik ook die uitvoerpersentasie te verhoog. Nawel lemoene het ‘n klein sekondêre vrug binne die primêre vrug aan die styl-ent en ‘n opening by die styl-ent wat die nawel-ent opening of die styl-ent opening genoem word. Die vruggroei en ontwikkeling van drie nawel kultivars is bestudeer deur die primêre en sekondêre vrugdeursnit en die nawel-ent opening elke twee weke te meet, deur gebruik te maak van destruktiewe en niedestruktiewe monsterneming. Die effek van 2,4-D op vrugmorfologie, toegedien as ‘n behandeling om die nawel-ent grootte te verklein, is ook ge-evalueer op dieselfde kultivars. Die primêre vrug, die sekondêre vrug en die nawel-ent opening het dieselfde ontwikkelingspatroon gevolg, alhoewel die nawel-ent opening later ontwikkel het. Daar was geen sterk verwantskap tussen die primêre vruggrootte en die sekondêre vruggrootte of die grootte van die nawel-ent opening nie. Daar was ook nie ‘n vewantskap tussen die grootte van die nawel-ent opening en die sekondêre vruggrootte nie. Geen negatiewe effekte op vrugmorfologie as gevolg van die 2,4-D toediening is waargeneem nie. Vrugsplit is ‘n belangrike fisiologiese abnormaliteit van ‘Marisol’ Clementine (Citrus reticulata) vrugte. Die effek van 2,4-D op vrugsplit en vrugkwaliteit is ge-evalueer op ‘Marisol’ Clementine mandaryn bome op Troyer citrange onderstamme. Die behandelings het ‘n onbehandelde kontrole, 2,4-D toegedien teen 15 mg·L-1 of 25 mg·L-1 by FB en 15 mg·L-1 of 25 mg·L-1 by PD ingesluit. Die toediening van 2,4-D het vrugsplit verminder. Interne vrugkwaliteit was nie geaffekteeer deur die behandelings nie, maar die vrugte het ‘n growwe skil ontwikkel as gevolg van vergrote oliekliere en die style het aangeheg gebly aan die vrugte tot oestyd. Dus, alhoewel 2,4-D vrugsplit verminder het, kan dit nie aanbeveel word teen die tyd van toediening en konsentrasie soos ge-evalueer in hierdie studie nie.

A field study was designed to determine if foliar boron (B) sprays could increase fruit set and yield of 'Parent Washington' navel oranges (Citrus sinensis). Treatments consisted of two application timings (prebloom and postbloom) and five application rates 0, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 ppm B as Solubor. Leaf B levels had a significant response to both application timing and rate. There were no significant difference in fruit quality or yield.

Chilling-related postharvest rind breakdown of navel oranges is a significant economic problem worldwide. Chilling injury (CI) symptoms on navel orange fruit vary, and descriptive classification is generally ad hoc, making inter-study comparisons difficult. In this study, external symptoms of CI were related to patterns of cellular collapse in affected flavedo tissue, and a classification system developed to aid consistent symptom identification and improve communication within the supply chain. Potential markers of senescence were evaluated because older fruit were found to be more susceptible to CI. Electrolyte leakage, moisture content and protein content of flavedo tissue were ineffective indicators of both senescence and chilling stress. Rind colour and internal maturity were generally good indicators of fruit age, but lacked sensitivity over short time periods to be of use. Although there was a strong seasonal effect on CI incidence, pre-storage treatments, including hot water and methyl jasmonate, generally reduced the incidence of CI. Because these treatments elicit defence responses that protect tissue from chilling stress, the response and efficiency of plant defence systems is probably an important factor in chilling tolerance. The concentration of lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) in flavedo tissue was lower in fruit that were stored at a chilling temperature (1�C) compared to fruit that were stored at a non-chilling temperature (12�C) and lipid peroxidation did not increase during storage at 1�C. There was also a lower concentration of LOOH in the chilling sensitive variety than in the chilling tolerant variety. Therefore, increased lipid peroxidation is not related to chilling stress and subsequent injury but the results do suggest a role for LOOH in stress signalling. Antioxidant activity in the lipophilic fraction of flavedo tissue extracts increased as fruit senesced and was strongly correlated with carotenoid content. LOOH concentrations in flavedo tissue also increased as fruit senesced. The antioxidant activity of both the lipophilic and hydrophilic fractions of flavedo tissue extracts was higher in fruit stored at 12�C than in fruit stored at 1�C.

Salmonella outbreaks associated with orange juices have been reported in the past. Though there have been studies on the internalization of Salmonella into oranges there is inadequate information on the ability of this pathogen to survive on orange surfaces, become internalized, and survive the low pH internal conditions. The objective of this work was to study the survival of Salmonella gaminara and Salmonella agona on oranges obtained from the field and retail outlets and investigate their attachment and internalization potential. These studies showed that oranges obtained from both the field and retail outlets harbored relatively high concentrations of aerobic heterotrophic bacterial populations. There were significant differences in the survival of Salmonella agona and Salmonella gaminara at 4??C, room temperature (25??C) and 37??C. Survival was highest at 37??C and lowest at 4??C for both Salmonella gaminara and Salmonella agona. Salmonella agona and Salmonella gaminara showed significant differences in recovery when the cells were treated with pH 4.0, 7.0 and 9.5 buffers. The internalization studies suggest that a negative temperature differential favors the internalization of Salmonella cells into the fruit. Significant differences in the internalization of Salmonella into field and market oranges were observed with more internalization in the field oranges as compared to the market oranges. These results suggest that to prevent Salmonella contamination of orange juices adequate pre-harvest protection against pathogen contamination and post-harvest cleaning and disinfection strategies need to be employed.

Three yeast antagonists (two strains of Cryptococcus laurentii and one of Candida sake) from orange trees reduced incidence of green mold by 80 to 95% when tested in wounded orange fruits inoculated with Penicillium digitatum and incubated at 7ºC for 30 days. The yeasts inhibited conidial germination of the pathogen, but did not kill the spores. Effectiveness of the three yeasts as antagonists was associated in part with their ability to rapidly colonize wound sites, despite low nutrient availability. Observations suggested that production of extracellular matrix by the yeasts may have facilitated rapid wound colonization. Germination of P. digitatum conidia was significantly inhibited when the pathogen and antagonists were in direct physical contact in a culture suspension. The results supported the view that competition for nutrients is also a mode of action of yeasts against P. digitatum.

Thesis advisor: Natasha Sarkisian
The food served in schools can be a critical source of nourishment for children, particularly those who come from households which lack access to fresh, affordable food. Within the context of an obesity pandemic perpetuated by junk food, this research looks at the nutritional content of food served in elementary school cafeterias. Focusing on calorie content as a measure of nutritional quality, I analyze whether school districts across the country are actually offering meals which meet nutrition recommendations for children and whether there are differences across school districts according to measures of socioeconomic disadvantage. The findings of this research have implications for school nutrition policy
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2020
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Departmental Honors
Discipline: Sociology

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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

En la industria citrícola, las pérdidas económicas más importantes en poscosecha se deben las podredumbres verde y azul, causadas por los hongos Penicillium digitatum (Pers.:Fr.) Sacc. y Penicillium italicum Wehmer. Durante muchos años, se utilizaron ampliamente los fungicidas químicos para el control de estas enfermedades. Sin embargo, la preocupación de los consumidores por el uso excesivo y prolongado de estos productos para el control de las podredumbres ha orientado a los investigadores a buscar métodos alternativos no contaminantes que no depositen residuos peligrosos ni contaminen el ambiente. El uso de películas y recubrimientos comestibles es un método respetuoso con el ambiente que incrementa la vida útil de muchos alimentos incluidas las frutas y verduras. Sin embargo, muy poca investigación se ha enfocado al desarrollo de recubrimientos comestibles compuestos con la adición de compuestos antifúngicos como un nuevo método para controlar las enfermedades poscosecha en frutos cítricos frescos. El objetivo general de esta tesis doctoral fue desarrollar nuevos recubrimientos comestibles compuestos con la adición de aditivos alimentarios antifúngicos para el control de las podredumbres verde y azul en cultivares de cítricos comercialmente importantes. Primero, se desarrollaron las nuevas películas comestibles compuestas en base a hidroxipropil metilcelulosa (HPMC)-lípido con la adición de aditivos alimentarios o compuestos generalmente reconocidos como seguros (GRAS, por sus siglas en inglés), y se seleccionaron de acuerdo a su capacidad de formar emulsiones estables. Las películas se evaluaron por su actividad in vitro contra P. digitatum y P. italicum y sus propiedades mecánicas y de barrera (Capítulo 1). Luego, las emulsiones seleccionadas se usaron para pruebas in vivo en especies y cultivares de cítricos comercialmente importantes y se determinó su actividad antifúngica curativa (fruta recubierta después de la inoculación) y preventiva (fruta recubierta antes de la inoculación fungíca) contra las podredumbres verde y azul (Capítulo 2).
Valencia Chamorro, SA. (2009). Desarrollo de recubrimientos comestibles con actividad antifúngica en frutos cítricos [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/6286
Palancia

Despite the current use of chemical fungicides, Penicillium digitatum and P. expansum still are the most devastating pathogens of orange and apple fruit, respectively. These wound pathogens can infect fruits through injuries caused during harvest and postharvest handling, which annually lead to large economic losses worldwide. To obtain new rational and environmental friendly control alternatives, it is fundamental to understand these pathosystems, taking into account both, fungal pathogenicity mechanisms and host defence responses. In this thesis, by using gfp-tagged strains we have visualized the infection and have been confirmed these strains as a good tool to perform interaction and pathogen colonization studies. Once compatibility relationships were established, we have characterized the H2O2 effect on pathogens and hosts. Our findings suggests that H2O2 produced in fruit in response to abiotic and biotic stresses could be involved in signalling different functions linked with host resistance processes, rather than inhibiting the P. digitatum and P. expansum spore germination. As a high-throughput molecular method a proteomic approach was used to study the apple protein changes (both, abundance and oxidation) in response to abiotic (wounding) and biotic (P. expansum and P. digitatum) stresses. We have emphasized the findings related to those protein changes specifically induced in response to P. digitatum as non-host pathogen in apples. Among abundance changes we have identified Mal d 1.03E and EF-Tu, as well as oxidative changes in ACC oxidase and glutamine synthetases. Finally, we also have determined a low correlation between the transcript and protein abundances of some selected genes involved in wound and pathogen responses. Only Mal d 1.03E showed a significant correlation at the transcript and protein level. Knowledge obtained in this thesis could be an important step towards the improvement of disease control strategies, not only in these studied pathogens, but also in other important postharvest diseases.

A field study was designed to determine if foliar boron (B) sprays could increase fruit set and yield of 'Parent Washington' navel oranges (Citrus sinensis). Treatments consisted of two application timings (prebloom and postbloom) and five application rates 0, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 ppm B as Solubor. Leaf B levels had a significant response to both application timing and rate in 1998, but there were no significant differences in 1999. There were no significant difference in fruit quality or yield in either year.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 152-164) Microscopy investigations into the oil glands, localisation of the rind oils and the development of oleocellosis have been carried out in Washington navel orange (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck). Aims to develop an improved understanding of the physiological basis of the rind disorder.

Cette thèse a pour objectif d'étudier l'influence de la matrice alimentaire sur la libération et la perception des arômes. La première partie analyse le rôle de la pectine sur la diffusivité des arômes et sur les interactions moléculaires dans des systèmes modèles. La deuxième partie étudie le rôle des solides en suspension sur la répartition et la libération des arômes et sur la perception sensorielle dans le jus d'orange. La distribution des volatiles dans les différentes fractions du jus (pulpe, trouble et sérum) et le rôle des constituants non-volatils a premièrement été étudiée. En suite une méthodologie pour évaluer la qualité sensorielle des extraits en phase vapeur a été développée (Chromatographie gazeuse directe couplée à l'olfactométrie). Finalement, le rôle de la pulpe sur le profil sensoriel (texture, saveur, arôme odeur) du jus d'orange a été étudié. En parallèle, des analyses physico-chimiques, rhéologiques et la libération des arômes en phase vapeur ont été effectuées
The aim of this thesis was to investigate how the properties of the food matrix influence flavour release and perception in food. The thesis is organised in two parts. The first part focused on the role of pectins on aroma compound diffusivity and molecular interactions in a model system. The second part focused on the role of suspended solids on aroma compound distribution, flavour release and sensory perception in orange juice. Firstly we determined how aroma compounds are distributed within the macroscopic juice fractions (cloud, pulp and serum) and the role of non-volatile constituents. Secondly we developed a novel methodology (Direct Gas Chromatography Olfactometry) to evaluate the sensory quality of solventless extracts (e. G. SPME, static headspace). Finally, we investigated how pulp influence sensory profiles of texture, taste, odour and aroma in orange juice. At the same time rheological and physicochemical measurements as well as flavour release studies were performed

Family is widely expected to be the main source of support for Senior Citizens and, like many religions and cultures, the Jewish tradition has expectations of filial obligations of care. South Africa and its Jewish community have experienced increased emigration over the last decade resulting in many Senior Citizens remaining in South Africa after all their children have emigrated. A phenomenological methodology was used in this study, with the aim of gaining more understanding, firstly about what is experienced by Senior Citizens as beneficial and not beneficial in regards to support in general and secondly about the challenges of later stages of life from Senior Citizens&rsquo
perspective, especially without expected support of offspring. In-depth interviews were conducted with eight Jewish women, aged over 75, who find themselves in such a position. Their experiences are described in terms of social, practical, emotional and spiritual support as well as in terms of the contextual experiences that necessitate support. The overall experience was found to be one of managing aloneness and dealing with the loss of family and its accompanying sense of belonging. It includes constantly missing one&rsquo
s family, trying to keep in satisfyingly regular contact and trying to comprehend, justify and accept their emigration in terms of expected intergenerational roles. It demands adjusting to constant changes in supports and in one&rsquo
s independence and identity and finding the motivation to strive to remain alive and discover meaning in the painful situation. In the face of all this, there is also a discovery of previously unsuspected new strengths in being able to cope with these difficulties and an exciting new sense of liberation in catering only for oneself. A model of perceived Ideal Support was uncovered comprising a hierarchy of needs within such support, including
Consistency, Reliability, Role Fulfilment, Desire to Support, Respect, Dignity, Enabled Independence, Affection, Like-Mindedness and Belonging.

[ES] La citricultura se enfrenta a escenarios ambientales cambiantes que provocan diferentes estreses bióticos y abióticos que pueden dificultar la producción o afectar a la calidad de la fruta. El patrón sobre el cual se injerta una variedad específica es una importante herramienta para mejorar su adaptabilidad a cada área de cultivo. En la presente Tesis se realiza el estudio del efecto del patrón sobre la calidad físico-química y nutricional de la fruta en variedades de gran interés comercial en la actualidad, mandarinas 'Clemenules' y 'Tango' y naranjas sanguinas 'Tarocco Rosso' y 'Moro'. En 'Clemenules' se llevó a cabo la evaluación de la calidad de la fruta de árboles injertados sobre ocho patrones en tres momentos de cosecha durante dos campañas. Los patrones Forner-Alcaide 13 y C-35 destacaron por adelantar el cambio de color, lo que es de gran interés comercial. Por otra parte, Forner-Alcaide V17 destacó por mantener niveles óptimos de acidez hasta el final de la campaña y presentar el mayor contenido en vitamina C, flavonoides, glucosa y fructosa. Carrizo Citrange también indujo altas concentraciones de sacarosa y vitamina C. 'Tango' es una mandarina de reciente introducción en el área mediterránea de gran interés por su periodo de recolección tardío. En esta Tesis se abordó el estudio de los cambios en la calidad fisicoquímica, nutricional y sensorial de la mandarina 'Tango' injertada sobre dos patrones (Carrizo Citrange y Forner-Alcaide 5) en las dos áreas principales de producción de Andalucía. Los resultados revelaron que la calidad de la fruta se vio influenciada por la localización de las parcelas, lo que se relacionó con la composición de la textura del suelo. En ambas localizaciones, Forner-Alcaide 5 indujo mayor contenido en acidez, sólidos solubles totales, sacarosa, vitamina C y ácido cítrico en la fruta. Las determinaciones físico-químicas, junto con la evaluación sensorial permitieron establecer el momento óptimo de recolección dependiendo de las diferentes condiciones estudiadas. También se ha incluido un estudio del comportamiento postcosecha de esta variedad, ya que no existían datos en nuestras condiciones de cultivo. La mandarina 'Tango' presentó síntomas externos de daños por frío a partir de los 20 días almacenada a 1°C y 5°C. Se realizó un estudio micro-estructural para caracterizar la alteración. Los frutos del patrón Forner-Alcaide 5 presentaron una menor incidencia de los daños por frío. El almacenamiento a 9°C no comprometió la calidad externa o interna. Dentro del grupo de naranjas, en los últimos años existe una creciente demanda por las naranjas sanguinas para su consumo en fresco. Para evaluar el efecto del patrón se tomaron las variedades 'Moro' y 'Tarocco Rosso' injertadas sobre ocho patrones. La calidad interna se vio afectada por el momento de cosecha, siendo más evidente en 'Moro'. En ambas variedades el patrón afectó a los parámetros de calidad durante la maduración. En 'Moro', se observó una reducción en el color del zumo debido a la degradación de los antocianos, siendo los patrones C-35, Macrophylla y Volkameriana los que mostraron un mayor descenso. Esta degradación se relacionó con los cambio de la temperatura durante el periodo de recolección. En 'Tarocco Rosso' no se evidenció ninguna degradación, lo que sugiere que esta variedad es menos sensible a los cambios de temperatura. En esta variedad Forner-Alcaide 5 y Forner-Alcaide 13 produjeron fruta con mayor contenido en antocianos y azúcares. Además se llevó a cabo el estudio de la aptitud a la frigoconservación de las variedades de sanguinas 'Tarocco Rosso' y 'Sanguinelli'. Mientras que la calidad interna no se vio afectada por el almacenamiento (1°C, 5°C y 9°C) durante 45 días, la fruta presentó síntomas de daños por frío a 1°C. 'Sanguinelli' presentó mayor incidencia que 'Tarocco Rosso'. Estas sanguinas se pueden almacenar entre 5 y 9°C
[CA] La citricultura s'enfronta constantment a escenaris ambientals canviants que provoquen diferents estressos biòtics i abiòtics. El patró sobre el qual s'empelta una varietat específica és una important eina per a millorar la seua adaptabilitat agronòmica en cada àrea de cultiu. En la present Tesi s'ha dut a terme l'estudi de l'efecte del patró sobre la qualitat físic-química i nutricional de la fruita en varietats de gran interés comercial, mandarines 'Clemenules' i 'Tango' i, taronges sanguines 'Tarocco Rosso' i 'Moro'. En 'Clemenules' es va dur a terme l'avaluació de la qualitat de la fruita d'arbres empeltats sobre huit patrons en tres moments de collita, en dues campanyes. Entre els patrons avaluats, Forner-Alcaide 13 i C-35 van destacar per avançar el canvi de color. D'altra banda Forner-Alcaide V17 va destacar per mantindre nivells òptims d'acidesa fins al final de la campanya i va presentar el major contingut en vitamina C, flavonoides, glucosa i fructosa. Carrizo Citrange també va induir altes concentracions de sacarosa i vitamina C en la fruita. 'Tango' és una mandarina de recent introducció en l'àrea mediterrània amb gran interés pel seu període de recol·lecció que comença quan finalitza el de les clementines. En la present Tesi es van estudiar els canvis en la qualitat físic-química, nutricional i sensorial de la mandarina Tango empeltada sobre dos patrons (Carrizo Citrange i Forner-Alcaide 5) durant el període de collita en les dues àrees principals de producció d'Andalusia. La qualitat de la fruita es va veure influenciada per la localització, la qual cosa es va relacionar amb la composició de la textura del sòl. En totes dues localitzacions, Forner-Alcaide 5 va ser el patró que va induir major contingut en acidesa, sòlids solubles totals, sacarosa, vitamina C i àcid cítric en la fruita. Les determinacions físic-químiques i l'avaluació sensorial van permetre establir el moment òptim de recol·lecció depenent de les diferents condicions estudiades. També s'ha inclòs un estudi del comportament postcollita d'aquesta varietat, ja que no existien dades en les nostres condicions de cultiu. La mandarina 'Tango' va presentar símptomes externs de danys per fred a partir dels 20 dies emmagatzemada a 1°C i 5°C. Es va realitzar un estudi micro-estructural per a caracteritzar l'alteració provocada per les baixes temperatures. Els fruits del patró Forner-Alcaide 5 van presentar una menor incidència dels danys per fred. L'emmagatzematge a 9°C no va comprometre la qualitat externa o interna d'aquesta varietat. Dins del grup de taronges, en els últims anys existeix una creixent demanda per les taronges sanguines pel seu consum en fresc. Per a avaluar l'efecte del patró sobre sanguines es van prendre dues varietats, 'Moro' i 'Tarocco Rosso' empeltades sobre huit patrons. La qualitat interna es va veure influenciada pel moment de collita, la qual cosa va ser més evident en la varietat 'Moro'. En totes dues varietats el patró va afectar els canvis en els paràmetres de qualitat estudiats. En 'Moro', es va observar una reducció en el color del suc degut a la degradació del antocians. Aquesta degradació es va relacionar amb el canvi de la temperatura experimentada durant el període de recol·lecció. 'Tarocco Rosso' és menys sensible als canvis de temperatura. En aquesta varietat els patrons Forner-Alcaide 5 i Forner-Alcaide 13 van produir la fruita amb major contingut en antocianos i sucres. A mes s'aporta l'estudi de l'aptitud a la frigoconservació en les sanguines 'Tarocco Rosso' i 'Sanguinelli'. Mentre que la qualitat interna no es va veure afectada per l'emmagatzematge a cap de les temperatures assajades (1°C, 5°C i 9°C) durant 45 dies, la fruita va presentar símptomes de danys per fred a 1°C. `Sanguinelli' va presentar major incidència que 'Tarocco Rosso'. La fruita es pot emmagatzemar entre 5°C i 9°C durant 30 dies en el cas de 'Sanguinelli' i fins a 45 en e
[EN] Citriculture faces changing environmental scenarios that cause biotic and abiotic stress. The rootstock onto which a specific variety is grafted is an important tool to help to improve its agronomic adaptability to each crop area. The present Thesis was carried out to study the effect of rootstock on physico-chemical and nutritional fruit quality in some varieties of commercial interest today: 'Clemenules' and 'Tango' mandarins, and 'Tarocco Rosso' and 'Moro' blood oranges. In 'Clemenules', the fruit of the trees grafted into eight rootstocks at three harvest times was evaluated by performing studies during two seasons. Forner-Alcaide 13 and C-35 Citrange stood out for their earlier color change, which is very interesting for this variety, in which early harvesting is a relevant aspect from the commercial point of view. Forner-Alcaide V17 stood out for maintaining optimum acidity levels until the season ended and presented the highest contents in vitamin C, flavonoids, glucose and fructose. Carrizo Citrange brought about high concentrations of sucrose and vitamin C in fruit. 'Tango' is a mandarin variety that has been recently introduced into the Mediterranean Region. Its harvest time is very interesting because it starts when that of clementines ends. The present Thesis studies changes in the physico-chemical, nutritional and sensorial quality of 'Tango' fruit grafted onto two rootstocks (Carrizo Citrange and Forner-Alcaide 5) during the harvest period in the two main production areas in Andalusia. The results revealed that fruit quality during harvest was influenced by the location, which was particularly related to soil texture composition. In both areas, Forner-Alcaide 5 was the rootstock that induced higher acidity content, and more total soluble solids, sucrose, vitamin C and citric acid in fruit. The physico-chemical determinations, along with the sensorial evaluation, allowed the optimum harvest time to be established depending on the different studied conditions. This Thesis also includes a study about this variety's postharvest behavior as no data are available for our crop conditions. The 'Tango' mandarin presented outer chilling injury symptoms after being stored for 20 days at 1°C and 5°C. A microstructural study was done to characterize the alteration caused by low temperatures. The Forner-Alcaide 5 rootstock fruit showed a lower chilling injury incidence. Storage at 9°C did not compromise quality fruit. Among oranges, demand for blood oranges to be eaten fresh has grown in recent years, basically due to their high content in anthocyanins and their positive effect for human health. To assess the effect that rootstock had on blood oranges, two varieties were taken, 'Moro' and 'Tarocco Rosso', grafted onto eight rootstocks. Internal quality was strongly influenced by harvest time, which was more evident for 'Moro'. In both varieties, rootstock affected changes in the quality parameter studied. In 'Moro', juice color faded as anthocyanins degraded, and rootstocks C-35 Citrange, Macrophylla and Volkameriana showed the most marked reduction. Such anthocyanin degradation was related to the change in temperature that took place during the harvest period. In 'Tarocco Rosso', anthocyanins did not undergo degradation, which suggests that this variety is less sensitive to changes in temperature. In this variety, rootstocks Forner-Alcaide 5 and Forner-Alcaide 13 gave fruit with a higher content of anthocyanins and sugars. This Thesis also includes a study of the suitability of cold storage of two blood orange varieties: 'Tarocco Rosso' and 'Sanguinelli'. Although storage at any tested temperature (1°C, 5°C and 9°C) did not affect internal quality for 45 days, fruit displayed chilling injury symptoms at 1°C, with a higher incidence for 'Sanguinelli' than for 'Tarocco Rosso'. Fruit can be stored between 5°C and 9°C for 30 days for 'Sanguinelli' and for up to 45 days with 'Tarocco Rosso'.
This study has been supported by Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias and co-financed by FEDER and European Social Fund. The authors thank Anecoop S. Coop. and Frutaria Agricultura, S.L for supplying the fruit herein used and its technical support.
Morales Alfaro, J. (2021). Effect of Rootstock on the Fruit Quality of Mandarins "Clemenules" and "Tango", and Blood Oranges "Tarocco Rosso" and "Moro" [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/165858
TESIS

ABSTRACT Effects of Compost, Legume Cover Cropping and Vermicompost Extract Foliar Applications on Nutrition and Yield of Washington Navel Oranges William Payton Carling An experiment was conducted to test the effects of four treatments on Washington navel orange (Citrus sinensis) trees in regards to nutrient content of the leaves and fruit, soil nutrient content and properties, and fruit yield. The four treatments included: compost (C) and vermicompost extract foliar (VEF) applications, legume cover cropping (LCC) and VEF applications, VEF applications, and a control. The treatments were implemented from February 2010 to April 2011 and sampling occurred in May 2011. Fruit Growers Laboratory, Inc. (FGL) conducted the soil, leaf, and fruit analyses. The test site was located in San Isidro, Baja California Sur, Mexico. The compost used was made onsite with livestock manure, carbon-based farm waste, and water, and applied around the drip-lines of 8 WNO trees once every two months. The vermicompost and vermicompost extract was made onsite by introducing red wiggler worms (Eisenia fetida) into horse manure, allowing 1 month for casting content to build up, and collecting the extract as water was filtered through the material. Vermicompost extract was applied using a backpack foliar sprayer on 8 WNO trees twice a month. The legume cover crop treatment consisted of two plantings at a rate of approximately 72 seeds per square foot around the drip-lines of 8 WNO trees. Black-eyed peas (Vigna unguiclata) were planted in April 2010 and minimally incorporated using a hoe and shovel in August 2010. Fababeans (Vicia faba) and dry peas (Pisum sativum) were planted in January 2011 and minimally incorporated into the soil in March 2011. WNO leaf and soil analyses were compared to FGL optimum ranges. The C+VEF treatment showed trends of increased soil and leaf nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, zinc, and copper levels and improved soil properties by raising soil organic matter percentage, saturation percentage, and moisture percentage. The control treatment had low or deficient values in these nutrients and soil properties. The LCC+VEF treatment increased nitrogen in the soil and leaf content but decreased organic matter percentage. The VEF treatment increased nitrogen and potassium content in the leaf but increased sodium beyond FGL optimum range. The C+VEF treatment had the highest yield and the greatest amount of nutrients removed as a result of yield. The C+VEF treatment had more available nutrients in the soil for WNO tree uptake and future crops.

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As frutas cítricas são muito consumidas e apreciadas, não só devido ao seu paladar agradável como também ao valor nutricional que possuem. O Brasil é o maior produtor e exportador mundial de laranjas, suco de laranja concentrado congelado e de suco de laranja pasteurizado (NFC - Not From Concentrated), sendo o estado de São Paulo o maior produtor. Já outras frutas cítricas como limão Siciliano, Grapefruit e Lima da Pérsia possuem uma produção nacional ainda pequena e parte do consumo interno é importada. Outro grupo de laranjas ainda pouco estudado é o das laranjas de polpa vermelha que apresentam o carotenóide licopeno na sua composição. Os compostos antioxidantes (carotenóides, compostos fenólicos, flavonóides) apresentam atividade anti-radical livre e alguns deles também são responsáveis pela cor das frutas. Considerando a importância das frutas cítricas com relação aos seus benefícios para a saúde, os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a atividade anti-radical livre (DPPH• e ABTS•), compostos bioativos (carotenóides, flavanonas e ácido ascórbico) e parâmetros de cor de quatro variedades de frutas cítricas de polpa clara (Lima da Pérsia, Grapefruit, Limão Siciliano e Hamlin); comparar estes mesmos parâmetros entre duas variedades de polpa vermelha (Sanguíneas de Mombuca e baía Cara Cara) e uma de polpa clara (Pera Rio), colhidas no início, meio e fim de safra; e verificar o efeito da pasteurização nos compostos bioativos presentes no suco de laranja de polpa vermelha e de clara. As variedades Baía Cara Cara (CN486) e Pera Rio foram cultivadas na cidade Cordeirópolis/SP e a Sanguínea de Mombuca (CV 93) em três diferentes cidades do Estado de São Paulo, São Bento do Sapucaí, Cordeirópolis e Mogi Mirim. A variedade limão Siciliano apresentou o maior teor de ácido ascórbico (78,86mg), Grapefruit e Hamlin apresentaram o maior conteúdo...
Citrus fruits are widely consumed and enjoyed, not only because of its pleasant taste but also the nutritional value they have. Brazil is the largest producer and exporter of oranges, frozen concentrated orange juice (FCOJ) and orange juice NFC (Not from Concentrated), and the state of Sao Paulo largest producer. Yet other citrus fruits like lemon, grapefruit and Sweet Lime still have a small domestic production and share of domestic consumption is imported. Another group of oranges still less studied are the red pulp of oranges that have the carotenoid lycopene in its composition. The antioxidants (carotenoids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids) have anti-free radical activity and some of them are also responsible for the color of the fruit. Considering the importance of citrus fruits in relation to their health benefits, the objectives were to evaluate the anti-free radical (DPPH • and ABTS •), bioactive compounds (carotenoids, ascorbic acid, and flavanones) and parameters of color four varieties of citrus pulp clear (Sweet Lime, Grapefruit, Lemon and Hamlin), to compare these same parameters between two varieties of red pulp (of Blood and Mombuca Baía Cara Cara) and a clear pulp (Pera Rio) taken at the beginning, middle and end of harvest, and check the effect of pasteurization on bioactive compounds in orange juice pulp and red light. Varieties Baía Cara Cara (CN486) and Pear River were grown in the city Cordeirópolis / SP and Blood of Mombuca (CV 93) in three different cities of São Paulo, São Bento do Sapucaí, Cordeirópolis and Mogi Mirim. The Sicilian lemon variety had the highest content of ascorbic acid (78.86 mg), Grapefruit and Hamlin had the highest content of total carotenoids of the four fruits (13.58 and 11.32 mg / mL) and the antioxidant capacity was higher in fruit that had best levels of carotenoids and phenolic compounds. The hesperidin was present in three... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Thesis (MScFoodSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Postharvest fruit loss is a major challenge in addressing food security, sustainable management of resources and profitability of agribusiness. The incidence of postharvest loss and changes in physico-chemical properties of three types of fruit (peaches, pears and oranges) were evaluated at retail and during post-purchase storage. The amount of physical loss at the three retail outlets studied ranged from 3.61% to 18.09% among the fruit types, with the highest incidence occurring in peaches. The estimated annual national physical loss at retail was 418 tons for pears, 1000 tons for oranges, and 7 240 tons for peaches. Based on the WHO recommended 146 kg per capita per year consumption of fruit, the total loss of the three types of fruit was sufficient to meet the dietary fruit requirements of 50 000 people per annum. Similarly, based on the recommended daily allowance of 50 mg of ascorbic acid, these losses could meet the annual vitamin C needs of 82 000 people. The estimated monetary value of the losses at retail ranged from R2.2 million to R96.87 million per annum depending on fruit type and retail outlet. The land wasted to produce lost fruits was 1965 ha while energy wasted was 32.77 x 106 MJ. Greenhouse gas emission of the losses was 2870 tons CO2eq and total water footprint 68 0000 m3. Losses were mainly due to the presence of severe physical damage, rots and physiological disorders. There were significant variations in physico-chemical properties of fruit of the same type from different retail outlet. Although ambient temperature storage improved fruit colour and some chemical constituents responsible for palatability, it was associated with high physical and nutritional (vitamin C) losses. Results from this study show that appropriate harvesting maturity, packaging and maximum care in fruit handling is essential in reducing postharvest losses. Efficient cold chain management and fruit inspection for rots and damages could help to reduce subsequent spoilage at retail and during post-purchase storage. Given that the incidence of postharvest fruit loss observed at retail is the result of cumulative effects along the supply chain, further studies are warranted to map fruit history and magnitude of losses along the value chain.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Naoesvrugteverlies is ‟n groot uitdaging in die strewe na voedselsekerheid, volhoubare hulpbronbestuur en winsgewende landbousake. Die voorkoms van naoesverlies sowel as fisiko-chemiese naoesveranderinge by drie vrugtesoorte (perskes, pere en lemoene) is gevolglik by kleinhandelsafsetpunte én gedurende berging ná aankoop beoordeel. Die graad van fisiese verlies by die drie betrokke kleinhandelspunte het gewissel van 3,61% tot 18,09% tussen die vrugtesoorte, met die hoogste verlies by perskes. Die geraamde jaarlikse nasionale fisiese verlies by die kleinhandelspunte was 418 ton pere, 1 000 ton lemoene en 7 240 ton perskes. Op grond van die Wêreldgesondheidsorganisasie se aanbevole jaarlikse vrugte-inname van 146 kg per persoon, was die totale verlies van die drie vrugtesoorte genoeg om aan die vrugtedieetvereistes van 50 000 mense per jaar te voldoen. Op grond van die aanbevole daaglikse inname van 50 mg askorbiensuur, kan hierdie verlies eweneens in die jaarlikse vitamien C-behoeftes van 82 000 mense voorsien. Die geraamde geldwaarde van die verlies by die kleinhandelspunte strek van R2,2 miljoen tot R96,87 miljoen per jaar, na gelang van die vrugtesoort en bepaalde kleinhandelspunt. Die vermorste grond om die verlore vrugte te produseer, was 1 965 ha, terwyl energievermorsing op 32,77 x 106 MJ te staan gekom het. Kweekhuisgasvrystellings met betrekking tot die verlies was 2 870 ton CO2e, en die totale watervoetspoor 68 0000 m3. Vrugteverlies kon hoofsaaklik aan ernstige fisiese skade, verrotting en fisiologiese afwykings toegeskryf word. Daar was beduidende variasies in die fisiko-chemiese eienskappe van dieselfde vrugtesoort by verskillende kleinhandelaars. Hoewel berging by omgewingstemperatuur vrugtekleur en bepaalde chemiese komponente vir smaaklikheid verbeter, word dit ook met groot fisiese en voedingstof- (vitamien C-) verliese verbind. Die resultate van hierdie studie toon dat toepaslike oesrypheid, die regte verpakking en maksimum sorg in vrugtehantering noodsaaklik is om naoesverlies te verminder. Doeltreffende koelkettingbestuur en vrugte-inspeksie vir verrotting en skade kan latere bederf by kleinhandelsafsetpunte sowel as gedurende berging ná aankoop help beperk. Aangesien die naoesvrugteverlies wat by die kleinhandelspunte waargeneem is uit kumulatiewe faktore in die verskaffingsketting spruit, is verdere studies nodig om vrugtegeskiedenis na te spoor en die omvang van die verlies in die algehele waardeketting te bepaal.

In "The History of Sexuality", Michel Foucault claimed that the category of the homosexual emerged towards the end of the nineteenth century and came to define a type of personality through the proliferation of medical, legal and psychological discourses. The crystallisation of queer identities in the twentieth century became progressively visible in literary fiction too, prompting new variations of longstanding literary patterns, such as that of the Bildungsroman. While traditionally following the quest for identity of a male hero from an early age into adulthood through a series of formative experiences, the Bildungsroman genre has been adapted also to articulate the modern urge of “coming out”. This thesis attempts to demonstrate how Jeanette Winterson subverts the conventional framework of the Bildungsroman in her groundbreaking novel "Oranges Are Not The Only Fruit". It first concentrates on the realist aspects of the novel to investigate how the narrative deviates thematically from the classical novels of formations. By focusing on the non-mimetic fragments of Winterson’s novel, this thesis then argues that she disrupts the formal features of the genre through the interweaving of fairy tales, dreams, hallucinations and mythical tales with the realist thread of the story. The final part analyses Winterson's narrative techniques as well as the unconventional modes of representation of the main character’s consciousness in order to observe how "Oranges Are Not The Only Fruit" evokes character identification and invites readers’ empathy. By taking the novel as a model, this thesis argues that contemporary Bildungsromane may enable a better understanding of marginalised subcultures, such as those belonging to the LGBTQ+ spectrum.

Darbo tikslas: Citrusinių vaisių, skirtinguose prekybos centruose, kokybinių rodiklių palyginimas. Darbo uždaviniai: Išanalizuoti ir apibendrinti mokslinę literatūrą apie citrusinių vaisių kokybinių rodiklių kitimą laikymo metu. Susipažinti su citrusinių vaisių ėminių ėmimo metodika. Nustatyti citrusinių vaisių kokybinius rodiklius. Apibendrinti tyrimų rezultatus ir pateikti išvadas. Išvados: Tyrimo metu didžiausiomis citrinomis 151,8 g buvo prekiauta Maxima prekybos centruose, kurių kilmės šalis buvo Graikija. Didžiausiu sultingumu 44,9 proc. pasižymėjo Iki prekybos centruose parduodamos citrinos, kurios buvo mažiausios 94,9 g. Didžiausiais apelsinais 404,5 g buvo prekiauta Maxima prekybos centruose, tuo tarpu sultingumas didžiausias nustatytas 45,9 proc. Iki prekybos centruose parduodamais apelsinais, kurių kilmės šalis buvo Ispanija. Mandarinai didžiausi buvo parduodami Maxima prekybos centruose, kurių svoris buvo 62,0 g, kilmės šalis Italija. Sultingiausiais mandarinais buvo prekiaujama Iki prekybos centruose, jų sulčių kiekis nustatytas 52,4 proc. kilmės šalis Ispanija. Tyrimo metu didžiausi greipfrutai buvo parduodami Maxima prekybos centruose, jų svoris 493,0 g, tačiau sultingiausi buvo parduodami Prisma prekybos centruose, jų sulčių kiekis nustatytas 44,6 proc. kilmės šalis Graikija. Bendra išvada: Tyrimų metu nustatyta, kad citrusiniai vaisiai (apelsinai, citrinos, mandarinai), kurių kilmės šalis buvo Ispanija, pasižymėjo didžiausiu sultingumu, tačiau jie buvo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
The aim: The comparison of qualitative index of citrus fruits in different supermarkets. The goals of the work: To analyze and summarize scientific literature about changes of qualitative index of citrus fruits during their storage; to have a look at techniques of taking samples from citrus fruits; to determine qualitative indexes of citrus fruits; to generalize the results of the research and to make the conclusions. Conclusions: The biggest lemons that were being sold at “Maxima” supermarkets during the research weighted 151.8 g, they were from Greece. The juiciest (44.9%) lemons were being sold at “Iki” supermarkets, but they were also the smallest ones (94.9 g). The biggest oranges were found at “Maxima” supermarkets (404.5 g); whereas the juiciest ones (45.9%) were from Spain and they were being sold at “Iki” supermarkets. The biggest tangerines that were being sold at “Iki” supermarkets weighted 62.0 g, they were from Italy. The juiciest (52.4%) tangerines observed were being sold at “Iki” supermarkets and they were from Spain. The biggest grapefruits that were being sold at “Maxima” supermarkets during the research weighted 493.0 g, but the juiciest ones were bought from “Prisma” supermarket, with the highest amount of juice 44.6%; they were from Greece. The main conclusion: It was found during the research that citrus fruits (oranges, lemons and tangerines) from Spain were the juiciest; nevertheless, they were also the smallest ones compared to others from different... [to full text]

Les jus d'oranges industriels produits à partir d'oranges Navel développent une amertume progressive, quelques heures après l'expression des jus. Le phénomène s'étend également à d'autres jus d'oranges. Le composé responsable est un dérivé triterpénoïde hydrophobe, de faible masse moléculaire et de très faible solubilité dans l'eau: la limonine. De nombreuses tentatives pour désamériser les jus ont été effectuées avec plus ou moins de succès. Actuellement, les jus d'oranges amers sont désamerisés par adsorption grâce à l'utilisation de résines polystyréniques réticulées dont l'utilisation est interdite en Europe. L’étude du trouble de différents jus d'oranges (Navel, Valencia et Brésil) a été effectuée parallèlement aux tentatives de désamérisation par adsorption. Pour un même adsorbant, la désamérisation est plus ou moins efficace selon les jus utilisés. Certains jus présentant un trouble sont mieux désamérisés. Les pectines hautement méthylées (HM) semblent être étroitement associées à cette efficacité du support. L’accroissement artificiel du caractère hydrophobe de pectines HM de citrons, par acylation, leur confère des propriétés adsorbantes vis-à-vis de la limonine. Parallèlement à cette mise au point de désamérisation par adsorption, l'étude du trouble des jus a été effectuée afin de corréler la présence d'un ou plusieurs composés du trouble avec l'efficacité de la désamérisation par adsorption. Une tentative de caractérisation des associations qui prennent place dans le trouble des jus a été effectuée

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Citrus budding is a plant propagation technique that any homeowner can do. Once the technique is learned, homeowners can add citrus tree. This publication addresses the budding techniques of citrus trees. Topics include the preparation prior to budding, selecting budsticks, storing budsticks, selecting and preparing the budding location, cutting the bud, inserting the bud in the t cut, and forcing the bud.

The search for limonoids started long back when scientists started looking for the factor responsible for bitterness in citrus. Studies showed that limonoids are highly oxygenated, modified terpenoids and have recently attracted attention because compounds belonging to this group have exhibited a range of biological activities like insecticidal, insect antifeedant and growth regulating activity on insects as well as antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, anticancer, antiviral and a number of other pharmacological activities on humans. Based on this premise this paper has focused on technological, healthful and chemical aspects of the limonoids. -TECHNOLOGICAL APPROACH: Based on a project titled Enhancement of bioactive compounds isolated from agro-industrial wastes financially supported by the Italian Ministry of Education, a Sicilian juice company wanted to assess the possibility of transforming the waste by-product of citrus processing (pastazzo) in a resource trying to turn it into dietary fiber. To do that, the company has inserted a debittering line to the plant using an alkaline aqueous solution in order to extract flavanones and limonoids. In the present paper the operational conditions of debittering were evaluated and optimized by determining the limonin content of samples from various stages of fiber production; It was also verified if the recovery of limonin extracted was economically viable. -HEALTHFUL AND ORGANOLEPTIC CHARACTERISTICS: It has been established that U.S. producers are turning to organic farming system as a potential way to lower input costs, decrease reliance on nonrenewable resources, capture high-value markets at premium price, and boost-farm income. Organic production agriculture is characterized by inputs of biologically (non-synthetic) based fertilizers and pest management practices that are sustainable. In order to understand if the market source contributes to differences in bioactives content, the bio-actives content of fruits obtained from farmers' markets was compared to the content found in fruit purchased from retail grocery stores. Organoleptic properties, including Brix, TTA, color and pH were measured. Limonin, ascorbic acid and flavanoid contents were also determined. -SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FUNCTIONAL COMPOUNDS: Ehrlich s reagent, p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (DMBA) in hydrochloric acid, has a long history and is known as the coloring reagent of pyrrole. 2,3. When a solution of limonoids is treated with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde in acid environment the solution immediately change to red-purple until dark blue. This reaction has named Ehrlich s reaction and the purple coloring is probably due to the presence of an adduct compound with an electron-rich trisubstituted furan ring. In order to determine the structure of the limonin-DMBA and limonin glucoside-DMBA adducts, both compounds have been synthesized, purified and characterized. This project involves synthesis of the target compounds. MS analysis were conducted for the characterization of the isolated products.

Un composé phénolique, le 3,5-dihydroxyphényl-β-D-glucopyranoside ou phlorine, naturellement présent dans la peau des Citrus a été obtenu à partir d'un extrait aqueux de peaux d'oranges. Sa structure moléculaire a été confirmée par RMN du proton et du carbone et par spectrométrie de masse. L'extraction de la phlorine en fonction du temps et de la température (25 et 50ʿC) de peaux d'oranges sur deux variétés : Navel Late et Valencia a été abordée. Elle a été quantifiée dans les différentes parties de fruits de ces deux variétés. Une étude sur 45 espèces et variétés de Citrus a permis de doser la phlorine dans le jus et la peau afin de déterminer des plages de valeur en fonction des groupes de fruits. Les analyses multidimensionnelles permettant de différencier les différentes espèces d'oranges, nous avons constitué une banque de données (teneurs en phlorine, sucres, flavonoides) utilisable pour l'authentification de la qualité des concentrés
A phenolic compound, 3,5-dihydroxyphenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside, known as phlorin has been isolated from aqueous extracts of orange peel. Its structural formula was confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopies and mass chromatography. Aqueous extracts of orange peel were followed during more than 2 days at two temperatures (25 and 50ʿC) showing increasing content of phlorin in water following time. The phlorin content was determined in various parts of 2 orange varieties, Navel Late and Valencia. Phlorin has been searched in 45 species and varieties of Citrus and determined in juices and aqueous peel extracts. Multivariate analyses on several data (phlorin, sugars, flavonoi͏̈ds) were used to determine analytical profiles for each orange species and concentrate supplier

This thesis investigates the subversion of Biblical discourse in Jeanette Winterson’s first two novels, Oranges are Not the Only Fruit and Boating for Beginners. By rewriting Biblical stories Winterson challenges traditional Western religious discourses and their rules for heteronormative social and sexual behaviours and desires. Winterson’s texts respond to the patriarchal nature of socially pervasive texts, such as the Bible, by encouraging her readers to regard these texts with suspicion, thus highlighting what can be seen as a ‘postmodern concern’ with the notion of ‘truth’. Chapter One of this thesis comprises a discussion of Biblical boundaries. These boundaries, I argue, are a process of historical oppression which serves to subjugate and control women, a practice inherent in the Bible and modern society. The Biblical boundaries within which women are expected to live, are carefully portrayed in Oranges and then comically and blasphemously mocked in Boating. Chapter One also argues that Winterson’s sexuality plays an important role in the understanding of her texts, despite her desire for her sexuality to remain ‘outside’ her writing. Chapter Two of this thesis, examines the mix of fact and fiction in Oranges, in order to create a new genre: fictional memoir. The chapter introduces the concept of the ‘autobiographical pact’ and the textual agreement which Winterson creates with her readers. In this chapter, I examine Winterson’s powerful subversion of Biblical discourse, through her narration of Jeanette’s ‘coming out’ within a Biblical framework. Chapter Three of this thesis examines Winterson’s second book, Boating, and the serious elements of this comic book. This chapter studies the various postmodern narrative techniques used in Boating in order to subvert Biblical and historical discourse. Chapter Three highlights Winterson’s postmodern concern with the construction of history as ‘truth’. Finally, Chapter Four compares Oranges and Boating, showing the texts as differing, yet equally relevant textual counterparts. This chapter examines the anti-feminine characters in both texts and Winterson’s ability to align her reader with a feminist or lesbian viewpoint. This thesis argues that Winterson’s first two texts deliberately challenge Biblical discourse in favour of a postmodern feminist viewpoint.

Orientador: Célia Maria de Sylos
Banca: João Bosco Faria
Banca: Thais Borges Cesar
Banca: Samara Ernandes
Banca: Rodrigo Rocha Latado
Resumo: As frutas cítricas são muito consumidas e apreciadas, não só devido ao seu paladar agradável como também ao valor nutricional que possuem. O Brasil é o maior produtor e exportador mundial de laranjas, suco de laranja concentrado congelado e de suco de laranja pasteurizado (NFC - Not From Concentrated), sendo o estado de São Paulo o maior produtor. Já outras frutas cítricas como limão Siciliano, Grapefruit e Lima da Pérsia possuem uma produção nacional ainda pequena e parte do consumo interno é importada. Outro grupo de laranjas ainda pouco estudado é o das laranjas de polpa vermelha que apresentam o carotenóide licopeno na sua composição. Os compostos antioxidantes (carotenóides, compostos fenólicos, flavonóides) apresentam atividade anti-radical livre e alguns deles também são responsáveis pela cor das frutas. Considerando a importância das frutas cítricas com relação aos seus benefícios para a saúde, os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a atividade anti-radical livre (DPPH• e ABTS•), compostos bioativos (carotenóides, flavanonas e ácido ascórbico) e parâmetros de cor de quatro variedades de frutas cítricas de polpa clara (Lima da Pérsia, Grapefruit, Limão Siciliano e Hamlin); comparar estes mesmos parâmetros entre duas variedades de polpa vermelha (Sanguíneas de Mombuca e baía Cara Cara) e uma de polpa clara (Pera Rio), colhidas no início, meio e fim de safra; e verificar o efeito da pasteurização nos compostos bioativos presentes no suco de laranja de polpa vermelha e de clara. As variedades Baía Cara Cara (CN486) e Pera Rio foram cultivadas na cidade Cordeirópolis/SP e a Sanguínea de Mombuca (CV 93) em três diferentes cidades do Estado de São Paulo, São Bento do Sapucaí, Cordeirópolis e Mogi Mirim. A variedade limão Siciliano apresentou o maior teor de ácido ascórbico (78,86mg), Grapefruit e Hamlin apresentaram o maior conteúdo... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Citrus fruits are widely consumed and enjoyed, not only because of its pleasant taste but also the nutritional value they have. Brazil is the largest producer and exporter of oranges, frozen concentrated orange juice (FCOJ) and orange juice NFC (Not from Concentrated), and the state of Sao Paulo largest producer. Yet other citrus fruits like lemon, grapefruit and Sweet Lime still have a small domestic production and share of domestic consumption is imported. Another group of oranges still less studied are the red pulp of oranges that have the carotenoid lycopene in its composition. The antioxidants (carotenoids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids) have anti-free radical activity and some of them are also responsible for the color of the fruit. Considering the importance of citrus fruits in relation to their health benefits, the objectives were to evaluate the anti-free radical (DPPH • and ABTS •), bioactive compounds (carotenoids, ascorbic acid, and flavanones) and parameters of color four varieties of citrus pulp clear (Sweet Lime, Grapefruit, Lemon and Hamlin), to compare these same parameters between two varieties of red pulp (of Blood and Mombuca Baía Cara Cara) and a clear pulp (Pera Rio) taken at the beginning, middle and end of harvest, and check the effect of pasteurization on bioactive compounds in orange juice pulp and red light. Varieties Baía Cara Cara (CN486) and Pear River were grown in the city Cordeirópolis / SP and Blood of Mombuca (CV 93) in three different cities of São Paulo, São Bento do Sapucaí, Cordeirópolis and Mogi Mirim. The Sicilian lemon variety had the highest content of ascorbic acid (78.86 mg), Grapefruit and Hamlin had the highest content of total carotenoids of the four fruits (13.58 and 11.32 mg / mL) and the antioxidant capacity was higher in fruit that had best levels of carotenoids and phenolic compounds. The hesperidin was present in three... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

This thesis analyses the commercial relations between Scotland and the geo-political area known as the Iberian world in the early modern period. Despite being geographically one of the largest areas of Europe, as well as arguably the politically most weighty, there has, until this thesis, been no scholarly research on Scottish trade relations with this area. Though the archives suggest regular and sustained contact, very little is known about Scottish-Iberian connections beyond the overtly political. When compared to northern Europe the region of Iberia and its dominions differed significantly, not only due to a different branch of Christianity being practised there but also due to the influence of the Habsburg empire and the power it was perceived to give the Spanish Habsburgs. Looking predominantly at Scottish commercial contacts with Spain, the Spanish Netherlands and Portugal, this project considers a number of angles such as England's impact on Scottish commercial relations with Iberia. For example, very little would be known about Scottish commercial relations with Iberia in the late-sixteenth century if it were not for the Anglo-Spanish war of that period. The central role of conflict in Scottish-Iberian relations continues into the seventeenth century, with the Cromwellian/Stuart struggles with the Dutch Republic and later disputes between the new state of Great Britain and Habsburg Spain all affecting trade. This thesis demonstrates the important role of triangular and entrepôt trade, which was popular with Scottish merchants who wished to obtain Iberian goods without the risks of sailing into North African corsair territory. Scots did not merely pick up Iberian goods from the entrepôt markets of London and the Dutch Republic they also organised trade to Iberia and its dominions via other Scots, providing evidence of a complex trade network. Further, this thesis has sought to ascertain that, despite the lack of a large Scottish community such as those seen in Poland-Lithuania and Scandinavia, Scottish commercial relations with Iberia were valuable both to the Scottish economy and its merchants. This thesis which continues the work of the Scotland and the Wider World Project, addresses a lack of scholarly work regarding Scottish commercial connections with this key geo-political area.

In this essay I examine the auto fictive self in Jeanette Wintersons Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit. I do this through a close reading of the novel using Mieke Bals narratological terms;narrator, story, fabula, time and order.  These narratological terms have been merged together with central themes of the book. I look at the readers understanding of the novel, the relation between fairytale and realism, symbols, intertextuality, the mother-daughter relationship and silences and I analyze these themes in their relation to autofiction and the auto fictive self.   Gemma Lopez Seductions and Narratives has been a key reference, mainly her theories on self-creation in narratives, and the construction of the self, trough language. The narrative is the place where the self can transgress and reshape, which gives the narrative a subversive power. I analyze this presumed power, and look at how the story shapes an opportunity for the subject to see itself. Language is an important factor, and I discuss the contradiction in how we can use the language at the same time as we are formed by it.   This essay has a queer theoretic ground, and elements such as transgression, queer leakages, and binary structures are studied and discussed throughout the essay. Deconstruction is a vital term in the creation of the self through language but the deconstructive viewpoint, in opposition to its aim, sometimes has a tendency to get absolute in its view of the relativity of things. I try to avoid reducing the auto fictive self into one single factor.   I argue on a diverse and multiple approach when understanding the auto fictive self. I see the auto fictive self in Oranges as constituted by a number of factors, such as the encounter of autobiography and fiction, the readers assumptions, a genre or a classification, a free space for the reader and the author, and a way for the subject to see itself and its narrative: a place where the self can reshape and “the alternative story” can be made visible – filled with the words that cannot be spoken.    The multiplicity of factors is an asset rather than a limitation, and what I have found in my search for the auto fictive self in Oranges is this multiplicity.