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Journal articles on the topic 'ORC unit'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Willers, Ole W., Harald Kunte, and Jörg Seume. "ORC Turbine-Generator Unit for Truck Applications." ATZ worldwide 119, no. 10 (September 29, 2017): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s38311-017-0095-z.

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2

Wiśniewski, Sławomir, and Aleksandra Borsukiewicz-Gozdur. "The influence of vapor superheating on the level of heat regeneration in a subcritical ORC coupled with gas power plant." Archives of Thermodynamics 31, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 185–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10173-010-0022-9.

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The influence of vapor superheating on the level of heat regeneration in a subcritical ORC coupled with gas power plantThe authors presented problems related to utilization of exhaust gases of the gas turbine unit for production of electricity in an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) power plant. The study shows that the thermal coupling of ORC cycle with a gas turbine unit improves the efficiency of the system. The undertaken analysis concerned four the so called "dry" organic fluids: benzene, cyclohexane, decane and toluene. The paper also presents the way how to improve thermal efficiency of Clausius-Rankine cycle in ORC power plant. This method depends on applying heat regeneration in ORC cycle, which involves pre-heating the organic fluid via vapour leaving the ORC turbine. As calculations showed this solution allows to considerably raise the thermal efficiency of Clausius-Rankine cycle.
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3

Branchini, Lisa, Andrea De Pascale, Francesco Melino, and Noemi Torricelli. "Optimum Organic Rankine Cycle Design for the Application in a CHP Unit Feeding a District Heating Network." Energies 13, no. 6 (March 12, 2020): 1314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13061314.

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Improvement of energy conversion efficiency in prime movers has become of fundamental importance in order to respect EU 2020 targets. In this context, hybrid power plants comprising combined heat and power (CHP) prime movers integrated with the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) create interesting opportunities to additionally increase the first law efficiency and flexibility of the system. The possibility of adding supplementary electric energy production to a CHP system, by converting the prime movers’ exhaust heat with an ORC, was investigated. The inclusion of the ORC allowed operating the prime movers at full-load (thus at their maximum efficiency), regardless of the heat demand, without dissipating not required high enthalpy-heat. Indeed, discharged heat was recovered by the ORC to produce additional electric power at high efficiency. The CHP plant in its original arrangement (comprising three internal combustion engines of 8.5 MW size each) was compared to a new one, involving an ORC, assuming three different layout configurations and thus different ORC off-design working conditions at user thermal part-load operation. Results showed that the performance of the ORC, on the year basis, strongly depended on its part-load behavior and on its regulation limits. Indeed, the layout that allowed to produce the maximum amount of ORC electric energy per year (about 10 GWh/year) was the one that could operate for the greatest number of hours during the year, which was different from the one that exhibited the highest ORC design power. However, energetic analysis demonstrated that all the proposed solutions granted to reduce the global primary energy consumption of about 18%, and they all proved to be a good investment since they allowed to return on the investment in barely 5 years, by selling the electric energy at a minimum price equal to 70 EUR/MWh.
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4

Inglut, Collin, Kyle Kausch, Alan Gray, and Matthew Landrigan. "Rejuvenation of Stored Red Blood Cells Increases Oxygen Release Capacity." Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): 4808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.4808.4808.

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Abstract Introduction: The goal of a red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is to treat anemia and improve oxygen delivery to tissues (Sharma 2011). RBC metabolic changes during liquid storage increases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen by depletion of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG). This change reduces the partial pressure of O2 where the oxygen tension of hemoglobin is 50% saturated (p50). Transfusion of stored RBCs manifests immediate deficits in patient 2,3-DPG concentration after surgery with incomplete in vivo restoration 72 hours post-surgery (Scott 2016). This change may bring into question the efficiency of peripheral oxygen unloading of liquid stored RBCs following transfusion. Ex-vivo rejuvenation of allogeneic RBCs increases the levels of ATP and 2,3-DPG and increases the p50 of stored RBCs by right-shifting the Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve (ODC) (Dennis 1979). RBC Oxygen Release Capacity (ORC) is determined by the percent of oxygen removed from hemoglobin across the arterial (100 mmHg O2) - venous (40 mmHg O2) pressure gradient (Li 2016). The objective was to evaluate the changes in 2,3-DPG and p50 during routine blood bank storage for 35 days and the impact on ORC after RBC rejuvenation. Methods: Five (5) units of human whole blood were collected in CPD, processed into leukocyte reduced RBC units and stored in an additive solution (AS-1). Nearly fresh RBC were obtained from a local blood center after days 3 - 6 of storage at 1-6 °C and then stored up to 35 days at 1-6 °C. A ten (10) mL aliquot was withdrawn from each unit on the day of receipt, then on Days 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35. Each aliquot was split equally by volume into Control (untreated) and Rejuvenated Groups (n=5 per group). The Rejuvenated samples (5 mL) were incubated with 0.8 mL rejuvesol™ Solution (Zimmer Biomet) in a dry air blood warmer (Sarstedt SAHARA-III) for one hour at 37 °C. Complete blood counts (CELL-DYN 3700), ODC (TCS Scientific Corp Hemox-Analyzer), and 2,3-DPG (Roche) on perchloric acid extracts were collected. The ORC was calculated from the ODC as previously described (Li 2016). Results: Five (5) units of CPD/AS-1 RBC units were received less than one week post-donation (5.0 ± 1.2 Days). As expected in the Control Group aliquots (n = 5), 2,3-DPG concentration and the p50 value declined significantly (p < 0.001, ANOVA) from Day 7 through Day 35 (Figure 1). Rejuvenated Group aliquots exhibited a significant increase in 2,3-DPG concentration and improved p50 (p < 0.001, t-test) at each storage interval after incubation with rejuvesol Solution compared to untreated Control aliquots (Figure 1). RBC rejuvenation shifted the ODC to the right (Figure 2) and significantly increased the ORC compared to Control aliquots (Figure 3). The ORC of Rejuvenated aliquots did not decline significantly with storage duration (p = 0.11, ANOVA) while Control aliquots were significantly impacted with storage duration (p < 0.001, ANOVA). Conclusion: Reduction in ORC with storage duration of unrejuvenated RBCs suggests impaired oxygen tissue delivery occurs with stored RBCs to the tissue microenvironment. Transfusion practices designed to increase hemoglobin concentration may be less effective with increased RBC age because of reduced oxygen release capacity. These in vitro results confirm previous reports regarding 2,3-DPG changes during storage and treatment with rejuvenation (Valeri 2000). Additional research is proposed to confirm these observations on full RBC units, the clinical impact of reduced oxygen release capacity, and what impact RBCs with a superphysiological ORC have on the tissue microenvironment. Figure 1 RBC p50 (mm Hg) and 2,3-DPG concentration (mmol/g Hb) for paired Rejuvenated and Control groups after storage for 3-6, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days. 2,3-DPG and p50 values were significantly different between groups at each time-point (p < 0.001, t-test). Figure 1. RBC p50 (mm Hg) and 2,3-DPG concentration (mmol/g Hb) for paired Rejuvenated and Control groups after storage for 3-6, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days. 2,3-DPG and p50 values were significantly different between groups at each time-point (p < 0.001, t-test). Figure 2 A representative ODC for a RBC aliquot stored for 21 days (Gray) and the "right-shift" of the curve with rejuvenation (Black) used to determine the ORC. The two vertical dashed lines represent the venous PO2 (40 mmHg) and arterial PO2 (100 mmHg). The solid line represents a typical p50 value of Control and Rejuvenated aliquots. Figure 2. A representative ODC for a RBC aliquot stored for 21 days (Gray) and the "right-shift" of the curve with rejuvenation (Black) used to determine the ORC. The two vertical dashed lines represent the venous PO2 (40 mmHg) and arterial PO2 (100 mmHg). The solid line represents a typical p50 value of Control and Rejuvenated aliquots. Figure 3 RBC ORC for paired Rejuvenated and Control groups after storage for 3-6, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days. ORC was significantly different between groups at each time-point (p < 0.05, t-test). Figure 3. RBC ORC for paired Rejuvenated and Control groups after storage for 3-6, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days. ORC was significantly different between groups at each time-point (p < 0.05, t-test). Disclosures Inglut: Zimmer Biomet: Employment. Kausch:Zimmer Biomet: Employment. Gray:Zimmer Biomet: Employment. Landrigan:Zimmer Biomet: Employment.
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5

Bocci, Enrico, Mauro Villarini, Luca Bove, Stefano Esposto, and Valerio Gasperini. "Modeling Small Scale Solar Powered ORC Unit for Standalone Application." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/124280.

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When the electricity from the grid is not available, the generation of electricity in remote areas is an essential challenge to satisfy important needs. In many developing countries the power generation from Diesel engines is the applied technical solution. However the cost and supply of fuel make a strong dependency of the communities on the external support. Alternatives to fuel combustion can be found in photovoltaic generators, and, with suitable conditions, small wind turbines or microhydroplants. The aim of the paper is to simulate the power generation of a generating unit using the Rankine Cycle and using refrigerant R245fa as a working fluid. The generation unit has thermal solar panels as heat source and photovoltaic modules for the needs of the auxiliary items (pumps, electronics, etc.). The paper illustrates the modeling of the system using TRNSYS platform, highlighting standard and “ad hoc” developed components as well as the global system efficiency. In the future the results of the simulation will be compared with the data collected from the 3 kW prototype under construction in the Tuscia University in Italy.
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6

Kalina, Jacek, and Mateusz Świerzewski. "Identification of ORC unit operation in biomass-fired cogeneration system." Renewable Energy 142 (November 2019): 400–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.04.080.

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7

Invernizzi, C. M., P. Iora, and R. Sandrini. "Biomass combined cycles based on externally fired gas turbines and organic Rankine expanders." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 225, no. 8 (September 21, 2011): 1066–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957650911415188.

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This article investigates the possibility to enhance the performance of a biomass organic Rankine cycle (ORC) plant by adding an externally fired gas turbine (EFGT), yielding a combined EFGT + ORC system. A typical ORC configuration is first modelled and validated on data available from an existing unit 1.5 MW reference plant. Then, different working fluids belonging to the methyl-substituted benzene series and linear methylpolysiloxanes have been evaluated for the ORC section on the basis of both thermodynamics considerations and design issues of the regenerator and the turbine. Results of the simulations of the combined cycle (CC) referred to a furnace size of about unit 9 MW, assuming a maximum GT inlet temperature of 800 °C, show a maximum efficiency of 23 per cent, obtained in the case where toluene is adopted as a working fluid for the bottoming section. This value is about 4 points per cent higher than the efficiency of the corresponding simple ORC. Finally, to conclude, some preliminary considerations are given regarding the techno-economic feasibility of the combined configuration, suggesting the need of a further investigation on the possible technological solution for the furnace which represents the main uncertainty in the resulting costs of the CC.
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8

Sebelev, Aleksandr, Aleksandr Kirillov, Gennadii Porshnev, Kirill Lapshin, and Aleksandr Laskin. "Thermodynamic analysis of design and part-load operation of a novel waste heat recovery unit." MATEC Web of Conferences 245 (2018): 04010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824504010.

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Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) thermodynamic optimization is of critical importance while developing new plants. Optimization procedures may be imed at the highest efficiency as well as cost or sizing minimization. Optimization process is generally carried out for plant nominal rating. At the same time, part-load operation has to be carefully considered in case of waste heat recovery from flue gases coming from internal combustion engines or gas turbines. Gas mass flow and temperature variations are specific to this application, significantly influencing ORC plant performance. Secure prediction of part-load operation is of particular importance for assessment of plant power output, providing stability and safety and utilizing proper control strategy. In this paper design and off-design cycle simulation model is proposed. Off-design performance of the ORC cycle recovering waste heat from gas turbine unit installed at gas compressor station is considered. Major factors affecting system performance are outlined.
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9

Stoppato, Anna, and Alberto Benato. "Life Cycle Assessment of a Commercially Available Organic Rankine Cycle Unit Coupled with a Biomass Boiler." Energies 13, no. 7 (April 10, 2020): 1835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071835.

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Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) turbogenerators are a well-established technology to recover from medium to ultra-low grade heat and generate electricity, or heat and work as cogenerative units. High firmness, good reliability and acceptable efficiency guarantee to ORCs a large range of applications: from waste heat recovery of industrial processes to the enhancement of heat generated by renewable resources like biomass, solar or geothermal. ORC unit coupled with biomass boiler is one of the most adopted arrangements. However, despite biomass renewability, it is mandatory to evaluate the environmental impact of systems composed by boilers and ORCs taking into account the entire life cycle. To this purpose, the authors perform a life cycle assessment of a commercially available 150 kW cogenerative ORC unit coupled with a biomass boiler to assess the global environmental performance. The system is modelled in SimaPro using different approaches. Results show that the most impacting processes in terms of CO2 equivalent emissions are the ones related to biomass production and organic fluid leakages with 71% and 19% of the total. Therefore, being fluid release in the environment high impacting, a comparison among three fluids is also performed. Analysis shows that adopting a hydrofluoroolefin fluid with a low global warming potential instead of the hydrocarbon fluid as already used in the cycle guarantees a significant improvement of the environmental performance.
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10

Ziółkowski, Paweł, Dariusz Mikielewicz, and Jarosław Mikielewicz. "Increase of power and efficiency of the 900 MW supercritical power plant through incorporation of the ORC." Archives of Thermodynamics 34, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 51–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoter-2013-0029.

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Abstract The objective of the paper is to analyse thermodynamical and operational parameters of the supercritical power plant with reference conditions as well as following the introduction of the hybrid system incorporating ORC. In ORC the upper heat source is a stream of hot water from the system of heat recovery having temperature of 90 °C, which is additionally aided by heat from the bleeds of the steam turbine. Thermodynamical analysis of the supercritical plant with and without incorporation of ORC was accomplished using computational flow mechanics numerical codes. Investigated were six working fluids such as propane, isobutane, pentane, ethanol, R236ea and R245fa. In the course of calculations determined were primarily the increase of the unit power and efficiency for the reference case and that with the ORC.
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11

Vittorini, Diego, Alessio Antonini, Roberto Cipollone, and Roberto Carapellucci. "Multi-Variable Control and Optimization Strategy for Domestic Solar-ORC Combined Heat and Power Generation System." E3S Web of Conferences 197 (2020): 08014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019708014.

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The feasibility of a solar-ORC system for domestic combined heat and power generation (CHP) is deeply affected by both the time-varying ambient conditions (e.g. solar irradiance, temperature, wind speed) and the thermal and electrical load profiles variability of the final application. The definition of a proper control strategy is proven to be a major design-challenge for successful operation of solar-ORC systems, with the main goal of assuring that the thermal power demand for space heating and Domestic Hot Water (DHW) production and the electricity needs are simultaneously satisfied. The rising demand for energy-autonomous systems also calls for the inclusion of a storage system within the base-layout, that could assure the electricity demand is properly matched after sunset or in very-low irradiance conditions, such as cloudy days. A comprehensive model accounts for the dynamic of the plant-integrated unit, featuring an ORC-based plant that bottoms a flat plate solar thermal collector: a parametric study is presented, and an off-design analysis is performed to properly assess the energy performance of the system. The heat availability to the ORC heat exchanger is evaluated, based on solar availability, thermal losses in the pipes and plant requirements, in terms of operating temperature and pressures and organic fluid mass flowrate. R245fa is selected as working fluid in the ORC-section. Sliding vanes machines expander and pump – are considered as rotary equipment. Flat plate heat exchangers complete the base layout, the analysis accounts for. Due to the need for DHW production, a storage unit for hot water is present, upstream the recovery branch: dependently on the ability the fluid at the collector outlet has to meet the ORC requirements for proper operation (about 110°C), the ORC evaporator is fed and the recovery section enabled. Both continuous and unsteady operation underwent an in-depth analysis, as well as the benefits associated with different discharge times for the storage unit. A dedicated control strategy is defined, dependently on whether the electrical output or the thermal one need to be maximized, and accounts for either a flash or a progressive tank discharge. A virtual platform allowed the setting-up of a pilot plant, for direct performance assessment, in presence of different amounts of tank discharges per day and different lower temperatures at the storage tank.
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Yun, Eunkoo, Hyun Dong Kim, Sang Youl Yoon, and Kyung Chun Kim. "Development and Characterization of Small-Scale ORC System Using Scroll Expander." Applied Mechanics and Materials 291-294 (February 2013): 1627–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.1627.

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In order to determine the operating characteristics of a small-scale ORC (organic Rankine cycle) system for various low temperature heat sources, experiments were carried out. A small-scale ORC power generation system adopting R-245fa as a working fluid was designed and manufactured. Hot water was used for the heat source and the temperature was controlled by the 110 kW electric resistance heaters which provided up to 150 °C. Cooling temperature was controlled by a circulating water chiller to simulate various heat sink environments. An open-drive oil-free scroll expander directly connected to a high-speed synchronous generator was installed in the ORC unit. The efficiencies of the cycle and the expander, electric power of the developed ORC system with respect to the operating conditions were investigated by experiments. The factors which influence the performance of the oil-free scroll expander were analyzed and discussed.
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Wajs, Jan, Dariusz Mikielewicz, Michał Bajor, and Zbigniew Kneba. "Experimental investigation of domestic micro-CHP based on the gas boiler fitted with ORC module." Archives of Thermodynamics 37, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 79–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoter-2016-0021.

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AbstractThe results of investigations conducted on the prototype of vapour driven micro-CHP unit integrated with a gas boiler are presented. The system enables cogeneration of heat and electric energy to cover the energy demand of a household. The idea of such system is to produce electricity for own demand or for selling it to the electric grid – in such situation the system user will became the prosumer. A typical commercial gas boiler, additionally equipped with an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) module based on environmentally acceptable working fluid can be regarded as future generation unit. In the paper the prototype of innovative domestic cogenerative ORC system, consisting of a conventional gas boiler and a small size axial vapour microturbines (in-house designed for ORC and the commercially available for Rankine cycle (RC)), evaporator and condenser were scrutinised. In the course of study the fluid working temperatures, rates of heat, electricity generation and efficiency of the whole system were obtained. The tested system could produce electricity in the amount of 1 kWe. Some preliminary tests were started with water as working fluid and the results for that case are also presented. The investigations showed that domestic gas boiler was able to provide the saturated/superheated ethanol vapour (in the ORC system) and steam (in the RC system) as working fluids.
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Jiang, Liang, Ya Dong Zhu, Victor Jin, and Li Jun Yu. "Comprehensive Evaluation Method of ORC System Performance Based on the Multi-Objective Optimization." Advanced Materials Research 997 (August 2014): 721–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.997.721.

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The choice of evaluating indicator has a most important influence on the performance analysis and optimization of Organic Rankine-cycle (ORC) system. In this paper, the net output power of unit mass of exhaust gas (), the cycle exergy efficiency (), the total waste heat emissions () and the product of exchanger's area and total heat transfer coefficient () are selected as the four key indicators which can reflect the characteristics of ORC system. And then, a comprehensive evaluating indicator of ORC system performance () is obtained according to the theory of multi-objective optimization. Further, a comprehensive evaluation method of ORC system performance based on the multi-objective optimization is put forward in this paper. After that, this method is used to optimize the evaporation temperature which is considered as a key parameter of ORC system performance. According to researches, the results gained by using a single-objective optimization method with only one performance parameter as the indicator, cannot often take a global view of the ORC system performance and sometimes may lead to a deviation. Researches also show that increases firstly and then decreases with the increment of the evaporation temperature, and there exists a value of evaporation temperature to maximize . Through analysis and researches, it can be found that the comprehensive evaluation method of ORC system performance based on the multi-objective optimization provided in this paper gives a synthetic consideration to the requirements from high-efficiency, economy, thermodynamic perfection and environment protection. Moreover, by using this method, the ORC power generation system may be more likely to achieve the best comprehensive performance.
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Monestime, Shanada, Bettina Beech, Dulcie Kermah, and Keith Norris. "Prevalence and predictors of obesity-related cancers among racial/ethnic groups with metabolic syndrome." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 7, 2021): e0249188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249188.

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Background Obesity-related cancer (ORC) is associated with higher amounts of body fat, which could increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). A significant factor associated with CVD is metabolic syndrome (MetS), and MetS prevalence differs by race/ethnicity. The purpose of this study was to compare the prevalence and predictors of ORCs by race/ethnicity among adults (>18) with MetS. Methods This was a retrospective, cross-sectional study using data from the 1999–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). A chi-square test was performed to determine differences in ORC prevalence between non-Hispanic White (NHW), non-Hispanic Black (NHB), and Hispanic participants with MetS. A multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate predictors (race, sex, income, insurance, education, marital status, and smoking status) of ORC among adults with MetS. Results Of the 1,554 adults, the prevalence of ORC was 30.6% among NHWs, 51.3% in NHBs, and 54.1% in Hispanics (p = <0.001). Females were 6.27 times more likely to have an ORC compared to males (95% CI = 4.95–14.11). Compared to NHWs, NHBs were 2.1 times more likely to have an ORC (95% CI = 1.40–3.38); and Hispanics were 2.5 times more likely (95% CI = 1.39–4.77). For every 1-year unit increase in age, the odds of ORC increased by 3% (95% CI = 1.00–1.05). Conclusions Among NHANES participants with MetS, the prevalence of ORCs was significantly higher in NHBs and Hispanics, females, and older adults with MetS. Future studies, by race/ethnicity, are warranted on mortality risk of persons with MetS and ORC.
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Semmari, Hamza, Abdelkader Filali, Sofiane Aberkane, Renaud Feidt, and Michel Feidt. "Flare Gas Waste Heat Recovery: Assessment of Organic Rankine Cycle for Electricity Production and Possible Coupling with Absorption Chiller." Energies 13, no. 9 (May 4, 2020): 2265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13092265.

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Every year, flare gas is responsible for more than 350 million tons of CO2 emissions. Aside from thermal and environmental pollution impacts, flare gas contributes to global warming and enormous economic losses. Thus, waste heat recovery due to flaring gas can be explored through Organic Rankine Cycle ORC systems for electricity production. In this context, the assessment of a toluene ORC system is proposed for a potential application in an Algerian petrochemical unit. The study focuses mainly on highlighting the potential and thermodynamic performances of the ORC application to produce electricity and potential cooling thanks to coupling an absorption chiller by recovering heat due to flaring gas. Such a solution can easily be implemented as an energy efficiency key solution. The ORC electrical production can meet the increasing demand of natural gas initially intended to be provided to a gas power plant and assures the major part of the Algerian electrical production.
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Fatigati, Fabio, Diego Vittorini, Yaxiong Wang, Jian Song, Christos N. Markides, and Roberto Cipollone. "Design and Operational Control Strategy for Optimum Off-Design Performance of an ORC Plant for Low-Grade Waste Heat Recovery." Energies 13, no. 21 (November 9, 2020): 5846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13215846.

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The applicability of organic Rankine cycle (ORC) technology to waste heat recovery (WHR) is currently experiencing growing interest and accelerated technological development. The utilization of low-to-medium grade thermal energy sources, especially in the presence of heat source intermittency in applications where the thermal source is characterized by highly variable thermodynamic conditions, requires a control strategy for off-design operation to achieve optimal ORC power-unit performance. This paper presents a validated comprehensive model for off-design analysis of an ORC power-unit, with R236fa as the working fluid, a gear pump, and a 1.5 kW sliding vane rotary expander (SVRE) for WHR from the exhaust gases of a light-duty internal combustion engine. Model validation is performed using data from an extensive experimental campaign on both the rotary equipment (pump, expander) and the remainder components of the plant, namely the heat recovery vapor generator (HRVH), condenser, reservoirs, and piping. Based on the validated computational platform, the benefits on the ORC plant net power output and efficiency of either a variable permeability expander or of sliding vane rotary pump optimization are assessed. The novelty introduced by this optimization strategy is that the evaluations are conducted by a numerical model, which reproduces the real features of the ORC plant. This approach ensures an analysis of the whole system both from a plant and cycle point of view, catching some real aspects that are otherwise undetectable. These optimization strategies are considered as a baseline ORC plant that suffers low expander efficiency (30%) and a large parasitic pumping power, with a backwork ratio (BWR) of up to 60%. It is found that the benefits on the expander power arising from a lower permeability combined with a lower energy demand by the pump (20% of BWR) for circulation of the working fluid allows a better recovery performance for the ORC plant with respect to the baseline case. Adopting the optimization strategies, the average efficiency and maximum generated power increase from 1.5% to 3.5% and from 400 to 1100 W, respectively. These performances are in accordance with the plant efficiencies found in the experimental works in the literature, which vary between 1.6% and 6.5% for similar applications. Nonetheless, there is still room for improvement regarding a proper design of rotary machines, which can be redesigned considering the indications resulting from the developed optimization analysis.
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Fatigati, Fabio, Marco Di Bartolomeo, Davide Di Battista, and Roberto Cipollone. "Experimental Validation of a New Modeling for the Design Optimization of a Sliding Vane Rotary Expander Operating in an ORC-Based Power Unit." Energies 13, no. 16 (August 14, 2020): 4204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13164204.

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Sliding Rotary Vane Expanders (SVRE) are often employed in Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC)-based power units for Waste Heat Recovery (WHR) in Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) due to their operating flexibility, robustness, and low manufacturing cost. In spite of the interest toward these promising machines, in literature, there is a lack of knowledge referable to the design and the optimization of SVRE: these machines are often rearranged reversing the operational behavior when they operate as compressors, resulting in low efficiencies and difficulty to manage off-design conditions, which are typical in ORC-based power units for WHR in ICE. In this paper, the authors presented a new model of the machine, which, thanks to some specific simplifications, can be used recursively to optimize the design. The model was characterized by a good level of physical representation and also by an acceptable computational time. Despite its simplicity, the model integrated a good capability to reproduce volumetric and mechanical efficiencies. The validation of the model was done using a wide experimental campaign conducted on a 1.5 kW SVRE operated on an ORC-based power unit fed by the exhaust gases of a 3 L supercharged diesel engine. Once validated, a design optimization was run, allowing to find the best solution between two “extreme” designs: a “disk-shaped”—increasing the external diameter of the machine and reducing axial length—and by a “finger-shaped” machine. The predictions of this new model were finally compared with a more complex numerical model, showing good agreement and opening the way to its use as a model-based control tool.
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Ajao, Adebola O., Anthony D. Harris, Mary-Claire Roghmann, J. Kristie Johnson, Min Zhan, Jessina C. McGregor, and Jon P. Furuno. "Systematic Review of Measurement and Adjustment for Colonization Pressure in Studies of Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureus, Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci, andClostridium difficileAcquisition." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 32, no. 5 (May 2011): 481–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/659403.

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Objective.Colonization pressure is an important infection control metric. The aim of this study was to describe the definition and measurement of and adjustment for colonization pressure in nosocomial-acquisition risk factor studies of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), andClostridium difficile.Methods.We performed a computerized search of studies of nosocomial MRSA, VRE, andC. difficileacquisition published before July 1, 2009, through MEDLINE. Studies were included if a study outcome was MRSA, VRE, orC. difficileacquisition; the authors identified risk factors associated with MRSA, VRE, orC. difficileacquisition; and the study measured colonization pressure.Results.The initial MEDLINE search yielded 505 articles. Sixty-six of these were identified as studies of nosocomial MRSA, VRE, orC. difficileacquisition; of these, 18 (27%) measured colonization pressure and were included in the final review. The definition of colonization pressure varied considerably between studies: the proportion of MRSA- or VRE-positive patients (5 studies), the proportion of MRSA- or VRE-positive patient-days (6 studies), or the total or mean number of MRSA-, VRE-, orC. difficile-positive patients or patient-days (7 studies) in the unit over periods of varying length. In 10 of 13 studies, colonization pressure was independently associated with MRSA, VRE, orC. difficileacquisition.Conclusion.There is a need for a simple and consistent method to quantify colonization pressure in both research and routine clinical care to accurately assess the effect of colonization pressure on cross-transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
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Frate, Guido Francesco, Andrea Baccioli, Elena Lucchesi, and Lorenzo Ferrari. "ORC Optimal Design through Clusterization for Waste Heat Recovery in Anaerobic Digestion Plants." Applied Sciences 11, no. 6 (March 19, 2021): 2762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11062762.

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Waste heat recovery (WHR) systems through organic rankine cycles (ORCs) in anaerobic digestion plants may improve cogeneration efficiency. Cogeneration unit power output, flue gas temperature, and mass flow rate are not constant during the day, and the thermal load requested by digesters shows seasonal variations. For this reason, a proper design of the ORC is required. In this study, a design methodology is proposed, based on the clustering of the boundary conditions expected during one year of operation and the anaerobic digestion plant operation. The design has to be a compromise between part-load operation and nominal power rating. In this study, the ORC design boundary conditions were partitioned into four representative clusters with a different population, and the centroid of each cluster was assumed as a potential representative boundary condition for the cycle design. Four different ORC designs, one for each cluster, were defined through an optimization problem that maximized the cycle net power output. ORC designs were compared to those resulting from the seasonal average boundary conditions. The comparison was made based on the ORC off-design performance. Part-load behavior was estimated by implementing a sliding-pressure control strategy and the annual production was therefore calculated. ORC off-design was studied through a detailed Aspen HYSYS simulation. Simulations showed that the power output of each design was directly connected to the cluster population. The design obtained from the most populated cluster generated 10% more energy than that from a system designed by taking into account only the year average conditions.
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Rusanov, R., P. Klonowicz, A. Rusanov, P. Lampart, L. Jędrzejewski, and L. Witanowski. "Methods for design of axial turbines for ORC cogeneration unit working with MDM." NTU "KhPI" Bulletin: Power and heat engineering processes and equipment, no. 15 (January 1, 2015): 86–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2078-774x.2015.15.11.

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Fatigati, Fabio, Marco Di Bartolomeo, Davide Di Battista, and Roberto Cipollone. "Experimental and Numerical Characterization of the Sliding Rotary Vane Expander Intake Pressure in Order to Develop a Novel Control-Diagnostic Procedure." Energies 12, no. 10 (May 23, 2019): 1970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12101970.

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Waste heat recovery via Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC)-based power units represents one of the most promising solutions to counteract the effects of CO2 emissions on climate change. Nevertheless, several aspects are still limiting its development on the on-the-road transportation sector. Among these aspects, the significant variations of the conditions of the hot source (exhaust gases) are a crucial point. Therefore, the components of the ORC-based unit operate far from the design point if the main operating parameters of the plant are not suitably controlled. The maximum pressure of the cycle is one of the most important variables to be controlled for the importance it has on the effectiveness of the recovery and on safety of operation. In this paper, a wide experimental and theoretical activity was performed in order to define the operating parameters that mostly affect the maximum pressure of the recovery unit. The results showed that the mass flow rate provided by the pump and the expander volumetric efficiency were the main drivers that affect the plant maximum pressure. Subsequently, through a validated model of the expander, a diagnostic map was outlined to evaluate if the expander and, consequently, the whole plant were properly working.
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Mahmoudzadeh Andwari, Amin, Apostolos Pesyridis, Vahid Esfahanian, Ali Salavati-Zadeh, and Alireza Hajialimohammadi. "Modelling and Evaluation of Waste Heat Recovery Systems in the Case of a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine." Energies 12, no. 7 (April 11, 2019): 1397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12071397.

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In the present study, the effects of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) and turbo-compound (T/C) system integration on a heavy-duty diesel engine (HDDE) is investigated. An inline six-cylinder turbocharged 11.5 liter compression ignition (CI) engine employing two waste heat recovery (WHR) strategies is modelled, simulated, and analyzed through a 1-D engine code called GT-Power. The WHR systems are evaluated by their ability to utilize the exhaust excess energy at the downstream of the primary turbocharger turbine, resulting in brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) reduction. This excess energy is dependent on the mass flow rate and the temperature of engine exhaust gas. However, this energy varies with engine operational conditions, such as speed, load, etc. Therefore, the investigation is carried out at six engine major operating conditions consisting engine idling, minimum BFSC, part load, maximum torque, maximum power, and maximum exhaust flow rate. The results for the ORC and T/C systems indicated a 4.8% and 2.3% total average reduction in BSFC and also maximum thermal efficiencies of 8% and 10%, respectively. Unlike the ORC system, the T/C system was modelled as a secondary turbine arrangement, instead of an independent unit. This in turn deteriorated BSFC by 5.5%, mostly during low speed operation, due to the increased exhaust backpressure. It was further concluded that the T/C system performed superiorly to the ORC counterpart during top end engine speeds, however. The ORC presented a balanced and consistent operation across the engines speed and load range.
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Kaczmarczyk, Tomasz Z., and Eugeniusz Ihnatowicz. "The Experimental Investigation of Scroll Expanders Operating in the ORC System with HFE7100 as a Working Medium." Applied Mechanics and Materials 831 (April 2016): 245–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.831.245.

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The paper presents the results of experimental investigation on the ORC system with a droplet separator (which was used to improve the quality of working medium vapour) and two scroll expanders, which operated individually. The research aimed at verifying the correctness of scroll expanders performance in the ORC installation, equipped with the electric flow heater for thermal oil as a heat source. The paper contains the characteristics of the heat exchangers installation that were obtained for the ORC system variant using a regenerative cycle. The tests were conducted for selected flow rates and various temperatures of the working medium HFE7100, glycol solution and thermal oil. The unit with a gear pump and a magnetic coupling functioned as a circulating pump. Following the results of tests carried out on two scroll expanders it may be concluded that the electric power output that was measured at the generator terminals was approximately 750 W. The maximum voltages generated by the expanders amounted to around 200 V and the maximum current was about 4 A.
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Klonowicz, P., R. Rusanov, A. Rusanov, P. Lampart, T. K. Suchocki, and J. Surwilo. "Methods for design of radial-axial turbines for ORC cogeneration unit working with MDM." NTU "KhPI" Bulletin: Power and heat engineering processes and equipment 1, no. 16 (January 1, 2015): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2078-774x.2015.16.10.

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Carraro, Gianluca, Sergio Rech, Andrea Lazzaretto, Giuseppe Toniato, and Piero Danieli. "Dynamic simulation and experiments of a low-cost small ORC unit for market applications." Energy Conversion and Management 197 (October 2019): 111863. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.111863.

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Cipollone, R., D. Di Battista, and F. Bettoja. "Performances of an ORC power unit for Waste Heat Recovery on Heavy Duty Engine." Energy Procedia 129 (September 2017): 770–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.09.132.

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Nami, Hossein, Amjad Anvari-Moghaddam, Ahmad Arabkoohsar, and Amir Reza Razmi. "4E Analyses of a Hybrid Waste-Driven CHP–ORC Plant with Flue Gas Condensation." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 13, 2020): 9449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229449.

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The combination of a waste-driven hybrid heat and power plant with a small organic Rankine cycle unit was recently proposed and investigated from a thermodynamic perspective. The present study provides a more comprehensive assessment from system operation through considering the energy, exergy, exergoeconomic, and exergoenvironmental (4E) aspects in a revised design of this concept to obtain a bigger picture of the system’s technical, economic, and environmental effects on existing and future energy systems. The revised design includes a flue gas condensation unit and alternative friendly organic working fluids. For this, the hybrid plant is modeled for its thermal, economic, and environmental performances. Then, the exergy losses and environmental effects of the system are scrutinized, the cost of losses and pollutions are predicted, and lastly, sorts of solutions are introduced to improve the exergoeconomic and exergoenvironmental performances of the system. The results indicate that the highest share of exergy destruction relates to the incineration (equipped with a steam generator) with a levelized cost of approximately USD 71/h for a power plant with almost 3.3 megawatt electricity output capacity. The hybridization proposal with the flue gas condensation unit increases the sustainability index of the system from 1.264 to 1.28.
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Daniarta, Sindu, and Attila R. Imre. "Cold Energy Utilization in LNG Regasification System Using Organic Rankine Cycle and Trilateral Flash Cycle." Periodica Polytechnica Mechanical Engineering 64, no. 4 (September 30, 2020): 342–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppme.16668.

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"Cold energy" refers to a potential to generate power by utilizing the exergy of cryogenic systems, like Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), using it as the cold side of a thermodynamic cycle, while the hot side can be even on the ambient temperature. For this purpose, the cryogenic Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is one type of promising solution with comprehensive benefits to generate electricity. The performance of this cycle depends on the applied working fluid. This paper focuses on the applicability of some natural working fluids and analyzes their performance upon cold energy utilization in the LNG regasification system. An alternative method, the cryogenic Trilateral Flash Cycle (TFC), is also presented here. The selection of working fluid is a multi-step process; the first step uses thermodynamic criteria, while the second one is addressing environmental and safety issues. It will be shown that in LNG regasification systems, single cryogenic ORC performs higher net output power and net efficiency compared to single cryogenic TFC. Propane as working fluid in the single cryogenic ORC generates the highest net output power and net efficiency. It is demonstrated, that concerning 26 novel LNG terminals, a net power output around 320 MW could be recovered from the cold energy by installing a simple cycle, namely a single-step cryogenic ORC unit using propane as working fluid.
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Wang, Ruijie, Guohua Kuang, Lei Zhu, Shucheng Wang, and Jingquan Zhao. "Experimental Investigation of a 300 kW Organic Rankine Cycle Unit with Radial Turbine for Low-Grade Waste Heat Recovery." Entropy 21, no. 6 (June 23, 2019): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21060619.

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The performance of a 300 kW organic Rankine cycle (ORC) prototype was experimentally investigated for low-grade waste heat recovery in industry. The prototype employed a specially developed single-stage radial turbine that was integrated with a semi-hermetic three-phase asynchronous generator. R245fa was selected as the working fluid and hot water was adopted to imitate the low-grade waste heat source. Under approximately constant cooling source operating conditions, variations of the ORC performance with diverse operating parameters of the heat source (including temperature and volume flow rate) were evaluated. Results revealed that the gross generating efficiency and electric power output could be improved by using a higher heat source temperature and volume flow rate. In the present experimental research, the maximum electric power output of 301 kW was achieved when the heat source temperature was 121 °C. The corresponding turbine isentropic efficiency and gross generating efficiency were up to 88.6% and 9.4%, respectively. Furthermore, the gross generating efficiency accounted for 40% of the ideal Carnot efficiency. The maximum electric power output yielded the optimum gross generating efficiency.
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Vera, David, Francisco Jurado, Bárbara de Mena, and Jesús C. Hernández. "A Distributed Generation Hybrid System for Electric Energy Boosting Fueled with Olive Industry Wastes." Energies 12, no. 3 (February 5, 2019): 500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12030500.

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This paper presents the theoretical model and the simulation of a cutting edge hybrid power system composed of an externally-fired gas turbine (EFGT) coupled with an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) as a bottoming unit for the maximization of electrical power. The power plant is fed with different biomass sources from olive industry wastes (pruning, dry pomace, stones, leaves and twigs), providing more than 550 kW of electric power and a net electrical efficiency of 26.0%. These wastes were burnt directly at atmospheric pressure in an EFGT, producing 400 kW of electric power and exhaust gases at 300 °C. Ten suitable ORC working fluids have been studied to maximize the electric power generation: cyclohexane, isohexane, pentane, isopentane, neopentane, R113, R245fa, R365mfc, R1233zd and methanol. The best fluid was R1233zd, reaching 152.4 kW and 22.1% of ORC thermal efficiency; as drawback, however, R1233zd was not suitable for Combined Heat and Power CHP applications due its lower condensation temperature. Thus, despite R113 gave minor electricity production (137.5 kW) this allowed to generate additional thermal power (506.8 kW) in the way of hot water at 45 °C.
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Catto, James W. F., Pramit Khetrapal, Gareth Ambler, Rachael Sarpong, Muhammad Shamim Khan, Melanie Tan, Andrew Feber, et al. "Robot-assisted radical cystectomy with intracorporeal urinary diversion versus open radical cystectomy (iROC): protocol for a randomised controlled trial with internal feasibility study." BMJ Open 8, no. 8 (August 2018): e020500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020500.

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IntroductionBladder cancer (BC) is a common malignancy and one of the most expensive to manage. Radical cystectomy (RC) with pelvic lymphadenectomy is a gold standard treatment for high-risk BC. Reductions in morbidity and mortality from RC may be achieved through robot-assisted RC (RARC). Prospective comparisons between open RC (ORC) and RARC have been limited by sample size, use of extracorporeal reconstruction and use of outcomes important for ORC. Conversely, while RARC is gaining in popularity, there is little evidence to suggest it is superior to ORC. We are undertaking a prospective randomised controlled trial (RCT) to compare RARC with intracorporeal reconstruction (iRARC) and ORC using multimodal outcomes to explore qualitative and quantitative recovery after surgery.Methods and analysisiROC is a multicentre prospective RCT in English National Health Service (NHS) cancer centres. We will randomise 320 patients undergoing RC to either iRARC or ORC. Treatment allocation will occur after trial entry and consent. The primary outcome is days alive and out of hospital within the first 90 days from surgery. Secondary outcomes will measure functional recovery (activity trackers, chair-to-stand tests and health related quality of life (HRQOL) questionnaires), morbidity (complications and readmissions), cost-effectiveness (using EuroQol-5 Domain-5 levels (EQ-5D-5L) and unit costs) and surgeon fatigue. Patients will be analysed according to intention to treat. The primary outcome will be transformed and analysed using regression. All statistical assumptions will be investigated. Secondary outcomes will be analysed using appropriate regression methods. An internal feasibility study of the first 30 patients will evaluate recruitment rates, acceptance of randomised treatment choice, compliance outcome collection and to revise our sample size.Ethics and disseminationThe study has ethical approval (REC reference 16/NE/0418). Findings will be made available to patients, clinicians, funders and the NHS through peer-reviewed publications, social media and patient support groups.Trial registration numbersISRCTN13680280andNCT03049410.
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Di Battista, Davide, Marco Di Bartolomeo, Carlo Villante, and Roberto Cipollone. "A Model Approach to the Sizing of an ORC Unit for WHR in Transportation Sector." SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles 10, no. 2 (September 4, 2017): 608–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2017-24-0159.

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Pezzuolo, Alex, Alberto Benato, Anna Stoppato, and Alberto Mirandola. "The ORC-PD: A versatile tool for fluid selection and Organic Rankine Cycle unit design." Energy 102 (May 2016): 605–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.02.128.

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35

Marchionni, Matteo, Giuseppe Bianchi, Apostolos Karvountzis-Kontakiotis, Apostolos Pesiridis, and Savvas A. Tassou. "Dynamic modeling and optimization of an ORC unit equipped with plate heat exchangers and turbomachines." Energy Procedia 129 (September 2017): 224–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.09.146.

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36

Kalina, Jacek, and Mateusz Świerzewski. "Sizing of biomass-fired ORC cogeneration unit within coal-fired municipal heating plant back fitting project." E3S Web of Conferences 137 (2019): 01042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913701042.

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The problem discussed in this paper is optimal sizing of biomass-fired ORC cogeneration units into existing coal-fired district heating plants under given site-specific technical, economic and ecological constraints. In this paper the municipal heating plant in Krosno (Poland) is taken into account as the reference case. Basing on the operational experiences from this unit an optimisation study has been performed in order to examine the influence of current economic and legal conditions on the optimal design characteristics of the plant. Different electricity, biomass and coal prices are taken into account as well as the influence of the EUA (European Emission Allowance) price is examined. There are taken into account thermal energy storage and sale of electricity on balancing market. It has been found that in the studied case the implementation of hot water storage tank moves the optimal electric power output slightly towards higher values. On the other hand only a small improvement of financial performance has been gained. The results reveal importance of the optimisation of design parameters as well as the dependence of the plant’s size and structure on local economic conditions.
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Mikielewicz, Dariusz, and Jarosław Mikielewicz. "Criteria for selection of working fluid in low-temperature ORC." Chemical and Process Engineering 37, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 429–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cpe-2016-0035.

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Abstract The economics of an ORC system is strictly linked to thermodynamic properties of the working fluid. A bad choice of working fluid could lead to a less efficient and expensive plant/generation unit. Some selection criteria have been put forward by various authors, incorporating thermodynamic properties, provided in literature but these do not have a general character. In the paper a simple analysis has been carried out which resulted in development of thermodynamic criteria for selection of an appropriate working fluid for subcritical and supercritical cycles. The postulated criteria are expressed in terms of non-dimensional numbers, which are characteristic for different fluids. The efficiency of the cycle is in a close relation to these numbers. The criteria are suitable for initial fluid selection. Such criteria should be used with other ones related to environmental impact, economy, system size, etc. Examples of such criteria have been also presented which may be helpful in rating of heat exchangers, which takes into account both heat transfer and flow resistance of the working fluid.
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38

D'Amico, F., P. Pallis, A. D. Leontaritis, S. Karellas, N. M. Kakalis, S. Rech, and A. Lazzaretto. "Semi-empirical model of a multi-diaphragm pump in an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) experimental unit." Energy 143 (January 2018): 1056–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.10.127.

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Mascuch, Jakub, Vaclav Novotny, Jan Spale, Vaclav Vodicka, and Zbynek Zeleny. "Experience from set-up and pilot operation of an in-house developed biomass-fired ORC microcogeneration unit." Renewable Energy 165 (March 2021): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.11.021.

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40

Ramirez, M., M. Epelde, M. Gomez de Arteche, A. Panizza, A. Hammerschmid, M. Baresi, and N. Monti. "Performance evaluation of an ORC unit integrated to a waste heat recovery system in a steel mill." Energy Procedia 129 (September 2017): 535–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.09.183.

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41

Wang and Fu. "Thermodynamic Investigation of an Integrated Solar Combined Cycle with an ORC System." Entropy 21, no. 4 (April 22, 2019): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21040428.

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An integrated solar combined cycle (ISCC) with a low temperature waste heat recovery system is proposed in this paper. The combined system consists of a conventional natural gas combined cycle, organic Rankine cycle and solar fields. The performance of an organic Rankine cycle subsystem as well as the overall proposed ISCC system are analyzed using organic working fluids. Besides, parameters including the pump discharge pressure, exhaust gas temperature, thermal and exergy efficiencies, unit cost of exergy for product and annual CO2-savings were considered. Results indicate that Rc318 contributes the highest exhaust gas temperature of 71.2℃, while R113 showed the lowest exhaust gas temperature of 65.89 at 800 W/m2, in the proposed ISCC system. The overall plant thermal efficiency increases rapidly with solar radiation, while the exergy efficiency appears to have a downward trend. R227ea had both the largest thermal efficiency of 58.33% and exergy efficiency of 48.09% at 800W/m2. In addition, for the organic Rankine cycle, the exergy destructions of the evaporator, turbine and condenser decreased with increasing solar radiation. The evaporator contributed the largest exergy destruction followed by the turbine, condenser and pump. Besides, according to the economic analysis, R227ea had the lowest production cost of 19.3 $/GJ.
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Cioccolanti, Luca, Simone De Grandis, Roberto Tascioni, Matteo Pirro, and Alessandro Freddi. "Development of a Fuzzy Logic Controller for Small-Scale Solar Organic Rankine Cycle Cogeneration Plants." Applied Sciences 11, no. 12 (June 13, 2021): 5491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11125491.

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Solar energy is widely recognized as one of the most attractive renewable energy sources to support the transition toward a decarbonized society. Use of low- and medium-temperature concentrated solar technologies makes decentralized power production of combined heating and power (CHP) an alternative to conventional energy conversion systems. However, because of the changes in solar radiation and the inertia of the different subsystems, the operation control of concentrated solar power (CSP) plants is fundamental to increasing their overall conversion efficiency and improving reliability. Therefore, in this study, the operation control of a micro-scale CHP plant consisting of a linear Fresnel reflector solar field, an organic Rankine cycle unit, and a phase change material thermal energy storage tank, as designed and built under the EU-funded Innova Microsolar project by a consortium of universities and companies, is investigated. In particular, a fuzzy logic control is developed in MATLAB/Simulink by the authors in order to (i) initially recognize the type of user according to the related energy consumption profile by means of a neural network and (ii) optimize the thermal-load-following approach by introducing a set of fuzzy rules to switch among the different operation modes. Annual simulations are performed by combining the plant with different thermal load profiles. In general, the analysis shows that that the proposed fuzzy logic control increases the contribution of the TES unit in supplying the ORC unit, while reducing the number of switches between the different OMs. Furthermore, when connected with a residential user load profile, the overall electrical and thermal energy production of the plant increases. Hence, the developed control logic proves to have good potential in increasing the energy efficiency of low- and medium-temperature concentrated solar ORC systems when integrated into the built environment.
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O'Malley, R. L., T. Kowalik, M. H. Hayn, T. B. Collins, H. L. Kim, and T. Schwaab. "Cost comparison of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy and robot-assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy." Journal of Clinical Oncology 29, no. 7_suppl (March 1, 2011): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2011.29.7_suppl.402.

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402 Background: Although nephron-sparing surgery is the standard of care for the treatment of small renal masses, partial nephrectomy (PN) remains under-utilized. A potential reason for the discrepancy is the desire for minimally invasive surgical approaches but limitation of the advanced laparoscopic techniques needed to perform PN. Robot-assisted surgery has eased the transition to minimally invasive prostate surgery and may also do so for PN, although some believe costs may be prohibitive. The purpose of this investigation was to quantify the cost of robot-assisted PN (RAPN) compared to laparoscopic PN (LPN). Methods: An institutional renal tumor database was used to identify consecutive patients with normal renal function who underwent RAPN for a localized renal mass by a single surgeon who had performed < 25 previously. The 35 RAPN patients were compared to the last 35 similar patients who underwent LPN by a surgeon who had performed > 150 previous LPNs. Surgical outcomes were compared. Because room time, length of stay and Cxs were similar, cost was compared based only on the total operating room charges (ORC). Total ORC included surgeon and anesthesia fees, as well as labor and supply costs. The depreciation of the robot was included in the ORC as a higher per unit time charge than for LPN. Data on charges were available for the first 29 RAPN patients which were then compared to the last 29 LPN patients. Results: Dates of operation ranged from October 2008 to July 2009 for LPN and January 2010 to August 2010 for RAPN. Patient and tumor characteristics were similar between groups, except tumor size, which was larger in the RAPN group (3.6 ± 1.8 cm vs. 2.7 ± 0.9 cm, p = 0.007). Cxs, surgical and oncologic outcomes were similar. Mean ORC (IQR) for the LPN group was $28,606 (4,796) and for the RAPN group was $30,874 (20,389) representing a difference of $2,269. If you subtract an additional $858 for the average yearly inflation rate (3%), the difference is $1,411. Conclusions: RAPN is a safe option with perioperative outcomes similar to those of LPN performed by an experienced surgeon. A cost difference of $2,269 per procedure as estimated using ORC may decrease as the experience of the operating room staff and surgeon increase. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Mascuch, Jakub, Vaclav Novotny, Vaclav Vodicka, Jan Spale, and Zbynek Zeleny. "Experimental development of a kilowatt-scale biomass fired micro – CHP unit based on ORC with rotary vane expander." Renewable Energy 147 (March 2020): 2882–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.08.113.

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Kosmadakis, George, and Panagiotis Neofytou. "Investigating the performance and cost effects of nanorefrigerants in a low-temperature ORC unit for waste heat recovery." Energy 204 (August 2020): 117966. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117966.

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Liang, Youcai, Zhibin Yu, and Wenguang Li. "A Waste Heat-Driven Cooling System Based on Combined Organic Rankine and Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycles." Applied Sciences 9, no. 20 (October 11, 2019): 4242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9204242.

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In this paper, a heat driven cooling system that essentially integrated an organic Rankine cycle power plant with a vapour compression cycle refrigerator was investigated, aiming to provide an alternative to absorption refrigeration systems. The organic Rankine cycle (ORC) subsystem recovered energy from the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines to produce mechanical power. Through a transmission unit, the produced mechanical power was directly used to drive the compressor of the vapour compression cycle system to produce a refrigeration effect. Unlike the bulky vapour absorption cooling system, both the ORC power plant and vapour compression refrigerator could be scaled down to a few kilowatts, opening the possibility for developing a small-scale waste heat-driven cooling system that can be widely applied for waste heat recovery from large internal combustion engines of refrigerated ships, lorries, and trains. In this paper, a model was firstly established to simulate the proposed concept, on the basis of which it was optimized to identify the optimum operation condition. The results showed that the proposed concept is very promising for the development of heat-driven cooling systems for recovering waste heat from internal combustion engines’ exhaust gas.
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Moro, Riccardo, Piero Pinamonti, and Mauro Reini. "ORC technology for waste-wood to energy conversion in the furniture manufacturing industry." Thermal Science 12, no. 4 (2008): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0804061m.

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Exploitation of low and medium temperature thermal sources, in particular those based on biomass combustion and on industrial residual heat recovery, has been increasingly investigated in the last decades, accordingly to the growing interest towards reduction in primary energy consumption and environmental issues. Organic Rankine cycle technology allows designing power plants that are less demanding in terms of auxiliaries, safety systems, maintenance and operating costs when compared to conventional water steam power plants. To support the preliminary technical and economic design of this kind of plants in different contexts, a simulation code of part load and off-design operation of an organic Rankine cycle unit for combined heat and power has been developed. In the paper, taking the real situation of a furniture manufacturing factory as a starting point, it is shown how all energy flows occurring all year long inside the combined heat and power plant, can be estimated on the basis of the thermal user duty time profile, the available biomass flow rate and the adopted operation strategy. This information is the basis in order to correctly evaluate the energetic, economic and environmental advantages of the proposed technical solution, with respect to a particular context, as it is shown in the concluding part of the paper.
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48

Szaniawski, Rafal, Marek Lewandowski, Jean-Louis Mansy, Olivier Averbuch, and Frederic Lacquement. "Syn-folding remagnetization events in the French-Belgium Variscan thrust front as markers of the fold-and-thrust belt kinematics." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 174, no. 5 (September 1, 2003): 511–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/174.5.511.

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Abstract New paleomagnetic studies have been carried out within the Ardennes segment of the N France - S Belgium Variscan fold-and-thrust belt to set constraints on the fold-thrust belt kinematics and reveal the casual relationships between vertical-axis rotations and major strike deviated zones localised along the general trend of the belt. Magnetite-bearing Devonian and Carboniferous limestones yielded two characteristic, secondary components of the natural remanent magnetization : a low temperature component recorded most probably during the late stages of folding and a high temperature component, acquired during incipient stages of deformation. Both post- and synfolding magnetizations were identified in the Lower Devonian hematite bearing sandstones. Ages of magnetization, inferred from the analysis of characteristic remanence inclinations compared to the reference curves for the stable parts of the Old Red Sandstones Continent (ORC), suggest the previous remagnetization event to be due to the burial of sedimentary rocks under the thick molassic foreland basin of Namurian-Westphalian age and the second to the final out-of-sequence activation of the thrust front in Stephanian times. Irrespective of the age of the magnetizations, orientations of paleomagnetic directions are dominantly governed by second-order structural trends. Clockwise rotations are observed in relatively narrow zones featuring deviated orientations of fold axes, other sites show paleomagnetic directions akin to those known from the ORC. We interpret this feature as a result of local transpressive deformations and related rotations, which occurred at lateral borders of propagating thrust-sheets. The latter deformation zones are suggested to be controlled by deep-seated discontinuities inherited from the Devonian Rheno-hercynian basin development. The Ardennes thrust belt was thus not rotated as a whole unit with respect to the ORC after the Namurian, preserving the initial orientation of the continental margin.
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49

Manolakos, Dimitris, George Kosmadakis, Erika Ntavou, and Bertrand Tchanche. "Test results for characterizing two in-series scroll expanders within a low-temperature ORC unit under partial heat load." Applied Thermal Engineering 163 (December 2019): 114389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114389.

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50

Di Battista, D., M. Mauriello, and R. Cipollone. "Waste heat recovery of an ORC-based power unit in a turbocharged diesel engine propelling a light duty vehicle." Applied Energy 152 (August 2015): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.04.088.

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