Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Orchid tree'

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Espécies de Bauhinia têm sido muito cultivadas em jardins, parques e ruas. Como Bauhinia x blakeana (Bauhinia purpurea x Bauhinia variegata) não produz sementes, é essencial que seja multiplicado vegetativamente. O primeiro objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a viabilidade da estaquia e da enxertia na propagação desse híbrido. Estacas semilenhosas foram coletadas nas quatro estações do ano e tratadas com diferentes concentrações de AIB. Para a enxertia, mudas de B. variegata e B. variegata var. candida foram usadas como porta-enxerto e os métodos de garfagem tipo inglês simples e borbulhia tipo “T” invertido foram testados. Os resultados desses experimentos indicaram que B. x blakeana pode ser multiplicado por estacas semilenhosas coletadas na primavera, sem o uso do fitorregulador AIB; no verão, dentre as concentrações avaliadas, recomenda-se a aplicação de 3.000 mg L-1 de AIB. Os métodos de enxertia, no entanto, não foram viáveis para a multiplicação desse híbrido. O segundo objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de telas de diferentes cores e condições de luminosidade sobre o desenvolvimento inicial de B. variegata e B. variegata var. candida. Plantas de B. variegata e de B. variegata var. candida apresentaram maior eficiência no uso de fotoassimilados quando foram cultivadas sob sol pleno, sendo essa a condição mais adequada para a formação de mudas dessas espécies
Bauhinia species have been much cultivated in gardens, parks and streets. As Bauhinia x blakeana (Bauhinia purpurea x Bauhinia variegata) does not produce seeds, it must be vegetatively propagated. The first objective of this work was to verify the viability of the cutting and grafting methods on the propagation of this hybrid. Semi-woody cuttings were collected in the four seasons and submitted to different IBA concentrations. For the grafting experiment, B. variegata and B. variegata var. candida plants were used as rootstocks and the splice-graft and T-budding methods were tested. The results indicated that B. x blakeana can be propagated by semi-woody cuttings collected in spring, without an IBA application; in summer, among the tested concentrations, the application of 3,000 mg L-1 of IBA is recommended. Both the splice graft and T-budding methods were not efficient for the propagation of this hybrid. The second objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of different color shade nets and light conditions on the initial development of B. variegata and B. variegata var. candida seedlings. B. variegata and B. variegata var. candida plants showed more efficiency in the use of their photo-assimilated compounds when they were cultivated under full sun, which is the most suitable condition for the seedling production of these species

Orientador: Kathia Fernandes Lopes Pivetta
Banca: Fábio Alessandro Padilha Viana
Banca: Claudia Fabrino Machado Mattiuz
Banca: Marcelo Vieira Ferraz
Banca: Sergio Valiengo Valeri
Resumo: Espécies de Bauhinia têm sido muito cultivadas em jardins, parques e ruas. Como Bauhinia x blakeana (Bauhinia purpurea x Bauhinia variegata) não produz sementes, é essencial que seja multiplicado vegetativamente. O primeiro objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a viabilidade da estaquia e da enxertia na propagação desse híbrido. Estacas semilenhosas foram coletadas nas quatro estações do ano e tratadas com diferentes concentrações de AIB. Para a enxertia, mudas de B. variegata e B. variegata var. candida foram usadas como porta-enxerto e os métodos de garfagem tipo inglês simples e borbulhia tipo "T" invertido foram testados. Os resultados desses experimentos indicaram que B. x blakeana pode ser multiplicado por estacas semilenhosas coletadas na primavera, sem o uso do fitorregulador AIB; no verão, dentre as concentrações avaliadas, recomenda-se a aplicação de 3.000 mg L-1 de AIB. Os métodos de enxertia, no entanto, não foram viáveis para a multiplicação desse híbrido. O segundo objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de telas de diferentes cores e condições de luminosidade sobre o desenvolvimento inicial de B. variegata e B. variegata var. candida. Plantas de B. variegata e de B. variegata var. candida apresentaram maior eficiência no uso de fotoassimilados quando foram cultivadas sob sol pleno, sendo essa a condição mais adequada para a formação de mudas dessas espécies
Abstract: Bauhinia species have been much cultivated in gardens, parks and streets. As Bauhinia x blakeana (Bauhinia purpurea x Bauhinia variegata) does not produce seeds, it must be vegetatively propagated. The first objective of this work was to verify the viability of the cutting and grafting methods on the propagation of this hybrid. Semi-woody cuttings were collected in the four seasons and submitted to different IBA concentrations. For the grafting experiment, B. variegata and B. variegata var. candida plants were used as rootstocks and the splice-graft and T-budding methods were tested. The results indicated that B. x blakeana can be propagated by semi-woody cuttings collected in spring, without an IBA application; in summer, among the tested concentrations, the application of 3,000 mg L-1 of IBA is recommended. Both the splice graft and T-budding methods were not efficient for the propagation of this hybrid. The second objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of different color shade nets and light conditions on the initial development of B. variegata and B. variegata var. candida seedlings. B. variegata and B. variegata var. candida plants showed more efficiency in the use of their photo-assimilated compounds when they were cultivated under full sun, which is the most suitable condition for the seedling production of these species
Doutor

O déficit hídrico decorrente da seca se estabelece quando a absorção de água pelas raízes não consegue atender as demandas da planta, entre as quais estão a fotossíntese e transpiração, essenciais ao crescimento vegetal. Para avaliar a influência de déficits hídricos de diferentes intensidades nas relações hídricas, trocas gasosas, crescimento e acúmulo de carboidratos de Bauhinia forficata Link, plantas foram cultivadas em casa de vegetação durante três meses em vasos de 20 L e submetidas aos seguintes regimes: regas diária (controle) e regas a cada 7 (7D) e 15 dias (15D) retornando as regas diárias nos regimes 7D e 15D aos 75 dias de experimento. Em intervalos quinzenais (15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 dias) foram avaliados a umidade do solo (Usolo), potencial hídrico foliar (wf), a fotossíntese em resposta a radiação fotossinteticamente ativa (AxPAR) para obtenção da assimilação liquida máxima (Amax) e do ponto de saturação luminoso (PARsat), área foliar total (AFT) e massas secas (MS) de folhas (MSf), caules (MSc) e raízes (MSr). Foi também coletado material vegetal para as análises bioquímicas quantitativas dos teores de açúcares solúveis totais (AST), redutores (AR), amido (S) e prolina (Pro) por métodos colorimétricos e qualitativos da composição de carboidratos solúveis neutros por HPAEC/PAD e análise de açúcares alcoóis por GC/MS. O déficit hídrico afetou as relações hídricas, fotossíntese e crescimento das plantas, sendo que os menores valores de Usolo observados nos tratamentos 7D e 15D respectivamente, coincidiram com os menores wf, Amax e acúmulo de MS. Alterações nos PARsat em resposta ao déficit hídrico foram observadas apresentando valores médios de 665, 275 e 254 mol fótons m-2 s-1 no Controle, 7D e 15D respectivamente. O retorno das regas diárias após 75 dias de experimento, promoveu a recuperação de Amax (7,8 e 9,6 mol CO2 m-2 s-1) e dos PARsat (588 e 643 mol fótons m-2 s-1) das plantas 7D e 15D respectivamente aos 90 dias, com valores maiores daqueles observados nas plantas controle (4,7 mol CO2 m-2 s-1 e 631 mol fótons m- 2 s-1), sugerindo forte dependência da fotossíntese de B. forficata à disponibilidade hídrica no solo. Os baixos teores de amido em folhas nos tratamentos 7D e 15D podem explicar a manutenção dos teores de AST semelhante ao controle, bem como, o aumento dos ASTs após o retorno das regas diárias, os quais poderiam ser prontamente utilizados na osmorregulação e concomitante retomada do crescimento das plantas. A alta detecção de mio-inositol nas análises de HPAEC/PAD sugerem que os açúcares alcoóis podem constituir grande parte dos ASTs não redutores em folhas e raízes de B. forficata. Nas raízes, os aumentos na concentração de glicerol, galactinol e galactosilglicerol detectados por GC/MS seguem o gradiente de disponibilidade hídrica dos tratamentos, indicando uma função osmorreguladora destes açúcares em B. forficata.
The water deficit caused by drought occurs when root water uptake cannot attend plant demands to maintain photosynthesis and transpiration, two essential processes for plant growth. Aiming to evaluate the influence of water deficits of different intensities on water relations, gas exchange, growth, and carbohydrate accumulation, potted plants of Bauhinia forficata Link were grown under greenhouse conditions during three months and submitted to the following water regimes: daily irrigated (control) and irrigated every 7 (7D) or 15 days (15D), recovering the daily irrigations after 75 days of the beginning of the experiment. At fortnightly intervals (15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 days) we evaluated soil moisture (Usolo), leaf water potential (wf), photosynthesis in response to photosynthetically active radiation (AxPAR) to obtain the maximum net assimilation (Amax) and light saturation point (PARsat), total leaf area (AFT) and dry mass (MS) of leaves (MSf), stems (MSc) and roots (MSr). Leaves and roots were also sampled for analyses of total soluble sugars (AST), reducing sugars (AR), starch (S), and free proline (Pro) by colorimetric methods. The analyses of the soluble sugar composition were carried out by HPAEC/PAD and GC/MS. The imposed water stress affected the water relations, photosynthesis, and plant growth. Decreases in Usolo values observed in the treatments 7D and 15D, respectively, coincided with the lowest wf, Amax and accumulation of MS. Changes in PARsat in response to water deficit showed mean values of 665, 275, and 254 mol photons m-2 s-1 in control, 7D, and 15D, respectively. The re-watering after 75 days led to the recovery of Amax (7.8 and 9.6 mol CO2 m-2 s-1) and PARsat (588 and 643 mol photons m-2 s-1) of plants 7D and 15D, respectively, at 90 days, with higher values than those observed in the control plants (4.7 mol CO2 m-2 s-1 e 631 mol photons m-2 s-1), suggesting a strong dependence of the photosynthesis of B. forficata of the soil water availability. The low leaf starch contents in the 7D and 15D treatments could explain the maintenance of the concentration of AST similar to control, as well as the increase in AST contents after re-watering. These sugars could be promptly used for osmoregulation and concomitant re-start of plant growth. The presence of high amounts of of myo-inositol detected by HPAEC/PAD analysis suggests that sugar alcohols can constitute the major part of non-reducing ASTs in leaves and roots of B. forficata. In roots, increases in the contents of glycerol, galactinol, and galactoglycerol detected by GC/MS indicating that these sugars can play a role in the osmoregulation of B. forficata.

In farming of fruit trees it is of interest to know the light interception of the trees. Therefore, in this project, a geometric model of the trees was derived using LiDAR data and this was combined with a sky model to estimate the light interceptionof orchard trees. The light interception was estimated by first synthesising a discrete model of the hemispherical sky, which holds a measure of global lightradiation in each node. The light interception of the trees was then estimated by ray tracing from the sky, applying a radiation absorption model where rays passed the point cloud representation of the trees. Comparing the interception model to measurements of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) underneath a tree, the qualitative agreement was high and the quantitative analysis showed a reasonable, albeit noisy, correspondence between the model output and the real world measurements. When comparing the estimations produced by the solar-geometry model and the tree volume (estimated also with LiDAR), a correspondence between the surface area of the tree and the interception was found. When comparing tree volume and light interception against actual yield numbers (total weight, average fruit weight and fruit count per tree), the observable trend was that light interception did better in predicting the average fruit size, while the volume did a better job of estimating the two others. The results were encouraging, however, because ground truth data were only available for 18 trees, future work will have to compare with a greater number of measurements over multiple growing seasons.

Improving production efficiency is a major challenge for modern orchard systems. The primary response in horticulture is to develop high-density orchard systems that use dwarfing rootstocks and intense management strategies to maintain small tree size. As development and evaluation of novel orchard systems may help improve understanding of plant physiology for the development of high-density systems. The effect of tree size and architecture on physiological and production efficiency was evaluated for tart cherry (Prunus cerasus, P. mahaleb) and apple (Malus spp.) orchard systems using a physiologically driven modeling approach, called allometry. Branch dimensions, canopy dimensions and biomass were measured for 24-year-old tart cherry individuals and 10-year-old 'Golden Delicious' apple individuals on various rootstocks in experimental blocks at the Kaysville Research Farm in Davis Co., Utah. Tree size was related to annual fruit biomass that had been collected over the duration of the apple trial. Branch dimensions, canopy dimensions, yield, and fruit quality were collected in commercial tart cherry orchards of Utah Co. Tree size, architecture, and biomass of tart cherry and apple expressed strong allometric relationships that were broadly consistent among the two orchard tree species and the theoretical expectations derived from wild plants. The most consistent relationship was the trunk diameter (or trunk cross sectional area) - stem biomass relationship, which broadly followed the 8/3-power law. Branch and canopy dimensions that include a measure of length, such as branch length and canopy height, demonstrated architecture indicative of high water efficiency and metabolic activity that is relieved from biomechanical constrains of weight bearing. The apple rootstocks differed from each other in production efficiency with individuals that express smaller branch and canopy dimensions producing a higher proportion of fruit relative to tree size. In the commercial tart cherry orchards, smaller individuals with relatively higher canopy height and spread expressed higher yield and fruit quality. Overall, this research supported the continued development of training systems that maintain small trees to improve physiological and production efficiency. Further research must reconcile other consequences of intense management and overproduction that arise with the increased efficiency facilitated by small tree size and high-density orchard systems to maintain sustainable fruit production.

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is a polyphagous, invasive, and highly significant pest of mid-Atlantic fruit orchards. Its capacity to invade orchards season-long is believed to be facilitated by the availability of wild host plants near orchards and the high dispersal capacity of adults and nymphs. Interactions between H. halys and its hosts were investigated via laboratory and field experiments. Rearing H. halys nymphs in the laboratory on several of its known wild and tree fruit hosts used alone and in combination showed that peach was much more suitable for nymphal development and survival than was apple, tree of heaven, or catalpa and that nymphal performance was enhanced on mixed host diets. Nymphs reared on different host plant diets yielded adults that differed in protein, sugar or lipid content, offering new insights into plant diet effects on H. halys nutrition. The majority of tree species identified from unmanaged woodlands next to apple orchards in Virginia and West Virginia were known hosts of H. halys. Passive trunk traps were developed to capture H. halys nymphs walking up and down tree trunks and used to measure their temporal patterns of movement onto and off of wild and tree fruit hosts at the orchard-woodland interface via weekly assessments during two consecutive seasons. More upward- than downward-walking nymphs were captured, which may be partially explained by the positively phototactic and negatively geotactic behavior of H. halys nymphs demonstrated in laboratory studies. Most nymphs captured while walking up and down trunks were second instars, although the data also reflected temporal changes in the distribution of instars and temporal variation in the numbers of nymphs captured. A field study to characterize injuries to apple and peach fruit at harvest from feeding by young or older nymphs early or late in the season revealed that feeding by young nymphs early in the season resulted in least injury to both crops. In combination, these studies greatly improve our understanding of the biology and ecology of H. halys in eastern fruit orchards and provide relevant data that will inform the development of ecologically-based management programs for it.
Ph. D.

Neste trabalho foram analisadas jovens plantas de amendoeira das cultivares Lauranne Avijor e Soleta, com sintomas de doença e assintomáticas, situadas em dois locais da Região do Alentejo, em modo de exploração super-intensivo. Todas as árvores foram testadas em três órgãos vegetativos distintos, raízes, tronco e folhas, bem como os solos em que estavam plantas e a água utilizada na rega. Os fungos fitopatogénicos mais encontrados nas amostras de planta foram os pertencentes aos géneros Fusarium e Alternaria e ainda a espécie Macrophomina faseolina. Fungos do género Fusarium foram também encontrados tanto no solo como na água de rega, podendo dar uma indicação quanto à fonte de inóculo das plantas. Verificou-se ainda que as mesmas cultivares de planta, com a mesma proveniência, apresentam diferentes microbiomas de acordo com os locais onde estão instaladas e que estes podem contribuir decisivamente para a manifestação ou não de sintomas de doença;Abstract: Etiology and epidemiology causing mortality in super-intensive almond trees orchards in Alentejo region In this work, young almond plants of the cultivars Lauranne Avijor and Soleta with disease symptoms and asymptomatic, located in two Alentejo regions, under a super-intensive mode management, were analyzed for the presence of fungi. Three distinct vegetative organs, roots, trunk and leaves of trees, as well as the soils on which plants were installed and water used for irrigation were tested. The phytopathogenic fungi most found in the plant samples belonged to genera Fusarium and Alternaria and also to the species Macrophomina faseolina. Fusarium spp. were also found in both soil and irrigation water which may give an indication of the source of inoculum. It was also verified that the same plant cultivars, with the same provenance, present a different microbiome according to the places where they are installed which can contribute decisively for the manifestation of symptoms of disease.

Weed control is typically achieved by broadcast spraying postemergence herbicides on the entire orchard floor which wastes chemical by spraying bare ground. Growers can account for spatial variation in weed density and only spray weedy areas instead of applying herbicide to entire fields by using the automatic spot-sprayer, WeedSeeker sprayer. We conducted field experiments in flood- and microsprinikler-irrigated lemon orchards, and flood- and sprinkler-irrigated pecan orchards to measure the amount of herbicide applied, weed control, tree yield, and the economic value of adopting the WeedSeeker sprayer compared to conventional boom spray technology. The WeedSeeker sprayer reduced cumulative herbicide use by at least 36% compared to the conventional boom sprayer at all sites. Weed control obtained using the WeedSeeker sprayer was usually similar to the conventional boom sprayer. There were no effects of the treatments on yield at any location. The partial budget analysis, used to determine the economic value of adopting the technology, showed that as the area of the orchard and the cost of the herbicide increased, the time to recover the initial investment in the WeedSeeker sprayer decreased. The investment in the technology can typically be recovered in less than five years in Arizona lemon and pecan orchards.We also conducted greenhouse experiments to determine the effect of various sensitivity settings and leaf area on the operational efficiency of the WeedSeeker sprayer. The WeedSeeker sprayer did not detect and spray all broadleaf and monocot plants unless a sensitive setting was used. The WeedSeeker sprayer was more efficient when detecting broadleaf plants compared to monocot plants. Our results indicate that operating the WeedSeeker sprayer using a sensitive setting (sensitivity level 2) will result in the most efficient detection of weeds.Finally, field studies were conducted in a non-bearing pecan orchard to evaluate weed management systems using various postemergence and preemergence herbicides. Most postemergence herbicides controlled the weed species present in the orchard. Tank mixing the herbicides generally resulted in greater control compared to applying them alone. All preemergence herbicides reduced the weed emergence compared to not using a preemergence herbicide. No pecan tree damage was observed in any treatment.

Este trabalho insere-se num ensaio de avaliação de diferentes alternativas de poda num pomar superintensivo de amendoeiras que foi iniciado em 2017. O presente trabalho decorreu durante 2019 e consideraram-se as seguintes alternativas de poda: tratamento T0 (poda do agricultor) – poda mecânica de verão seguida de complemento manual, efetuadas em junho; tratamento T1- poda manual de inverno; tratamento T3 – poda manual no inverno para controlo da distância da base da copa ao solo e poda mecânica de verão em julho. Avaliaram-se: dimensão das árvores, tempos de poda, lenha retirada pela poda, produção e perdas de amêndoa para o solo. As intervenções de poda mecânica de verão realizadas julho permitiram maior controlo da dimensão da copa das árvores, nomeadamente em altura. As maiores perdas de amêndoa verificaram-se nas alternativas de poda que tinham as árvores maiores. Não se verificaram diferenças na produção total de amêndoa entre os tratamentos; Abstract: Contribution for the study of mechanical summer pruning in superhigh density almond orchards This work is part of an evaluation trial of different pruning alternatives in a super high density almond orchard that was started in 2017. The present work took place during 2019 and the following pruning alternatives were considered: T0 (farmer pruning) treatment - pruning summer mechanics followed by manual complementation, carried out in June; T1 treatment - manual winter pruning; T3 treatment - manual in winter to control the distance from the base of the canopy to the ground and summer mechanical pruning in July. Tree size, pruning times, pruning firewood, almond yield and soil losses were evaluated. The summer mechanical pruning interventions carried out in July allowed greater control of the treetop size, particularly in height. The highest almond losses were found in the pruning alternatives that had the largest trees. There were no differences in total almond yield between treatments.

碩士
中國文化大學
生物科技研究所
90
The purpose of this research is to study Charng-Ching Formosana Michelia F1 seed orchard established after twenty year ago, the wood grow expression on current to proceed investigate that include survival ratio, D.B.H., tree height and the trunk branch. Beside in the past, there are not any instruments accurate to proceed orientation that to fail to label every woods’ realistic site, nevertheless when a satellite orientation technique that to make progress, we will label woods’ reality place of the earth place. Moreover the purpose of auxiliary by computer software, we will try show both amount that realistic site and theoretical site which future to provide a demand this product region of operate and management. Results show an analysis on a descendant of parents the alive ratio highest is No.1, that lowest is No.8. we use the analysis of variance (ANOVA) to analyze and found that 5﹪of significance level is a extremely significance diversity. As regards D.B.H., which we use the analysis of variance to analyze. It result show is extremely significance diversity, which No.1, No.5, No.13, No.14, No.16, No.23 and No.30 are over thirty centimeter, as for No.6 descendant of parents grow weaker in this region, it cause maybe with to pick seed trees’ age and grow power expression. Use ANOVA to analyze and found that 5﹪of significance level is a extremely significance diversity, and proceeded between of an average show the No.3 descendant of parents grow best and No.6 is bad. As regards tree height, we use the analysis of variance to analyze tree of average found that 5﹪of significance level is not different diversity, however, the No.8 descendant grow is more distinctive. As regards the trunk branch show, that all of the descendants are total 183 trunk which have branch, it is 31.12﹪ to account for total alive it. As to use ANOVA to analyze branch of the descendant found that 5﹪of significance level is not different diversity. As regards the earth place, we successful to mark each wood grow place, and aid to follow the trail of wood grow to operate management seed orchard. Further as regards, each of wood marked at woodland, surveillance, and forest permanent management to provide some study direction, and according to final target that conform to ecological protection.

This report argues that historic landscape preservation efforts need to embrace biodiversity planning. Historic landscape preservation sites need to develop biodiversity plans because they are uniquely qualified to provide the continuous monitoring that successful biodiversity planning requires. Not only will biodiversity monitoring at various historic landscape sites contribute to a nationwide collection of biodiversity planning data, but it will also provide a rich source of information that can be presented to draw a wider audience into the biodiversity discussion. After considering three precedents: Old Sturbridge Village, Old World Wisconsin, and Tucson Botanical Gardens, the report focuses on the Kino Heritage Fruit Trees Project and its real and potential impacts on biodiversity planning in southern Arizona and more broadly. Finally, the report considers how seed libraries and seed swaps might serve a similar purpose in other parts of the country.
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