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1
Singh, Virendra. "Constitutional Morality Stimulating the Social and Health Order Issues in India." Asian Review of Social Sciences 8, no. 2 (May 5, 2019): 106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arss-2019.8.2.1575.
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India attained the transitional phase of globalization around two decade back when the then (1991) existing government of India adapted the globalization policy. This could be considered as the impact of industrialization. But recently the nation has felt a paradigm change, when the judicial judgements shaked the minds of social scientists. Understanding of term “gender” was taken completely different from the social meaning it had. Always, it was considered that morals, values, folkways and mores were the source of law. But after discussed judgement on Navtej Singh Johar & Ors. …Petitioner(S) Versus Union Of India Thr. Secretary Ministry of Law And Justice(Section 377)& Shabrimala Case it is paradigm shift in the understanding as now it could be veracious to say that law has occupied the custody to replace the traditional social control devices or diplomacies.
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Kale, Sunila S. "Crime, Corruption, and Political Order in Nigeria and India." Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 39, no. 3 (December 1, 2019): 547–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/1089201x-7885502.
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Abstract The subjects of crime and corruption remain perennially important for social scientists concerned with the nature of power, authority, and order. Steven Pierce's Moral Economies of Corruption: State Formation and Political Culture in Nigeria and Milan Vaishnav's When Crime Pays: Money and Muscle in Indian Politics present two very different approaches to the study of crime and corruption, both rich, complex, and lucidly conveyed. As a scholar of South Asia, Kale's approach in the essay is to use insights from Pierce to reflect on the methodological and theoretical choices in Vaishnav's account of India's criminal politicians. In discussing each author's contributions, rather than providing a comprehensive account, Kale focuses on the parts of their arguments that are useful for comparative discussion.
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Lahiry, Sujit. "Conflict, Peace and Security: An International Relations Perspective with Special Reference to India." Millennial Asia 10, no. 1 (April 2019): 76–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0976399619825691.
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Conflict, peace and security are some of the enduring concerns of the Peace Research Movement of the 1950s and 1960s. They have become integrated in the dominant disciplines of international relations and political science and now are also part of most of the social science disciplines, such as economics, sociology, public policy, gender studies, international law and so on. This article purportedly seeks to examine some of the varied issues of conflict, peace and security and the challenges posed before the IR theorists to deal with them. It will also examine how the liberals, realists, Marxists, neo-Marxists and functionalists interpret conflict-transformation, peace-building and security. This article concludes with the argument that it is within the frontiers of critical theory as well as a class analysis of the structure of society within any state that social scientists can move from a paradigm of conflict reduction towards a more egalitarian model of peace and security. This article also concludes that only human security with a strong social welfare policy will lead to an egalitarian social order, especially in India.
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Vasechko, V. Yu. "Epistemological Discourse in a Politarial Society: Conceptual Opposition “Cognitive” – “Ritual”." Concept: philosophy, religion, culture, no. 3 (November 17, 2019): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2541-8831-2019-3-11-18-26.
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The article describes the socio-cultural situation in which the individual professionally working on scientific and mathematical problems turns out in politary society (ancient Egypt and Babylon, India and China, medieval Arab-Muslim world, etc.). It focuses on the complex relationship between scientists seeking to uncover the mysteries of nature, and the clergy whose aim is complete control of the process and results of any cognitive activities. Hierocratic estate allows research only to the extent that is necessary for the consolidation of its prerogatives and powers. The conflict of these two cognitive trends largely determines the general character and peculiarities of scientific-cognitive activity in these societies. Existing sacral picture of the world is considered as a firm and perfect one, requiring only minor refinements and specifications. While rituals, committed by clergy, positioned as a necessary condition for the preservation of the natural and social world order. On the contrary, sovereign scientific discourse implies that scientist has a right on free revision of existing views as about the world in general and about specific details of its devices and evolution. The scientist also should not be restricted in finding and applying specific means and methods of cognition of truth. Accordingly, the performance of rituals cannot play a significant role in the picture of the world which is created by scholar’s work. Patterns found in the natural processes are independent from actions committed by various people, including the sacred ceremonies of both ordinary and very senior individuals of spiritual title. Proto-scientific concepts of the universe and particular consequents from them are treated by hierocracyas godless and heretical. In the absence of adequate empirical and theoretical arguments, priests and theologians have to resort in struggle against scholar’s freethinking to force “arguments”. But scientists under favorable conditions can successfully resist this pressure and continue their professional work.
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Lutz-Auras, Ludmila. "Russia and Myanmar – Friends in Need?" Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 34, no. 2 (August 2015): 165–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/186810341503400207.
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To date, few political scientists have researched the political, economic, and social relationships between Russia and Myanmar. The two countries, which at first glance may seem to have little in common, have intensified their cooperation in recent years. This article explores the ties between the two countries, not only the historical development and the dimensions of the relationship, but it also examines the current advantages and disadvantages of the relationship. Is Myanmar Russia's open door to the region in order for it to become a significant player in the Asia-Pacific region? Can Russia provide a ‘counterbalance’ for the smaller Southeast Asian countries against the great powers such as China and India? Will this relationship be a pivotal one for both countries in the future, or will it remain a limited partnership, restricted to particular interests?
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Zhang, Lei. "Big Data, Knowledge Mapping for Sustainable Development: A Water Quality Index Case Study." Emerging Science Journal 3, no. 4 (July 30, 2019): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/esj-2019-01187.
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Water quality assessment is an increasingly important area in environmental study. Assessment of water quality can be a process include multiple factors which can causing influence on water quality. Researchers have developed many evaluation indices In order to display the results of water quality evaluation more intuitively. Water quality index has been the important fields in sustainable water quality management. This research based on the papers published of 20 years from web of science, analyzed the data by using CiteSpace 5.0. The result shows the direction, frontiers and hotspots of water quality index. Research from institutes, research keywords, word frequency, quoted literature and Subjects. The result shows in view of the world, India, China, US, Brazil and Iran are major countries. From the hotspots and frontiers of research, key words such like water quality management, drinking water quality are the main research hotspots and frontiers of social network in the contamination of water and water quality problem in China and India. this study provide a method for scientists to keep up with the situation of the study on water quality management., and puts forward suggestions for the further research on sustainable water quality index.
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BOWER, D. JANE, and JULIAN SULEJ. "SOCIAL AND INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL FORMATION IN LEADING INDIAN PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES." International Journal of Innovation Management 10, no. 04 (December 2006): 407–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1363919606001545.
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A number of Indian pharmaceutical firms have achieved high levels of success globally in product and process development. They are competing effectively in the generic pharmaceutical markets of the USA and Europe. They have progressively accumulated process development and manufacturing capabilities which meet the stringent criteria of the US and European Union regulators, and have also acquired drug "discovery" skills to a level which has gained some recognition from major Western pharmaceutical companies. This paper analyses evidence from a range of documentary sources in order to elucidate how two of the leading Indian companies have accumulated the intellectual and social capital which has enabled this degree of innovative success. It finds evidence that environmental factors have opened up opportunities which drew on the firms' early capabilities, while requiring additional skills. In response, these firms have invested in expanding their initial internal competences through a number of routes, including hiring Indian-born, Western-trained scientists and industry executives, membership of an internationally oriented industry association, etc. As their profits and reputations have grown, they have also been able to access external knowledge through Western alliances and acquisitions. It concludes that they have built a broad business and technical knowledge-base and very wide networks, which have been effectively integrated thus far in pursuit of business objectives, but raises the question of whether they should now adopt a more focused approach.
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YAYCIOGLU, ALI. "Guarding Traditions and Laws—Disciplining Bodies and Souls: Tradition, science, and religion in the age of Ottoman reform." Modern Asian Studies 52, no. 5 (September 2018): 1542–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x1700018x.
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AbstractThis article examines the religious and intellectual dynamics behind the Ottoman military reform movement, known as the New Order, in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Conventionally, the New Order has been examined within the framework of the Westernization of Ottoman military and administrative institutions. The Janissary-led popular opposition to the New Order, on the other hand, has been understood as a conservative resistance, fashioned by Muslim anti-Westernization. This article challenges this assumption, based on a binary between Westernization reforms versus Islamic conservatism. It argues that the Janissary-led popular opposition, which was consolidated long before the New Order, developed as a form of resistance by antinomian elements blocking the top-down disciplinary policies of the central state throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The New Order programme, which was unleashed in 1792, was also opposed by the Janissary-led coalition, on the basis that it would wipe out vested privileges and traditions. Supporting the New Order, we see a coalition and different intellectual trends, including: (i) theEuro-Ottoman military enlightenment, led by military engineers and scientists, which developed an agenda to reorganize and discipline the social-military order with universal principles of military engineering and (ii)Islamic puritan activism, which developed an agenda to rejuvenate the Muslim order by eliminating invented traditions, and to discipline Muslim souls with the universal principles of revelation and reason. While the Euro-Ottoman military enlightenment participated in military reform movements in Europe, Islamic activism was part of a trans-Islamic Naqshibandi-Mujaddidi network originating in India. We thus witness a discursive alliance between military enlightenment and Muslim activism, both of which had trans-Ottoman connections, against a Janissary-led popular movement, which mobilized resistance to protect local conventions and traditions.
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Koul, Monika, and Netra Bhandari. "Looking at Neonicotinoid Insecticides: Environmental Perspective." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT 4, no. 02 (July 31, 2018): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v4i02.12.
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The recent “Global report on Food Crises” published by Food Security Information Network (FSIN, 2017) calls for intervention in methods and technologies to improve the quality and timeliness of food security and tackle the present food crises. India has a huge challenge to feed 1.32 billion and it is a daunting task. Droughts and other meteorological phenomena including, climate change, increase in pollution levels and spread of plant diseases and pests are some of the most common problems that continue to have an impact on food production. In order to manage crop diseases and reduce crop losses, low cost broadspectrum insecticides have been synthesized. Farmers are using these both in situ and ex situ to save the crops and minimize the losses. However, all major pesticides have been found to have detrimental effects on social insects, and insects develop resistance to these after consistent and rampant use. Prolonged residence time of these in the environment also have harmful health implications and sometimes cause irreversible damage to human health. Therefore, time and again scientists are at look out for novel products and chemicals that can help in managing pests. The use and discovery of neonicotinoids proved to be a novel innovative method in diseases management of major crops. The newly discovered family of pesticides is attributed with various properties that are inherently different from other pesticides, and have the potential to kill a bouquet of crop pests including those that affect fruits, vegetables, fish and veterinary without conferring any resistance to them. However, the rampant use of neonicotinoids for crop protection has resulted in many unforeseen environmental problems. It is important to look for alternatives for the existing ones to tackle the human health problems. Scientists are also looking at decreasing the doses and treatment methods to reduce the impact on agro-ecosystems. A paradigm shift is required in crop management practices and indiscriminate use has to be stopped. Discovery of new generation neonicotinoids with interdisciplinary approach is one of the ways to tackle the present problems and meet the future challenges. Though, there are evidences that these novel formulations show developmental neurotoxicity, the dosage and frequency of applications show variable response. Research in this field is further required to substantiate the evidences of these insecticides to be safe to environment.
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Sax, William. "The Royal pilgrimage of the Goddess Nanda." Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis 22 (January 1, 2010): 334–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.30674/scripta.67375.
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Once every twelve years, when it is thought that some calamity has taken place because of the curse of the goddess Nanda Devi, a four-horned ram is born in the fields of the former king of Garhwal, an erstwhile Central Himalayan kingdom in north India (see map of Garhwal). This four-horned ram leads a procession of priests and pilgrims on the most dangerous and spectacular pilgrimage in all of India: a three-week, barefoot journey of one-hundred and sixty-four miles, during some of the worst weather of the year, at the end of the rainy season. The procession reaches Rupkund, a small pond located at an altitude of more than 5,000 metres, which is surrounded by human skeletons, and from there it goes yet further, to Homkund, the ‘Lake of the Fire Sacrifice’. According to the faithful, the four-horned ram leaves the procession at that point and finds its way, unaided, to the summit of Mount Trishul. As its name suggests, the Royal Procession is closely associated with the ruler of this erstwhile Himalayan kingdom: he attends its inaugural rituals, the bones that litter the shores of Rupkund are believed to be those of one of his ancestors, and the chief sponsor of the event is a local ‘Prince’ who is thought to be descended from the first kings of Garhwal. This Prince traverses the domain of his ancestors and thereby lays claim to it in the name of the goddess Nanda, who is not only his lineage goddess but was also the royal goddess of the neighbouring kingdom of Kumaon, in pre-colonial times. Although the Royal Procession ideally fosters social integration, it was disrupted in 1987 by a quarrel between two factions of priests. The goddess’s itinerary, the culminating date of the pilgrimage, the type of sacrifice to be performed, the order of procession, the participation of previously excluded persons, and the competency of certain ritual specialists—all were subjects of heated dispute between the rival groups. What was the reason for this quarrel? The whole idea of the Progress was to create unity, yet in the event they were torn apart by an acrimonious dispute. So why were they quarrelling if it was ‘only’ a ritual, a matter of mere symbols? Although we often distinguish between the realms of ‘politics’ and ‘ritual’, and although many social scientists would balk at the idea that they are one and the same, in many cases – as the author argues in this article – they pervade each other: ritual is politics and politics is ritual.
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Gupta, Mona, Divya Srivastava, and Arvind Singh Kushwah. "Bioethics and Patent Law: USA, UK and India. A Bibliometric Analysis." Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 4, no. 2 (September 9, 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v4i2.16371.
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This article discusses the view of bioethics in terms of need of research and gives more weight to various cultural traditions and their respective moral beliefs. It is argued that this view is implausible for the following three reasons: it renders the disciplinary boundaries of bioethics too flexible and inconsistent with metaphysical commitments of biomedical sciences, it is normatively useless because it approaches cultural phenomena in a predominantly descriptive and selective way, and it tends to justify certain types of discrimination. Compromise on moral matters attracts ambivalent reactions, since it seems at once laudable and deplorable. When a hotly-contested phenomenon like assisted dying is debated, all-or-nothing positions tend to be advanced, with little thought given to the desirability of, or prospects for, compromise. In order to qualify as appropriately principled, the ensuing negotiations require disputants to observe three constraints: they should be suitably reflective, reliable and respectful in their dealings with one another. The product that will result from such a process will also need to split the difference between the warring parties. In assisted dying, I argue that a reduced offence of 'compassionate killing' can achieve this. Clinical research is revolutionizing the practice of medicine in an unprecedented way. Some current legal and ethical concerns evolving from this revolution are addressed, pointing to the emerging concepts in jurisprudence, which regards medical research as an important contribution to patient empowerment, to medical risk management and in managing the resources of a national health system. While bioethics as a field has concerned itself with methodological issues since the early years, there has been no systematic examination of how ethics is incorporated into research on the ethical, legal and social implications. We aim of better understanding the methods, aims, and approaches to ethics that its researchers employ. We found that the aims of ethics are largely prescriptive and address multiple groups. This is a life concern issue. It is an important issue for researchers, teachers as well as for student. This articles main aim is to provide systematic outline of the complex relationship between bioethics and patent between India, USA and UK. This study suggests that trusting relationships may be more conducive than any particular discussion strategy to facilitating doctor-patient discussions of health care costs. Better public understanding of how medical decisions affect insurer costs and how such costs ultimately affect patients personally will be necessary if discussions about insurer costs are to occur in the clinical encounter. It will give an overview of the bioethics and Patent. The literature survey has indicated that there is no comprehensive work has been done by any researcher on this topic. Therefore the present study would concentrate on the work being carried out by Indian, USA and UK R & D scientists vis-a-vis Global researchers. Studies aims to map basic human needs such as human health, food and a safe environment, touches on fundamental values, such as human dignity and the genetic integrity of humanity, can raise human rights issues such as access to health and benefits from scientific progress, raises concerns over equitable access to the fruits of new technologies, the consent of those involved in research, and protection of the environment and compare these among India, USA and UK. The research map out many issues and policy communities, but main aspect is the ethical implications of protecting biotechnological inventions through the intellectual property (IP) system. A Bioethicist assists the health care and research community in examining moral issues involved in our understanding of life and death, and resolving ethical dilemmas in medicine and science. This research provides a systematic outline of the complex relationship between bioethics and IP. It will give an overview of bioethics. It sketches core principles in the interaction of IP and bioethics among these three countries. The basic data for the bibliometric analysis has been collected from SCI and for mapping different parameters suitable analytical software eg. SPSS, BibTech Mon is used. The analysis arises questions such as: Does India do enough work in this field. Which country is fastest growth among these? DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v4i2.16371Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2013; 4(2) 1-8
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Gupta, Namrata, and A. K. Sharma. "Women Academic Scientists in India." Social Studies of Science 32, no. 5 (December 1, 2002): 901–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030631202128967325.
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Gupta, Namrata, and Arun K. Sharma. "Women Academic Scientists in India." Social Studies of Science 32, no. 5-6 (December 2002): 901–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030631270203200505.
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Wright Jr., Theodore P. "The Problem of Empiricism in Comparative Political Research by Muslims." American Journal of Islam and Society 9, no. 1 (April 1, 1992): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v9i1.2591.
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The Islamic critique of the dominant Euro-American paradigm in thestudy of politics has so far focused on the subfields of political philosophy,as in the articles of Abul-Fadl, of public administration, and of internationalrelation. Little attention has been paid by Muslim social scientists tocompamtive politics, by which is meant the investigation of the internal politicalinstitutions and processes of countries. As the name of the subfield implies,it is also intended to promote the comparison of political systems and processesacross national and cultural boundaries in search of some useful generalizationsabout which structural arrangements are the most likely to promote whatevervalues, including Islamic ideals, the analyst may employ as hisher criteriafor evaluation. True, there have been various books like Ahmad’s whichexplicate the Islamic political ideal as exemplified in the practice of the Prophetand the four rightly-guided caliphs. as well as books translating the Arabicterminology of Islam into its modern equivalents, such as M . Ahmed‘s IslamicPolitical System in the Modem Age, but these give little guidance to a politicalscientist wishing to conduct research into the empirical reality of present-dayMuslim-ruled polities other than to condemn their deviation from the idealQur’anic model. For instance, must a contemporary Muslim political scientistreflexively castigate Pakistan for holding “free and fair elections” to its legislativebodies and praise the late president Zia ul-Haq for instituting an appointivemajlis al shura to perform legislative functions simply because Westernobservers tend to disapprove of this on the gmunds that an appointive legislaturedoes not meet the modern conception of democratic representation?It shall be the endeavor of this paper to undertake a critique of the conceptsand value assumptions of the existing literature in the academic field ofcomparative politics in the hope of revealing the built-in European (”Judeo-Christian” or “secular-humanist”) biases and then to suggest an agenda ofissues on which Muslim and non-Muslim scholars might agree. Among theunarticulated biases of Western comparative politics are: 1) secularism; 2)materialism; 3) analysis which distinguishes subcategories but often fails tointegrate them in a “holistic” manner; 4) unilinear development accordingto a European historical model; 5) liberal individualism which values freedomand democracy over order and community; 6) quantification instead ofqualitative methods; 7) egalitarianism; 8) empiricism; and 9) pragmatism.Among the few sympathetic American studies of existing Muslim politicalpractices which avoid these biases have been Clark’s on the zakah systemin Pakistan,’ Vogel’s dissertation on the Saudi judicial system, Kennedy’sstudy of the hudud ordinances in Pakistan, Sutcliffe's study on the compatibilityof Islamic values with economic development in Jordan, and Wright’s analysisof the Shahbano Begum case which dealt with the maintenance of Muslimdivorcees in India. Two Arab doctoral students have written such doctoral ...
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Irwin, Kyle, Tucker Mcgrimmon, and Brent Simpson. "Sympathy and Social Order." Social Psychology Quarterly 71, no. 4 (December 2008): 379–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019027250807100406.
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Social order is possible only if individuals forgo the narrow pursuit of self-interest for the greater good. For over a century, social scientists have argued that sympathy mitigates self-interest and recent empirical work supports this claim. Much less is known about why actors experience sympathy in the first place, particularly in fleeting interactions with strangers, where cooperation is especially uncertain. We argue that perceived interdependence increases sympathy towards strangers. Results from our first study, a vignette experiment, support this claim and suggests a situational solution to social dilemmas. Meanwhile, previous work points to two strong individual-level predictors of cooperation: generalized trust and social values. In Study Two we address the intersection of situational and individual-level explanations to ask: does situational sympathy mediate these individual-level predictors of cooperation? Results from the second study, a laboratory experiment, support our hypotheses that sympathy mediates the generalized trust-cooperation link and the relationship between social values and cooperation. The paper concludes with a discussion of limitations of the present work and directions for future research.
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Shetty, Raman, Biranchi Jena, and Adibabu Kadithi. "Can social scientists be the change agents for diabetes prevention? Diabetes-related knowledge, attitude, and practice among social scientists." Journal of Social Health and Diabetes 01, no. 01 (June 2013): 032–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1676178.
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Abstract Introduction:Diabetes is an emergency in slow motion in India. There is an urgent need of improving awareness and education on diabetes in the community and the social scientist working in the community health are the important group to make this happen. Objectives:To assess the prevalence of diabetes among the social scientists and measure their knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) on diabetes. Materials and Methods:A delegate of social scientists attending a national conference on social science and health were screened for random blood sugar and a survey was conducted through a structured self-answered questionnaire on KAP in diabetes. Excel Microsoft Office 2010 package was used for descriptive analysis. Results:A total of 245 social scientists attended the conference; of them, 211 (86%) social scientists voluntarily participated in diabetes screening, and among them, 99 (47%) voluntarily responded on KAP questionnaire. Prevalence rate of diabetes among social scientists was found to be 9.5% and the study revealed that the knowledge was fair, attitude was positive, and practice was good among the social scientists working in the field of social health. Conclusion:The social scientists could be the Change Agents for the changing diabetes in the community through appropriate strategies involving them.
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Rooney, Jim, and Vijaya Murthy. "Institutions, social order and wealth in ancient India." Journal of Institutional Economics 17, no. 1 (June 29, 2020): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137420000296.
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AbstractOrthodox economic theorising on ancient societies emphasises the absence of market institutions, in contrast to advanced contemporary economies. However, this may downplay the influence of non-economic interests in the generation of wealth. Consequently, this paper examines an ancient civilisation identified as economically successful namely, the Mauryan Empire (322 to 85 BCE) centred on the Indo-Gangetic plains. Drawing on translations of books collectively known as the Arthasastra (lit. the science of wealth) as well as contemporaneous Greek and Roman texts, this paper examines the role of institutions in generating wealth within societal norms of income distribution and the preservation of social order. Given the importance of trade to this society, comparisons are made with medieval European institutions in terms of market coordination and the maintenance of generalised trust in trading markets. As a consequence, the role of institutions in addressing social and economic uncertainty affecting an ancient society is highlighted.
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Sinha, Amita. "Social and spatial order in villages in India." Landscape Research 15, no. 3 (December 1990): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01426399008706318.
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Sabharwal, Meghna, and Roli Varma. "Grass Is Greener on the Other Side: Return Migration of Indian Engineers and Scientists in Academia." Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society 37, no. 1 (February 2017): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0270467617738463.
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Studies on skilled return migration from developed to developing countries have focused on the industrial sector. This article focuses on why academic engineers and scientists from developing countries leave developed countries to return to their countries of birth. Data for this study comes from a National Science Foundation funded study with 83 engineers and scientists who returned to India after study and work in U.S. universities. Better career prospects in India namely ample funding available for research, less competition for grants, ability to work on theoretical topics, and freedom in research objectives emerged as the key factors that prompted return. These findings, therefore, differ with return migration of industrial engineers and scientists who moved back primarily to start companies in India and immigration challenges in the United States. With very little scholarly work on return migration of academic engineers and scientists, this study expands the understanding of high skilled migration in a globalized world.
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Bala, G., and Akhilesh Gupta. "Solar Geoengineering Research in India." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 100, no. 1 (January 2019): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-18-0122.1.
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AbstractThis article presents a brief account of scientific research into solar geoengineering in India in the last decade. In recent years, solar geoengineering has been proposed as an option to ameliorate the detrimental impacts of climate change in case the required emissions reductions do not take place rapidly. Hundreds of research papers have been published in the last decade by both natural and social scientists on the feasibility, effectiveness, cost, and risks, and the ethical, legal, social, political, and governance dimensions of geoengineering. Most of this research is conducted in the developed world, and very little research or discussion has taken place in the global South. However, it has been argued in several forums that the developing world should have a central role in solar-geoengineering research, discussion, and evaluation for political and moral reasons. We present here a brief account of the Indian scientific research into solar geoengineering. Climate modeling constitutes the major component of this geoengineering-relevant climate science research. The recent funding initiative by the Department of Science and Technology—the main funding agency for scientific research in India—in support of geoengineering modeling research and its efforts to bring natural, social, and political scientists together for an evaluation of solar geoengineering at meetings are also discussed. Finally, the directions for future scientific research into geoengineering in India are a lso discussed.
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Balasubramanian, Savina. "Motivating Men: Social Science and the Regulation of Men’s Reproduction in Postwar India." Gender & Society 32, no. 1 (January 10, 2018): 34–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891243217743221.
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This article analyzes efforts to govern men’s reproduction in postwar India’s population control program from 1960 to 1977. It argues that the Indian state’s unconventional emphasis on men was linked to a gendered strand of social scientific research known as family planning communications and its investments in reframing reproductive control in behavioral terms. Communication scientists’ goal to understand the role of mass communications in shaping “reproductive decision-making” dovetailed with prevailing cultural ideologies of masculinity that readily associated men with economic rationality and calculative reasoning. Consequently, scientists cast Indian men as indispensable targets of behavioral interventions into reproduction due to their ostensible status as familial and social “decision-makers.” This reframing prompted Indian family planning officials to create novel interventions into men’s reproductive bodies and beliefs, exhorting them to use contraception and desire fewer children. The study thus offers new approaches for theorizing how men become framed as legitimate subjects of reproductive control.
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Di, Di, Robert A. Thomson, and Elaine Howard Ecklund. "Publishing and Parenting in Academic Science: A Study of Different National Contexts." Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 7 (January 2021): 237802312110251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23780231211025186.
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In the first cross-national, mixed-methods study on gender, family, and science, the authors examined the relationship between research productivity and family life for male and female physicists and biologists in four countries: India, Taiwan, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Drawing on surveys of 5,756 respondents and follow-up interviews with 369 participants, the authors found that the relationship between family responsibilities and publishing operates differently for men and women. Additionally, this relationship is conditioned by the national context in which the scientists work. The interviews indicate that family responsibilities constrain women’s publication productivity according to context. Cross-contextual differences are partially explained by the macro-level gender norms transmitted to academic scientists and how women navigate their scientific research productivity and family responsibilities. The findings have implications for the broader literature on the dialectical relationship between macro-level gender norms and responses by scientists in India, Taiwan, the United States, and the United Kingdom.
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Haridasan, Sudharma, and Majid Khan. "Impact and use of e‐resources by social scientists in National Social Science Documentation Centre (NASSDOC), India." Electronic Library 27, no. 1 (February 13, 2009): 117–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02640470910934632.
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Freitag, Sandria B. "Crime in the Social Order of Colonial North India." Modern Asian Studies 25, no. 2 (May 1991): 227–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00010660.
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The necessary vocabulary has not yet been created to encompass both the ‘informing spirit’ and ‘whole social order’ of British India. In part, at least, this is because research has generally concentrated on either British or Indian realms of action, rather than the interaction between them. But British colonial rule shaped a distinctive social system in India, one that drew on both British and indigenous values as well as notions of authority. This essay analyzes aspects of this colonial social order by focusing on its legal system, particularly that portion designed to deal with what the British identified as ‘extraordinary’ crime. Indeed, criminal law may be among the most revealing aspects of a social order. For, as Douglas Hay has observed for a similar elaboration of the English legal structure, ‘criminal law is as much concerned with authority as it is with property … the connections between property, power and authority are close and crucial.’
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Mallick, Sambit. "Coercion, Consent and Contestation: A Study of Changing Scientific Practices in India." Sociological Bulletin 70, no. 2 (February 25, 2021): 197–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038022921993758.
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The advent of the customer–funder–policymaker as a prominent element in scientific practice since mid-1990s in India and intensifying thereafter seems to have forced scientists to (re)negotiate scientific boundaries and to do some of the delicate boundary work. The challenge for scientists is to not only bring science ‘close enough’ to politics and policy demonstrating social accountability, legitimacy and relevance but also avoid either science or politics overextending into the other’s territory—a prospect that is evidently disorienting and poses serious threats to idealised identities of science and the scientific community. Based on in-depth personal interviews with 68 agricultural biotechnologists in 24 scientific institutions in India, this article examines the factors responsible for the shift in the practice of science from being a curiosity-driven activity to contract obligation. Through the radical changes in science funding and policy-orientation in India since mid-1990s, scientists seem to be vigorously mapping out the cultural spaces for science and for their own identities as forming the scientific community. In this context, scientists included in the study are not actually in the process of (re)classifying a satisfactory version of ‘science’ and ‘policy’ through their work. Instead, they are engaged in multiple versions of actively negotiated science–policy boundaries, many of which seem to have different qualities and make different demands on them as researchers/scientists.
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Harriss-White, Barbara. "Waste, Social Order, and Physical Disorder in Small-Town India." Journal of Development Studies 56, no. 2 (February 26, 2019): 239–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2019.1577386.
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Suprinyak, Carlos Eduardo, and Thiago Dumont Oliveira. "Economists, social scientists, and the reconstruction of the world order in interwar Britain." European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 25, no. 6 (June 25, 2018): 1282–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09672567.2018.1475499.
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Alcayna-Stevens, Lys. "Habituating field scientists." Social Studies of Science 46, no. 6 (October 22, 2016): 833–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306312716669251.
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This article explores the sensory dimensions of scientific field research in the only region in the world where free-ranging bonobos ( Pan paniscus) can be studied in their natural environment; the equatorial rainforest of the Democratic Republic of Congo. If, as sensory anthropologists have argued, the senses are developed, grown and honed in a given cultural and environmental milieu, how is it that field scientists come to dwell among familiarity in a world which is, at first, unfamiliar? This article builds upon previous anthropological and philosophical engagements with habituation that have critically examined primatologists’ attempts to become ‘neutral objects in the environment’ in order to habituate wild apes to their presence. It does so by tracing the somatic modes of attention developed by European and North American researchers as they follow bonobos in these forests. The argument is that as environments, beings and their elements become familiar, they do not become ‘neutral’, but rather, suffused with meaning.
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Khan, M. A. Muqtedar. "The Annual Convention of the Association of Muslim Social scientists." American Journal of Islam and Society 16, no. 4 (January 1, 1999): 153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v16i4.2094.
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The Annual Convention of the Association of Muslim Social Scientists(AMSS), was held at the Graduate School of Islamic and Social Sciencesin Leesburg, VA 29-31 October.By all accounts, this convention was a success and heralds a resurgenceof the Association. The convention generated an air of excitement andexpectations about the Association’s immediate future. Over 150 participantsattended and 70 presentations were made. In addition, the conventionwas graced by nine foreign scholars: two from India, one from Brunei, onefrom Malaysia, three from Canada, one from France, and one from Turkey.The Faruqi memorial lecture was delivered by AbdulHameedAbuSulayman, the president of the International Institute of IslamicThought (IIlT). He focused on the Muslim communities’ need to focus onthe intellectual development of children because it is an important aspect ofthe revival of the ummah. The keynote address at the banquet was given byTariq Ramadan a prominent Muslim social scientist and community leaderfrom France. His talk brought a Efreshing focus to what it means to be anengaged Western Muslim.In many ways this convention was a turning point in the history ofAMSS. Here, the old and the new met and had a meaningfid dialogue aboutthe direction of the Association. The convention also marked a change ofguard as many new and younger Muslim scholars, particularly graduatestudents, joined the board. Faizan Haq, a B.D. student at SUNY Buffalowas elected general secretary and is also in charge of the AMSS outreach ...
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Vilma, Žydžiūnaitė. "Implementing Ethical Principles in Social Research: Challenges, Possibilities and Limitations." Vocational Training: Research And Realities 29, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 19–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vtrr-2018-0003.
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Abstract The article is based on descriptive theoretical research and focused on ethical principles in social research. It involves considerations on ethical principles and dimensions in social research as well as challenges and limitations for social researchers / scientists when they implement the social research studies. The following research questions are raised in the article: What are the challenges for social researchers / scientists and how to solve them in order to maintain the ethics of research? What commitments include ethical dimensions of social research? What ethical principles are relevant to scientific research, regardless of it‘s specific discipline? The purpose of the research is to consider the possibilities of implementation of ethical principles, limitations, obstacles, and challenges in social research. The author concludes that ethical considerations in social research are critical as they help to determine the difference between acceptable and unacceptable behaviors. The essential ethical considerations in social research ethics remains professional competence, integrity, processional and scientific responsibility, respect for research participants’ rights, dignity and diversity, and social responsibility of social researchers / scientists. In the conclusions also is accentuated that social researchers / scientists must be sensitive to cultural, individual, and role differences in serving, teaching, and studying groups of people with distinctive characteristics. In all of their social research-related or based activities they should acknowledge the rights of others to hold values, attitudes, and opinions that differ from their own. Thus social researchers / scientists should be aware of their professional and scientific responsibility to the social sciences communities and societies in which they live and work. They are responsible to apply and make public their knowledge in order to contribute to the public good.
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Sur, Abha. "Scientism and social justice: Meghnad Saha's critique of the state of science in India." Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 33, no. 1 (2002): 87–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsps.2002.33.1.87.
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Meghnad Saha, India's most distinguished astrophysicist of the 20th century, was a zealous advocate of large-scale industrialization and scientific development. Yet Saha became an outspoken critic of the science and industrialization policies of the Nehru era that seemed in accord with his own views. This paper examines the nature of the differences——ideological and hierarchical——between the social outlook and worldviews of Saha and Nehru's coterie of scientists, and thus offers an understanding of the state of science and technology in India during their time.
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Mondal, Dhiman, Kaustuv Chakrabarti, Sudip Banerjee, and D. D. Lal. "Publication Output with Citation based Performance of Selected DBT Institutes in India." DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information Technology 41, no. 02 (March 15, 2021): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/djlit.41.02.16547.
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This scientometric study examines the publication outputs from six institutes of the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) in India as cited in the Scopus database over the past 24 years, 1996-2019. Research in biotechnology and other allied areas were analysed in terms of their chronological growth, activity index, collaborations, preferred journals for publication, country collaborators, popular keywords and scholarly impact. Scientists from the six institutes published 6, 076 journal articles representing 73.65 per cent of nationally collaborated articles and 25.03 per cent of internationally collaborated articles. Of the DBT institutes, the National Institute of Immunology (NII) published the highest number of articles and the Institute of Life Sciences (ILS) shared most patents. Publication frequency was the highest for Plos One journal and the countries with which scientists collaborated included the United States, Germany, United Kingdom and France in that order. The publishing outputs of DBT institutes suggest a need for greater international collaborative research in order to gain scientific competency and increase the quality of research outputs. Also this study may be helpful to government officials and policy makers in determining allocation of resources to boost the scholarly outputs of DBT institutes.
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Kumar, Prakash. "Scientific experiments in British India: Scientists, indigo planters and the state, 1890-1930." Indian Economic & Social History Review 38, no. 3 (September 2001): 249–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001946460103800302.
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Yatchenko, V. "The Influence of Psychophysical Factors on the Formation of the Order of the Order." Ukrainian Religious Studies, no. 18 (June 12, 2001): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/2001.18.1148.
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The study of orders as a product of spiritual creativity has its long and rich history. In addition to ethnographers, religious scholars, psychologists, philosophers, as well as scientists who carried out their research on the brink of several sciences - M. Bachtin, J. Frezer, K. Levy Briul, worked on their analysis. The orders helped find the keys to the style of thinking of primitive tribes, the peculiarities of their worldview, language, remedies, regulation of social relations.
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Rutherford, M. "Order and Control in American Socio-economic Thought: Social Scientists and Progressive-Era Reform." History of Political Economy 45, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 560–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182702-2334839.
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Hilbert, Fee, Julia Barth, Julia Gremm, Daniel Gros, Jessica Haiter, Maria Henkel, Wilhelm Reinhardt, and Wolfgang G. Stock. "Coverage of academic citation databases compared with coverage of scientific social media." Online Information Review 39, no. 2 (April 13, 2015): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/oir-07-2014-0159.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to show how the coverage of publications is represented in information services. Academic citation databases (Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar) and scientific social media (Mendeley, CiteULike, BibSonomy) were analyzed by applying a new method: the use of personal publication lists of scientists. Design/methodology/approach – Personal publication lists of scientists of the field of information science were analyzed. All data were taken in collaboration with the scientists in order to guarantee complete publication lists. Findings – The demonstrated calibration parameter shows the coverage of information services in the field of information science. None of the investigated databases reached a coverage of 100 percent. However Google Scholar covers a greater amount of publications than other academic citation databases and scientific social media. Research limitations/implications – Results were limited to the publications of scientists working at an information science department from 2003 to 2012 at German-speaking universities. Practical implications – Scientists of the field of information science are encouraged to review their publication strategy in case of quality and quantity. Originality/value – The paper confirms the usefulness of personal publication lists as a calibration parameter for measuring coverage of information services.
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Kamalanabhan, T. J., J. Uma, and M. Vasanthi. "A Delphi Study of Motivational Profile of Scientists in Research and Development Organisations." Psychological Reports 85, no. 3 (December 1999): 743–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.85.3.743.
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A delphi study was conducted to analyse the motivational profile of scientists working in research and development organisations using need hierarchy theory. The hierarchy of need and the concepts of basic motivation proposed by Maslow have received wide acceptance for the understanding they provide for organisational research. In this study an attempt was made to find out whether the scientists are motivated primarily by higher needs or not. 82 scientists representing four different research and development organisations in India took part. The results of two rounds show that the potential for self-accomplishment is neutralised by hurdles due to nonfulfilment or partial fulfilment of lower-order needs.
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Rahman, Mushtaqur. "Seventeenth Annual Conference of the Association of Muslim Social Scientists." American Journal of Islam and Society 5, no. 2 (December 1, 1988): 313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v5i2.2728.
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The Seventeenth Annual Conference of the Association of Muslim SocialScientists was held Rubi‘ul Awwal 18-20, 1409/October 28-30, 1988, at IowaState University, Ames, Iowa. “Development of Contemporary IslamicThought: Theory and Application” was the theme that attracted over 120participants from United States, Canada, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Morocco,Trinidad and India, as well as numerous student “drop-ins”.The conference broke new grounds and topped all former annualconferences, in the size of meetings, quality, and diversity of presentations,and set a number of records that may stand for many years to come. Mostof the discussions were scholarly and conducted in a spirit of good humoroftendisagreeing without being disagreeable.The program included 26 papers, in addition to special sessions. Althoughthe sessions were spread over three days, as many as 16 sessions had to beheld concurrently to accommodate the participants. Topical divisions ofconcurrent sessions were successful at holding "session-hopping“ to a minimum.The array of papers covered almost all subdisciplines and current researchorientation in Islamic social sciences. Abstracts of the papers given in theprogram were helpful in planning and choosing which session to attend. Afterthe sessions, there was an array of opportunities to widen one’s experience.The banquet, and the dinners and lunches at Iowa State University MemorialUnion allowed for a relaxed, yet stimulating, setting. Those who preferredmore tension in their leisure, continued their discussions in small groups.For the first time, the conference began with a session on “Western andMuslim Women” chaired by Salahuddin Malik of the State University of NewYork, Brockport. Sharifa Alkhateeb of the International Institute of IslamicThought surveyed “Feminist Issues and Their Implication for Islamic Women,”explaining how Western feminist values were incapable of successfultransplantation to Muslim Societies. She pointed out the existing numerousvalues in Islam while recognizing the need for social change of traditionalnon-Islamically based mores. Vanessa Khadija Payton, of Morgan StateUniversity, discussed “Polygamy and American Muslims.” Her paper focusedon the cultural indoctrination of American male and female Muslims andthe practicality of polygamy amongst these groups. Sadekka Arabi of theUniversity of California, Berkeley, presented her wellreseamhed paper Western ...
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Afzal, Mohammad. "Victor S. D'Souza. Economic Development, Social Structure and Populfltion Growth. New Delhi: SagePublications India Pvt. Ltd. 1985. 138 pp." Pakistan Development Review 27, no. 1 (March 1, 1988): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v27i1pp.73-76.
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Analytical efforts to understand the factors which influence population growth and the variables which affect fertility behaviour have become the concern of most social scientists. Studies done to look at the interrelationship between population growth and economic development have mostly used the viewpoints of economics and demography. The economists belonging to different schools of thought have treated the population question differently: while some of them have treated population growth as an exogenous variable, others have considered it to be endogenous. The economist's decision-making model of fertility behaviour, which considered children as an economic good, was developed as an extension of the conceptual framework of the micro-economic model of a consumer's decision-making process in allocating a restricted budget to alternative uses. The validity of the application of an economic theoretical framework to household fertility behaviour has, however, been questioned by many social scientists.
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Babu, Suresh, and Gitanjali Yadav. "Co-Authorship Networks among DRDO Life Science Scientists." Defence Life Science Journal 1, no. 2 (October 7, 2016): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dlsj.1.10087.
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The modern scientific ecosphere increasingly involves collaborative research, wherein diverse talent pools fuse to produce a research output, and ‘co-authorship’ can be treated a quantifiable measure of scientific collaboration. The present initiative of a Life Science Journal catering to the needs of life-science/bio-medical science researchers offers a suitable occasion to investigate the existing social structure of science in the defence life science research establishment in India. This short communication describes a meta-analysis of co-authorship networks of this community and we find very interesting inter-disciplinary connections that highlight the significance of this new journal for research impact in the long term.
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Ejnavarzala, Haribabu, and Sambit Mallick. "The Intellectual Property Rights Regime and Emerging Institutional Framework of Scientific Research: Responses from Plant Molecular Biologists in India." Asian Journal of Social Science 38, no. 1 (2010): 79–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156848410x12604385959524.
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AbstractThe Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) regime has brought about a new set of interests, meanings, values, norms, etc. that have a potential to influence the practices of the scientific community in India. The research community in plant molecular biology, which is no exception to this, seems to be increasingly influenced by considerations of the potential of research for attaining patents. In the light of this, we attempt to capture the emerging institutional framework of scientific research that is contingent upon the protocols of the IPRs and changing scientific practices. Particular attention is paid to the views of scientists in India engaged in research in plant molecular biology on genetic engineering, agro-climatic specificities (as well as transgenics) and the changing relationship between scientists and boundary organisations. This new regime is marked by the advent of the customer‐funder‐policymaker nexus as a prominent element in science forcing the plant molecular biologists to (re-)negotiate scientific boundaries. The commodification of scientific research alters the idealised identities of science and scientific community. The disciplines that can contribute to map different dimensions of the problem should collaborate to identify a shared perspective and suggest workable or deliverable solutions.
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Chattopadhyay, Gouranga. "Centrality of Primary Task in Organization Development." Management and Labour Studies 44, no. 3 (July 29, 2019): 285–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0258042x19852448.
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The idea of organization development (OD) was introduced in India through the work of behavioural scientists working with the technology of sensitivity training (T-Group). In their work, task, perhaps the most important structure of an organization, was ignored which led to focus on creating happy and docile organizational personnel. The approach of social scientists based on Wilfred Bion’s path-breaking work, which led to the development of what came to be known as the work based on the Tavistock framework that focused on creating conditions for the personnel to manage their relationship with various organizational structures and resources, was brought to India by the present author at the end of 1972.
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Hoeyer, Klaus, Lisa Dahlager, and Niels Lynöe. "Ethical conflicts during the social study of clinical practice: the need to reassess the mutually challenging research ethics traditions of social scientists and medical researchers." Clinical Ethics 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/147775006776173282.
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When anthropologists and other social scientists study health services in medical institutions, tensions sometimes arise as a result of the social scientists and health care professionals having different ideas about the ethics of research. In order to resolve this type of conflict and to facilitate mutual learning, we describe two general categories of research ethics framing: those of anthropology and those of medicine. The latter focuses on protection of the individual through the preservation of autonomy expressed through the requirement of informed consent whereas the former focuses on broader political implications. After providing an example of a conflict, we outline four issues that characterize the occasional clashes between social scientists and medical staff: (1) a discrepancy in the way anthropologists perceive patients and medical staff; (2) ambiguity concerning the role of medical staff in anthropological research; (3) impediments to informed consent in qualitative research projects; and (4) property rights in data. Enhanced dialogue could serve to invigorate the ethical debate in both traditions.
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Wylie, Caitlin Donahue. "Trust in Technicians in Paleontology Laboratories." Science, Technology, & Human Values 43, no. 2 (July 31, 2017): 324–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0162243917722844.
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New technologies can upset scientific workplaces’ established practices and social order. Scientists may therefore prefer preserving skilled manual work and the social status quo to revolutionary technological change. For example, digital imaging of rock-encased fossils is a valuable way for scientists to “see” a specimen without traditional rock removal. However, interviews in vertebrate paleontology laboratories reveal workers’ skepticism toward computed tomography (CT) imaging. Scientists criticize replacing physical fossils with digital images because, they say, images are more subjective than the “real thing.” I argue that these scientists are also implicitly supporting rock-removal technicians, who are skilled and trusted experts whose work would be made obsolete by widespread implementation of CT scanning. Scientists’ view of CT as a sometimes useful tool rather than a universal new approach to accessing fossils preserves the laboratory community’s social structure. Specifically, by privileging “real” specimens and trusted specimen-processing technicians over images and imaging experts, scientists preserve the lab community’s division of labor and skill, hierarchy between scientists and technicians, and these groups’ identity and mutual trust.
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Campion, Patricia, and Wesley Shrum. "Gender and Science in Development: Women Scientists in Ghana, Kenya, and India." Science, Technology, & Human Values 29, no. 4 (October 2004): 459–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0162243904265895.
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Dowell, Glen, Jeff Niederdeppe, Jamie Vanucchi, Timur Dogan, Kieran Donaghy, Rory Jacobson, Natalie Mahowald, Mark Milstein, and T. Jane Zelikova. "Rooting carbon dioxide removal research in the social sciences." Interface Focus 10, no. 5 (August 14, 2020): 20190138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2019.0138.
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Reports from a variety of bodies have highlighted the role that carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technologies and practices must play in order to try to avoid the worst effects of anthropogenic climate change. Research into the feasibility of these technologies is primarily undertaken by scholars in the natural sciences, yet, as we argue in this commentary, there is great value in collaboration between these scholars and their colleagues in the social sciences. Spurred by this belief, in 2019, a university and a non-profit organization organized and hosted a workshop in Washington, DC, intended to bring natural and physical scientists, technology developers, policy professionals and social scientists together to explore how to better integrate social science knowledge into the field of CDR research. The workshop sought to build interdisciplinary collaborations across CDR topics, draft new social science research questions and integrate and exchange disciplinary-specific terminology. But a snowstorm kept many social scientists who had organized the conference from making the trip in person. The workshop went on without them and organizers did the best they could to include the team remotely, but in the age before daily video calls, remote participation was not as successful as organizers had hoped. And thus, a workshop that was supposed to focus on social science integration moved on, without many of the social scientists who organized the event. The social scientists in the room were supposed to form the dominant voice but with so many stuck in a snow storm, the balance of expertise shifted, as it often does when social scientists collaborate with natural and physical scientists. The outcomes of that workshop, lessons learned and opportunities missed, form the basis of this commentary, and they collectively indicate the barriers to integrating the natural, physical and social sciences on CDR. As the need for rapid, effective and successful CDR has only increased since that time, we argue that CDR researchers from across the spectrum must come together in ways that simultaneously address the technical, social, political, economic and cultural elements of CDR development, commercialization, adoption and diffusion if the academy is to have a material impact on climate change in the increasingly limited window we have to address it.
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Harrison, Mark. "Tropical medicine in nineteenth-century India." British Journal for the History of Science 25, no. 3 (September 1992): 299–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087400029137.
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It is customary to regard ‘tropical medicine’ as a product of the late nineteenth century, ‘its instrument the microscope, its epistemology the germ theory of disease’. The accepted interpretation is that tropical medicine was a European concept: originating in Britain and France and exported to the colonies by pioneering medical scientists. This interpretation is useful inasmuch as ‘tropical medicine’ as a discipline with its own journals, institutions, qualifications, and an exclusive discourse did not emerge until the last decade of the nineteenth century, and partly in response to metropolitan imperatives. But the European perspective of existing histories of ‘tropical medicine’ has obscured important developments in the understanding of diseases in the tropics which took place prior to 1890; most of which occurred in the colonies themselves – and especially in India. In order to distinguish this body of knowledge from its later, institutional incarnation, it will be referred to here as ‘tropical hygiene’: the term most commonly used by medical men in India until the 1890s.
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Jansen, Rob J. G., and Marino van Zelst. "The Multiple Facilitator: Scientists, Sages and Rascals." Simulation & Gaming 52, no. 3 (January 28, 2021): 273–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1046878121989376.
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Background. Games are designed to help participants think about, understand, sharpen their problem statement as well as the specific objectives to be achieved to escape the problem situation. When participants prepare for the game (briefing), interact in the simulated environment (gameplay), and self- or jointly reflect about the gameplay they faced in terms of intended and unintended learning experiences (debrief), they benefit or suffer from facilitating that can or cannot fully cater to their needs. To support the participants to explore and resolve the problem situation in order to achieve learning goals, we propose that facilitators can make use of role shifts during gameplay. Method. To capture the role shifts in the gameplay phase we studied game runs of the MicroTech game. The MicroTech game is a free-form game in which participants play the role of top management team or division managers in a multiunit organization. Results. We analyzed the role shifts we experienced as facilitators by elaborating on game events and how we could manage those events differently in future game runs if necessary. We show a need for facilitators to be able to embody multiple roles in the case of policy gaming that are in fit with the different phases, while there is a simultaneous need to shift within phases in order to keep participants moving and stimulating them to work towards the learning goals. Conclusion. Gaming/simulation facilitators should explore what multiplicity is required of them to make the game a success. Although this may seem normal practice to well-prepared and professionally trained facilitators, this may be particularly important for novice facilitators.
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Feldy, Marzena, and Marta Bojko. "Job Expectations and Satisfaction Among Scientists." Marketing of Scientific and Research Organizations 35, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/minib-2020-0007.
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AbstractThe decreasing supply of qualified people ready to take up employment, observed for several years on the labour market, results in the strengthening of the employee’s position. The consequences of this process affect not only the companies but also scientific institutions. The employee’s market, which is shaped as a result of the following changes, forces employers to focus increasingly on activities aimed at attracting and retaining individuals who constitute their human capital. The aim of our article is to diagnose satisfaction levels of various job facets and differences in attachment to the workplace in groups of scientists with varied job expectation profiles. On this basis, it will be possible to indicate the job facets that scientific institutions should take into consideration in order to provide researchers with a high level of job satisfaction. To broaden knowledge about the subject, we used data collected by the National Information Processing Institute in 2017 in a nationwide representative sample of 840 scientists who were at various stages of their academic career, represented all areas of science and worked in all types of scientific units in Poland. By performing factor analysis and a clustering procedure on variables describing researchers’ job expectations we were able to categorize the respondents into three groups: 1) demanding, 2) aspiring and 3) unengaged. The demanding employees have high expectations in all job facets that we examined, i.e.: economic and organizational matters, developmental and social opportunities as well as employment flexibility. The aspiring scientists above all appreciate developmental and social opportunities more than other groups. On the contrary, the unengaged employees value developmental and social opportunities the least while other job facets are moderately significant for them. The survey of satisfaction of particular groups of scientists with their current employer indicates the need to focus the scientific institutions employing them on different aspects of work. In the case of demanding employees, it is important to take care of their economic well-being. On the other hand, in order to increase satisfaction from work of scientists from the aspiring group, it will be important to provide them with a higher level of satisfaction from the development and social sphere. The greatest challenge may be the satisfaction of unengaged employees who declare a relatively low general level of satisfaction with the workplace, and at the same time do not have well-established expectations towards the institutions employing them.
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Petrovic, Vladimir. "Social scientists as expert witnesses in The Hague Tribunal and elsewhere." Filozofija i drustvo 18, no. 3 (2007): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fid0703103p.
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The article analyses the role of social scientists as expert witnesses in the ICTY, whose contribution is assessed in the light of the long development of this practice. Wider discussion on the courtroom usage of scientific knowledge is evoked in order to emphasize the problems in regulation of expert witnessing. Differing mechanisms set to ensure the scientific reliability and legal relevance of the contribution of experts is analyzed in different legal contexts and in different scholarly disciplines. Regulation of expert witnessing in The Hague tribunal is perceived as specific solution whose consequences are tracked through the role of experts in the trials and through the public perception of this role. The goal of such approach is to nuance the dominant interpretations on the role of scholars in the Hague tribunal and to create the preconditions for understanding of the specific character of their role.