Academic literature on the topic 'Orbital frontal cortex'
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Journal articles on the topic "Orbital frontal cortex"
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Preuss, Todd M. "Do Rats Have Prefrontal Cortex? The Rose-Woolsey-Akert Program Reconsidered." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 7, no. 1 (January 1995): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1995.7.1.1.
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Primates are unique among mammals in possessing a region of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with a well-developed internal granular layer. This region is commonly implicated in higher cognitive functions. Despite the histological distinctiveness of primate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the work of Rose, Woolsey, and Akert produced a broad consensus among neuroscientists that homologues of primate granular frontal cortex exist in nonprimates and can be recognized by their dense innervation from the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MD). Additional characteristics have come to be identified with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, including rich dopaminergic innervation and involvement in spatial delayed-reaction tasks. However, recent studies reveal that these characteristics are not distinctive of the dorsolateral prefrontal region in primates: MD and dopaminergic projections are widespread in the frontal lobe, and medial and orbital frontal areas may play a role in delay tasks. A reevaluation of rat frontal cortex suggests that the medial frontal cortex, usually considered to be homologous to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of primates, actually consists of cortex homologous to primate premotor and anterior cin-date cortex. The lateral MD-projection cortex of rats resembles portions of primate orbital cortex. If prefrontal cortex is construed broadly enough to include orbital and cingulate cortex, rats can be said to have prefrontal cortex. However, they evidently lack homologues of the dorsolateral prefrontal areas of primates. This assessment suggests that rats probably do not provide useful models of human dorsolateral frontal lobe function and dysfunction, although they might prove valuable for understanding other regions of frontal cortex.
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Deakin, J. F. W., P. Slater, M. D. C. Simpson, and M. C. Royston. "Hyperinnervation of orbital frontal cortex in schizophrenia." British Journal of Psychiatry 157, no. 3 (September 1990): 459–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.157.3.459.
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Kolb, Bryan, Sergio Pellis, and Terry E. Robinson. "Plasticity and functions of the orbital frontal cortex." Brain and Cognition 55, no. 1 (June 2004): 104–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0278-2626(03)00278-1.
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Boorman, Erie D., Phillip P. Witkowski, Yanchang Zhang, and Seongmin A. Park. "The orbital frontal cortex, task structure, and inference." Behavioral Neuroscience 135, no. 2 (April 2021): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/bne0000465.
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Lai, Te-Jen, Martha E. Payne, Christopher E. Byrum, David C. Steffens, and K. Ranga R. Krishnan. "Reduction of orbital frontal cortex volume in geriatric depression." Biological Psychiatry 48, no. 10 (November 2000): 971–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(00)01042-8.
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Kraft, L. W., N. Kusubov, R. Tang, M. Young, and T. E. Nordahl. "Orbital frontal cortex metabolism and obsessionality in normal volunteers." Biological Psychiatry 35, no. 9 (May 1994): 684. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(94)90907-5.
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Cholfin, Jeremy A., and John L. R. Rubenstein. "Patterning of frontal cortex subdivisions by Fgf17." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, no. 18 (April 18, 2007): 7652–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0702225104.
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The frontal cortex (FC) is the seat of higher cognition. The genetic mechanisms that control formation of the functionally distinct subdivisions of the FC are unknown. Using a set of gene expression markers that distinguish subdivisions of the newborn mouse FC, we show that loss of Fgf17 selectively reduces the size of the dorsal FC whereas ventral/orbital FC appears normal. These changes are complemented by a rostral shift of sensory cortical areas. Thus, Fgf17 functions similar to Fgf8 in patterning the overall neocortical map but has a more selective role in regulating the properties of the dorsal but not ventral FC.
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MacMaster, Frank, Anvi Vora, Phillip Easter, Carrie Rix, and David Rosenberg. "Orbital frontal cortex in treatment-naïve pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder." Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 181, no. 2 (February 2010): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.08.005.
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Szeszko, P. R., D. Robinson, H. Wu, M. Ashtari, J. Ma, J. Alvir, T. Lencz, and R. M. Bilder. "65. Decreased orbital frontal cortex volume in obsessive-compulsive disorder." Biological Psychiatry 43, no. 8 (April 1998): S20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(98)90513-3.
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Eslinger, Paul J., Jorge Moll, and Ricardo de Oliveira-Souza. "Emotional and cognitive processing in empathy and moral behavior." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25, no. 1 (February 2002): 34–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x02360011.
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Within the perception-action framework, the underlying mechanisms of empathy and its related processes of moral behavior need to be investigated. fMRI studies have shown different frontal cortex activation patterns during automatic processing and judgment tasks when stimuli have moral content. Clinical neuropsychological studies reveal different patterns of empathic alterations after dorsolateral versus orbital frontal cortex damage, related to deficient cognitive and emotional processing. These processing streams represent different neural levels and mechanisms underlying empathy.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Orbital frontal cortex"
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Dyer, Sarah Mailander. "INHIBITORY CONTROL AND ITS RELATION TO PERSONALITY/TEMPERAMENT, EXECUTIVE FUNCTION, AND THE BRAIN." OpenSIUC, 2017. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1439.
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Inhibitory control, described as the ability to suppress one response in favor of a goal-directed response, is thought to play an important role in the development of emotional regulation as well as various forms of psychopathology, including ADHD. Up until very recently, inhibitory control has been researched within two completely separate fields of study: temperament and neuropsychology. In the temperament/personality literature, inhibitory control is a major component of the overarching temperament/personality factor of Effortful Control/Conscientiousness. In the field of neuropsychology, inhibitory control is considered one aspect of executive function. Further complicating the current understanding of inhibitory control is the complexity of the underlying neural networks implicated in inhibitory control. This study examined inhibitory control in temperament and executive function in children with and without ADHD, and it explored the relationship between inhibitory control and the superior frontal cortex (SFC) and orbital frontal cortex (OFC) volumes. In order to assess subareas of the OFC and SFC, an innovative parcellation method was used. Results suggested that the temperament and executive function measures of inhibitory control did form a single factor as long as they were measured within the same modality, parent-report. In contrast, the performance-based measure of inhibitory control was not correlated with any of the parent-report measures of inhibitory control and was, therefore, analyzed separately in relation to OFC and SFC volumes. Parent-rated inhibitory control was predicted by ADHD status only, but exploratory analyses suggested that left anterior SFC, right and left anterior medial OFC, and gender were related to parent-rated inhibitory control. In contrast, performance-based inhibitory control was predicted by gender and left SFC, specifically posterior left SFC. Taken together, these findings suggest a conceptual overlap between temperament and executive function that brings together two areas of the literature and has implications for the understanding of various forms of psychopathology characterized by deficits in inhibitory control. This study provides evidence for the role of the SFC and the OFC in inhibitory control, depending upon the measurement method, and contributes to the broader understanding of the neural mechanisms of inhibitory control in children.
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Mackey, M. Scott. "Quantitative architectonic analysis of the ventromedial and orbital frontal cortex in the human and the Macaque monkey brain." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=86654.
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Significant discrepancies between the various published architectonic parcellations of the ventromedial and orbital frontal cortex of the human and the macaque monkey brains present a formidable obstacle for research directed at understanding the normal cognitive function of this region in the healthy brain and its involvement in a spectrum of psychiatric diseases. The present thesis addresses this problem by describing a revised parcellation of the ventromedial and orbital frontal cortex based upon quantitative measurements of cortical architectonic features which distinguish between spatially discrete areas in the human brain and between comparable areas in the macaque monkey brain. To facilitate the communication of results within the general neuroscience community, the boundaries of the parcellated areas will be identified by stereotactic coordinates and in terms of their relation to the sulcal morphology of the cortex. Considerable emphasis is placed on describing the method of sampling the cortical architecture developed as a part of this thesis and designed specifically to measure features of the cortical architecture which can serve in cross species comparisons.Il existe des anomalies importantes publiées entre les parcellisations architectoniques du cortex frontal ventromedial, orbital humain, et celui des singes macaques. Cela présente un défi interessant pour les chercheurs qui tentent de comprendre la fonction cognitive normale de cette région dans le cerveau sain, ainsi que son rôle dans un éventail de maladies psychiatriques. Cette thèse aborde ce problème en décrivant une parcellisation révisée du cortex frontal ventromedial et orbital. Elle se base sur des mesures quantitatives de caractéristiques architectoniques corticales, tout en distinguant entre les régions de l'espace discret du cerveau humain et les régions comparables dans le cerveau du singe macaque. Pour faciliter la divulgation des résultats, au sein de la communauté générale des neurosciences, les frontières des régions parcellés seront identifiées par leurs coordonnées stéréotactiques et leurs relations avec la morphologie sulcale du cortex. Il est à noter qu'un accent particulier est mis sur la description de la méthode d'échantillonnage de l'architecture corticale. Cette méthode, partie intégrale de la thèse, est concue spécifiquement pour mesurer les caractéristiques de l'architecture corticale et peut servir à faire des comparaisons hétérospécifiques entre espèce.
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Stein, Dirson João. "Efeito da microinjeção do agonista dos receptores 5-HT1A, F15599, na região ventro-orbital do córtex pré-frontal no comportamento agressivo de camundongos machos submetidos à provocação social." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/60940.
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O sistema serotoninérgico há muito tempo vem sendo relacionado ao comportamento agressivo e particularmente o subtipo de receptor 5-HT1A está envolvido na modulação da agressividade. Estudos prévios utilizando agonistas que atuam seletivamente sobre estes receptores demonstraram tanto redução como aumento da agressão. Sabe-se que estes receptores são encontrados em diversas regiões encefálicas onde atuam como auto e heteroreceptores, apresentando diferentes funções, dependendo de sua localização. Heteroreceptores 5-HT1A, além de outras regiões, são encontrados no córtex pré-frontal, uma região encefálica particularmente importante no controle inibitório de comportamentos agressivos e impulsivos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar os possíveis efeitos antiagressivos da microinjeção do agonista seletivo dos receptores 5-HT1A, F15599, na região ventro-orbital do córtex pré-frontal de camundongos machos da linhagem CF-1, previamente submetidos ao protocolo de provocação social, caracterizado por elevar os níveis de agressividade a padrões considerados violentos. Nossos resultados mostraram que a microinjeção das menores doses de F15599 (0,03 e 0,1 μg) reduziu significativamente a frequência de mordidas além de ocorrer uma tendência à redução da frequência de ataques laterais para o grupo de animais que recebeu a dose de 0,03 μg. Estes efeitos anti-agressivos não foram acompanhados por alterações nos demais elementos comportamentais relacionados à agressividade: perseguir o intruso, cheirar o intruso e sacudir a cauda. Também não foram observadas alterações na duração dos elementos comportamentais não agressivos caminhar e rearing. Ocorreu aumento apenas na duração do comportamento de grooming para o grupo de animais que recebeu a dose de 0,03 μg do agonista. Os resultados do presente estudo confirmaram o envolvimento da região VO do CPF e do sistema serotoninérgico, mais precisamente do subtipo de receptor 5-HT1A na modulação da agressividade exacerbada.The serotonergic system has long been linked to aggressive behavior and particularly 5-HT1A receptor subtype is involved in modulation of aggressiveness. Previous studies using agonists that act selectively on these receptors showed both reduction and increased aggression. It is known that these receptors are found in several brain regions where they act as auto and heteroreceptors, with different functions, depending on their location. 5-HT1A heteroreceptors, as well as other regions, are found in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), a brain region particularly important in the inhibitory control of aggressive and impulsive behaviors. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible anti-aggressive effects of microinjections of F15599, a selective 5-HT1A agonist, in the ventral orbital prefrontal cortex (VO PFC) of CF-1 male mice, previously submitted to social instigation, characterized by increasing aggression to high levels. Our results showed that the microinjection of the lower doses of F15599 (0.03 and 0.1 μg) significantly reduced attack bite frequency. Furthermore, there was a tendency to reduce sideway threats for the group that received 0.03 μg agonist microinjection. These anti-aggressive effects were not accompanied by changes in other elements of the behavioral repertoire related to aggression: pursuit the intruder, sniff the intruder and tail rattle. There were also no changes observed in the duration of nonaggressive behavioral repertoire elements, walking and rearing. Only for grooming behavior was an increased duration observed for the group that received 0.03 μg agonist dose. The results of this study confirmed the involvement of VO PFC and serotonergic system, specifically de 5- HT1A receptor subtype, in the modulation of escalated aggressive behavior.
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Bation, Rémy. "Stimulation électrique par courant continu (tDCS) dans les Troubles Obsessionnels et Compulsifs résistants : effets cliniques et électrophysiologiques." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1344/document.
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Les Troubles Obsessionnels et Compulsifs (TOC) sont un trouble mental sévère et fréquemment résistant. La physiopathologie du trouble se caractérise par des anomalies au sein des boucle cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical entrainant une hyper-activité du cortex orbito-frontal, du cortex cingulaire antérieur, du putamen. Au cours des dernières années, des anomalies structurales et fonctionnelles du cervelet ont de plus été mise en évidence dans les TOC venant compléter le modèle existant.Nous avons mise au point un protocole de traitement par tDCS ciblant le cortex orbito-frontal gauche et le cervelet droit pour les TOC résistants. Dans une première étude, nous avons étudié la faisabilité de ce protocole de traitement dans une étude ouverte. Cette étude a mis en évidence une réduction significative des symptômes dans une population de patient à haut niveau de résistance. Dans une deuxième étude, nous avons évaluer l’effet de ce traitement dans un protocole randomisé, contrôlé et parallèle contre placebo. Cette étude n’a pas confirmé l’efficacité de ce protocole de traitement. Dans cette même population, nous avons au cours du protocole mesuré les paramètres d’excitabilité corticale au niveau du cortex moteur par stimulation magnétique transrânienne. Nous avons ainsi mis en évidence que la tDCS provoquait une augmentation significative des processus d’inhibition (Short Interval Cortical Inhibition : SICI ) et une diminution non significative des processus de facilitation (Intra Cortical Facilitation : ICF). L’étude des effets cliniques et électro-physiologiques de cette approche thérapeutique novatrice dans les TOC résistants n’a pas permis de confirmer son intérêt clinique malgré un impact de ce protocole sur les modifications de l’excitabilité corticale inhérentes aux troubles. Ces données ont été mise en relation avec la littérature afin de proposer des perspectives d’évolution dans l’utilisation de la tDCS dans les TOC résistantsObsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a severe mental illness. OCD symptoms are often resistant to available treatments. Neurobiological models of OCD are based on an imbalance between the direct (excitatory) and indirect (inhibitory) pathway within this cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical loops, which causes hyperactivation in the orbito-frontal cortex, the cingular anterior cortex, the putamen. More recently, the role of cerebellum in the OCD physiopathology has been brought to light by studies showing structural and functional abnormalities. We proposed to use tDCS as a therapeutic tool for resistant OCD by targeting the hyperactive left orbito-frontal cortex with cathodal tDCS (assumed to decrease cortical excitability) coupled with anodal cerebellar tDCS. In a first study, we studied the feasibility of this treatment protocol in an open-trial. This study found a significant reduction in symptoms in a population with a high level of resistance. In a second study, we evaluated the effect of this treatment in a randomized-controlled trial. This study did not confirm the effectiveness of this intervention. We have assessed motor cortex cortical excitability parameters by transcranial magnetic stimulation. We thus demonstrated that the tDCS caused a significant increase of inhibition processes (Short Interval Cortical Inhibition: SICI) and a nonsignificant decrease in the facilitation processes (Intra Cortical Facilitation (ICF)). In addition, clinical improvement assessed by Clinical Global Impression at the end of the follow-up period (3 months) was positively correlated with SICI at baseline.tDCS with the cathode placed over the left OFC combined with the anode placed over the right cerebellum decreased hyper-excitability in the motor cortex but was not significantly effective in SSRI- resistant OCD patients. These works were discussed in light of the available literature to create future prospect in the field of tDCS treatment for OCD resistant patients
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Nogueira, Mañas Ramon. "Decision-making as an encoding-decoding process and its correlation with neuronal activity and behaviour." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/456320.
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Un dels objectius més importants de la neurociència teòrica és determinar
quins són els principis fonamentals subjacents en el processament de
la informació al cervell i en última instància caracteritzar el nexe entre
l’activitat neuronal i el comportament. Tot i que s’han produït avenços
importants en aquesta direcció, encara estem lluny de poder proporcionar
respostes clares i robustes a aquesta pregunta. En aquesta tesi presentaré un conjunt de resultats que han estat analitzats des del paradigma de
codificació-decodificació en la presa de decisions, una part fonamental
de la cognició. En particular, presentaré un conjunt de resultats electrofisiològics, comportamentals i matemàtics que han estat utilitzats per a
estudiar la codificació d’informació a l’escorça de micos conductuals i en
la integració de l’evidència prèvia amb la sensorial en rates realitzant una
tasca perceptual de presa de decisions acoblada a la seva resposta.Uno de los objetivos más importantes de la neurociencia teórica es determinar cuáles son los principios fundamentales subyacentes en el procesamiento de la información en el cerebro y en última instancia caracterizar el nexo entre la actividad neuronal y el comportamiento. Aunque se han producido importantes avances en esta dirección, aún estamos lejos de poder proporcionar respuestas claras y robustas para esta pregunta. En esta tesis voy a presentar un conjunto de resultados que han sido analizados desde el paradigma de codificación-decodificación en la toma de decisiones, una parte fundamental de la cognición. En particular, voy a presentar un conjunto de resultados electrofisiológicos, comportamentales y matemáticos que han sido usados para estudiar la codificación de información en la corteza de monos conductuales y en la integración de la evidencia previa con la sensorial en ratas realizando una tarea perceptual de toma de decisiones acoplada a su respuesta.
One of the most important goals in theoretical neuroscience is to determine what are the fundamental principles underlying the processing of information in the brain and ultimately characterize the link between neuronal activity and behavior. Even though many important steps have been done in this direction, we are still far from providing a clear and robust answer to this question. In this thesis I will present a set of results that will be analyzed under the encoding-decoding framework in decision-making, a fundamental part of cognition. In particular, I will present a set of electrophysiological, behavioral and mathematical results that have been used to study the encoding of information on the cortex of behaving monkeys and the integration of sensory with prior evidence on rats performing an outcome-coupled perceptual decision-making task.
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Martínez-García, Marina. "Statistical analysis of neural correlates in decision-making." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/283111.
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We investigated the neuronal processes which occur during a decision-
making task based on a perceptual classi cation judgment.
For this purpose we have analysed three di erent experimental paradigms
(somatosensory, visual, and auditory) in two di erent species (monkey and
rat), with the common goal of shedding light into the information carried by
neurons.
In particular, we focused on how the information content is preserved in
the underlying neuronal activity over time. Furthermore we considered how
the decision, the stimuli, and the con dence are encoded in memory and,
when the experimental paradigm allowed it, how the attention modulates
these features. Finally, we went one step further, and we investigated the
interactions between brain areas that arise during the process of decision-
making.Durant aquesta tesi hem investigat els processos neuronals que es pro- dueixen durant tasques de presa de decisions, tasques basades en un ju- dici l ogic de classi caci o perceptual. Per a aquest prop osit hem analitzat tres paradigmes experimentals diferents (somatosensorial, visual i auditiu) en dues espcies diferents (micos i rates), amb l'objectiu d'il.lustrar com les neurones codi quen informaci on referents a les t asques. En particular, ens hem centrat en com certes informacions estan cod- i cades en l'activitat neuronal al llarg del temps. Concretament, com la informaci o sobre: la decisi o comportamental, els factors externs, i la con- ana en la resposta, b e codi cada en la mem oria. A m es a m es, quan el paradigma experimental ens ho va permetre, com l'atenci o modula aquests aspectes. Finalment, hem anat un pas m es enll a, i hem analitzat la comu- nicaci o entre les diferents arees corticals, mentre els subjectes resolien una tasca de presa de decisions.
Book chapters on the topic "Orbital frontal cortex"
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Tait, David S., Ellen E. Bowman, Silke Miller, Mary Dovlatyan, Connie Sanchez, and Verity J. Brown. "Escitalopram Restores Reversal Learning Impairments in Rats with Lesions of Orbital Frontal Cortex." In Language, Cognition, and Mind, 389–409. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50200-3_18.
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AbstractThe term ‘cognitive structures’ is used to describe the fact that mental models underlie thinking, reasoning and representing. Cognitive structures generally improve the efficiency of information processing by providing a situational framework within which there are parameters governing the nature and timing of information and appropriate responses can be anticipated. Unanticipated events that violate the parameters of the cognitive structure require the cognitive model to be updated, but this comes at an efficiency cost. In reversal learning a response that had been reinforced is no longer reinforced, while an alternative is now reinforced, having previously not been (A+/B− becomes A−/B+). Unanticipated changes of contingencies require that cognitive structures are updated. In this study, we examined the effect of lesions of the orbital frontal cortex (OFC) and the effects of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), escitalopram, on discrimination and reversal learning. Escitalopram was without effect in intact rats. Rats with OFC lesions had selective impairment of reversal learning, which was ameliorated by escitalopram. We conclude that reversal learning in OFC-lesioned rats is an easily administered and sensitive test that can detect effects of serotonergic modulation on cognitive structures that are involved in behavioural flexibility.
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Passingham, Richard E. "Ventral Prefrontal Cortex." In Understanding the Prefrontal Cortex, 236–84. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844570.003.0007.
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The ventral prefrontal cortex learns to associate objects, faces, and vocalizations, and its connectional fingerprint explains why it alone can do so. It receives visual inputs from the inferior temporal cortex and auditory ones from the superior temporal cortex. It combines these inputs with those from the orbital prefrontal (PF) cortex so as to specify the goal that is currently desirable. This is then transformed into the target of search via connections with the frontal eye field and the target for manual retrieval via connections with the premotor areas. The ventral PF cortex can also learn to form associations between objects, for example by linking them into categories. These can be retrieved from long-term memory via connections with the hippocampus.
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Passingham, Richard E. "Caudal Prefrontal Cortex." In Understanding the Prefrontal Cortex, 153–90. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844570.003.0005.
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The caudal prefrontal (PF) cortex supports the visual search for objects such as foods both through eye movements and covert attention, and its connections explain how it can do this. The caudal PF cortex, which includes the frontal eye field, has connections with both the dorsal and ventral visual streams. The direction of eye movements depends on its connections with the superior colliculus and oculomotor nuclei. Covert attention depends on enhanced sensory responses that are mediated through top-down interactions with posterior sensory areas. Along with the granular parts of the orbital PF cortex, the caudal PF cortex evolved in early primates. Together, these two new areas led to improvements in searching for and evaluating objects that are hidden in a cluttered environment.
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Passingham, Richard E. "Dorsal Prefrontal Cortex." In Understanding the Prefrontal Cortex, 191–235. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844570.003.0006.
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The dorsal prefrontal (PF) cortex generates and plans the goals or targets for foveal search and manual foraging. The goals are conditional on the relative recency of prior events and actions, and the connections of areas 9/46 and 46 explain how these areas can support the ability to generate the next goal. Area 9/46 can generate sequences of eye movements because it has visuospatial inputs from the cortex in the intraparietal sulcus and outputs to the frontal eye field and superior colliculus. Area 46 can generate sequences of hand and arm movements because it has inputs from the inferior parietal areas PFG and SII and outputs to the forelimb regions of the premotor areas and thence to the motor cortex. Both areas get timing and order information indirectly from the parietal cortex and hippocampus, and colour and shape information from the ventral prefrontal cortex. Inputs from the orbital prefrontal cortex enable both areas to integrate generate goals in accordance with current needs.
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Rose, Nikolas, and Joelle M. Abi-Rached. "The Social Brain." In Neuro. Princeton University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691149608.003.0006.
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This chapter looks at the social brain hypothesis. The term social brain has come to stand for the argument that the human brain, and indeed that of some other animals, is specialized for a collective form of life. One part of this argument is evolutionary: that the size and complexity of the brains of primates, including humans, are related to the size and complexity of their characteristic social groups. However, the social brain hypothesis is more than a general account of the role of brain size: for in this thesis, the capacities for sociality are neurally located in a specific set of brain regions shaped by evolution, notably the amygdala, orbital frontal cortex, and temporal cortex—regions that have the function of facilitating an understanding of what one might call the “mental life” of others.
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Blair, R. J. R. "The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior." In Biosocial Theories of Crime, 423–33. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315096278-18.
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Stickgold, Robert. "Creativity of the Dream and Sleep State." In Secrets of Creativity, 124–49. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190462321.003.0007.
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Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is a stage of sleep that evolved in part to provide a privileged time in each day when the brain is disconnected from sensory input and freed of intentional, directed thought. The neurochemistry and neurophysiology of the brain during REM sleep is optimized for the exploration of normally ignored connections and associations within the brain’s vast repertoire of stored information. This includes changes in the activity of dorsolateral prefrontal, anterior cingulate, and medial orbital frontal cortices and the hippocampus, and reductions in norepinephrine and increases in acetylcholine in the cortex. This exploration of normally weak associations is critical to the creative process, and REM sleep can thus be considered a period of unbridled creativity. Much of this creative process is reflected in the content of dreams. Even without waking dream recall, changes within associative networks produced by the brain mechanisms of dream construction can leave these brain networks—and the individual—primed for reactivation at a later time, leading to the “discovery” of creative insights. Some, but not all, of these brain changes are also seen during periods of quiet rest with activation of the default mode network (DMN). When active, this network can likewise provide a state of enhanced creativity. Nevertheless, REM sleep and dreaming provide a protected two hours every day when creative processes run at full speed.
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Atkinson, Martin E. "The orbit." In Anatomy for Dental Students. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199234462.003.0039.
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Some knowledge of the anatomy of the orbit is required by dental students and practitioners because it forms the upper part of the facial skeleton and some of the nerves and vessels supplying dental structures pass through it. Trauma to the middle third of the face, the upper facial skeleton, frequently involves the orbits and the structures they contain. Infections of the oral region occasionally spread to the orbit. In the following description, the emphasis is on those aspects of orbital anatomy of dental relevance; no description of the structure of the eyeball or the mechanisms of vision is included. The orbital cavities contain the eyeballs (globes), their associated muscles, vessels, nerves, the lacrimal apparatus, and a large amount of fat to cushion and protect the globes. Each cavity is pyramidal in shape. The base is the orbital opening on to the face; the roof, floor, and medial and lateral walls converge to the apex at the posterior aspect of the orbit. The long axis of the orbit from apex to surface runs forwards and laterally. The bones that form the orbit are illustrated in Figure 30.1 ; use the figure and a dried or model skull if possible as you read the following description. Most of the roof of the orbit is formed by the inferior surface of the orbital part of the frontal bone with a small posterior contribution from the lesser wing of the sphenoid ; this is pierced by the optic canal through which the optic nerve exits the orbit. The lateral wall is formed by the orbital surfaces of the zygomatic bone anteriorly and the greater wing of the sphenoid posteriorly. It separates the orbital cavity from the infratemporal fossa anteriorly and from the middle cranial fossa posteriorly. The floor of the orbit is occupied by the thin plate of bone forming the upper surface of the body of the maxilla ; this plate of bone is also the roof of the maxillary paranasal air sinus over most of its extent although the palatine bone forms a minute triangular area at the posteromedial corner.
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Kimbel, William H., Yoel Rak, Donald C. Johanson, Ralph L. Holloway, and Michael S. Yuan. "Elements of the Disarticulated Skull." In The Skull of Australopithecus afarensis. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195157062.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
The 1970s collection of hominin cranial remains from Hadar is notoriously weak in its representation of the frontal bone. Besides the complete but distorted frontal of the A.L. 333-105 juvenile (Kimbel et al., 1982), only two very incomplete adult specimens provided glimpses of frontal morphology: A.L. 288-1 (Johanson et al., 1982b) and A.L. 333-125 (Asfaw, 1987). With the recovery of the almost complete frontal bone of A.L. 444-2, we are able to fill one of the last remaining gaps in our knowledge of the Hadar hominin adult skull. Another frontal specimen, A.L. 438-1b, contributes important information on the glabellar and supraglabellar regions, which are missing or poorly preserved in A.L. 444-2. The A.L. 444-2 frontal bone features prominent, laterally projecting supraorbital bars, strongly convergent temporal lines, and a transversely broad squama with only moderate postorbital constriction. The minimum distance between the temporal lines (30 mm) in the plane of the postorbital constriction is much smaller than the postorbital constriction itself (77 mm), creating on each side an extensive, almost horizontally inclined facies temporalis that, in coronal section, slopes gradually from the inferior temporal lines to the medial wall of the temporal fossa. In between the temporal lines, the supraglabellar region bears a mild hollow that grades smoothly onto the superior surface of the supraorbital bars. Neither a supratoral sulcus nor a trigonum frontale is present. The supraorbital bars are wide anteroposteriorly, measuring 16 mm at the right lateral break, about 42 mm lateral to the midline. The preserved portions of the anterior supraorbital margins are aligned coronally, forming right angles with the midsagittal line. At the lateral break on each side, the margin actually occupies a slightly more anterior plane than the middle part of the margin, suggesting an anteriorly prominent superolateral corner of the orbit. At the medial break through the left supraorbital, about 22 mm lateral to the midline, the anterior margin begins to swing out toward glabella (this area is damaged on the right side). The extent of anterior glabellar protrusion is suggested by the preserved supraglabellar plate, whose superior surface projects in the midline about 5 mm beyond the anterior supraorbital margins.
Conference papers on the topic "Orbital frontal cortex"
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Gunaratnam, Sejal, Dinakar Talluri, Patrick Greene, Pierre Sacre, Jorge Gonzalez-Martinez, and Sridevi V. Sarma. "High Frequency Activity in the Orbital Frontal Cortex Modulates with Mismatched Expectations During Gambling in Humans." In 2020 42nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) in conjunction with the 43rd Annual Conference of the Canadian Medical and Biological Engineering Society. IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc44109.2020.9175721.
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