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Journal articles on the topic 'Orbital frontal cortex'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Preuss, Todd M. "Do Rats Have Prefrontal Cortex? The Rose-Woolsey-Akert Program Reconsidered." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 7, no. 1 (January 1995): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1995.7.1.1.

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Primates are unique among mammals in possessing a region of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with a well-developed internal granular layer. This region is commonly implicated in higher cognitive functions. Despite the histological distinctiveness of primate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the work of Rose, Woolsey, and Akert produced a broad consensus among neuroscientists that homologues of primate granular frontal cortex exist in nonprimates and can be recognized by their dense innervation from the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MD). Additional characteristics have come to be identified with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, including rich dopaminergic innervation and involvement in spatial delayed-reaction tasks. However, recent studies reveal that these characteristics are not distinctive of the dorsolateral prefrontal region in primates: MD and dopaminergic projections are widespread in the frontal lobe, and medial and orbital frontal areas may play a role in delay tasks. A reevaluation of rat frontal cortex suggests that the medial frontal cortex, usually considered to be homologous to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of primates, actually consists of cortex homologous to primate premotor and anterior cin-date cortex. The lateral MD-projection cortex of rats resembles portions of primate orbital cortex. If prefrontal cortex is construed broadly enough to include orbital and cingulate cortex, rats can be said to have prefrontal cortex. However, they evidently lack homologues of the dorsolateral prefrontal areas of primates. This assessment suggests that rats probably do not provide useful models of human dorsolateral frontal lobe function and dysfunction, although they might prove valuable for understanding other regions of frontal cortex.

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2

Deakin, J. F. W., P. Slater, M. D. C. Simpson, and M. C. Royston. "Hyperinnervation of orbital frontal cortex in schizophrenia." British Journal of Psychiatry 157, no. 3 (September 1990): 459–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.157.3.459.

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3

Kolb, Bryan, Sergio Pellis, and Terry E. Robinson. "Plasticity and functions of the orbital frontal cortex." Brain and Cognition 55, no. 1 (June 2004): 104–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0278-2626(03)00278-1.

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4

Boorman, Erie D., Phillip P. Witkowski, Yanchang Zhang, and Seongmin A. Park. "The orbital frontal cortex, task structure, and inference." Behavioral Neuroscience 135, no. 2 (April 2021): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/bne0000465.

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5

Lai, Te-Jen, Martha E. Payne, Christopher E. Byrum, David C. Steffens, and K. Ranga R. Krishnan. "Reduction of orbital frontal cortex volume in geriatric depression." Biological Psychiatry 48, no. 10 (November 2000): 971–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(00)01042-8.

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6

Kraft, L. W., N. Kusubov, R. Tang, M. Young, and T. E. Nordahl. "Orbital frontal cortex metabolism and obsessionality in normal volunteers." Biological Psychiatry 35, no. 9 (May 1994): 684. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(94)90907-5.

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7

Cholfin, Jeremy A., and John L. R. Rubenstein. "Patterning of frontal cortex subdivisions by Fgf17." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, no. 18 (April 18, 2007): 7652–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0702225104.

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The frontal cortex (FC) is the seat of higher cognition. The genetic mechanisms that control formation of the functionally distinct subdivisions of the FC are unknown. Using a set of gene expression markers that distinguish subdivisions of the newborn mouse FC, we show that loss of Fgf17 selectively reduces the size of the dorsal FC whereas ventral/orbital FC appears normal. These changes are complemented by a rostral shift of sensory cortical areas. Thus, Fgf17 functions similar to Fgf8 in patterning the overall neocortical map but has a more selective role in regulating the properties of the dorsal but not ventral FC.

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8

MacMaster, Frank, Anvi Vora, Phillip Easter, Carrie Rix, and David Rosenberg. "Orbital frontal cortex in treatment-naïve pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder." Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 181, no. 2 (February 2010): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.08.005.

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9

Szeszko, P. R., D. Robinson, H. Wu, M. Ashtari, J. Ma, J. Alvir, T. Lencz, and R. M. Bilder. "65. Decreased orbital frontal cortex volume in obsessive-compulsive disorder." Biological Psychiatry 43, no. 8 (April 1998): S20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(98)90513-3.

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10

Eslinger, Paul J., Jorge Moll, and Ricardo de Oliveira-Souza. "Emotional and cognitive processing in empathy and moral behavior." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25, no. 1 (February 2002): 34–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x02360011.

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Within the perception-action framework, the underlying mechanisms of empathy and its related processes of moral behavior need to be investigated. fMRI studies have shown different frontal cortex activation patterns during automatic processing and judgment tasks when stimuli have moral content. Clinical neuropsychological studies reveal different patterns of empathic alterations after dorsolateral versus orbital frontal cortex damage, related to deficient cognitive and emotional processing. These processing streams represent different neural levels and mechanisms underlying empathy.

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11

Clark, C., H. Klonoff, J. S. Tyhurst, D. Li, W. Martin, and B. D. Pate. "Regional Cerebral Glucose Metabolism in Three Sets of Identical Twins with Psychotic Symptoms." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 34, no. 4 (May 1989): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674378903400401.

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Three sets of young identical twins where at least one had a psychotic episode were assessed in terms of psychiatric and psychological status and integrity of cerebral structure and metabolism. The psychiatric diagnoses for each set were normal/schizophrenia, prodromal/schizophrenia and schizoaffective/schizoaffective. The latter two sets were reexamined two years after the initial assessment. The data are considered from a case study perspective. Reduced cerebral metabolism was found for at least one region on eight of nine scans of patients with a psychotic history. On seven of the nine scans, glucose metabolism in the orbital frontal cortex was reduced. These findings are discussed with respect to previous studies of glucose metabolism inpatients with schizophrenia, metabolic similarities found in normal identical twins and the known functional specialization of the orbital frontal cortex.

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12

Kaye, W. H., G. K. W. Frank, C. Meltzer, J. Price, and W. C. McConaha. "21. Bulimia nervosa: a disturbance of serotonin/orbital frontal cortex modulation?" Biological Psychiatry 47, no. 8 (April 2000): S6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(00)00276-6.

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13

Conejero-Goldberg, Concepcion, E. Fuller Torrey, and Robert H. Yolken. "Herpesviruses and Toxoplasma gondii in orbital frontal cortex of psychiatric patients." Schizophrenia Research 60, no. 1 (March 2003): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(02)00160-3.

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14

Hamilton, Derek A., Gergely Silasi, Christy M. Magcalas, Sergio M. Pellis, and Bryan Kolb. "Social and olfactory experiences modify neuronal morphology of orbital frontal cortex." Behavioral Neuroscience 134, no. 1 (February 2020): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/bne0000350.

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15

Valenza, Gaetano, Luca Passamonti, Andrea Duggento, Nicola Toschi, and Riccardo Barbieri. "Uncovering complex central autonomic networks at rest: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study on complex cardiovascular oscillations." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 17, no. 164 (March 2020): 20190878. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2019.0878.

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This study aims to uncover brain areas that are functionally linked to complex cardiovascular oscillations in resting-state conditions. Multi-session functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and cardiovascular data were gathered from 34 healthy volunteers recruited within the human connectome project (the ‘100-unrelated subjects' release). Group-wise multi-level fMRI analyses in conjunction with complex instantaneous heartbeat correlates (entropy and Lyapunov exponent) revealed the existence of a specialized brain network, i.e. a complex central autonomic network (CCAN), reflecting what we refer to as complex autonomic control of the heart. Our results reveal CCAN areas comprised the paracingulate and cingulate gyri, temporal gyrus, frontal orbital cortex, planum temporale, temporal fusiform, superior and middle frontal gyri, lateral occipital cortex, angular gyrus, precuneous cortex, frontal pole, intracalcarine and supracalcarine cortices, parahippocampal gyrus and left hippocampus. The CCAN visible at rest does not include the insular cortex, thalamus, putamen, amygdala and right caudate, which are classical CAN regions peculiar to sympatho-vagal control. Our results also suggest that the CCAN is mainly involved in complex vagal control mechanisms, with possible links with emotional processing networks.

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16

Taylor, Warren D., David C. Steffens, Douglas R. McQuoid, Martha E. Payne, Shwu-Hua Lee, Te-Jen Lai, and K. Ranga Rama Krishnan. "Smaller orbital frontal cortex volumes associated with functional disability in depressed elders." Biological Psychiatry 53, no. 2 (January 2003): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01490-7.

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17

Blair, R. J. R. "The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior." Brain and Cognition 55, no. 1 (June 2004): 198–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0278-2626(03)00276-8.

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18

Marks, Jeremy D., Robert C. Frysinger, and Ronald M. Harper. "State-dependent respiratory depression elicited by stimulation of the orbital frontal cortex." Experimental Neurology 95, no. 3 (March 1987): 714–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4886(87)90311-6.

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19

Yalcinbas, Ege A., Christian Cazares, and Christina M. Gremel. "Call for a more balanced approach to understanding orbital frontal cortex function." Behavioral Neuroscience 135, no. 2 (April 2021): 255–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/bne0000450.

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20

Nestor, Paul G., Motoaki Nakamura, Margaret Niznikiewicz, James J. Levitt, Dominick T. Newell, Martha E. Shenton, and Robert W. McCarley. "Attentional Control and Intelligence: MRI Orbital Frontal Gray Matter and Neuropsychological Correlates." Behavioural Neurology 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/354186.

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Attentional control is a key function of working memory that is hypothesized to play an important role in psychometric intelligence. To test the neuropsychological underpinnings of this hypothesis, we examined full-scale IQ, as measured by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition (WAIS-III), and attentional control, as measured by Trails B response time and Wisconsin Card Sorting (WCS) test perseverative errors in 78 healthy participants, 25 of whom also had available magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) gray matter volume studies of the orbital frontal cortex (OFC) parcellated into three regions: gyrus rectus, middle orbital gyrus, and lateral orbital gyrus. Hierarchical regression indicated that Trails B response time specifically explained 15.13% to 19.18% of the variation in IQ and WCS perseverative errors accounted for an additional 8.12% to 11.29% of the variance. Full-scale IQ correlated very strongly with right middle orbital gyrus gray matter volume (r=0.610,p=0.002), as did Trails B response time with left middle orbital gyrus gray matter volume (r=-0.608,p=0.003). Trails B response time and right middle orbital gyrus gray matter volume jointly accounted for approximately 32.95% to 54.82% of the variance in IQ scores. These results provided evidence of the unique contributions of attentional control and OFC gray matter to intelligence.

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21

Horne, J. A. "Human Sleep, Sleep Loss and Behaviour." British Journal of Psychiatry 162, no. 3 (March 1993): 413–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.162.3.413.

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The prefrontal cortex (PFC) consists of the cortex lying in front of the primary and secondary motor cortex, and includes the dorsolateral and orbital areas, frontal eye fields, and Broca's area. Not all of the functions of the PFC are known, but key ones are the maintenance of wakefulness and non-specific arousal, and the recruiting of various cortical areas required to deal with tasks in hand (Luria, 1973; Stuss & Benson, 1986; Fuster, 1989). Other roles include (Kolb & Whishaw, 1985) planning, sensory comparisons, discrimination, decisions for action, direction and maintenance of attention at a specific task, execution of associated scanning eye movements, and initiation and production of novel goal-directed behaviour (especially with speech). Of the senses, vision makes a particular demand of the PFC, and this is reflected by the frontal eye fields.

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22

Wada, Sayaka, Motoyasu Honma, Yuri Masaoka, Masaki Yoshida, Nobuyoshi Koiwa, Haruko Sugiyama, Natsuko Iizuka, et al. "Volume of the right supramarginal gyrus is associated with a maintenance of emotion recognition ability." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 22, 2021): e0254623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254623.

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Emotion recognition is known to change with age, but associations between the change and brain atrophy are not well understood. In the current study atrophied brain regions associated with emotion recognition were investigated in elderly and younger participants. Group comparison showed no difference in emotion recognition score, while the score was associated with years of education, not age. We measured the gray matter volume of 18 regions of interest including the bilateral precuneus, supramarginal gyrus, orbital gyrus, straight gyrus, superior temporal sulcus, inferior frontal gyrus, insular cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus, which have been associated with social function and emotion recognition. Brain reductions were observed in elderly group except left inferior frontal gyrus, left straight gyrus, right orbital gyrus, right inferior frontal gyrus, and right supramarginal gyrus. Path analysis was performed using the following variables: age, years of education, emotion recognition score, and the 5 regions that were not different between the groups. The analysis revealed that years of education were associated with volumes of the right orbital gyrus, right inferior frontal gyrus, and right supramarginal gyrus. Furthermore, the right supramarginal gyrus volume was associated with the emotion recognition score. These results suggest that the amount of education received contributes to maintain the right supramarginal gyrus volume, and indirectly affects emotion recognition ability.

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23

Wixom, Chris, Amy E. Chadwick, and Henry F. Krous. "Sudden, Unexpected Death Associated with Meningioangiomatosis: Case Report." Pediatric and Developmental Pathology 8, no. 2 (March 2005): 240–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10024-004-9105-4.

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We report a case of sudden, unexpected death associated with meningioangiomatosis in a 13-year-old, previously healthy male without a history of seizures, neurologic deficits, or clinical stigmata of neurofibromatosis. There was no family history of neurofibromatosis. The postmortem examination showed a 5-cm mass involving the right posterior frontal and orbital frontal cortex that had microscopic features diagnostic of meningioangiomatosis. Because no other cause of death was found, we postulate that he likely died as a result of a seizure secondary to meningioangiomatosis.

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24

Gansler, David A., Nicole C. R. McLaughlin, Lisa Iguchi, Matthew Jerram, Dana W. Moore, Rafeeque Bhadelia, and Carl Fulwiler. "A multivariate approach to aggression and the orbital frontal cortex in psychiatric patients." Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 171, no. 3 (March 2009): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2008.03.007.

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25

Varney, Nils R., and Lynette Menefee. "Psychosocial and executive deficits following closed head injury: Implications for orbital frontal cortex." Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 8, no. 1 (March 1993): 32–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001199-199303000-00005.

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26

Ennis, Michael, and Richard G. Coss. "Orbital frontal cortex ablations of rock squirrels (Spermophilus variegatus) disinhibit innate antisnake behavior." Behavioral Neuroscience 120, no. 6 (2006): 1299–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.120.6.1299.

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27

Dvorkin, Anna, Charmaine Silva, Thomas McMurran, Liane Bisnaire, Jane Foster, and Henry Szechtman. "Features of compulsive checking behavior mediated by nucleus accumbens and orbital frontal cortex." European Journal of Neuroscience 32, no. 9 (August 22, 2010): 1552–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07398.x.

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28

Levens, Sara M., and Elizabeth A. Phelps. "Insula and Orbital Frontal Cortex Activity Underlying Emotion Interference Resolution in Working Memory." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 22, no. 12 (December 2010): 2790–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21428.

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Previous research has shown that emotional information aids conflict resolution in working memory [WM; Levens, S. M., & Phelps, E. A. Emotion processing effects on interference resolution in working memory. Journal of Emotion, 8, 267–280, 2008]. Using a recency-probes WM paradigm, it was found that positive and negative emotional stimuli reduced the amount of interference created when information that was once relevant conflicted with currently relevant information. To explore the neural mechanisms behind these facilitation effects, an event-related fMRI version of the recency-probes task was conducted using neutral and arousing positive and negative words as stimuli. Results replicate previous findings showing that the left and right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) is involved in the interference resolution of neutral information and reveal that the IFG is involved in the interference resolution of emotional information as well. In addition, ROIs in the right and left anterior insula and in the right orbital frontal cortex (OFC) were identified that appear to underlie emotional interference resolution in WM. We conclude that the IFG underlies neutral and emotional interference resolution, and that additional regions of the anterior insula and OFC may contribute to the facilitation of interference resolution for emotional information. These findings clarify the role of the insula and OFC in affective and executive processing, specifically in WM conflict resolution.

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29

Rosa, Marcello G. P., Juliana G. M. Soares, Tristan A. Chaplin, Piotr Majka, Sophia Bakola, Kimberley A. Phillips, David H. Reser, and Ricardo Gattass. "Cortical Afferents of Area 10 in Cebus Monkeys: Implications for the Evolution of the Frontal Pole." Cerebral Cortex 29, no. 4 (April 13, 2018): 1473–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhy044.

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Abstract Area 10, located in the frontal pole, is a unique specialization of the primate cortex. We studied the cortical connections of area 10 in the New World Cebus monkey, using injections of retrograde tracers in different parts of this area. We found that injections throughout area 10 labeled neurons in a consistent set of areas in the dorsolateral, ventrolateral, orbital, and medial parts of the frontal cortex, superior temporal association cortex, and posterior cingulate/retrosplenial region. However, sites on the midline surface of area 10 received more substantial projections from the temporal lobe, including clear auditory connections, whereas those in more lateral parts received >90% of their afferents from other frontal areas. This difference in anatomical connectivity reflects functional connectivity findings in the human brain. The pattern of connections in Cebus is very similar to that observed in the Old World macaque monkey, despite >40 million years of evolutionary separation, but lacks some of the connections reported in the more closely related but smaller marmoset monkey. These findings suggest that the clearer segregation observed in the human frontal pole reflects regional differences already present in early simian primates, and that overall brain mass influences the pattern of cortico-cortical connectivity.

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30

Noble, Susan Cline, William F. Chandler, and Ricardo V. Lloyd. "Intracranial Extension of Orbital Pseudotumor: A Case Report." Neurosurgery 18, no. 6 (June 1, 1986): 798–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/00006123-198606000-00023.

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Abstract A patient with intracranial extension of an orbital pseudotumor is reported. This rare consequence of an unusual inflammatory process has been reported on only two previous occasions. Our patient initially presented with unilateral loss of vision and a mass in the sphenoid sinus. Transsphenoidal biopsy revealed inflammatory tissue with a predominance of plasma cells. Over 2 years later, computed tomographic scanning demonstrated involvement of the ipsilateral frontal lobe, and craniotomy revealed invasion of both the dura mater and the cortex by this inflammatory process. Immunohistochemical staining for B and T cells was done to rule out lymphoma, and extensive cultures and staining were performed to identify any infectious process. Because this progressive lesion did not respond to steroid treatment, radiation therapy to the affected area was carried out. Orbital pseudotumor should be considered when an inflammatory process is identified in the meninges and cortex of the anterior fossa. (18:798–801, 1986)

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31

Casey, B. J., Rolf J. Trainor, Jennifer L. Orendi, Anne B. Schubert, Leigh E. Nystrom, Jay N. Giedd, F. Xavier Castellanos, et al. "A Developmental Functional MRI Study of Prefrontal Activation during Performance of a Go-No-Go Task." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 9, no. 6 (November 1997): 835–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1997.9.6.835.

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This study examines important developmental differences in patterns of activation in the prefrontal cortex during performance of a Go-No-Go paradigm using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Eighteen subjects (9 children and 9 adults) were scanned using gradient echo, echo planar imaging during performance of a response inhibition task. The results suggest four general findings. First, the location of activation in the prefrontal cortex was not different between children and adults, which is similar to our earlier pediatric fMRI results of prefrontal activation during a working memory task (Casey et al., 1995). Second, the volume of activation was significantly greater for children relative to adults. These differences in volume of activation were observed predominantly in the dorsal and lateral prefrontal cortices. Third, although inhibitory processes have typically been associated with more ventral or orbital frontal regions, the current study revealed activation that was distributed across both dorsolateral and orbitofrontal cortices. Finally, consistent with animal and human lesion studies, activity in orbital frontal and anterior cingulate cortices correlated with behavioral performance (i.e., number of false alarms). These results further demonstrate the utility of this methodology in studying pediatric populations.

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32

Kandilarova, Sevdalina, Drozdstoy Stoyanov, Nickolay Sirakov, Michael Maes, and Karsten Specht. "Reduced grey matter volume in frontal and temporal areas in depression: contributions from voxel-based morphometry study." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 31, no. 05 (June 25, 2019): 252–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/neu.2019.20.

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AbstractObjective:The aim of the current study was to examine whether and to what extent mood disorders, comprising major depression and bipolar disorder, are accompanied by structural changes in the brain as measured using voxel-based morphometry (VBM).Methods:We performed a VBM study using a 3Т MRI system (GE Discovery 750w) in patients with mood disorders (n=50), namely, 39 with major depression and 11 with bipolar disorder compared to 42 age-, sex- and education-matched healthy controls.Results:Our results show that depression was associated with significant decreases in grey matter (GM) volume of the regions located within the medial frontal and anterior cingulate cortex on the left side and middle frontal gyrus, medial orbital gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus (triangular and orbital parts) and middle temporal gyrus (extending to the superior temporal gyrus) on the right side. When the patient group was separated into bipolar disorder and major depression, the reductions remained significant only for patients with major depressive disorder.Conclusions:Using VBM the present study was able to replicate decreases in GM volume restricted to frontal and temporal regions in patients with mood disorders, mainly major depression, compared with healthy controls.

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Zebrowitz, Leslie A., Jasmine Boshyan, Noreen Ward, Luke Hanlin, Jutta M. Wolf, and Nouchine Hadjikhani. "Dietary dopamine depletion blunts reward network sensitivity to face trustworthiness." Journal of Psychopharmacology 32, no. 9 (April 5, 2018): 965–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881118758303.

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Research demonstrating responsiveness of the neural reward network to face trustworthiness has not assessed whether the effects are mediated by dopaminergic function. We filled this gap in the literature by investigating whether dietary dopamine depletion would blunt the sensitivity of neural activation to faces varying in trustworthiness across reward regions as well as the sensitivity of behavioral responses to those faces. As prolactin release is negatively regulated by dopamine, peripheral prolactin levels confirmed the efficacy of our manipulation. The dopamine depletion manipulation moderated neural activation to face trustworthiness in the amygdala, medial orbital frontal cortex, and ventral medial prefrontal cortex. Control participants ( n=20) showed nonlinear and linear neural activation to face trustworthiness in the amygdala and ventral medial prefrontal cortex, and nonlinear activation in the medial orbital frontal cortex, while depleted participants ( n=20) showed only a linear effect in the amygdala. Controls also showed stronger amygdala activation to high trustworthy faces than depleted participants. In contrast to effects on neural activation, dopamine depletion did not blunt the sensitivity of behavioral ratings. While this is the first study to demonstrate that dopamine depletion blunts the sensitivity of the neural reward system to social stimuli, namely faces varying in trustworthiness, future research should investigate behavioral measures that may be more responsive to dopaminergic effects than face ratings. Such research would shed further light on the possibility that individual differences in dopaminergic function that were simulated by our manipulation influence social interactions with people who vary in facial trustworthiness.

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34

Voytko, Mary Lou. "Cooling orbital frontal cortex disrupts matching-to-sample and visual discrimination learning in monkeys." Physiological Psychology 13, no. 4 (December 1985): 219–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03326525.

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35

Ernst, C., E. S. Chen, and G. Turecki. "Histone methylation and decreased expression of TrkB.T1 in orbital frontal cortex of suicide completers." Molecular Psychiatry 14, no. 9 (August 21, 2009): 830–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/mp.2009.35.

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36

Zhai, Zu Wei, Stefan Pajtek, Beatriz Luna, Charles F. Geier, Ty A. Ridenour, and Duncan B. Clark. "Reward-Modulated Response Inhibition, Cognitive Shifting, and the Orbital Frontal Cortex in Early Adolescence." Journal of Research on Adolescence 25, no. 4 (September 13, 2014): 753–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jora.12168.

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37

Rigoard, Philippe, Kévin Buffenoir, Nemhat Jaafari, Jean P. Giot, Jean L. Houeto, Patrick Mertens, Stéphane Velut, and Benoit Bataille. "The Accumbofrontal Fasciculus in the Human Brain: A Microsurgical Anatomical Study." Neurosurgery 68, no. 4 (April 1, 2011): 1102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/neu.0b013e3182098e48.

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Abstract BACKGROUND: The fiber-dissection technique provides unique 3-dimensional anatomic knowledge of the white matter. OBJECTIVE: To better identify the frontostriatal pathways in the human brain, we used a fiber-dissection technique to reconstruct neural connections between the frontal cortex and the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), which is the most ventral extent of the striatum. METHODS: Thirty previously frozen, formalin-fixed human brains were dissected under the operating microscope using a modified fiber-dissection technique, primarily reported by Klingler. RESULTS: Our serial dissections of 30 human brain specimens clearly demonstrated that projection fibers form a connection between the NAcc and the frontal lobe. We evidenced this newly described subcortical tract as an accumbofrontal fasciculus. This focal projection was concentrated at the level of the ventromedial part of the NAcc and characterized by an elective and specific projection from the orbitomedial prefrontal cortex, particularly the gyrus rectus and the medial orbital gyrus situated between the H-shaped and the medial orbital sulcus. CONCLUSION: The accumbofrontal fasciculus is an elective and specific projection from the orbitoprefrontal cortex. This fasciculus is part of a corticostriatothalamocortical loop and a putative target for deep-brain stimulation in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depression. The analysis of in vivo diffusion tractography, used today as a standard in the investigation of many brain disorders, could potentially take advantage of complementary anatomic correlations and functional extrapolations, as described in this study.

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38

Kong, Li, Christina J. Herold, Eric F. C. Cheung, Raymond C. K. Chan, and Johannes Schröder. "Neurological Soft Signs and Brain Network Abnormalities in Schizophrenia." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, no. 3 (November 27, 2019): 562–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbz118.

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Abstract Neurological soft signs (NSS) are often found in patients with schizophrenia. A wealth of neuroimaging studies have reported that NSS are related to disturbed cortical-subcortical-cerebellar circuitry in schizophrenia. However, the association between NSS and brain network abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia remains unclear. In this study, the graph theoretical approach was used to analyze brain network characteristics based on structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. NSS were assessed using the Heidelberg scale. We found that there was no significant difference in global network properties between individuals with high and low levels of NSS. Regional network analysis showed that NSS were associated with betweenness centrality involving the inferior orbital frontal cortex, the middle temporal cortex, the hippocampus, the supramarginal cortex, the amygdala, and the cerebellum. Global network analysis also demonstrated that NSS were associated with the distribution of network hubs involving the superior medial frontal cortex, the superior and middle temporal cortices, the postcentral cortex, the amygdala, and the cerebellum. Our findings suggest that NSS are associated with alterations in topological attributes of brain networks corresponding to the cortical-subcortical-cerebellum circuit in patients with schizophrenia, which may provide a new perspective for elucidating the neural basis of NSS in schizophrenia.

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Hornak, J., J. O'Doherty, J. Bramham, E. T. Rolls, R. G. Morris, P. R. Bullock, and C. E. Polkey. "Reward-related Reversal Learning after Surgical Excisions in Orbito-frontal or Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Humans." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 16, no. 3 (April 2004): 463–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892904322926791.

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Neurophysiological studies in primates and neuroimaging studies in humans suggest that the orbito-frontal cortex is involved in representing the reward value of stimuli and in the rapid learning and relearning of associations between visual stimuli and rewarding or punishing outcomes. In the present study, we tested patients with circumscribed surgical lesions in different regions of the frontal lobe on a new visual discrimination reversal test, which, in an fMRI study (O'Doherty, Kringelbach, Rolls, Hornak, & Andrews, 2001), produced bilateral orbito-frontal cortex activation in normal subjects. In this task, touching one of two simultaneously presented patterns produced reward or loss of imaginary money delivered on a probabilistic basis to minimize the usefulness of verbal strategies. A number of types of feedback were present on the screen. The main result was that the group of patients with bilateral orbito-frontal cortex lesions were severely impaired at the reversal task, in that they accumulated less money. These patients often failed to switch their choice of stimulus after a large loss and often did switch their choice although they had just received a reward. The investigation showed that bilateral lesions were required for this deficit, since patients with unilateral orbito-frontal cortex (or medial prefrontal cortex) lesions were not impaired in the probabilistic reversal task. The task ruled out a simple motor disinhibition as an explanation of the deficit in the bilateral orbito-frontal cortex patients, in that the patients were required to choose one of two stimuli on each trial. A comparison group of patients with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex lesions was in some cases able to do the task, and in other cases, was impaired. Posttest debriefing showed that all the dorsolateral prefrontal patients who were impaired at the task had failed to pay attention to the crucial feedback provided on the screen after each trial about the amount won or lost on each trial. In contrast, all dorsolateral patients who paid attention to this crucial feedback performed normally on the reversal task. Further, it was confirmed that the bilateral orbito-frontal cortex patients had also paid attention to this crucial feedback, but in contrast had still performed poorly at the task. The results thus show that the orbital prefrontal cortex is required bilaterally for monitoring changes in the reward value of stimuli and using this to guide behavior in the task; whereas the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, if it produces deficits in the task, does so for reasons related to executive functions, such as the control of attention. Thus, the ability to determine which information is relevant when making a choice of pattern can be disrupted by a dorsolateral lesion on either side, whereas the ability to use this information to guide behavior is not disrupted by a unilateral lesion in either the left or the right orbito-frontal cortex, but is severely impaired by a bilateral lesion in this region. Because both abilities are important in many of the tasks and decisions that arise in the course of daily life, the present results are relevant to understanding the difficulties faced by patients after surgical excisions in different frontal brain regions.

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Rocha, Marlos Vasconcelos, Fabiana Nery-Fernandes, José Luiz Guimarães, Lucas de Castro Quarantini, Irismar Reis de Oliveira, Giovanna G. Ladeia-Rocha, Andrea Parolin Jackowski, César de Araujo Neto, and Ângela Miranda-Scippa. "Normal Metabolic Levels in Prefrontal Cortex in Euthymic Bipolar I Patients with and without Suicide Attempts." Neural Plasticity 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/165180.

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Introduction/Objective. Evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex has been implicated in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD), but few neurochemical studies have evaluated this region in bipolar patients and there is no information from BD suicide attempters using Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (H+MRS). The objective was to evaluate the metabolic function of the medial orbital frontal cortex in euthymic BD type I suicide and nonsuicide attempters compared to healthy subjects by H+MRS.Methods. 40 euthymic bipolar I outpatients, 19 without and 21 with history of suicide attempt, and 22 healthy subjects were interviewed using the Structured Clinical Interview with the DSM-IV axis I, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, the Young Mania Rating Scale, and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 and underwent H+MRS.Results. We did not find any metabolic abnormality in medial orbital frontal regions of suicide and nonsuicide BD patients and BD patients as a group compared to healthy subjects.Conclusions. The combined chronic use of psychotropic drugs with neuroprotective or neurotrophic effects leading to a euthymic state for longer periods of time may improve neurometabolic function, at least measured by H+MRS, even in suicide attempters. Besides, these results may implicate mood dependent alterations in brain metabolic activity. However, more studies with larger sample sizes of this heterogeneous disorder are warranted to clarify these data.

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Wang, Q., W. Cheng, M. Li, H. Ren, X. Hu, W. Deng, M. Li, et al. "The CHRM3 gene is implicated in abnormal thalamo-orbital frontal cortex functional connectivity in first-episode treatment-naive patients with schizophrenia." Psychological Medicine 46, no. 7 (March 9, 2016): 1523–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291716000167.

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BackgroundThe genetic influences in human brain structure and function and impaired functional connectivities are the hallmarks of the schizophrenic brain. To explore how common genetic variants affect the connectivities in schizophrenia, we applied genome-wide association studies assaying the abnormal neural connectivities in schizophrenia as quantitative traits.MethodWe recruited 161 first-onset and treatment-naive patients with schizophrenia and 150 healthy controls. All the participants underwent scanning with a 3 T-magnetic resonance imaging scanner to acquire structural and functional imaging data and genotyping using the HumanOmniZhongHua-8 BeadChip. The brain-wide association study approach was employed to account for the inherent modular nature of brain connectivities.ResultsWe found differences in four abnormal functional connectivities [left rectus to left thalamus (REC.L–THA.L), left rectus to right thalamus (REC.L–THA.R), left superior orbital cortex to left thalamus (ORBsup.L–THA.L) and left superior orbital cortex to right thalamus (ORBsup.L–THA.R)] between the two groups. Univariate single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based association revealed that the SNP rs6800381, located nearest to the CHRM3 (cholinergic receptor, muscarinic 3) gene, reached genomic significance (p = 1.768 × 10−8) using REC.L–THA.R as the phenotype. Multivariate gene-based association revealed that the FAM12A (family with sequence similarity 12, member A) gene nearly reached genomic significance (nominal p = 2.22 × 10–6, corrected p = 0.05).ConclusionsOverall, we identified the first evidence that the CHRM3 gene plays a role in abnormal thalamo-orbital frontal cortex functional connectivity in first-episode treatment-naive patients with schizophrenia. Identification of these genetic variants using neuroimaging genetics provides insights into the causes of variability in human brain development, and may help us determine the mechanisms of dysfunction in schizophrenia.

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Go, Christopher, Eneida Mioshi, Belinda Yew, John R. Hodges, and Michael Hornberger. "Neural correlates of behavioural symptoms in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease: Employment of a visual MRI rating scale." Dementia & Neuropsychologia 6, no. 1 (March 2012): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1980-57642012dn06010003.

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ABSTRACT Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) patients often present with severe behavioural disturbances and concomitant lack of insight. The underlying neural correlates of these disturbances are mostly attributed to prefrontal cortex dysfunction, but are still poorly understood. Objectives: The current study explores whether a simple visual magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) rating scale in combination with the Frontal System Behaviour Scale (FrSBe) can be used to identify the prefrontal correlates of behavioural symptoms in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods: Forty-eight patients with a clinical diagnosis of bvFTD and AD participated in the study. Their behavioural profiles were assessed using the Frontal System Behaviour Scale (FrSBe) and cross-correlated to the atrophy of the sub-regions in the prefrontal cortex using a 5-point visual rating scale of MRI scans. Results: Patients with bvFTD showed higher incidence of behavioural disturbances than AD with apathy being the most significant. BvFTD patients also showed the highest incidence of atrophy in the orbital frontal cortex and this atrophy was correlated with the apathetic features. Conclusions: Employment of a simple visual MRI rating scale can be used in combination with a behavioural screening test to identify reliably the behavioural symptoms in bvFTD and AD. These findings will inform the diagnostic accuracy of the neural correlates of behavioural dysfunction in bvFTD in the future.

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LOO, C. K., P. S. SACHDEV, W. HAINDL, W. WEN, P. B. MITCHELL, V. M. CROKER, and G. S. MALHI. "High (15 Hz) and low (1 Hz) frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation have different acute effects on regional cerebral blood flow in depressed patients." Psychological Medicine 33, no. 6 (July 31, 2003): 997–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291703007955.

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Background. High and low frequency repetititve transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) are both effective in treating depression but have contrary effects on motor cortical activity. This study aimed to understand further the mechanisms of action of high and low frequency rTMS by examining their acute effects on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in depressed patients.Method. Eighteen depressed subjects underwent brain single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) scanning using split-dose 99mTc-HMPAO, and were examined during sham and active rTMS to the left prefrontal cortex, at 15 Hz or 1 Hz (N=9 each). Relative rCBF changes were examined by statistical parametric mapping and by regions of interest analysis.Results. High (15 Hz) frequency rTMS resulted in relative rCBF increases in the inferior frontal cortices, right dorsomedial frontal cortex, posterior cingulate and parahippocampus. Decreases occurred in the right orbital cortex and subcallosal gyrus, and left uncus. Low (1 Hz) frequency rTMS led to increased relative rCBF in the right anterior cingulate, bilateral parietal cortices and insula and left cerebellum. High frequency rTMS led to an overall increase, whereas low frequency rTMS produced a slight decrease, in the mean relative rCBF in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.Conclusions. High (15 Hz) and low (1 Hz) frequency rTMS led to different frontal and remote relative rCBF changes, which suggests different neurophysiological and possibly neuropsychiatric consequences of a change in frequency of rTMS.

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Eslinger, Paul J. "Orbital frontal cortex: Behavioral and physiological significance: An introduction to special topic papers: Part II." Neurocase 5, no. 4 (July 1999): 299–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13554799908411983.

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Dyer, S., S. Vadnais, S. Lee, J. Constance, and M. Kibby. "Pediatrics-3Larger Left Orbital Frontal Cortex Volume Is Related to Better Emotional Control in Children." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 30, no. 6 (August 31, 2015): 481.3–482. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acv046.19.

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Dyer, S., S. Vadnais, S. Lee, J. Constance, and M. Kibby. "B-84Larger Left Orbital Frontal Cortex Volume Is Related to Better Emotional Control in Children." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 30, no. 6 (August 31, 2015): 553.3–553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acv047.179.

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Zhong, Yong-Mei, Masao Yukie, and Kathleen S. Rockland. "Distinctive morphology of hippocampal CA1 terminations in orbital and medial frontal cortex in macaque monkeys." Experimental Brain Research 169, no. 4 (November 17, 2005): 549–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-005-0187-7.

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Kipp, B. T., P. T. Nunes, E. Galaj, B. Hitchcock, T. Nasra, K. R. Poynor, S. K. Heide, N. L. Reitz, and L. M. Savage. "Adolescent Ethanol Exposure Alters Cholinergic Function and Apical Dendritic Branching Within the Orbital Frontal Cortex." Neuroscience 473 (October 2021): 52–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.08.014.

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Yu, Hua, Ya-jing Meng, Xiao-jing Li, Chengcheng Zhang, Sugai Liang, Ming-li Li, Zhe Li, et al. "Common and distinct patterns of grey matter alterations in borderline personality disorder and bipolar disorder: voxel-based meta-analysis." British Journal of Psychiatry 215, no. 01 (March 8, 2019): 395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2019.44.

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BackgroundWhether borderline personality disorder (BPD) and bipolar disorder are the same or different disorders lacks consistency.AimsTo detect whether grey matter volume (GMV) and grey matter density (GMD) alterations show any similarities or differences between BPD and bipolar disorder.MethodWeb-based publication databases were searched to conduct a meta-analysis of all voxel-based studies that compared BPD or bipolar disorder with healthy controls. We included 13 BPD studies (395 patients with BPD and 415 healthy controls) and 47 bipolar disorder studies (2111 patients with bipolar disorder and 3261 healthy controls). Peak coordinates from clusters with significant group differences were extracted. Effect-size signed differential mapping meta-analysis was performed to analyse peak coordinates of clusters and thresholds (P< 0.005, uncorrected). Conjunction analyses identified regions in which disorders showed common patterns of volumetric alteration. Correlation analyses were also performed.ResultsPatients with BPD showed decreased GMV and GMD in the bilateral medial prefrontal cortex network (mPFC), bilateral amygdala and right parahippocampal gyrus; patients with bipolar disorder showed decreased GMV and GMD in the bilateral medial orbital frontal cortex (mOFC), right insula and right thalamus, and increased GMV and GMD in the right putamen. Multi-modal analysis indicated smaller volumes in both disorders in clusters in the right medial orbital frontal cortex. Decreased bilateral mPFC in BPD was partly mediated by patient age. Increased GMV and GMD of the right putamen was positively correlated with Young Mania Rating Scale scores in bipolar disorder.ConclusionsOur results show different patterns of GMV and GMD alteration and do not support the hypothesis that bipolar disorder and BPD are on the same affective spectrum.Declaration of interestNone.

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Li, Hui, Bin Zhang, Qiang Hu, Lanlan Zhang, Yi Jin, Jijun Wang, Huiru Cui, Jiaoyan Pang, and Chunbo Li. "Altered heartbeat perception sensitivity associated with brain structural alterations in generalised anxiety disorder." General Psychiatry 33, no. 1 (February 2020): e100057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2019-100057.

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BackgroundPalpitation is a common complaint in generalised anxiety disorder (GAD). Brain imaging studies have investigated the neural mechanism of heartbeat perception in healthy volunteers. This study explored the neuroanatomical differences of altered heartbeat perception in patients with GAD using structural MRI.AimsBased on the strong somatic-interoceptive symptoms in GAD, we explored the regional structural brain abnormalities involved in heartbeat perception in patients with GAD.MethodsThis study was applied to the a priori regions using neuroanatomical theories of heartbeat perception, including the insula, anterior cingulate cortex, supplementary motor area and prefrontal cortex. A total of 19 patients with GAD and 19 healthy control subjects were enrolled. We used the FMRIB Software Library voxel-based morphometry software for estimating the grey matter volume of these regions of interest and analysed the correlation between heartbeat perception sensitivity and the volume of abnormal grey matter.ResultsPatients with GAD showed a significantly decreased volume of grey matter in their left medial prefrontal cortex, right orbital frontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex. The grey matter volume of the left medial prefrontal cortex negatively correlated with heartbeat perception sensitivity in patients with GAD.ConclusionsIt should be the first study that shows heartbeat perception is associated with brain structure in GAD. Our findings suggest that the frontal region may play an important role in aberrant heartbeat perception processing in patients with GAD, and this may be an underlying mechanism resulting in the abnormal cardiovascular complaints in GAD. This is hypothesised as a ‘top-down’ deficiency, especially in the medial prefrontal cortex. This will provide the foundation for a more targeted region for neuromodulation intervention in the future.

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