Journal articles: 'Orchid tree'

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Silva, Igor A., Alessandro W. C. Ferreira, Maria I. S. Lima, and João J. Soares. "Networks of epiphytic orchids and host trees in Brazilian gallery forests." Journal of Tropical Ecology 26, no. 2 (January 29, 2010): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467409990551.

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Abstract:Species interactions have been recently depicted as networks, in which each species is connected to one or more other species in binary interaction matrices. Forty networks of epiphytic orchid and host tree species were assessed in Brazilian gallery forests. The nestedness of the networks was estimated with the NODF index and the significance was tested with null models. The phylogenetic structure of the network was also assessed, by searching for phylogenetic signals in the number of interactions and in the similarity of interacting species. In total, 105 orchid species and 132 host tree species were sampled. A nested pattern in all orchid–host tree networks was found. However, phylogenetic signals were not observed. The results support that the host specificity of orchids is small and most of the interactions occur among generalist orchids and generalist host trees. While the concept of species-specificity can thus be rejected, the extreme alternative – that interacting orchids and host trees are not a random subset of the regional species pool – can be dismissed as well. However, factors other than phylogenetic history may structure interaction networks of epiphytic orchids and host trees.

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Petit, Sophie, and Catherine Ruth Dickson. "Grass-tree (Xanthorrhoea semiplana, Liliaceae) facilitation of the endangered pink-lipped spider orchid (Caladenia syn. Arachnorchis behrii, Orchidaceae) varies in South Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 53, no. 5 (2005): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt04034.

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We examined the role of the grass-tree Xanthorrhoea semiplana F.Muell. canopy in the survival of the nationally endangered orchid Caladenia (syn. Arachnorchis) behrii Schltdl. at three sites in the northern Adelaide region. We compared grazing and pollination of the flowering orchids within and away from the grass-tree canopy. Grass-trees generally provided significant protection from grazing, but orchids protected by grass-trees experienced reduced pollination for 2 out of 5 years. The net effect of these interactions, as measured by seed set, varied across years. When grazing pressure is high, orchids may benefit from grass-tree protection (facilitation), but under low grazing pressure, it is more probable that orchids set seeds away from grass-trees than under their canopy. Grazing pressure probably does not decrease in view of habitat fragmentation the importance of fragments as wildlife refuges. Therefore, factors affecting the survival of grass-trees, such as Phytophthora cinnamomi, may also affect orchid survival. Kangaroos which are often assumed to be responsible for most grazing in the Adelaide Hills are not the only predators of orchids, and a culling program has so far not resulted in a decrease of grazing pressure for the orchids. Translocation and fencing programs should examine the role of facilitative plants and grazers before spending precious conservation resources.

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Fathul Hafidh, Muhammad Edya Rosadi, and Rahmadi Agus. "PENERAPAN METODE ITERATIVE DICHOTOMIZER (ID3) UNTUK DIAGNOSA HAMA TANAMAN ANGGREK." Jurnal Teknologi Informasi Universitas Lambung Mangkurat (JTIULM) 2, no. 1 (June 12, 2017): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jtiulm.v2i1.16.

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Orchid plants is one component of the aesthetic aspect and become a part of human life. Diagnostics system for classification orchid pests were attack plants still using the manual model, it’s result difficulty identifying pests orchid that has a variety of symptoms are almost the same. As to distinguish the symptoms of damage to the leaves, roots and flowers caused by pests. ID3 able to generate a decision tree of large data sets. This decision tree can be used as a reference for the diagnosis of pests on orchids. In this research, pest classification of orchids do with ID3 method with the highest level of performance accuracy is 78.06%.

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Whigham, Dennis, Melissa McCormick, Hope Brooks, Brian Josey, Robert Floyd, and Jason Applegate. "Isotria medeoloides, a North American Threatened Orchid: Fungal Abundance May Be as Important as Light in Species Management." Plants 10, no. 9 (September 15, 2021): 1924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10091924.

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The management of endangered or threatened plant species is difficult if protocols are not developed to propagate species for the purpose of restoration or the enhancement of existing populations. The management of endangered and threatened orchids is especially difficult because of the obligate interactions between orchids and orchid mycorrhizal fungi. Isotria medeoloides is a federally threatened forest-dwelling orchid species with a wide distribution in eastern North America. Seeds have not been successfully germinated and current management is based primarily on using subcanopy thinning to increase light in areas where monitoring demonstrates that populations are declining. We report the results of long-term monitoring efforts, canopy thinning, and orchid mycorrhizal fungus abundance studies at two locations in Virginia. The declining populations responded positively to the experimental and natural thinning of the canopy. At one site, the response was the result of understory canopy thinning. At the second site, the response was due to the natural death of a canopy tree. In light of the dramatic increase in fungal abundance following death of the canopy tree, we propose the Fungal Abundance Hypothesis as an additional approach to the management of endangered plant species. The removal of canopy trees in or adjacent to Isotria populations results in an increase in dead belowground biomass (i.e., roots of the dead canopy tree) that provides substrates for microbial growth, including orchid mycorrhizal fungi, that benefit Isotria.

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Hernández-Pérez, Ezequiel, Eloy Solano, and Ramiro Ríos-Gómez. "Host affinity and vertical distribution of epiphytic orchids in a montane cloud forest in southern Mexico." Botanical Sciences 96, no. 2 (June 19, 2018): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.1869.

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Background: The host´s structural characteristics provide diverse microhabitats that influence the distribution patterns of the epiphytes at different vertical zones and among tree species.Hypotheses: Epiphytic orchids have preference for larger host trees and with non-exfoliating rough bark, while the limiting hosts will be those of smaller size and smooth and exfoliating bark, and there will be fewer individuals in the upper canopy of the host trees because the micro-environmental conditions are more stressful compared to the middle and lower parts of the host trees.Methods: The host preferences and vertical distribution of the epiphytic orchids were analyzed in 20 montane cloud forest fragments. In each fragment, two transects of 2 × 50 m were drawn, and the trees with a diameter at a breast height ≥ 20 cm were recorded. In each tree, basal area was quantified and bark texture was characterized. In each tree and vertical zone, the orchid species present were identified and quantified.Results: Orchid distribution patterns vary between vertical zones and host tree species, and the richness is related to host size and bark texture. The highest species richness and number of epiphytic orchid’s individuals were recorded in host trees with fissured bark and larger size. The distribution of orchids in the host was not homogeneous nor was it related to any particular host species. However, five trees species were considered as host preferred, while five tree species were limiting hosts. The highest richness was recorded in vertical zone II and the lowest in zones I and V.Conclusions: Larger trees contain greater richness of epiphytic orchids, because they offer better conditions for their establishment, provide a great diversity of microhabitats, greater time and area for epiphytic colonization events. The texture of the bark is a relevant factor in the host preference, and in the hosts with smooth bark, the presence of epiphytic orchids depends on the accumulation of organic matter.

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Hernández-Pérez, Ezequiel, and Eloy Solano. "Effects of habitat fragmentation on the diversity of epiphytic orchids from a montane forest of southern Mexico." Journal of Tropical Ecology 31, no. 2 (November 28, 2014): 103–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467414000662.

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Abstract:Epiphytic orchids are very diverse in montane forests, but fragmentation modifies this diversity. Twenty fragments were quantified to evaluate the effects of fragmentation on the alpha and beta diversities of epiphytic orchids in a montane forest located in southern Mexico. The following factors were evaluated: area, core area, shape, edge density, Euclidean nearest-neighbour distance fragment and contrast index. In each fragment, two transects of 2 × 50 m were drawn, and the trees with a diameter at breast height ≥ 20 cm were recorded. In each tree, the orchid species present were identified and quantified. Twenty-three species of epiphytic orchid in 234 phorophytes corresponding to 20 species were recorded. The epiphytic orchid richness per tree and species turnover was different between the phorophytes. The edge density and the contrast index had significant effects on the alpha diversity, while the isolation of the fragments significantly affected the beta diversity. The edge density positively affected the alpha diversity of the epiphytic orchids, likely through microclimatic changes caused by fragmentation. Drought-tolerant species were common on the edges of the fragments, and shade-tolerant species established on the core area of the fragments. This pattern most likely depends on the ecological range of the taxa, which is crucial to their development and persistence in fragmented habitats.

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Choden, Kelzang, Jambay, Arjun Nepal, Choden, and Bhagat Suberi. "Habitat Ecology of Epiphytic & Terrestrial Orchids in Langchenphu, Jomotsangkha Wildlife Sanctuary, Bhutan." Indonesian Journal of Social and Environmental Issues (IJSEI) 2, no. 2 (August 22, 2021): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.47540/ijsei.v2i2.256.

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Orchids are the largest and diverse families of flowering plants. Orchids are found growing mostly in tropical climates affecting various communities socio-economically. Among many protected areas in Bhutan, Jomotshangkha Wildlife Sanctuary (JWS) is the least explored in terms of flora and fauna. The study was carried out to assess diversity, host tree preferences and to determine the growth zone of epiphytic orchids along the altitudinal gradient in Langchenphu gewog in JWS. Transect technique was used in which three trails transect were laid out with 10 sampling plots in each transect. Plots size of 20 m × 20 m along the altitudinal gradients were established maintaining an altitudinal interval of 100 meters between each sample plot. A total of 42 species of epiphytic orchids from 20 genera was recorded of23 host tree species under 15 families were recorded. A significant correlation between diversity of orchid and altitude was observed (r = .927, p < .05). Myrtaceae and Theaceae were the most preferred host tree families (14%) followed by Bignoniaceae (13%) and others respectively. The Study concludes that 57% of total species encountered prefers higher canopy & on a tree with rough bark, Pearson chi-square test (X2(1) = 4.7, p< .05) showed a significant difference between trunk, branches, and canopy. Many epiphytic orchids prefer dense canopy (n = 73, 47%) and living trees (99%). Future studies should be focused more on the flowering season for obtaining better information on orchid diversity in the study area.

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Migenis, Luis E., and James D. Ackerman. "Orchid—phorophyte relationships in a forest watershed in Puerto Rico." Journal of Tropical Ecology 9, no. 2 (May 1993): 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400007227.

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ABSTRACTOrchid diversity, distribution and host specificity were examined in a tropical watershed in the Luquillo Experimental Forest of Puerto Rico. Eleven orchid species occur in the area. The low diversity is attributed to island isolation and large-scale hurricane disturbances. Pleurothallis ruscifolia and Maxillaria coccinea were by far the most abundant species in the area and occurred on the largest number of host species and host zones. None of the orchids were host specific or host zone specialists although preferences for hosts and vertical host zones were encountered.Only 8.2% of the 426 trees and shrubs and 24.4% of the 45 species surveyed were orchid phorophytes (= hosts). Examination of host distribution by diameter at breast height (DBH) showed that 80.5% were greater than 16 cm DBH. Orchid species in the area tend to occur on rough bark hosts, but their preferences are not statistically significant. Guarea guidonia (Meliaceae) and Dacryodes excelsa (Burseraceae) are the two most important orchid hosts in our study site comprising 62.9% of all host trees. Careful management of these two tree species is suggested, since these species may be crucial to the maintenance of orchid abundance and diversity in the area.

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Lõhmus, Asko, and Tiiu Kull. "Orchid abundance in hemiboreal forests: stand-scale effects of clear-cutting, green-tree retention, and artificial drainage." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, no. 6 (June 2011): 1352–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x11-047.

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The current knowledge on the impact of forest management on plant species of conservation concern is poor. We asked how three basic silvicultural techniques (clear-cutting, green-tree retention, and artificial drainage) affect the abundance of terrestrial orchid species and their communities in Estonia, hemiboreal Europe. Fixed-area, fixed-effort surveys (4 h per 2 ha plot) were used in 29 plot clusters representing five site types, with each cluster including plots of four treatments (old growth, mature managed forest, and cutover with and without live retention trees). Altogether 11 species of orchids were recorded in those 116 plots, with the most complete sets of species in artificially drained plots and mature stands. Five species were widely distributed among treatments and site types, but most site types also hosted shade-tolerant orchids (six species) that characteristically disappeared after timber harvesting. Cutover areas (3–7 years after harvest) hosted no species absent from uncut forest stands, and retention of solitary trees had no effect on orchid abundance over clear-cuts. Modern Estonian forest landscapes appear to support viable populations of many orchids, with rotation ages sufficient for population development of the majority of shade-tolerant species.

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Burok, Helena G., Rosye H. R. Tanjung, and Maklon Warpur. "Domestifikasi Anggrek di Distrik Merauke Kabupaten Merauke–Papua." JURNAL BIOLOGI PAPUA 1, no. 1 (October 20, 2018): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31957/jbp.569.

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Inventory study of cultivated orchid in District Merauke, Merauke City was done from March–June 2006. Survey methods was used in this study. There were ten species of orchid in this area, consisted of 8 species of native Papuan orchids (Acriopsis javanica Reinw, Dendrobium anthenatum, Dendrobium diskolour Lind, Dendrobium konkolor Lind, Dendrobium nindii, Dendrobium johanes, and two hibrids), and 2 introduce species (Phalaenopsis sp and Phalaenopis amabilis). Dendrobium anthenatum, Dendrobium diskolour Lind, Dendrobium konkolor Lind, and Dendrobium johanes were the most frequently found species, Dendrobium johanes were mostly encountered on the bark of eucalypt tree on secondary forest wich had high humidity. The problems in orchid cultivation in those area were drought, pest, pathogen, and lack of guidance in orchid cultivation as well. Key words: Inventory, orchid, Merauke District, Merauke City.

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Gravendeel, Barbara, Ann Smithson, Ferry J. W. Slik, and Andre Schuiteman. "Epiphytism and pollinator specialization: drivers for orchid diversity?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 359, no. 1450 (October 29, 2004): 1523–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1529.

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Epiphytes are a characteristic component of tropical rainforests. Out of the 25 000 orchid species currently known to science, more than 70% live in tree canopies. Understanding when and how these orchids diversified is vital to understanding the history of epiphytic biomes. We investigated whether orchids managed to radiate so explosively owing to their predominantly epiphytic habit and/or their specialized pollinator systems by testing these hypotheses from a statistical and phylogenetic standpoint. For the first approach, species numbers of 100 randomly chosen epiphytic and terrestrial genera were compared. Furthermore, the mean number of pollinators per orchid species within the five subfamilies was calculated and correlated with their time of diversification and species richness. In the second approach, molecular epiphytic orchid phylogenies were screened for clades with specific suites of epiphytic adaptations. Epiphytic genera were found to be significantly richer in species than terrestrial genera both for orchids and non–orchids. No evidence was found for a positive association between pollinator specialization and orchid species richness. Repeated associations between a small body size, short life cycle and specialized clinging roots of twig epiphytes in Bulbophyllinae and Oncidiinae were discovered. The development of twig epiphytism in the first group seems repeatedly correlated with speciation bursts.

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Mawardi, Rahmi Mutia, Wiwik Herawati, and Pudji Widodo. "Epiphytic Orchid Inventory and The Host In Bantarbolang Nature Reserve - Central Java." BioEksakta : Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi Unsoed 2, no. 1 (April 29, 2020): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.bioe.2020.2.1.1830.

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Bantarbolang Nature Reserve is located in the northern part of Central Java Province. The study aiming to verify the plant species of epiphytic orchids and the host tree in the area of Bantarbolang Nature Reserve was conducted in February to April 2019. The research method used in the research was explorative methods. Data were analyzed descriptively. It was recorded that there were 5 epiphytic orchid species, i.e. Rhynchostylis retusa, Aerides odorata, Cymbidium bicolor, Dendrobium crumenatum and Ascocentrum miniatum. The number of orchids found was 148 individuals, the most common species was Rhynchostylis retusa. The host trees are teak (Tectona grandis), putat (Barringtonia acutangula), bulu (Ficus annulata) and bungur (Lagerstroemia speciosa) with characteristics of hard stems, cracked surface texture, rough, mossy and not easy to peel.

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Sumarni, Sumarni, St Fatmah Hiola, and Hilda Karim. "Inventarisasi Jenis Pohon Inang Anggrek Epifit di Desa Tompobulu Resort Balocci Taman Nasional Bantimurung Bulusaraung Kabupaten Pangkep Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan." bionature 20, no. 2 (December 8, 2019): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.35580/bionature.v20i2.11279.

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Abstract. Balocci Resort Banntimurung Bulusaraung National Park is a location that is overgrown with many natural orchids. This research is a descriptive study that aims to determine the type of epiphytic orchid host tree and the distribution of host trees at the Balocci Resort in Bantimurung Bulusearaung National Park. The method used is a survey method. The stages of the research are termining location and observations, collecting data and indetifying spesies. Based on the result; Alstonia scholaris, Sauarauia malayana, Mangifera sp, Tabernaemontana sphaerocarpa, Arenga pinnata, Syzygium sp, Elaecarpus angustifolius, Bischofia javanica, Maesea sp, Erythrina subumbrans, Lithocarpus celebicus, Cryptocarya sp, Elmerillia ovalis, Memecylon paniculatum, Ficus benjamina L, Ficus variegate, Ficus fistulosa, Knema laurina, Litsea sp, Uncaria longiflora, Coffea sp, Melicope sp, Planchonella firma, Palaquium lobbianum, and Laportea stimulant which belongs to 19 families. The tree that is overgrows with orchids is Alstonia scholaris, Sauarauia malayana and Ficus benjamina L. the host tree which is used as a place for growth has uneven surface characteristics of the tree, overgrown with nails and generally mossy. Host tree species that have a wide spread on mount Bulusaraung is Sauarauia malayana which is at an altitude of 700-1300 m above sea level. Keywords: host tree, epiphytic, resort balocci, bantimurung bulusaraung national park area

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Pau-Llosa, Ricardo. "Immigrant Parable: Hong Kong Orchid Tree, Arguments." Manoa 15, no. 1 (2003): 152–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/man.2003.0107.

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Sebastian, Jis, Durairaj Kathiresan, and Giby Kuriakose. "Species diversity and abundance patterns of epiphytic orchids in Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary in Kerala, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, no. 8 (July 26, 2021): 19060–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.4852.13.8.19060-19069.

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Species diversity and abundance patterns of epiphytic orchids were studied in Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary, in the Western Ghats of northern Kerala. Habitats sampled were wet evergreen (EVEG), montane wet evergreen (MEVG), moist deciduous (MDEC), and semi evergreen (SEVG), on a gradient of altitude from 60 to 1,589 m. Selective tree scanning on linear line transects was deployed (n= 40) across spatial units. A total of 39 orchid species were recorded. Rarefied species richness was maximum in the EVEG (20) habitat. Best suited rank abundance models were analysed for epiphytic orchids in each habitat and checked for significant differences. Bootstrap and Jackknife-1 estimators and species accumulation curves suggested higher species richness than observed, therefore more effort in sampling was needed in order to record all epiphytic orchids of the area. The difference in species richness between habitat types was not statistically significant (ANOVA). 38% of recorded epiphytic orchid species were endemic.

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Monawati, Ari, Desi Rhomadhoni, and Nur Rokhimah Hanik. "Identifikasi Hama dan Penyakit Pada Tanaman Anggrek Bulan (Phalaenopsis amabilis)." Florea : Jurnal Biologi dan Pembelajarannya 8, no. 1 (May 20, 2021): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.25273/florea.v8i1.9002.

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<pre>Orchid is the general name for all types of plants in the family Orchidaceae (family of orchids). This family is one of the largest groups among other flowering plants. It is estimated that worldwide there are around 15,000-20,000 species of orchids with 900 genera (clans) that grow endemic to forests scattered in various countries. Of all orchid species in the world, 5,000 of them are in Indonesia. Broadly speaking, the classification of orchids is divided into 5 subfamilies, 16 tribes (tribes), and 28 subtribes. Phalaenopsis is a genus of orchids which is popular for its diversity and beauty of flowers. The government through presidential decree (Kepres) No. 4 of 1993, on January 9, 1993, designated the moon orchid as a charm flower named Latin Phaleonopsis amabilis, this orchid grows attached to a tree trunk or branch and is one type of orchid endemic to Indonesia. The development of orchid cultivation has never been separated from disease and pest problems. With few disease infections and pest attacks, the beauty will change, of course, the selling price will fall. Orchid plants require extra care to grow with beautiful flowers. Orchid disease can be caused by bacteria, fungi or viruses. Diseases and pests that attack orchid plants can cause death if allowed to continue. Besides that, mishandling can also cause the death of orchids. The purpose of this study was to determine the pests and diseases of the Phalaenopsis amabilis plant.</pre><pre>This research was conducted on December 2, 2020 and January 13-14, 2021 in Carikan Sukoharjo with 10 samples of Phalaenopsis amabilis plants. The tools needed in this research include writing tools, tables, loops and documentation tools (cellphone cameras). The variables to be observed were diseases and pests that attacked. The methods used were direct observation and interviews, the data obtained were analyzed by qualitative descriptive.</pre>Research conducted on 10 samples of Phalaenopsis amablis, found 6 pests and 2 diseases. Pests on the Phalaenopsis amabilis Moon Orchid plant are found that very often attack such as ants, snails, grasshoppers, mealybugs, mites and caterpillars. Whereas in the disease of the Moon Orchid plant (Phalaenopsis amabilis) in the search for Sukoharjo, the fungus Fussarium oxyporum and Rhizoctonia solani attack the leaves, stems, roots of Phalaenopsis amabilis. This disease enters the plant tissue through stomata or wounds in plants. In general, the characteristics of a fungal attack include small spots on the leaves, blisters like being scalded, watery, either cloudy or clear.

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Damon, Anne, Marco Pérez Soriano, and Maria Rivera del Lourdes. "Substrates and fertilization for the rustic cultivation of in vitro propagated native orchids in Soconusco, Chiapas." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 20, no. 4 (December 2005): 214–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/raf2005106.

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AbstractNative orchid cultivation is a compatible alternative for impoverished coffee farmers in southeastern Mexico who are in crisis due to falling prices. Sustainable orchid cultivation is also an urgent necessity as an alternative to nonsustainable extraction from protected reserves, forest fragments and traditional coffee plantations, and to restore and conserve populations within these habitats. Our objective was to test the effects of locally available substrates and fertilizers upon orchids cultivated under typical rural conditions in coffee-producing areas in Soconusco, Chiapas. Seven species of epiphytic orchids native to Soconusco region—Cattleya aurantiaca, Brassavola nodosa, Prosthechea (Encyclia) chacaoensis, Anathallis (Pleurothallis) racemiflora, Cattleya skinneri, Cycnoches ventricosum and Encyclia cordigera—were propagated in vitro, acclimatized and established in rustic orchid galleries in the home gardens and plantations of coffee growers. Locally available waste products were used as substrates: clay tiles, tree bark, bamboo, seed hulls of pataxte (Theobroma bicolor) and wire baskets filled with bark chips. Two cheap and readily available commercial foliar feeds, Algaenzims (an organic product) and Bayfolan (a synthetic product) were tested. First, the substrates alone were tested for a period of 6 months to 1 year, then a combination of substrates and fertilizers were tested for 6 months, for effects upon leaf and root growth and root number. The mortality rates of these nonsymbiotically propagated, epiphytic orchids during the acclimatization phase, prior to these experiments, were high, between 60 and 90%. Once established in rustic galleries, the young orchid plants showed no preference for a particular substrate, survival depended upon technical problems during establishment, relating to difficulties with the attachment of plants to substrates, and the variable quality of care and attention offered by the farmers. Both fertilizers significantly improved one or all the parameters studied, and possibly counteracted the negative effects of the absence of symbiotic fungi, which, under natural conditions, are essential for orchid seed germination and adequate development of the young plant. More than half of the producers did not continue with the orchid cultures for economic and cultural reasons.

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Adhikari, Yagya Prasad, and Anton Fischer. "Distribution pattern of the epiphytic orchid Rhynchostylis retusa under strong human influence in Kathmandu valley, Nepal." Botanica Orientalis: Journal of Plant Science 8 (March 2, 2012): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/botor.v8i0.5956.

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We studied distribution pattern of the epiphytic orchid Rhynchostylis retusa (L.) Blume with respect to (i) site characteristics and host conditions, and (ii) the type and intensity of land use in Kathmandu Valley, central Nepal. We established a 1.5 km grid net and analyzed epiphytic orchids at each point, searching for 10 trees as close as possible to the grid point. There we analyzed bark water-holding capacity, bark pH, bark roughness and light intensity. We assessed the probability of the occurrence of R. retusa in different land use patterns. Our results indicated that R. retusa was not a host-specific orchid species. It was found on different host tree species. However, Ficus religiosa was the most common host species. The correlation between R. retusa occurrence and microclimate condition was weak. R. retusa, to a certain degree, preferred light intensity of 40-80% of full sun light, rough bark with pH around 6.5 and bark with a wide range of water holding capacity. The distribution pattern of R. retusa was influenced by certain types of land use. The probability to find R. retusa was highest in forest patches and parks and lowest in agricultural and dense populated area. The study reveals that to improve the population size of R. retusa, trees (mainly Alnus nepalensis, Ficus religiosa and Schima wallichii) should be planted in areas where the orchid species is recently missing.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/botor.v8i0.5956 Botanica Orientalis – Journal of Plant Science (2011) 8: 90-99

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Collins, Margaret, Mark Brundrett, John Koch, and Krishnapillai Sivasithamparam. "Colonisation of jarrah forest bauxite-mine rehabilitation areas by orchid mycorrhizal fungi." Australian Journal of Botany 55, no. 6 (2007): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt06170.

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Orchids require mycorrhizal fungi for germination of seed and growth of seedlings. The colonisation of bauxite-mine rehabilitation areas by orchids is therefore dependent on the availability of both seed and mycorrhizal fungi. Orchid mycorrhizal fungi baiting trials were carried out in rehabilitation areas that were 1, 10 and 26 years old (established in 2001, 1992 and 1976) and adjacent unmined jarrah forest areas at Jarrahdale, Western Australia. Fungal baits consisted of buried six-chambered nylon-mesh packets containing seed of six jarrah forest orchid taxa, Caladenia flava subsp. flava R.Br., Disa bracteata Sw., Microtis media subsp. media R.Br., Pterostylis recurva Benth., Pyrorchis nigricans (R.Br.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. and Thelymitra crinita Lindl. Detection of orchid mycorrhizal fungi was infrequent, especially at the youngest rehabilitation sites where only mycorrhizal fungi associated with P. recurva were detected. Mycorrhizal fungi of the other orchid taxa were widespread but sparsely distributed in older rehabilitation and forest areas. Detection of mycorrhizal fungi varied between taxa and baiting sites for the two survey years (2002 and 2004). Caladenia flava subsp. flava and T. crinita mycorrhizal fungi were the most frequently detected. The presence of C. flava mycorrhizal fungi was correlated with leafy litter cover and maximum depth, and soil moisture at the vegetation type scale (50 × 5 m belt transects), as well as tree and litter cover at the microhabitat scale (1-m2 quadrats). The presence of T. crinita mycorrhizal fungi was positively correlated with soil moisture in rehabilitation areas and low shrub cover in forest. The frequency of detection of orchid mycorrhizal fungi both at rehabilitated sites (15–25% of baits) and in unmined forest (15–50% of baits) tended to increase with rehabilitation age as vegetation recovered. The failure of some orchid taxa to reinvade rehabilitation areas is unlikely to be entirely due to absence of the appropriate mycorrhizal fungi. However, since the infrequent detection of fungi suggests that they occur in isolated patches of soil, the majority of dispersed orchid seeds are likely to perish, especially in recently disturbed habitats.

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Kesuma, Muhammad Andry, Indriyanto Indriyanto, and Yusnita Yusnita. "Perbandingan Tingkat Kesesuaian Pohon Akasia (Acacia Auriculiformis),Cemara Bundel (Cupressus Retusa), Dan Kerai Payung (Filicium Decipiens) Sebagai Tempat Hidup Anggrek Dendrobium." Jurnal Sylva Lestari 5, no. 2 (May 23, 2017): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl2543-52.

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Dendrobium (Orchidaceae) is one of the most popular orchid genera consisting more than 2000 species, which is widely known for its long vaselife, various, shapes and colors, high frequency of flowering per year and long and flexible stalks, so it is easily assembled for flower arrangements. The objectives of this research was to study the effects of different host trees and position of plant attachment at the tree on growth of Dendrobium seedlings. This experiment was conducted with treatments arranged factorally (3 X 2) in a completely randomized design with three replicates. The first factor was the species of host three consisted of Akasia (Acacia auriculiformis), Cemara Bundel (Cupressus retusa) and Kerai Payung (Filicium decipiens) and the second factor was position of plant attachment on the tree, which consisted of attachment at the bottom ( 0,5 m above ground ) and the upper was ( 1,5 m above ground ). Each experimental unit consisted of two Dendrobium seedlings. The results showed that in general both host trees and position of attachment did not affect number of shoots, number of leaves, plant height and the longest root length. however, different host trees and its interaction with the position of attachment affected the number of roots, resulted in the highest number of roots obtained in Kerai Payung (Fillicium decipiens) at 1,5 m above ground.Keywords: Acacia auriculiformis, Cupressus retusa, host tree, Filicium decipiens, orchid.

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Van Minh, Tran. "MICROPROPAGATION OF RHYNCHOSTYLIS GIGANTEA ORCHID BY SOMATIC EMBRYOGENIC CULTURES." CBU International Conference Proceedings 7 (September 30, 2019): 969–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v7.1486.

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Rhynchostylis gigantea is a wild orchid species commonly grown. Flowering at the traditional Tet holiday, the flower season always blooms in December of the lunar calendar. The flower has a faint aroma, so it is called Nghinh spring and is a kind of orchid with a national soul and national essence. Rhynchostylis gigantea is found in many areas in Vietnam as it is distributed in the South Central Highlands, especially the areas bordering Laos and Cambodia at low altitudes <600m. Rhynchostylis gigantea is a type of heat-resistant orchid, with suitable temperatures for orchid being from 26-30oC. Rhynchostylis gigantea species have many different colors such as red, white, shrimp brick color, blue and pink. The single-member tree does not assume pseudobulbs, grows vertically, has many pneumatophores and grows straight from the stem. Rhynchostylis gigantea grows slowly and regenerates with seeds. Due to high genetic diversity, it is difficult to maintain the parent’s characteristics. Applying techniques of somatic embryo culture in conservation and development of the Rhynchostylis gigantea tree to meet the increasing demand for seedlings is urgent.

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Dejean, Alain, Sébastien Durou, Ingrid Olmsted, Roy R. Snelling, and Jérôme Orivel. "Nest site selection by ants in a flooded Mexican mangrove, with special reference to the epiphytic orchid Myrmecophila christinae." Journal of Tropical Ecology 19, no. 3 (April 28, 2003): 325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467403003353.

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The distribution of the arboreal ant community plus a termite species of the genus Nasutitermes was inventoried on 938 red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle L., trees in a completely flooded mangrove forest of the Sian Ka'an Biosphere Reserve, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Colonies sheltered in dry hollow branches of the trees and the pseudobulbs of the epiphytic orchid, Myrmecophila christinae. Two size classes of dry hollow tree branches were categorized in order to test differences in ant distribution. As some trees remained unoccupied by either an ant or a termite colony, we deduced that the competition for nesting sites was low. Differences in the composition of the ant community corresponded to the nature of the shelters (i.e. diameter of the hollow branches or orchid pseudobulbs). The ant fauna was richer in the large dry hollow branches of R. mangle than in the smaller ones, with certain ant species belonging to the subfamilies Ponerinae and Formicinae being significantly more frequent in the large dry hollow branches than in the small ones. Cephalotes and Pseudomyrmex were the most frequent ant genera inhabiting the dry branches of R. mangle, while Dolichoderus bispinosus was the most frequent ant species inhabiting the orchid pseudobulbs. Arboreal Nasutitermes sp. selected mostly the orchid pseudobulbs and thus indirectly interfered with ant nest-site selection. Our results highlight niche differentiation through the selection of nest sites among different types of shelter.

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Jayashankar M and Darsha S. "Endophytic Fungal Diversity of Aerides crispa, an Epiphytic Orchid." South Asian Journal of Experimental Biology 11, no. 4 (August 9, 2021): 482–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.38150/sajeb.11(4).p482-491.

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Aerides crispa is an epiphytic plant that belongs to Orchidaceae family. Re-quirement of special habitat makes epiphytic orchids different from other plants. Day by day favourable conditions for these plants are decreasing. Here we have isolated six endophytic fungi from a single orchid. Isolated fungal cultures were molecularly characterized using ITS sequence region comparison with known fungi from NCBI data base and submitted to Gen-Bank. Homology of the fungi were confirmed by similarity matrix generation and phylogenetic tree construction. Thus, the endophytic fungi obtained were Cladosprium cladosporioides, Nigrospora sphaerica, Colletotricum gloe-osporioides, Fusarium circinatum, F.equiseti, Cl.cladosporioides. From the research study, it is revealed that genotypic characterization is a better method for identification of fungi than traditional methods, since same fungi were identified from different parts and also different species from same part of the same plant shows the interesting part of biodiversity. Richness of fungi in A crispaspeaks a lot about the importance of conservation of or-chids, endophytes and thereby biodiversity. The study describes endophytic fungi from an epiphytic orchid Acrispa to its sequence level identification.

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Niu, Shan-Ce, Jie Huang, Qing Xu, Pei-Xing Li, Hai-Jun Yang, Yong-Qiang Zhang, Guo-Qiang Zhang, et al. "Morphological Type Identification of Self-Incompatibility in Dendrobium and Its Phylogenetic Evolution Pattern." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 9 (September 1, 2018): 2595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19092595.

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Self-incompatibility (SI) is a type of reproductive barrier within plant species and is one of the mechanisms for the formation and maintenance of the high diversity and adaptation of angiosperm species. Approximately 40% of flowering plants are SI species, while only 10% of orchid species are self-incompatible. Intriguingly, as one of the largest genera in Orchidaceae, 72% of Dendrobium species are self-incompatible, accounting for nearly half of the reported SI species in orchids, suggesting that SI contributes to the high diversity of orchid species. However, few studies investigating SI in Dendrobium have been published. This study aimed to address the following questions: (1) How many SI phenotypes are in Dendrobium, and what are they? (2) What is their distribution pattern in the Dendrobium phylogenetic tree? We investigated the flowering time, the capsule set rate, and the pollen tube growth from the representative species of Dendrobium after artificial pollination and analysed their distribution in the Asian Dendrobium clade phylogenetic tree. The number of SI phenotypes exceeded our expectations. The SI type of Dendrobium chrysanthum was the primary type in the Dendrobium SI species. We speculate that there are many different SI determinants in Dendrobium that have evolved recently and might be specific to Dendrobium or Orchidaceae. Overall, this work provides new insights and a comprehensive understanding of Dendrobium SI.

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Marler, Thomas. "Host Tree Identity Influences Leaf Nutrient Relations of the Epiphyte Dendrobium guamense Ames." Horticulturae 4, no. 4 (November 21, 2018): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae4040043.

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Epiphytic orchid species grow in stressful conditions that include nutrient deficiency. A greater understanding of the factors that influence epiphytic orchid nutrition may benefit conservationists and horticulturists. Green and senesced leaf nutrient concentrations of the epiphytic Dendrobium guamense were quantified among six host tree species to more fully understand the role of contrasting host identity. Green leaves for D. guamense plants on species with vertical stems contained greater nitrogen, calcium, iron, manganese, zinc, and boron concentrations. Green leaves for D. guamense plants on species with horizontal stems contained greater phosphorus, magnesium, and copper concentrations. Senesced D. guamense leaves followed similar patterns among the host species for all elements except calcium, manganese, and boron. The stoichiometry among green leaf macronutrients indicated nitrogen was most limiting, and the limitation was more severe for plants on horizontal stems. Carbon:nitrogen of senesced leaves indicated D. guamense plants on vertical stems produced higher quality leaf litter, predicting slower decomposition of orchid leaf litter from plants growing on hosts with horizontal stems. The results may improve horticultural decisions to support conservation efforts and show that host identity is a variable that should be more fully studied to understand epiphyte biology.

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Kryżar, Sławomir. "The influence of stand structure in submontane acidophilous oak forests on the presence of the wild service tree and sword-leaved helleborine." Forest Research Papers 78, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/frp-2017-0011.

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Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the occurrence of two strictly protected vascular plant species in managed stands of submontane acidophilous oak forests (Luzulo luzuloidis - Quercetum petraeae Hilitzer 1932 association) in the Sudeten foothills (Lower Silesia, Poland). During the study, the most important stand parameters influencing the occurrence of the wild service tree (Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz) and the orchid sword-leaved helleborine Cephalanthera longifolia (L.) Fritsch) were ascertained. The stands ranged from 50 to 130 years of age and were dominated by sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.), which comprised 5-100% of trees. Both of the protected plant species were observed in 10% of the examined plots with the most favorable type of forest stand for sword-leaved helleborine as well as the wild service tree being clearly dominated by sessile oak (portion of oak above 80%). The analysis showed that the wild service tree was found in pure oak stands, whereas sword-leaved helleborine was also recorded in mixed stands aged 50-80 years. The increased frequency of sword-leaved helleborine was associated with a higher portion of oak in the tree layer. The results suggest that the modern silviculture practices, ‘close-to-nature’ silviculture, transform pure oak forest into mixed forest and allow for natural expansion of hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) as well as beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), which can induce the gradual disappearance of the orchid and the wild service tree in submontane acidophilous oak forests. Restoring semi-natural pure oak stands should play a significant role in supporting both protected species in submontane acidophilous oak forests of the Sudeten Region.

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Luz, Francisco Joaci de Freitas, Jane Maria Franco de Oliveira, and Gladis De Fátima Nunes da Silva. "Orchid diversity at a residual plateu on Caroebe, Roraima." Ornamental Horticulture 22, no. 3 (October 29, 2016): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/oh.v22i3.957.

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Orchids were observed in a granitic mountain hill at the, Caroebe road 35, Roraima, at February and June of 2016. It was observed the occurrence of orchids in three different points: the base of the mountain, with typical humid tropical dry land forest; the forest around the rocky top of the mountain, with the presence of thin trees about 15 meters high, medium light entrance below the vegetation; and the granitic plateau, more sun incidence and surrounded by small shrubs. The total area surveyed was of 5 hectares. The orchids encountered in the whole trail were prior identified locally, just as their localization by GPS and according to their growth habit (epiphytic, terrestrial or rupicolous). It was found 28 species. The majority of the indivíduals identified in this survey were found on organic layers accumulated over the granitic rock, as follow: Catasetum planiceps, Catasetum discolor, Cyrtopodium andersonii, Encyclia granitica, Epidendrum ibaguense, Epidendrum viviparum, Cleistes rosea e Nohawilliamsia pirarensis. At the forest that surrounds the rocky hill it was observed, associated to small trees, the following epiphyte orchids: Dimerandra emarginata, Octomeria sp., Scaphyglottis sickii, Trigonidium acuminatum and Cattleya violacea. At the forest covering the base of the mountain it was found the larger number of species (13), with predominance of epiphytes. Besides the larger number found, the frequency of these species was very low, except for Camaridium ochroleucum and Heterotaxis superflua that were found in larger quantity associated to some sort of trees. The specie Liparis nervosa was found only associated to the base of a unique tree, over the organic matter accumulated locally. The large number of orchids found in the study area indicates its importance for more comprehensive studies and stresses the importance for conservation.

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Bergstrom, Bradley J., and Richard Carter. "Host-tree Selection by an Epiphytic Orchid, Epidendrum magnoliae Muhl. (Green Fly Orchid), in an Inland Hardwood Hammock in Georgia." Southeastern Naturalist 7, no. 4 (December 2008): 571–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1656/1528-7092-7.4.571.

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Rasmussen, Hanne N., and Finn N. Rasmussen. "The epiphytic habitat on a living host: reflections on the orchid–tree relationship." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 186, no. 4 (March 5, 2018): 456–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/box085.

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Gu, Shiran, Qiang Lai, Qiubiao Zeng, Tieyao Tu, and Dianxiang Zhang. "The complete plastid genome of Hong Kong Orchid Tree, Bauhinia × blakeana Dunn (Leguminosae)." Mitochondrial DNA Part B 4, no. 2 (July 3, 2019): 3454–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2019.1674218.

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Zheng, Renhua, Shunde Su, Hui Xiao, and Huiqiao Tian. "Polysaccharides and lipids in the developing anthers of Hong Kong orchid tree (Bauhinia blakeana)." Trees 31, no. 4 (April 20, 2017): 1295–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00468-017-1548-0.

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Krahl, A. H., D. R. P. Krahl, J. J. Valsko, A. C. Webber, and E. R. Pansarin. "Evidence of reward production and pollination by Centris in Encyclia (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae): the reproductive biology of Encyclia mapuerae." Australian Journal of Botany 65, no. 3 (2017): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt16253.

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Encyclia is a neotropical orchid genus distributed from Florida to South Brazil and comprises ~120 taxa, including Encyclia mapuerae (Huber) Brade & Pabst. Besides its diversity and wide distribution, conclusive data on pollinators and reproductive biology of this orchid genus is scarce. Furthermore, nothing is known about the production of floral reward in Encyclia but the pollinators of their species are assumed to be attracted through food deception. Based on data on phenology, floral morpho-anatomy, histochemistry, pollinators, pollination mechanisms, and breeding system, the reproductive biology of E. mapuerae was studied in a nature reserve at Central Amazonia, Brazil. The flowers of E. mapuerae show longitudinal lines on the labellum that act as a nectar guide. The secretory epidermis has papillae whose cells are covered by an ornamented cuticle. The subtended tissue is composed of a tree-layered collenchyma. The flowers attract several species of Hymenoptera. However, a single species of Centris was recorded as pollinator. The bees collect the nectar produced inside the cuniculus. When the bees leave the flower the pollinarium is attached to their heads. Encyclia mapuerae is self-compatible and pollinator-dependent. The reproductive success in natural conditions is low because of deficient pollen transference due to the scarcity of pollinators. As far we know this is the first study that reports and production of floral reward in Encyclia. This discovery provides new insights on the function of the cuniculus in Laeliinae, and sheds light on the evolution of floral rewards and pollination mechanisms within this diverse group of Neotropical orchids.

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Cortes-Palomec, Aurea C., Ross A. McCauley, and Ken Oyama. "Maintenance of high levels of genetic diversity and significant fine-scale genetic structure among age classes in single-tree populations of the endangered epiphytic orchid Laelia speciosa (Orchidaceae) in central Mexico." Botanical Sciences 97, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.2169.

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Background: Epiphytic plants exist within the complex three-dimensional habitat of the tree canopy. This can have a profound effect on patterns of both genetic diversity and structure and may be important for conservation of epiphytic species. Objective: To evaluate how the epiphytic habit affects fine-scale three-dimensional genetic structure in single canopy tree populations. Studied species: Laelia speciosa, a threatened endemic Mexican epiphytic orchid. Study site and dates: Field sampling occurred during Spring 2006 in the municipality of Caurio de Guadalupe, Michoacán.Methods: All individuals occurring in two trees of Q. deserticola (178 in Tree 1 and 276 in Tree 2) were mapped, assigned to four discrete age classes, and genotyped at six microsatellite loci to understand patterns of genetic diversity and structure. Results: High levels of genetic diversity (polymorphic loci = 100 %, Ho = 0.398 – 0.506) occurred across size classes and trees but were not significantly different between the two trees. Significant fine-scale genetic structure was found in the Juvenile (plants 2-10 years old) and Adults I (11-20 years old) age classes in distances up to 15 cm. This significant structure was larger (up to 25 cm) when all individuals were treated as a single age class.Conclusion: The distribution and structure of genetic diversity is attributable to the epiphytic habit, particularly localized seed dispersal, limited selfing, and selection of adaptive traits. Conservation implications related to the sampling for in vitro propagation are given in light of the metapopulation genetic variability maintained within single-tree populations.

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Brundrett, Mark C., and Bryce Kendrick. "The mycorrhizal status, root anatomy, and phenology of plants in a sugar maple forest." Canadian Journal of Botany 66, no. 6 (June 1, 1988): 1153–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b88-166.

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The phenology, root anatomy, and mycorrhizal colonization of vascular plant species occurring in a hardwood forest site were studied. Sugar maple (Acer saccharum), the dominant tree, ash (Fraxinus americana), another important tree, and the most abundant herbaceous plants were examined periodically. Most of the herbaceous species present were highly colonized by vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM), but some consistently had low levels of VAM, or were nonmycorrhizal, and several had orchid mycorrhizae. Most trees were associated with VAM, although several ectomycorrhizal species occurred in low numbers. Herbaceous plants could be divided into four phenological categories of shoot activity, spring, spring–summer, summer, and fall, but many species had periods of root growth that did not parallel their aboveground activity. Almost all species that produced new roots in summer were well colonized by VAM, while those active mainly in late fall or early spring tended to be nonmycorrhizal. Roots of the woodland plants typically had a well-developed exodermis and also tended to be long-lived and coarse. Possible relationships among these root system characteristics, phenological categories, and levels of mycorrhizal colonization of woodland plants are discussed.

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Broschat, Timothy K. "Effects of Fertilization on Potassium and Magnesium Deficiencies Associated with Flowering in Hong Kong Orchid Tree (Bauhinia ×blakeana Dunn)." HortScience 53, no. 1 (January 2018): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci12541-17.

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Hong Kong orchid tree is an outstanding flowering tree for tropical and subtropical areas, but in south Florida’s nutrient-poor sand soils, it typically develops moderate to severe K and Mg deficiency symptoms during the fall, winter, and spring months. A 3-year field experiment was conducted to determine if flowering was responsible for the development of these deficiencies and to determine if these deficiencies could be prevented by fertilization with medium or high rates of a 24N–0P–9.2K turf fertilizer (24–0–11) an 8N–0P–10K–4Mg plus micronutrients palm fertilizer (8–0–12) or a 0N–0P–13.3K–6Mg plus micronutrients palm fertilizer (0–0–16). Onset of deficiency symptoms coincided with the beginning of flowering, but leaf nutrient concentrations of N, P, K, and Mg continued to decline after flowering ceased in late January, presumably because of movement of these elements from the leaves to stem tissue. Leaf nutrient concentrations were poorly or negatively correlated with all measured plant quality variables and were poor indicators of plant quality or nutritional status. Although fertilization with a high rate of 24–0–11 or either rate of 8–0–12 increased tree height, caliper, and number of flowers, no treatment significantly decreased the severity of K and Mg deficiencies.

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Fei, Yue, and Zhi-Xiong Liu. "Isolation and Characterization of the PISTILLATA Ortholog Gene from Cymbidium faberi Rolfe." Agronomy 9, no. 8 (August 2, 2019): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9080425.

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Cymbidium faberi Rolfe is a very popular potted plant in China, Japan and Korea where it has been cultivated for centuries. The economic value of this popular native Asian orchid could be enhanced by changes in its floral traits. In Arabidopsis, PISTILLATA (PI) is involved in regulating petal and stamen development. In order to investigate the possible role of the PI ortholog involved in floral development, we isolated CyfaPI from C. faberi. Protein alignment and a phylogenetic tree grouped CyfaPI in the PI lineage. CyfaPI transcripts were detected in all floral organs, but were absent in leaves. Moreover, in flowers, the highest expression level of CyfaPI was present in the gynostemium and the lowest level was found in anther caps. In addition, ectopic expression of CyfaPI in Arabidopsis pi-1 mutant rescued petal development, and complement the development of filament-like structure (part of stamen), but failed to complement anther development in the stamen whorl. All these finding suggest that CyfaPI is mainly responsible for perianth and gynostemium development in C. faberi. Our data may help to trace the development of the gynostemium program and evolution in orchids.

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Beltrán-Nambo, María De los Ángeles, Juan Carlos Montero-Castro, Miguel Martínez-Trujillo, Rafael Salgado-Garciglia, J. T. Otero-Ospina, and Yazmin Carreón-Abud. "Characterization of mycorrhizal fungi of the genus Tulasnella (Tulasnellaceae, Basidiomycota) in the genus of orchids Bletia from Barranca del Cupatitzio Natural Reserve, Mexico." Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid 75, no. 2 (December 21, 2018): 075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/ajbm.2491.

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The goal of this study was the identification of mycorrhizal fungi associated with three terrestrial orchids of the genus Bletia Ruiz & Pav.: B. roezlii Rchb. f., B. purpurata A.Rich., and B. punctata Lex., in Barranca del Cupatitzio Natural Reserve - Michoacán, México - . Thirty-nine strains were isolated and morphologically characterized. Nine strains were selected from the molecular analysis. Bletia punctata, an endemic species of Mexico, showed the lowest variability in mycorrhizal fungi. Morphological analysis showed that 39 isolated strains belong to the ‘Rhizoctonia-like fungal complex’. According with the tree of Euclidian distances generated by the analysis WARD, all isolates were included into four subgroups, all related to the genus Tulasnella J.Schröt - which belongs to the ‘Rhizoctonia-like fungal complex’?. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of the nine selected strains corroborated the results of the morphological study: the sequences obtained were clustered in four subclades related to species of Tulasnella. Our results indicate that a single species of Bletia from a single locality can be associated with different species of mycorrhizal fungi, at least during the adult stage and that the combination of morphological and molecular analyses is a good tool to identify orchid mycorrhizal fungi.

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Barbieri, Celso, Gerson Luiz Pinheiro, Paula Marques Drago, and Tiago Maurício Francoy. "A Scientific Note on a Stingless Bee Hive Model for Ecological and Behavioral Studies and for Environmental Education." Sociobiology 66, no. 1 (April 25, 2019): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v66i1.3401.

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Stingless bees (Apidae; Meliponini) occupy a great diversity of habitats in tropical and subtropical regions. They are eusocial and live in sessile colonies. Most meliponini species build nests in pre-existing cavities, such as tree hollows and stingless bee hive models imitate the conditions of natural nests. However, they are unwieldy for scientific studies, especially those focused on ecological and behavioral characteristics. We developed and tested a hive model that ensures clear visibility of the interior of the hive and facilitates ecological and behavioral studies and for environmental education. It successfully housed ten stingless bee species and one semi-social orchid bee species.

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Layne, Desmond R., Guido Schnabel, Kerik Cox, Ralph Scorza, and Karen Bussey. "(311) Armillaria Root Rot of Peach: A Multipronged Approach." HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1026B—1026. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1026b.

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Armillaria root rot (ARR) of peach caused by the soil-borne basidiomycete fungus Armillaria tabescens is causing premature decline and mortality of peach trees on most southeastern U.S. peach farms. Soil inoculum may be present both in former peach orchard sites and on sites that were once in hardwood forest. The fungus is protected under the bark of dead root pieces and may survive up to 100 years at various depths in the soil profile. No commercially available rootstocks are resistant to ARR. Since 2002, we have embarked on a multipronged strategy to develop control options to combat ARR. First, we have two replicated trials on commercial grower replant sites with a history of ARR. Trial 1 compares four preplant fumigation treatments (none, Telone II, methyl bromide, and Enzone), three rootstocks (Lovell, Halford, and Guardian) and preplant root dips with endomycorrhizal fungi. Trial 2 compares the use of raised beds, root collar excavation and preplant root dips. Both trials examine long-term productivity and tree survival. Second, we are examining the use of systemic fungicide injection into infected trees to protect trees around infection foci. Third, we are trying to develop a genetically modified ARR-resistant rootstock. We have inserted the gene encoding the gastrodia antifungal protein (GAFP—a low molecular weight lectin that binds mannose and chitin) from a Chinese orchid into tobacco (model herbaceous system) and plum (model Prunus system). GAFP has antifungal activity against several basidiomycete root rot pathogens. Pathogenicity tests with transformed tobacco plants show enhanced tolerance to several root rot pathogens when compared to nontransformed plants. Transformed plums are being multiplied for pathogenicity tests.

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Islam, K. K., S. Patricia, and RinchenY. "Broadleaved regeneration dynamics in the Pine plantation." Journal of Forest Science 57, No. 10 (October 17, 2011): 432–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/78/2010-jfs.

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  In an Island of the Netherlands, Pine (Pinus nigra) was planted to stabilize the dunes and to protect the arable lands from the blowing sand. This research was conducted to understand the most important environmental factors responsible for a vegetation change in the Pine plantation and effect of this change on the rare orchid population: Goodyera repens and Listera cordata. Vegetation sampling was carried out according to the Braun-Blanquet phytosociologic method within the three sites of this Island. Twinspan analysis confirmed the definition of three site types and redundancy analysis showed a significant difference between the pure Pine stands and the plots with regeneration. The results revealed that the most significant explanatory variables were litter cover, broadleaved tree cover, and shrub cover indicating the vegetation change under the Pine plantation. The abundance of Goodyera repens is strongly associated with the Pine forest and negatively related to broadleaved cover. Listera cordata could apparently cope with vegetation change. Controlling the herbaceous layer in the Pine plantation can promote the orchid population but on the contrary, promoting the natural regeneration of broadleaved species might endanger them.

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Kang, Hyeonjeong, Kyung Won Kang, Doo Hwan Kim, and Iyyakkannu Sivanesan. "In Vitro Propagation of Gastrochilus matsuran (Makino) Schltr., an Endangered Epiphytic Orchid." Plants 9, no. 4 (April 18, 2020): 524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9040524.

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Gastrochilus matsuran (Makino) Schltr. (Orchidaceae) populations are declining quickly because of overexploitation, climatic changes, and deforestation; therefore, mass-production protocols are required for this orchid. Natural propagation of this species is often hampered by meager seed germination and slow growth. Thus, our aim was to establish an effective protocol for the in vitro propagation of G. matsuran and reduce the risk of its extinction. We investigated the impacts of culture media, coconut water (CW), and plant hormones (gibberellic acid (GA3), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and thidiazuron (TDZ)) on asymbiotic germination, multiplication and conversion of protocorms, and plantlet development. Maximal seed germination (93.3%) was achieved on ½ MS medium without vitamins plus 5% CW, 1 µM NAA, and 1.5 µM GA3. Secondary protocorm formation was best achieved on ½ MS medium without vitamins plus 2 µM TDZ. The conversion of protocorms into seedlings was maximized by supplementation with 2 µM IBA or 1 µM NAA. Acclimatized plantlets that exhibited exuberant growth on sphagnum moss were reintroduced to tree trunks in a natural habitat, with a 67% survival rate. This in vitro propagation procedure would be helpful for the mass production and conservation of this rare epiphytic orchid.

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van der Niet, Timotheüs, and H. Peter Linder. "Dealing with incongruence in the quest for the species tree: A case study from the orchid genus Satyrium." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 47, no. 1 (April 2008): 154–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2007.12.008.

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YULIA, NINA DWI. "Analysis of epiphytic orchid diversity and its host tree at three gradient of altitudes in Mount Lawu, Java." Biodiversitas, Journal of Biological Diversity 12, no. 4 (October 1, 2011): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d120407.

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Jorgetto, Alexandre de O., Adrielli C. P. da Silva, Marcos H. P. Wondracek, Rafael I. V. Silva, Edivaldo D. Velini, Margarida J. Saeki, Valber A. Pedrosa, and Gustavo R. Castro. "Multilayer adsorption of Cu(II) and Cd(II) over Brazilian Orchid Tree ( Pata-de-vaca ) and its adsorptive properties." Applied Surface Science 345 (August 2015): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.03.142.

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Jiang, Joe-Air, Chien-Hao Wang, Min-Sheng Liao, Xiang-Yao Zheng, Jen-Hao Liu, Cheng-Long Chuang, Che-Lun Hung, and Chia-Pang Chen. "A wireless sensor network-based monitoring system with dynamic convergecast tree algorithm for precision cultivation management in orchid greenhouses." Precision Agriculture 17, no. 6 (April 2, 2016): 766–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11119-016-9448-7.

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46

Hurskainen, Sonja, Anne Jäkäläniemi, Satu Ramula, and Juha Tuomi. "Tree removal as a management strategy for the lady’s slipper orchid, a flagship species for herb-rich forest conservation." Forest Ecology and Management 406 (December 2017): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.09.056.

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DOUCETTE, ALFONSO, JOEL TIMYAN, INGRID HENRYS, and KENNETH M. CAMERON. "A tiny new species of Specklinia from Haiti’s Parc National Naturel Macaya and new combinations in Acianthera (Pleurothallidinae, Epidendreae, Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae)." Phytotaxa 275, no. 3 (September 21, 2016): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.275.3.4.

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A new species of Specklinia with a repent growth habit and minute purple flowers is described and illustrated. The new species is distinguished from Specklinia wrightii based on its morphological and molecular distinctness from that species. The phylogenetic placement of the new species is provided based on an nrITS tree. The species described here represents the first new orchid to be described from material originating from the Parc National Naturel Macaya in six years. New combinations are made in Acianthera for species of Kraenzlinella and Pleurothallis subgen. Antilla embedded within the genus. In particular Kraenzlinella rinkei is provided as a new synonym for Specklinia montezumae and Specklinia simpliciflora is transferred to Acianthera sect. Antilla based on morphology and geographic distribution.

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Morissette, Ève-Marie, Claude Lavoie, and Jean Huot. "Fairy slipper (Calypso bulbosa) on Anticosti Island: the occurrence of a rare plant in an environment strongly modified by white-tailed deer." Botany 87, no. 12 (December 2009): 1223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b09-082.

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The introduction of white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus Zimm.) at the end of the 19th century, and their subsequent proliferation on Anticosti Island (Quebec) has had a strong impact on forest vegetation. Only 50% of the original balsam fir ( Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) cover remains on the island, and fir has been progressively replaced by white spruce ( Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) because of browsing. This phenomenon may have an impact on rare species, such as the fairy slipper orchid ( Calypso bulbosa (L.) Oakes; Orchidaceae), associated with old fir stands. In this study, we mapped fairy slipper populations on Anticosti Island and collected data on its habitat. We developed a statistical model to identify key environmental characteristics predicting the presence or the absence of the species. We hypothesized that on Anticosti Island, the fairy slipper is restricted to old-growth fir stands located on calcareous soils; consequently, this orchid is endangered because its habitat is gradually disappearing. A total of 69 sampling stations were surveyed along three transects crossing the island. The fairy slipper was present in 19 of the 69 stations. A fir stand, with a large quantity of dead logs and low levels of tree and moss cover, is more likely to harbour a fairy slipper population than any other forest stand. It is possible that on Anticosti Island, the presence of the fairy slipper is associated with forest age and structure (the latter being strongly influenced by deer) rather than with fir per se. Moreover, deer, by browsing shrubs and fir seedlings and saplings, have apparently had a positive impact on the fairy slipper population by eliminating competition between this orchid and other understory plants. On the other hand, deer have hampered the regeneration of fir forests; old fir stands that were eliminated by blowdowns, insect outbreaks, fires or logging have been replaced by spruce stands. This may have an impact on the long term survival of the fairy slipper, unless spruce stands soon provide suitable habitats for the species as they mature.

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Trimanto, Trimanto, and Setyawan Agung Danarto. "Diversity of Epiphytic Orchids, Hoya, Dischidia and Phorophytes (Host Trees) in Bawean Island Nature Reserve and Wildlife Reserve, East Java, Indonesia." Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology 5, no. 2 (August 15, 2020): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.53795.

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Bawean Island is a small island located between two islands (Java and Borneo). Geographically, the diversity of plants, especially epiphytic plants on this island is very interesting to be studied. This research aims to investigate the diversity of epiphytic plants, focussing on epiphytic orchids, Hoya and Dischidia in Bawean Island Nature Reserve and Wildlife Reserve. It was conducted through an inventory of epiphytic orchids and hoya growing on host trees. The results showed there were 10 species of epiphytic orchid and 3 species of epiphytic Hoya, and 1 species of Dischidia growing on-location studies. The epiphytic orchids which found in location studies included Phalaenopsis amabilis, Aerides odorata, Cymbidium aloifolium, Dendrobium anosmum, Rhynchostylis retusa, Liparis condylobulbon, Taeniophyllum biocellatum, Cymbidium sp., Eria sp. Orchid species that most often found in the study location was Phalaenopsis amabilis. In addition, this study recorded Taeniophyllum biocellatum as an endemic orchid from Java that was found on this island. The epiphytic Hoya recorded in there, i.e. Hoya diversifolia, H. verticillata, and H. amoena, and also only found 1 species of Dischidia was Dischidia imbricata. There were 12 species of trees as the host trees of epiphytic, i.e. Irvingia malayana, Tectona grandis, Diospyros buxyfolius were the host trees frequently found as the host of the epiphytic plant. Zone 3 as an area of 1/3 basal part of a total length of the branches was the most preferred zone by epiphytic orchids and hoya. The epiphytic orchid and hoya hardly found in Zone 5.

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Selosse, Marc-Andre, Michael WEIss, Jean-Luc Jany, and Annie Tillier. "Communities and populations of sebacinoid basidiomycetes associated with the achlorophyllous orchid Neottia nidus-avis (L.) L.C.M. Rich. and neighbouring tree ectomycorrhizae." Molecular Ecology 11, no. 9 (September 2002): 1831–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.2002.01553.x.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Orchid tree'

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