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1
Riekkola-Vanhanen, Marja. "Talvivaara Sotkamo Mine – Bioleaching of a polymetallic nickel ore in subarctic climate." Nova Biotechnologica et Chimica 10, no. 1 (August 30, 2021): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36547/nbc.1058.
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The main activity of the Talvivaara Mining Company Plc. is the development and exploitation ofthe Talvivaara deposits in Sotkamo, Finland using bioheapleaching. The Talvivaara deposits comprise one of the largest known sulphide nickel resources in Europe with 1004 million tonnes of ore, sufficient to support anticipated production for a minimum of 45 years. The mine started in late 2008 and will have an annual nickel output of approximately 50,000 tons when it reaches full production. In addition, the mine will also produce zinc (approximately 90,000 tpa), copper (approximately 15,000 tpa) and cobalt (approximately 1,800 tpa) as by-products of the process. The viability of bioheapleaching technology for the extraction of nickel has been demonstrated in a large on-site pilot trial using Talvivaara ore. The three year pilot has shown that the leaching process also works well in the subarctic climatic conditions of Eastern Finland.
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Masloboev, Vladimir, Sergey Seleznev, Anton Svetlov, and Dmitriy Makarov. "Hydrometallurgical Processing of Low-Grade Sulfide Ore and Mine Waste in the Arctic Regions: Perspectives and Challenges." Minerals 8, no. 10 (October 7, 2018): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min8100436.
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The authors describe the opportunities of low-grade sulfide ores and mine waste processing with heap and bacterial leaching methods. By the example of gold and silver ores, we analyzed specific issues and processing technologies for heap leaching intensification in severe climatic conditions. The paper presents perspectives for heap leaching of sulfide and mixed ores from the Udokan (Russia) and Talvivaara (Finland) deposits, as well as technogenic waste dumps, namely, the Allarechensky Deposit Dumps (Russia). The paper also shows the laboratory results of non-ferrous metals leaching from low-grade copper-nickel ores of the Monchepluton area, and from tailings of JSC Kola Mining and Metallurgical Company.
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Kukkonen, I. T., S. Heinonen, P. Heikkinen, and P. Sorjonen-Ward. "Delineating ophiolite-derived host rocks of massive sulfide Cu-Co-Zn deposits with 2D high-resolution seismic reflection data in Outokumpu, Finland." GEOPHYSICS 77, no. 5 (September 1, 2012): WC213—WC222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2012-0029.1.
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Seismic reflection data was applied to a study of the upper crustal structures in the Outokumpu mining and exploration area in eastern Finland. The Cu-Co-Zn sulfide ore deposits of the Outokumpu area are hosted by Palaeoproterozoic ophiolite-derived altered ultrabasic rocks (serpentinite, skarn rock, and quartz rock) and black schist within turbiditic mica schist. Mining in the Outokumpu area has produced a total of 36 Mt of ore from three historical and one active mine. Seismic data comprises 2D vibroseis data surveyed along a network of local roads. The seismic sections provide a comprehensive 3D view of the reflective structures. Acoustic rock properties from downhole logging and synthetic seismograms indicate that the strongly reflective packages shown in the seismic data can be identified as the host-rock environments of the deposits. Reflectors show excellent continuity along the structural grain of the ore belt, which allows correlating reflectors with surface geology, magnetic map, and drilling sections into a broad 3D model of the ore belt. Massive ores have acoustic properties that make them directly detectable with seismic reflection methods assuming the deposit size is sufficient for applied seismic wavelengths. The seismic data revealed numerous interesting high-amplitude reflectors within the interpreted host-rock suites potentially coinciding with sulfides.
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Vanhala, Heikki, and Markku Peltoniemi. "Spectral IP studies of Finnish ore prospects." GEOPHYSICS 57, no. 12 (December 1992): 1545–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443222.
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Spectral‐induced polarization (IP) field measurements, both in the frequency domain and in the time domain, were made at six early Proterozoic sulfide, oxide, and graphitic‐gneiss deposits in Finland. Core samples were also measured. The textures of the mineralizations were studied from thin and polished sections. Deposits with large differences in texture, such as graphitic gneiss and coarse‐grained disseminated sulfide, can be separated on the basis of their phasespectra time constants. A good correlation was found between the observed grain size in thin sections and the grain size calculated from the apparent, field‐survey phase spectra in the case of homogeneous, disseminated textures. The measured frequency‐domain phase spectra, and phase spectra calculated from the time‐domain Cole‐Cole parameters are very similar in a comparable frequency band. For both techniques, the phase maximum lies beyond the lowest measured frequency. The possibilities to expand the frequency band to levels low enough to reach the phase maximum seem to be restricted. However, the results indicate that contrasts between spectra from different ore‐texture types also appear at higher frequencies.
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Koivisto, Emilia, Alireza Malehmir, Pekka Heikkinen, Suvi Heinonen, and Ilmo Kukkonen. "2D reflection seismic investigations at the Kevitsa Ni-Cu-PGE deposit, northern Finland." GEOPHYSICS 77, no. 5 (September 1, 2012): WC149—WC162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2011-0496.1.
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In 2007, a 2D reflection seismic survey was conducted at the Kevitsa Ni-Cu-PGE (platinum group elements) deposit in northern Finland. The aims of the survey were to delineate the overall extent of the ore-bearing Kevitsa ultramafic intrusive complex, to study the seismic response of the disseminated ore deposit, to potentially find indications for new ore deposits, and to extract structural information at depth that may be associated with mineralization. In the processing sequence, specific focus was given to finding optimal CDP-line geometries for the crooked-line survey profiles and, due to highly variable bedrock velocities, to detailed velocity analysis. Our conventional processing sequence, involving prestack DMO corrections followed by poststack migration, resulted in high-quality images of the subsurface. First, the data were used to establish the shape and extent of the Kevitsa intrusion, thus providing an overall framework for future exploration in the area. In particular, the data suggest deeper, up to about 1.5 km depth, continuation of the intrusion than previously thought. Furthermore, the images reveal variable reflectivity characteristics within the intrusion from nonreflective to internally reflective. The Kevitsa deposit is located within a part of the intrusion which is associated with distinct, gently dipping reflectivity fabric down to a depth of about 1 km, spatially constrained within a restricted zone internal to the intrusion. This zone can be used as a guideline for the near-mine exploration efforts, and the reflectivity is dominantly associated with magmatic layering controlling the extent of the bulk of economic mineralization. The seismic data also reveal a complex pattern of faults, in particular a series of major fault and shear zones bracketing and crosscutting the Kevitsa intrusion as a whole. Additionally, our interpretation of the data indicates a possible shared origin of the Kevitsa intrusion and the nearby Satovaara intrusion.
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Pomiès, C. "Pb-Pb Dating of Uranium Ore Deposits: Ion Probe Measurements of Fracture Fillings in the Palmottu Granite (Southern Finland)." Mineralogical Magazine 62A, no. 2 (1998): 1200–1201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1998.62a.2.293.
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Guzik, Katarzyna, Krzysztof Galos, Alicja Kot-Niewiadomska, Toni Eerola, Pasi Eilu, Jorge Carvalho, Francisco Javier Fernandez-Naranjo, Ronald Arvidsson, Nikolaos Arvanitidis, and Agnes Raaness. "Potential Benefits and Constraints of Development of Critical Raw Materials’ Production in the EU: Analysis of Selected Case Studies." Resources 10, no. 7 (June 28, 2021): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources10070067.
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Major benefits and constraints related to mineral extraction within the EU have been identified on the examples of selected critical raw materials’ deposits. Analyzed case studies include the following ore deposits: Myszków Mo-W-Cu (Poland), Juomasuo Au-Co (Finland), S. Pedro das Águias W-Sn (Portugal), Penouta Nb-Ta-Sn (Spain), Norra Kärr REEs (Sweden) and Trælen graphite (Norway). They represent different stages of development, from the early/grassroot exploration stage, through advanced exploration and active mining, up to reopening of abandoned mines, and refer to different problems and constraints related to the possibility of exploitation commencement. The multi-criteria analysis of the cases has included geological and economic factors as well as environmental, land use, social acceptance and infrastructure factors. These factors, in terms of cost and benefit analysis, have been considered at three levels: local, country and EU levels. The analyzed cases indicated the major obstacles that occur in different stages of deposit development and need to be overcome in order to enable a new deposit exploitation commencement. These are environmental (Juomasuo and Myszków), spatial (Juomasuo) as well as social constraints (Norra Kärr, Juomasuo). In the analyzed cases, the most important constraints related to future deposit extraction occur primarily at a local level, while some important benefits are identified mainly at the country and the EU levels. These major benefits are related to securing long-term supplies for the national industries and strategically important EU industry sectors.
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Kinnunen, K. A. "Determination of total contents of fluid inclusions in quartz using modal analysis: Examples from Proterozoic rocks and ore deposits in Finland." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland 61, no. 2 (December 1989): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.17741/bgsf/61.2.005.
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Makkonen, Hannu V., and Pekka Tuisku. "Geology and crystallization conditions of the Särkiniemiintrusion and related nickel-copper ore, central Finland – implications for depth of emplacement of 1.88 Ga nickel-bearing intrusions." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland 92, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 111–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17741/bgsf/92.2.003.
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Several Ni-Cu deposits occur within the Kotalahti area, central Finland, in proximity to an Archaean gneiss dome surrounded by a Palaeoproterozoic craton-margin supracrustal sequence comprising quartzites, limestones, calc-silicate rocks, black schists and banded diopside amphibolites. The geology of the area and age of the Ni-bearing intrusions (1.88 Ga) are similar to the Thompson Ni belt in the Canadian Trans-Hudson Orogen. The small mafic-ultramafic and Ni-Cu -bearing Särkiniemi intrusion, closely associated with the Archaean basement core of the Kotalahti Dome, is composed of a western peridotite and eastern gabbro body, both of which are mineralized. The eastern gabbro has a contact aureole several meters thick, consisting of orthopyroxene +/- cordierite bearing hornfels between the intrusion and the migmatites. Geochemically, the Särkiniemi intrusion shares many features in common with other Svecofennian mafic-ultramafic intrusions, including crustal contamination and nickel depletion. The related Ni-Cu deposit has a low Ni/Co value (15) and low nickel content in the sulphide fraction (2.8 wt.%), together with a low estimated magma/sulphide ratio of around 170. Svecofennian 1.88 Ga mafic-ultramafic intrusions occur in terrains of variable metamorphic grade (from low-amphibolite to granulite facies) and are likely to represent emplacement at different crustal depths. Multi-equilibrium thermobarometry indicates that the contact aureole at Särkiniemi reached equilibrium at pressures of 4.5–6 kbar (15–20 km depth) and temperatures of 600–670 °C. Combined with the results of earlier research on the Svecofennian intrusions, this study indicates that a depth of 15–20 km crustal level was favourable, along with other critical factors, for nickel sulfide deposition at 1.88 Ga.
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Kalliomäki, Henrik, Thomas Wagner, Tobias Fusswinkel, and Dina Schultze. "Textural evolution and trace element chemistry of hydrothermal calcites from Archean gold deposits in the Hattu schist belt, eastern Finland: Indicators of the ore-forming environment." Ore Geology Reviews 112 (September 2019): 103006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2019.103006.
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Lahtinen, R. "Application of the zoning of ore-associated elements to exploration for volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits: A case study of the Pukkiharju Zn-Cu prospect, central Finland." Journal of Geochemical Exploration 32, no. 1-3 (April 1989): 395–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(89)90080-0.
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D'Hugues, P., A. Grotowski, A. Luszczkiewicz, Zygmunt Sadowski, T. Farbiszewska, Aleksandra Sklodowska, K. Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, et al. "The Bioshale Project: Search for a Sustainable Way of Exploiting Black Shale Ores Using Biotechnology." Advanced Materials Research 20-21 (July 2007): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.20-21.42.
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The Bioshale project, involving 13 partners throughout Europe, is co-funded by the European Commission under the FP6 program. The main objective of this project (which started in October 2004) is to identify and develop innovative biotechnological processes for ‘’eco-efficient’’ exploitation of metal-rich, black shale ores. Three extensive deposits have been selected for R&D actions. These are: (i) a site (in Talvivaara, Finland) that, at the outset of the project, had not been exploited; (ii) a deposit (in Lubin, Poland) that is currently being actively mined, and (iii) a third site (in Mansfeld, Germany) where the ore had been actively mined in the past, but which is no longer exploited. The black shale ores contain base (e.g. copper and nickel), precious (principally silver) and PGM metals, but also high contents of organic matter that potentially handicap metal recovery by conventional techniques. The main technical aspects of the work plan can be summarized as: (i) evaluation of the geological resources and selection of metal-bearing components; (ii) selection of biological consortia to be tested; (iii) assessment of bioprocessing routes, including hydrometallurgical processing; (iv) techno-economic evaluation of new processes from mining to metal recovery including social, and (v) assessing the environmental impacts of biotechnological compared to conventional processing of the ores. An overview of the main results obtained to date are presented, with special emphasis on the development of bioleaching technologies for metal recovery that can be applied to multielement concentrates and black shale ores.
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Vasilopoulos, Mikael, Ferenc Molnár, Hugh O’Brien, Yann Lahaye, Marie Lefèbvre, Antonin Richard, Anne-Sylvie André-Mayer, Jukka-Pekka Ranta, and Matti Talikka. "Geochemical signatures of mineralizing events in the Juomasuo Au–Co deposit, Kuusamo belt, northeastern Finland." Mineralium Deposita 56, no. 6 (January 19, 2021): 1195–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00126-020-01039-8.
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AbstractThe Juomasuo Au–Co deposit, currently classified as an orogenic gold deposit with atypical metal association, is located in the Paleoproterozoic Kuusamo belt in northeastern Finland. The volcano-sedimentary sequence that hosts the deposit was intensely altered, deformed, and metamorphosed to greenschist facies during the 1.93–1.76 Ga Svecofennian orogeny. In this study, we investigate the temporal relationship between Co and Au deposition and the relationship of metal enrichment with protolith composition and alteration mineralogy by utilizing lithogeochemical data and petrographic observations. We also investigate the nature of fluids involved in deposit formation based on sulfide trace element and sulfur isotope LA-ICP-MS data together with tourmaline mineral chemistry and boron isotopes. Classification of original protoliths was made on the basis of geochemically immobile elements; recognized lithologies are metasedimentary rocks, mafic, intermediate-composition, and felsic metavolcanic rocks, and an ultramafic sill. The composition of the host rocks does not control the type or intensity of mineralization. Sulfur isotope values (δ34S − 2.6 to + 7.1‰) and trace element data obtained for pyrite, chalcopyrite, and pyrrhotite indicate that the two geochemically distinct Au–Co and Co ore types formed from fluids of different compositions and origins. A reduced, metamorphic fluid was responsible for deposition of the pyrrhotite-dominant, Co-rich ore, whereas a relatively oxidized fluid deposited the pyrite-dominant Au–Co ore. The main alteration and mineralization stages at Juomasuo are as follows: (1) widespread albitization that predates both types of mineralization; (2) stage 1, Co-rich mineralization associated with chlorite (± biotite ± amphibole) alteration; (3) stage 2, Au–Co mineralization related to sericitization. Crystal-chemical compositions for tourmaline suggest the involvement of evaporite-related fluids in formation of the deposit; boron isotope data also allow for this conclusion. Results of our research indicate that the metal association in the Juomasuo Au–Co deposit was formed by spatially coincident and multiple hydrothermal processes.
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Sergeeva, N. E., N. I. Eremin, and A. L. Dergachev. "Vanadium mineralization in ore of the Vihanti massive sulfide base-metal deposit, Finland." Doklady Earth Sciences 436, no. 2 (February 2011): 210–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1028334x11020243.
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Bulakh, Andrey, Olavi Selonen, and Heikki Pirinen. "Soapstone in Jugend (Art Nouveau) architecture of northern European cities (1890s–1910s)." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 486, no. 1 (February 15, 2019): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp486-2017-158.
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AbstractSoapstone occurs in Finland within Precambrian greenstone belts in the eastern parts of the country. Nunnanlahti and other deposits near Lake Pielinen are the best known and most important of these occurrences. This soft stone is highly workable. Soapstone was one of the most popular ornamental rocks used in architecture of the Jugend (Art Nouveau) style in St Petersburg, Russia, Helsinki, Finland, and in other northern European cities at the end of the nineteenth and into the early twentieth centuries.
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Jackisch, Madriz, Zimmermann, Pirttijärvi, Saartenoja, Heincke, Salmirinne, Kujasalo, Andreani, and Gloaguen. "DroneBorne Hyperspectral and Magnetic Data Integration: Otanmäki FeTiV Deposit in Finland." Remote Sensing 11, no. 18 (September 5, 2019): 2084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11182084.
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The technical evolution of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) for mineral exploration advances rapidly. Recent sensor developments and improved UAS performance open new fields for research and applications in geological and geophysical exploration among others. In this study, we introduce an integrated acquisition and processing strategy for droneborne multisensor surveys combining optical remote sensing and magnetic data. We deploy both fixedwing and multicopter UAS to characterize an outcrop of the Otanmäki FeTiV deposit in central Finland. The lithology consists mainly of gabbro intrusions hosting ore bodies of magnetiteilmenite. Large areas of the outcrop are covered by lichen and low vegetation. We use two droneborne multi and hyperspectral cameras operating in the visible to nearinfrared parts of the electromagnetic spectrum to identify dominant geological features and the extents of ore bodies via ironindicating proxy minerals. We apply band ratios and unsupervised and supervised image classifications on the spectral data, from which we can map surficial ironbearing zones. We use two setups with threeaxis fluxgate magnetometers deployed both by a fixedwing and a multicopter UAS to measure the magnetic field at various flight altitudes (15 m, 40 m, 65 m). The total magnetic intensity (TMI) computed from the individual components is used for further interpretation of ore distribution. We compare to traditional magnetic groundbased survey data to evaluate the UASbased results. The measured anomalies and spectral data are validated and assigned to the outcropping geology and ore mineralization by performing surface spectroscopy, portable Xray fluorescence (pXRF), magnetic susceptibility, and traditional geologic mapping. Locations of mineral zones and magnetic anomalies correlate with the established geologic map. The integrated survey strategy allowed a straightforward mapping of ore occurrences. We highlight the efficiency, spatial resolution, and reliability of UAS surveys. Acquisition time of magnetic UAS surveying surpassed ground surveying by a factor of 20 with a comparable resolution. The proposed workflow possibly facilitates surveying, particularly in areas with complicated terrain and of limited accessibility, but highlights the remaining challenges in UAS mapping.
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Hattula, Aimo, and Timo Rekola. "Exploration geophysics at the Pyhäsalmi mine and grade control work of the Outokumpu Group." GEOPHYSICS 65, no. 6 (November 2000): 1961–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444879.
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The power of geophysics is often realized while surveying barren exploration holes. Integrated interpretation of borehole electromagnetic (EM) and lithogeochemical data led to the discovery of a new volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) ore deposit at 500 m depth in the Pyhäsalmi area, which belongs to the Main Sulfide ore belt in Finland. In the deep exploration program, wide‐band multifrequency EM ground surveys were successfully used to detect both new ore lenses and geological structures. Mise‐a‐la‐masse (MAM) borehole and ground surveys as well as borehole EM surveys were effectively used to correlate intersections between drill holes and to locate new orebodies. The latest modeling of MAM data resulted in an exploration target at 700 m depth. The use of geophysics for exploration has been extended to mine production at Outokumpu. Geophysical logging detects ore‐waste boundaries, reduces expensive core drilling, and obtains physical property information quickly on ore intersections. Depending on ore type, geophysical borehole logging can also be applied to classify mineralization, interpret lithology, and sometimes to transform physical responses to metal grades in ore. At the Pyhäsalmi zinc‐copper‐sulfur mine, density logging in percussion boreholes is used to locate mineable ore boundaries and to classify drillhole intersections as massive or semimassive sulfide ore types. Pyrrhotite‐bearing zones are separated from other sulfides by inductive conductivity logs. The use of geophysical logging for grade estimation and control has been most effective in the nickel mines at Enonkoski, Finland, and Namew Lake, Canada (using conductivity logs), and in the Kemi chromium mine, Finland (using gamma‐gamma density logs).
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Heinonen, Suvi, Marcello Imaña, David B. Snyder, Ilmo T. Kukkonen, and Pekka J. Heikkinen. "Seismic reflection profiling of the Pyhäsalmi VHMS-deposit: A complementary approach to the deep base metal exploration in Finland." GEOPHYSICS 77, no. 5 (September 1, 2012): WC15—WC23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2011-0240.1.
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In the Pyhäsalmi case study, the seismic data is used in direct targeting of shallowly dipping mineralized zones in a massive sulfide ore system that was deformed in complex fold interference structures under high-grade metamorphic conditions. The Pyhäsalmi volcanic-hosted massive sulfide (VHMS) deposit ([Formula: see text]) is located in a Proterozoic volcanic belt in central Finland. Acoustic impedance of Pyhäsalmi ore ([Formula: see text]) is distinct from the host rocks ([Formula: see text]), enabling its detection with seismic reflection methods. Drill-hole logging further indicates that the seismic imaging of a contact zone between mafic and felsic volcanic rocks possibly hosting additional mineralizations is plausible. Six seismic profiles showed discontinuous reflectors and complicated reflectivity patterns due to the complex geology. The most prominent reflective package at 1–2 km depth was produced by shallowly dipping contacts between interlayered felsic and mafic volcanic rocks. The topmost of these bright reflections coincides with high-grade zinc mineralization. Large acoustic impedances associated with the sulfide minerals locally enhanced the reflectivity of this topmost contact zone which could be mapped over a wide area using the seismic data. Seismic data enables extrapolation of the geologic model to where no drill-hole data exists; thus, seismic reflection profiling is an important method for defining new areas of interest for deep exploration.
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Ryabchuk, Daria, Alexander Sergeev, Evgeny Burnashev, Viktor Khorikov, Igor Neevin, Olga Kovaleva, Leonid Budanov, Vladimir Zhamoida, and Aleksandr Danchenkov. "Coastal processes in the Russian Baltic (eastern Gulf of Finland and Kaliningrad area)." Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 54, no. 1 (July 20, 2020): qjegh2020–036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/qjegh2020-036.
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The results of both onshore and offshore monitoring of the coastal zone in the Russian Baltic reveal the high intensity and recent acceleration of coastal dynamics caused by an increasing frequency of extreme hydrodynamic events and anthropogenic impacts on the diverse geology. Stable coasts dominate in the eastern Gulf of Finland, but the local rate of shoreline recession is up to 2.0 m a−1, reaching 5 m in one extreme storm event. The coastal zone of the Kaliningrad area is diverse. The western coast of the Sambia Peninsula is controlled by anthropogenic influences linked to the exploitation of geological resources. The beaches advance when the supply of artificial sediments from opencast amber mines increases, whereas the shoreline retreat reaches 10–20 m a−1 when the input is interrupted. Active landslides and beach degradation dominate along the northern coast of the Sambia Peninsula. Large areas of pre-Quaternary deposits, outcrops and boulders in the nearshore provide evidence of sediment deficiency offshore. The coastal geological hazards are dependent on climate. A comprehensive understanding of the main trends in climate change is important for predicting and mitigating future damage to the coastal infrastructure and for selecting adaptation strategies.Thematic collection: This article is part of the Mapping the Geology and Topography of the European Seas (EMODnet) collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/cc/EMODnet
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SAALMANN, K., I. MÄNTTÄRI, P. PELTONEN, M. J. WHITEHOUSE, P. GRÖNHOLM, and M. TALIKKA. "Geochronology and structural relationships of mesothermal gold mineralization in the Palaeoproterozoic Jokisivu prospect, southern Finland." Geological Magazine 147, no. 4 (January 18, 2010): 551–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756809990628.
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AbstractThe palaeoproterozoic Svecofennian orogen in southern Finland contains a number of orogenic gold occurrences. The Jokisivu gold deposit, comprising auriferous quartz veins, is hosted by syn-tectonic quartz diorites to gabbros. Mineralization occurs in approximately WNW–ESE- and WSW–ENE-trending shear zones, which probably branch from regional-scale NW–SE-trending shears. Ore zone fabrics post-date regional-scale folding and the metamorphic peak, and can be correlated with late Svecofennian regional shear tectonics (D6; 1.83–1.78 Ga), indicating that mineralization formed during the late stages of orogenic evolution. SIMS and TIMS U–Pb dating of three samples place tight constraints on the age of gold mineralization. Zircons from both unaltered and altered quartz diorites have ages of 1884±4 Ma and 1881±3 Ma, respectively. These are interpreted as the crystallization age of the rock and as providing the maximum age for mineralization. Zircon rims from an altered quartz diorite from the ore zone give ages of c. 1802±15 Ma, which overlap with the 1801±18 Ma titanite (mean Pb–Pb) age from the ore zone. The ages are similar to the age of the pegmatite dyke that cuts the ore zone and whose zircon age of 1807±3 Ma is approximately the same as the 1791±2 Ma monazite age (TIMS) giving the minimum age of the gold mineralization. The mineralization and its structural framework can be correlated with coeval late Svecofennian shear tectonics related to WNW–ESE-oriented shortening in southern Finland. Extensive c. 1.8 Ga granite magmatism, shear zone development and associated gold mineralization are of regional importance also in the northern and western Fennoscandian Shield (Finnish Lapand and Sweden). A Cordilleran-type setting can explain the widespread distribution of magmatism and gold mineralization associated with shortening, as well as the required heat source triggering hydrothermal fluid flow along shear zones.
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Kallio, Rita, Pekka Tanskanen, and Saija Luukkanen. "Magnetic Preconcentration and Process Mineralogical Study of the Kiviniemi Sc-Enriched Ferrodiorite." Minerals 11, no. 9 (September 4, 2021): 966. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11090966.
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Scandium is classified as a critical raw material by the European Union. Its beneficiation from various primary and secondary sources is currently being studied under several research and development projects. Due to the geochemical characteristics of Sc, its enrichment to ore grades by geological processes is scarce. Potential new sources are investigated to respond to the expected increasing demand for this rare earth metal. The recently discovered Kiviniemi Sc deposit in Finland represents an igneous occurrence with estimated total resources of 13.4 Mt and an average Sc grade of 163 g/t. The deposit consists of relatively homogeneous ferrodioritic intrusive body with its main unit with ~2.5 ha surface extension. Scandium is mainly incorporated into the lattice of clinopyroxene and amphibole within the main unit. Composite samples from three drill cores from various parts of the main unit were concentrated with a combination of low-intensity and high-gradient magnetic separation. Depending on the feed characteristics, high-gradient magnetic separation reached recoveries between 87% and 92% with 230–310 ppm Sc while removing 35–49 mass percent of gangue minerals, mainly plagioclase and potassium feldspar. Our study provides information on the magnetic preconcentration conditions with process mineralogical details and produced concentrates for further testing according to the suggested processing scheme.
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Rissanen, K., and T. Rahola. "Radiocesium in lichens and reindeer after the Chernobyl accident." Rangifer 10, no. 3 (September 1, 1990): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.10.3.826.
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After the Chernobyl accident the sampling and measuring program of the Finnish Centre for Radiation and Nuclear Safety was intensified both for surveillance and research purposes. The deposition pattern of radionuclides was more complicated than from the global fallout after the nuclear weapons tests. The radioactive deposition was very unevenly distributed in Lapland, as also in the rest of Finland. Fortunately, the amounts of deposition in Lapland were only about one-tenth of the corresponding amount of deposition in southern Finland. In 1986-87 the mean concentration of Cs-137 in lichens and in reindeer meat increased to about the same level as in 1972-73 or to about 30 per cent of the maximum levels found in 1964-65 after the nuclear weapons tests. The activity concentrations in reindeer tissues vary according to season. In winter, reindeer eat considerable amounts of lichens with high radiocesium concentrations. In summer, lichens are replaced by other forage such as leaves from trees, green plants, etc. The ratio of Cs-137 concentration in reindeer meat between summer and winter is about 0.2. The mean concentration of Cs-137 in meat for consumption from the slaughtering period 1986-87 was 720 Bq/kg fresh weight. After that time concentrations started decreasing since no new fallout was deposited.
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Broman, C., K. Sundblad, M. Valkama, and A. Villar. "Deposition conditions for the indium-bearing polymetallic quartz veins at Sarvlaxviken, south-eastern Finland." Mineralogical Magazine 82, S1 (March 21, 2018): S43—S59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2017.081.024.
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ABSTRACTPolymetallic quartz veins, with up to 1500 ppm indium, have been discovered recently in the Sarvlaxviken area within the 1.64 Ga anorogenic multiphase Wiborg rapakivi batholith and adjacent 1.90 Ga Svecofennian crust in SE Finland. Evidence from primary fluid inclusions in the Sarvlaxviken area provides new information on the hydrothermal transport and depositional processes of metals in anorogenic granites. Fluid inclusions with variable aqueous liquid and vapour proportions (5–90 vol.% vapour) occur in quartz, cassiterite and fluorite belonging to three generations of polymetallic quartz veins. Microthermometry indicates that the veins were deposited at temperatures that range from ~500°C down to <100°C and salinities from 0 to 16 eq. mass% NaCl. Fluid inclusion data show that the depositional conditions were similar regardless of vein generation. The interpreted depositional processes involve phase separation with a combination of condensation, cooling and boiling of an initially low-salinity (<3 eq. mass% NaCl) aqueous magmatic vapour phase enriched in CO2-F-Cl-S and metals. Fluid inclusions with low salinities dominate, but higher salinities are recorded in metal-rich parts of the veins. The turbulent fluid flow, with complex geometry and temperature-salinity patterns, may explain why sulfide and/or oxide opaque minerals occur irregularly, and are locally the dominating vein minerals, but disappear completely into barren parts of the quartz veins. All fluids are considered to have been generated by the F-rich Marviken granite (and related granite dykes), which show all geochemical criteria for an ore-fertile granite. The quartz veins investigated in the adjacent Svecofennian country rocks are considered to represent the very last stage of a fluid with similar characteristics to the fluid responsible for the ore formation in the Sarvlaxviken area, but that had cooled to <100°C.
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Riekkola-Vanhanen, Marja. "Talvivaara Black Schist Bioheapleaching Demonstration Plant." Advanced Materials Research 20-21 (July 2007): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.20-21.30.
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Talvivaara complex multi-metal black schist deposit in Sotkamo, Finland, is the largest known sulfide nickel deposit in Europe with 340 million ton of classified resources. The mine can be operated for a minimum of 25 years with an annual nickel output of over 30 000 ton, which is about 2,5 % of the global production of primary nickel. Significant amounts of zinc, copper and cobalt can also be produced. In summer 2005, a 50 000 ton demonstration plant was constructed to the mine site. A representative ore sample was mined, crushed to 80 % -8 mm, agglomerated and built to a two-part heap (8 m high, 50m times 80 m). Irrigation of the heap was started in August 2005. The pilot heap was inoculated with indigenous bacteria collected from the site. The amount of bacteria in the pregnant leaching solution has been in the range of 106 – 108 cells/ml. The bacteria involved are mesophilic and thermophilic ones. The start-up of the solution flow resulted soon in elevated temperatures of over 50 0C in the pregnant leaching solution. The rise is due to the oxidation of the large quantity of pyrrhotite and pyrite in the ore. The elevated temperatures have also been maintained over the boreal winter conditions. Metal recovery was started in November 2005. At the end of the year 2006 94 % of Ni, 83 % of Zn, 3 % of Cu and 14 % of Co have been recovered. The demonstration plant is still running. The study has proven that Talvivaara black schist ore is well suited for bioheapleaching. Building of the mine will start in spring 2007, bioheapleaching in summer 2008 and the metal recovery plant in autumn 2008, if everything proceeds according to the plans.
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Güdük, Nilgün, Miguel de la Varga, Janne Kaukolinna, and Florian Wellmann. "Model-Based Probabilistic Inversion Using Magnetic Data: A Case Study on the Kevitsa Deposit." Geosciences 11, no. 4 (March 26, 2021): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11040150.
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Structural geological models are widely used to represent relevant geological interfaces and property distributions in the subsurface. Considering the inherent uncertainty of these models, the non-uniqueness of geophysical inverse problems, and the growing availability of data, there is a need for methods that integrate different types of data consistently and consider the uncertainties quantitatively. Probabilistic inference provides a suitable tool for this purpose. Using a Bayesian framework, geological modeling can be considered as an integral part of the inversion and thereby naturally constrain geophysical inversion procedures. This integration prevents geologically unrealistic results and provides the opportunity to include geological and geophysical information in the inversion. This information can be from different sources and is added to the framework through likelihood functions. We applied this methodology to the structurally complex Kevitsa deposit in Finland. We started with an interpretation-based 3D geological model and defined the uncertainties in our geological model through probability density functions. Airborne magnetic data and geological interpretations of borehole data were used to define geophysical and geological likelihoods, respectively. The geophysical data were linked to the uncertain structural parameters through the rock properties. The result of the inverse problem was an ensemble of realized models. These structural models and their uncertainties are visualized using information entropy, which allows for quantitative analysis. Our results show that with our methodology, we can use well-defined likelihood functions to add meaningful information to our initial model without requiring a computationally-heavy full grid inversion, discrepancies between model and data are spotted more easily, and the complementary strength of different types of data can be integrated into one framework.
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Horrocks, Tom, Eun-Jung Holden, Daniel Wedge, and Chris Wijns. "A nonparametric boundary detection technique applied to 3D inverted surveys of the Kevitsa Ni-Cu-PGE deposit." GEOPHYSICS 83, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): IM1—IM13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2017-0085.1.
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Geophysical inversion can produce 3D models of the subsurface’s physical properties. The smoothness of property variations in these models makes it challenging to automatically find boundaries of homogeneous regions, where these boundaries may have implications for petrophysical transition and are significant for geologic interpretation. We have developed a new boundary detection technique that nonparametrically identifies and subtracts homogeneous regions from the 3D model, leaving exposed edges. The method is based on kernel density estimation of local property variations, in which the number of modes in the kernel density estimates (i.e., the local mode cardinality [MC]) is used to identify edge voxels within the model. Two edge detection operators were developed: one using local values exclusively and the other incorporating the spatial distribution of local values into the local MC, which is more sensitive to local variations. To assist in the geologic interpretation, continuous boundary surfaces are generated from the identified edge voxels using a gradient-based 3D image morphological operation. The technique was evaluated on synthetic rock property models and effectively identified the lithologic boundaries, even with non-Gaussian noise. The proposed operators were also applied to visualize edges in density, conductivity, magnetic susceptibility, and seismic tomography models of the Kevitsa Ni-Cu-PGE deposit (Lapland, Finland) generated by geophysical inversion. The boundaries detected via the proposed technique can be used for visualization and may be useful in further geostatistical computation due to their statistical foundation.
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Ilgren, Edward B., and John A. Hoskins. "Anthophyllite Asbestos: The Role of Fiber Width in Mesothelioma Induction Part 1: Epidemiological Studies of Finnish Anthophyllite Asbestos." Environment and Pollution 7, no. 1 (November 15, 2017): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ep.v7n1p9.
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Anthophyllite asbestos only occurs in a few parts of the world in sufficient quantities to be mined. The largest deposits of anthophyllite asbestos occur in Finland where it was mined for more than 75 years and very extensively used and distributed, anciently, for more than six millennia. Anthophyllite is one of the five minerals known collectively as amphibole asbestos. Studies of the effect of these five mineral fibre types when inhaled have shown that fibre width is an important determinant of mesothelioma induction. Only the “thinner” fibres or those with fiber diameter dimensional profiles predominantly less than 0.25 – 0.30 µm, are clearly mesotheliogenic. The “thicker” ones or those whose predominant widths are greater than these diameters do not appear to show an observable attendant risk of mesothelioma. Observations based on studies of at least, two “thick” forms of amphibole asbestos support these hypotheses. The one is Bolivian crocidolite; the other Finnish anthophyllite. The Finnish anthophyllite industry presents an important opportunity to study the robustness of the theory that fibre width is key to mesothelioma genesis as vast numbers of people in all sectors of the Finnish industry and their families have historically incurred massive fiber exposures sufficient to cause a gross excess of asbestosis. Nonetheless, in spite of these long term, high dose exposures clear evidence for a mesothelioma risk due to anthophyllite asbestos is still lacking.
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Lilja, A., A. Rytkönen, M. Kokkola, P. Parikka, and J. Hantula. "First Report of Phytophthora ramorum and P. inflata in Ornamental Rhododendrons in Finland." Plant Disease 91, no. 8 (August 2007): 1055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-8-1055c.
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Phytophthora ramorum was found for the first time in Finland during the spring of 2004 on marketed plants of Rhododendron spp. originating in other EU member states. During August of 2004, the pathogen was also found in one Finnish nursery on German Rhododendron catawbiense plants and several Finnish Rhododendron spp. cultivars. P. ramorum was detected by species-specific PCR and isolated (1). It was first characterized by an abundant production of chlamydospores on PARP and V8 agar, absence of oogonia and antheridia, and elongate, ellipsoid, deciduous, semipapillate sporangia produced in soil extract water (3). A partial sequence of the β-tubulin gene was identical to that of P. ramorum deposited in GenBank. Despite strict regulations governing the movement of plants, the pathogen has been found every year since 2004 on materials transported to Finland from other EU countries. A total of 586 samples were taken from symptomatic plants of several susceptible species from 2004 to 2006. P. ramorum was detected in 51 rhododendron samples and the number of the outbreak sites was 28. In domestic plant production, P. ramorum was found in only one nursery. The infected plants in this nursery were destroyed in 2005 according to the EU regulation 2004/426/EG. During the 2006 growing season, 84 samples from trace-forward inspections and reinspections of the nursery were tested and P. ramorum was not detected in any of the samples. In 2005, surveys for P. ramorum on Finnish Rhododendron spp. cultivars with necrotic lesions on leaves and blackened tips yielded, in addition to P. ramorum, another Phytophthora sp. On V8 agar, this homothallic species showed a stellate growth pattern with sparse aerial mycelium. Oogonia had both paragynous and amphigynous antheridia, and sporangia produced in soil extract water were ellipsoid in shape and semipapillate. A 763-bp segment of the β-tubulin gene was sequenced and was identical to the β-tubulin sequence of P. inflata strain IMI342898 (GenBank), which was isolated in 1990 from Syringa sp. in the UK. It is likely that this P. inflata strain has been spreading in Europe with the ornamental plant trade. To fulfill Koch's postulates, rhododenrdon plants were inoculated (2) with P. inflata or P. ramorum, typical symptoms observed, and the pathogens were reisolated from inoculated plants. Both Phytophthora species also caused necrotic lesions on Alnus glutinosa, A. incana, and Betula pendula. Pinus sylvestris was resistant to both Phytophthora spp., whereas Picea abies was susceptible to P. inflata but not P. ramorum. References: (1) EPPO Bull. 36:145, 2006. (2) E. Hansen et al. Plant Dis. 89:63, 2005. (3) S. Werres et al. Mycol. Res. 105:1155, 2001.
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MARUSIK, YURI M. "Redescription of the Siberian species Pardosa jeniseica (Araneae: Lycosidae)." Zootaxa 4497, no. 1 (October 8, 2018): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4497.1.9.
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The male of Pardosa jeniseica, collected in the East-Kazakhstan Area, was first illustrated in Eskov & Marusik (1995). The authorship of the species was given as “Zyuzin, 1991”, because A.A. Zyuzin informed the authors in 1990 that a description of the species was in press. Because no such description ever appeared the authorship was given to Eskov & Marusik, and a single male specimen from East-Kazakhstan is now considered to be the holotype. It is kept in Zoological Museum of the Moscow State University. Esyunin et al. (1999) illustrated and described a female from the Urals thought to be conspecific with P. jeniseica. Conspecifity of the illustrated specimen with P. jeniseica was doubted by Marusik et al. (2000). Kronestedt (2013) was the first to illustrate the epigyne of P. jeniseica and Azarkina & Trilikauskas (2013) provided both verbal and illustrated descriptions of the female, and its epigyne and endogyne. Both sexes taken from one locality were never depicted, nor was peculiar pubescence of the male's leg I. Therefore, I decided to provide detailed illustrations and a verbal description of this species based on specimens from the place considered to be the type locality.Specimens were photographed at the Zoological Museum (University of Turku, Finland) with a Canon EOS 7D camera attached to an Olympus SZX16 stereomicroscope and a SEM JEOL JSM-5200 scanning microscope. Digital images were montaged using Helicon focus 3.10 image stacking software. All measurements are given in millimeters. The following abbreviations are used for leg segments: Fe femur, Pa patella, Ti tibia, Mt metatarsus, Ta tarsus; leg spination abbreviations: d dorsal, p prolateral, r retrolateral, v ventral. Material used in this study is deposited in the Moscow State University (ZMMU) and Zoological Museum of the University of Turku (ZMUT). I thank Seppo Koponen (Turku, Finland) for providing museum facilities and Don Buckle (Saskatoon, Canada) for editing English in the earlier draft of the manuscript.
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Moritz, Robert P., and Serge R. Chevé. "Fluid-inclusion studies of high-grade metamorphic rocks of the Ashuanipi complex, eastern Superior Province: constraints on the retrograde P–T path and implications for gold metallogeny." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 29, no. 10 (October 1, 1992): 2309–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e92-180.
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The high-grade metamorphic rocks of the Ashuanipi complex have been the subject of a microthermometric fluid-inclusion study. Four types of fluid inclusions were observed: CO2-rich fluids; low-temperature, high-salinity H2O fluids; CH4 ± N2-rich fluids; and high-temperature, low-salinity H2O fluids. The regionally distributed CO2-rich fluids are the earliest fluids, and their calculated isochores indicate a clockwise post-peak metamorphic P–T–t path for the Ashuanipi complex. The low-temperature, high-salinity aqueous fluid inclusions are also distributed regionally and can be interpreted as late brines, retrograde metamorphic fluids, or the wicked-off aqueous component of H2O–CO2 fluid inclusions. Both CH4 ± N2-rich fluids and the high-temperature, low-salinity aqueous fluid inclusions were found only locally in gold-bearing metamorphosed banded iron formations. Fluid-inclusion microthermometry, arsenopyrite thermometry, and metamorphic petrologic study at Lac Lilois, one of the principal gold showings, suggest that some gold deposition may have occurred during regional post-peak metamorphic exhumation and cooling at P–T conditions near the amphibolite–greenschist transition. However, it is possible that gold deposition began at higher near-peak metamorphic P–T conditions. Another major gold showing, Arsène, is characterized by CH4 ± N2-rich fluid inclusions, tentatively inferred to be either directly related to gold deposition or responsible for secondary gold enrichment. The association of CH4 ± N2-rich fluids with gold occurrences in the Ashuanipi complex is comparable to gold deposits of the Abitibi greenstone belt and of Wales, Finland, and Brazil.
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Matkala, Laura, Maija Salemaa, and Jaana Bäck. "Soil total phosphorus and nitrogen explain vegetation community composition in a northern forest ecosystem near a phosphate massif." Biogeosciences 17, no. 6 (March 26, 2020): 1535–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1535-2020.
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Abstract. The relationship of the community composition of forest vegetation and soil nutrients were studied near the Sokli phosphate ore deposit in northern Finland. Simultaneously, the effects of the dominant species and the age of trees, rock parent material and soil layer on these nutrients were examined. For this purpose, 16 study plots were established at different distances from the phosphate ore along four transects. Phosphate mining may take place in Sokli in the future, and the vegetation surveys and soil sampling conducted at the plots can be used as a baseline status for following the possible changes that the mining may cause in the surrounding ecosystem. The total phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) contents of the soil humus layer were positively related with species number and abundance of the understorey vegetation, and the correlation was slightly higher with P than N. This is interesting, as N usually has the most important growth-limiting role in boreal ecosystems. The spatial variation in the content of soil elements was high both between and within plots, emphasizing the heterogeneity of the soil. Dominant tree species and the soil layer were the most important environmental variables affecting soil nutrient content. High contents of P in the humus layer (maximum 2.60 g kg−1) were measured from the birch-dominated plots. As the P contents of birch leaves and leaf litter were also rather high (2.58 and 1.28 g kg−1, respectively), this may imply that the leaf litter of birch forms an important source of P for the soil. The possible mining effects, together with climate change, can have an influence on the release of nutrients to plants, which may lead to alterations in the vegetation community composition in the study region.
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Karu, Veiko, Angela Notton, Julia Gulevitš, Ingo Valgma, and Tiit Rahe. "Improvement of Technologies for Mining Waste Management." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (August 6, 2015): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2013vol1.811.
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Mining waste reduction methods include all mining processes beginning from resource distribution until final products in the plant. For comparing and testing possibilities of mine waste reduction, a cooperation project has been set up aiming to create a transnational network with regional networks. The activities carried out on the regional and transnational level will secure better access to knowledge, state-of-the-art technologies and good practice. The study addresses all the waste management challenges and opportunities facing the Baltic Sea Region mining industry, which should be understood as extending to all forms of extraction of natural non-renewable resources. In addition to the main mineral resource, oil shale, there are sufficient reserves of limestone and dolostone, peat, sand, gravel and clay. Phosphorite and granite are considered as occurrences in today's economic situation, in spite of the fact that phosphorite has been extracted for 70 years in the past. All previous mining activities have produced mining waste, e.g. the total volume of waste rock from Estonian oil shale mining is more than 76 million m3 and covers about 790 ha [31] [32] [33] [34]. From an environmental point of view Estonia is in good position, not having acidic reactions and having neutralising alkaline limestone present in all mining areas. Thanks to this, reclamation is easily done with the help of the same mining equipment. Water is purified in settling ponds and does not require additional chemical treatment. For underground mining, the main concern is the stability of the room and pillar mining area [35] [37]. Similar problems are found in Sweden and Finland. In Sweden, there are several old deposits from shale mining, the largest one (Kvarntorp) contains some 40 million m3 of crushed processed black shales and contains several metals of potential value.
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Pacevičius, Arvydas. "The Gift of Vilnius University to the Burnt Library of Åbo Academy (1827–1829)." Bibliotheca Lituana 3 (December 22, 2014): 113–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/bibllita.2014.3.15564.
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Expanding the research about the old Vilnius University Library launched by L. Vladimirovas, this article discusses the fact (which has never been mentioned in historiography), about a gift to the burnt library of Åbo Academy, which then belonged to the Duchy of Finland, Russian Empire. In support action, which was organised by the supreme government of Russian Empire, lots of scientific, educational and cultural institutions took part; one of them was Vilnius University. Successful research of official documents, preserved in Lithuanian State Historical Archive (one of them The books of gifts to Vilnius University, 1820–1832), and the Activity daybook (1823–1832) of Vilnius University Library, as well as lists of donated books, preserved in the Library of Helsinki National University (Catalogus librorum qui bis extant in Bibliotheca Caesareae Universitatis Vilnensis) and in Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine (Katalog ksiąg dubletowych Biblioteki Uniwesyteckiej Wilenskiej oddanych dla zgorzaley Biblioteki Abowskiej i tamże odeslanych roku 1829 dnia 28 lutego), allowed us to specify chronology of this charity act, discover its effectors in Vilnius, and provide qualitative and quantitative parameters of donated books. It was identified, that the shipment of books delivered from Vilnius no earlier than 1829 February 28, consisted of 1481 volumes, mainly doublet books on different topics, which were deposited to the Helsinki University. Alexander Wictor Bohatkiewicz, a librarian and a bibliographer in Vilnius University Library, played a crucial role in the selection of the books. At present, the best part of the donated books is preserved in the National Library of Helsinki University. Completed research makes a premise to a historical digital reconstruction of the donated collection.
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Barnes, Stephen J., David R. Mole, Richard Hornsey, and Louise E. Schoneveld. "Nickel-Copper Sulfide Mineralization in the Ntaka Hill Ultramafic Complex, Nachingwea Region, Tanzania." Economic Geology 114, no. 6 (September 1, 2019): 1135–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4677.
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Abstract The Ntaka Hill Ni-Cu deposit in Tanzania lies within the Mozambique belt, a complex, long-lived Neoproterozoic suture zone that formed during the amalgamation of Gondwana. The deposit is hosted within the moderately deformed Ntaka Ultramafic Complex, which was emplaced at ~660 Ma, around 20 m.y. before the East African orogeny. Due to strain partitioning into amphibolites and metapyroxenites at the margins of the sills, magmatic cumulate textures are very well preserved. The Ntaka Hill mineralization is predominantly disseminated sulfides within orthopyroxenites and harzburgites. Sulfides show typical magmatic mineralogy and occur as isolated blebs and interstitial networks as well as in soft-walled segregation veins that form localized shoot-like high-grade zones. Deformation had relatively little effect on the deposition of sulfides other than minor localization of strain within some preexisting sulfide-dominant veins. Grade shells define elongate tubular channels that coincide broadly with the more magnesian cumulate rocks. Base and precious metal tenors are widely variable, ranging from 1 to 17% Ni and 0.5 to 10% Cu with no particular correlation with host-rock type, although the tenor range in the more magnesian cumulates is more restricted, with the low-tenor component (<3% Ni, <1% Cu) missing. Olivine compositions vary widely, with forsterite contents ranging from Fo84 to Fo89 with up to 0.85% NiO. These unusually high Ni contents are attributed to equilibration with high-Ni-tenor sulfides percolating through the intercumulus pore space. Complex zoning patterns in the Cr content of orthopyroxenes record fluctuating crystallization conditions attributed to wall-rock assimilation. The intrusion emplacement setting is interpreted to be derived from a flow of xenolith-, crystal-, and sulfideladen magma through channelized sills where much of the sulfide was incompletely equilibrated with the host magma, resulting in highly variable R-factors. Despite the widespread presence of graphite in the marginal pyroxenites, olivine-sulfide Fe/Ni partitioning records typical redox conditions that are slightly more oxidized than quartz-fayalite-magnetite (QFM)—further evidence of a lack of extensive large-scale equilibrium within the intrusive complex. The Ntaka Ultramafic Complex preserves an arrested stage of the amalgamation of small sulfide-bearing sill-sediment complex intrusions into larger convecting magma chambers, forming one end of a process continuum including Kevitsa (Finland) as an intermediate stage and Mirabela (Brazil) as the layered intrusion end member.
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Kreuze, Jan F., Sini Suomalainen, Lars Paulin, and Jari P. T. Valkonen. "Phylogenetic Analysis of 16S rRNA Genes and PCR Analysis of the nec1 Gene from Streptomyces spp. Causing Common Scab, Pitted Scab, and Netted Scab in Finland." Phytopathology® 89, no. 6 (June 1999): 462–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1999.89.6.462.
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The sequences of the 16S rRNA genes (nucleotides 29 to 1,521) from various Streptomyces strains pathogenic to potato were compared. These included 10 pathogenic Streptomyces strains isolated from potato scab lesions in Finland, the type strains of S. aureofaciens NRRL 2209T and S. lydicus ATCC 25470T, ‘S. griseus subsp. scabies’ ATCC 10246, and two S. griseus strains that were originally deposited to the collection as pathogens. The nucleotide sequence (>94.5% sequence identity [SI]) and length (1,469 to 1,481 nucleotides) of the analyzed region varied. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA genes placed Finnish strains into three species, supported by previously characterized morphological and physiological traits. Six Finnish strains, including two strains that deviated from the others in one trait (no spiral sporophores or D-xylose utilization), had identical 16S rRNA genes and were identified as S. scabies (99.9% SI to S. scabies ATCC 49173). Three Finnish strains were identified as S. turgidiscabies, a species previously described only in Japan (99.9% SI to S. turgidiscabies ATCC 700248). Finnish strain 317 and S. aureofaciens NRRL 2209 (99.8% SI) were placed in a distinct phylogenetic cluster together with Kitosatospora spp., which suggests that S. aureofaciens may belong to the recently revived genus Kitosatospora. In pathogenicity tests, S. scabies caused characteristic symptoms of common scab, S. turgidiscabies caused mainly pitted scab, and S. aureofaciens caused netted scab and necrotic lesions on stolons of potato cultivars Bintje and Matilda in the greenhouse. The nec1 gene and the intergenic region between nec1 and the 5′ transposase pseudogene ORFtnp were successfully amplified by polymerase chain reaction from S. scabies ATCC 49173 and the pathogenic Finnish strains of S. scabies, but not from a nonpathogenic strain of S. scabies, three pathogenic and two nonpathogenic strains of S. turgidiscabies, and S. aureofaciens.
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Timonen, H., S. Saarikoski, O. Tolonen-Kivimäki, M. Aurela, K. Saarnio, T. Petäjä, P. P. Aalto, M. Kulmala, T. Pakkanen, and R. Hillamo. "Size distributions, sources and source areas of water-soluble organic carbon in urban background air." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 2 (April 21, 2008): 7847–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-7847-2008.
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Abstract. This paper represents the results of one year long measurement period of the size distributions of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), inorganic ions and gravimetric mass of particulate matter. Measurements were done at an urban background station (SMEAR III) by using a micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor (MOUDI). The site is located in northern European boreal region in Helsinki, Finland. The WSOC size distribution measurements were completed with the chemical analysis of inorganic ions, organic carbon (OC) and monosaccharide anhydrides from the filter samples. During the measurements gravimetric mass in the MOUDI collections varied between 3.4 and 55.0 μg m−3 and the WSOC concentration was between 0.3 and 7.4 μg m−3. On average, water-soluble particulate organic matter (WSPOM, WSOC multiplied by 1.6) comprised 25±7.7% and 7.5±3.4% of aerosol PM1 mass and the PM1−10 mass, respectively. Inorganic ions contributed 33±12% and 28±19% of the analyzed PM1 and PM1−10 aerosol mass. Five different aerosol categories corresponding to different sources or source areas were identified (long-range transport aerosols, biomass burning aerosols from wild land fires and from small-scale wood combustion, aerosols originating from marine areas and from the clean arctic areas). Clear differences in WSOC concentrations and size distributions originating from different sources or source areas were observed, although there are also many other factors which might affect the results. E.g. the local conditions and sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and aerosols as well as various transformation processes are likely to have an impact on the measured aerosol composition. Using the source categories, it was identified that especially the oxidation products of biogenic VOCs in summer had a clear effect on WSOC concentrations.
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Timonen, H., S. Saarikoski, O. Tolonen-Kivimäki, M. Aurela, K. Saarnio, T. Petäjä, P. P. Aalto, M. Kulmala, T. Pakkanen, and R. Hillamo. "Size distributions, sources and source areas of water-soluble organic carbon in urban background air." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, no. 18 (September 26, 2008): 5635–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-5635-2008.
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Abstract. This paper represents the results of one year long measurement period of the size distributions of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), inorganic ions and gravimetric mass of particulate matter. Measurements were done at an urban background station (SMEAR III) by using a micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor (MOUDI). The site is located in northern European boreal region in Helsinki, Finland. The WSOC size distribution measurements were completed with the chemical analysis of inorganic ions, organic carbon (OC) and monosaccharide anhydrides from the filter samples (particle aerodynamic diameter smaller than 1 μm, PM1). Gravimetric mass concentration varied during the MOUDI samplings between 3.4 and 55.0 μg m−3 and the WSOC concentrations were between 0.3 and 7.4 μg m−3. On average, water-soluble particulate organic matter (WSPOM, WSOC multiplied by 1.6 to convert the analyzed carbon mass to organic matter mass) comprised 25±7.7% and 7.5±3.4% of aerosol PM1 mass and the PM1–10 mass, respectively. Inorganic ions contributed 33±12% and 28±19% of the analyzed PM1 and PM1–10 aerosol mass. Five different aerosol categories corresponding to different sources or source areas were identified (long-range transport aerosols, biomass burning aerosols from wild land fires and from small-scale wood combustion, aerosols originating from marine areas and from the clean arctic areas). Categories were identified mainly using levoglucosan concentration level for wood combustion and air mass backward trajectories for other groups. Clear differences in WSOC concentrations and size distributions originating from different sources or source areas were observed, although there are also many other factors which might affect the results. E.g. the local conditions and sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and aerosols as well as various transformation processes are likely to have an impact on the measured aerosol composition. Using the source categories, it was identified that especially the oxidation products of biogenic VOCs in summer had a clear effect on WSOC concentrations.
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Solheim, H., and M. Vuorinen. "First Report of Mycosphaerella pini Causing Red Band Needle Blight on Scots Pine in Norway." Plant Disease 95, no. 7 (July 2011): 875. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-11-0129.
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During a survey conducted in August 2009 in northern Norway, symptoms typical for red band needle blight (1) were observed in four young Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) stands. The stands, less than 15 years old, were located in humid sites near rivers in Bardu and Målselv municipalities, Troms County. Many of the oldest needles (2- to 3-yearsold) in the lower part of young trees were partially or completely brown, but still attached, and red bands could be observed. Aggregations of conidial stromata were often seen in the red bands. Conidia were hyaline, smooth, thin walled, and filiform, 1.9 to 2.6 μm wide and 12 to 36 μm long. Isolations were made from conidiomata and the identity of Mycosphaerella pini was confirmed by partial sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of a sample from Målselv (69°00′N, 18°51′E) (GenBank Accession No. JF796109). In June 2010, a survey was done in southeastern Norway where nearly 100 stands with young Scots pine, up to 20 years old, were inspected and typical symptoms of red band needle blight were observed in 10 stands in three municipalities in Hedmark County (Eidskog, Kongsvinger, and Trysil), less than 25 km from the Swedish border, and in one stand in Buskerud County (Nedre Eiker). Lower branches of up to 5 m tall trees had symptoms of red band needle blight, mainly on the oldest needles. In the red bands, acervuli of Dothistroma septosporum, the anamorph of M. pini, appeared. Typical conidia from acervuli were germinated in water agar and resulting mycelium was transferred to modified orange serum agar. Two isolates were sequenced as above and both herbarium samples and isolates (Kongsvinger, 60°06′N, 12°04′E; GenBank Accession No. JF796108 and Trysil, 61°14′N, 12°22′E; GenBank Accession No. JF796107) were deposited at the Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute. To fulfill Koch's postulates, symptoms were reproduced by artificial inoculation onto 1-year-old Scots pine seedlings. In June 2010, a pooled conidial suspension (2.4 to 3.8 × 103 conidia per ml) from two single-conidium cultures was sprayed to runoff onto 128 seedlings and 64 seedlings were mock sprayed with distilled water. First symptoms (brown segments and red bands) appeared on inoculated seedlings 1 month later and acervuli appeared after another 6 to 8 weeks. M. pini was reisolated from the acervuli. Three months after inoculation, 90% of inoculated seedlings showed symptoms while all uninoculated seedlings were healthy. Damage caused by M. pini has increased in the northern hemisphere during the last 15 to 20 years, possibly because of climate change (4). In 2006, the fungus was recorded in Estonia (2), in 2008 in Finland (3), and by 2009, the disease had spread over large areas in Finland including the region near the Norwegian border in the north. The disease has been in Sweden for a few years (J. Stenlid, personnel communication). In southern Norway, the disease has mainly been observed near the Swedish border so here the disease may originate from Sweden. So far, however, only small areas of Norway have been surveyed. Both natural spread and human transport dissemination may be occurring. References: (1) Anonymous. OEPP/EPPO Bull. 35, 303, 2005. (2) M. Hanso and R. Drenkhan. Plant Pathol. 57:170, 2008. (3) M. Müller et al. Plant Dis. 93:322, 2009. (4) A. Woods et al. BioScience 55:761, 2005.
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Bulajić, A., A. Vučurović, I. Stanković, D. Ristić, J. Jović, B. Stojković, and B. Krstić. "First Report of Plasmopara obducens on Impatiens walleriana in Serbia." Plant Disease 95, no. 4 (April 2011): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-10-10-0731.
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In May 2010, Impatiens walleriana plants with single or double flowers that were showing symptoms resembling those of downy mildew were collected in a greenhouse in the vicinity of Mionica, Kolubara District, Serbia. Diseased plants were severely stunted, with mild inconspicuous mottling and yellowing on the upper surface of the leaves. The lower surface of the affected leaves was completely covered with distinctive thick, white fungal-like growth. Symptomatic leaves wilted very quickly and premature leaf fall was common, leaving plants with only a few of the youngest leaves and no or few and poorly developed flowers. Disease incidence was extremely high, approaching 100%, and wilting and collapse of affected plants was very rapid, resulting in losses of more than 90%. White downy growth developing on leaf undersurfaces consisted of hyaline, thin-walled sporangiophores with monopodial branching and numerous, ovoid and hyaline sporangia. Apical branchlets of sporangiophores were at right angles to the main axis, with no apical thickening. Downy mildew of impatiens can be caused by Plasmopara obducens or the less known Bremiella sphaerosperma. The two can be differentiated on the basis of symptomatology and morphology of sporangiophores (1). The absence of well-defined spots on the infected impatiens leaves and straight sporangiophores indicated that the pathogen was P. obducens, which was further supported by molecular identification. Total DNA was extracted directly from plant tissue with a DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) following the manufacturer's instructions, and the 5′-end of the nuclear DNA coding for the large ribosomal subunit (LSU rDNA) was amplified by PCR using primers NL1 and NL4 (3). Each PCR amplification yielded two bands estimated at 800 and 650 bp, respectively. A representative isolate, 28-10, was sequenced and 727 bp of the larger band (GenBank Accession No. HQ246451) were found to be identical with P. obducens isolate (AY587558) from the United Kingdom. The sequence was almost identical with those of three P. obducens isolates deposited in NCBI GenBank: EF196869 and AY035522 differed from it by one base pair and FJ787308 by two base pairs. The sequence (HQ223336) of the smaller band was identical to that of three Impatiens accessions (AY727936, AF479154, and AY056515). Pathogenicity tests included inoculation of young I. walleriana plants by spraying with a sporangial suspension. The inoculated plants were kept in experimental chambers at 20°C and 80 to 90% relative humidity, and downy mildew symptoms were observed after 13 to 15 days. To our knowledge, this is the first report of downy mildew of I. walleriana caused by P. obducens in Serbia. So far the presence of P. obducens was recorded in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Lithuania, Romania, Russia, the United Kingdom (2), and recently in Norway (4). Thorough inspection would be needed to determine the distribution and incidence of P. obducens on impatiens in Serbia both indoors and outdoors. Impatiens is one of the most popular ornamentals in Serbia and intensive and increasing production may be seriously endangered by the presence of P. obducens. References: (1) O. Constantinescu. Mycologia 83:473, 1991. (2) C. R. Lane et al. Plant Pathol. 54:243, 2005. (3) W. Maier et al. Can. J. Bot. 81:12, 2003. (4) B. Toppe et al. New Dis. Rep. 20:33, 2010.
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Prieto-Recio, C., C. Romeralo, D. Bezos, J. Martín-García, P. Martínez-Álvarez, L. Botella, and J. J. Diez. "First Report of Heterobasidion annosum on Pinus pinaster in Spain." Plant Disease 96, no. 5 (May 2012): 770. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-10-11-0890-pdn.
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The basidiomycete Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. (=Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cooke), one of the most important pathogens in coniferous forests in Europe, Asia, and North America, causes root and butt rot. H. annosum was first recorded on Pinus pinaster Ait. (commonly known as Maritime pine) in France and Great Britain in 1961 (4) and Portugal in 1986 (2). P. pinaster is the most widespread conifer in Spain, with more than 700,000 and 600,000 ha in pure and mixed stands, respectively. Over the last few years, P. pinaster decline was observed in several stands in the center of the Iberian Peninsula. Unusual crown transparency, small needles, foliage discoloration, and early tree death are characteristic decline symptoms associated with the high mortality rate on this species. In June of 2010, 11 trees (40 to 60 years old) with a different degree of decline were felled in two zones (42°2′41″N, 3°18′14″W, elevation 1,096 m and 41°55′40″N, 3°12′3″W, elevation 1,128 m) and cut into sections (stump height, breast height, and near the top). Wood slices were removed from each section and taken to the laboratory. Samples were placed in moist chambers with optimal conditions of humidity and temperature to enhance pathogen growth. After 20 days of incubation in darkness at 25°C, H. annosum (anamorph Spiniger meineckellum [A. Olson] Stalpers) occurred on most of these slices. Conidiophores with subglobose to pyriform conidia (5.8 × 4.2 μm) were observed with a compound microscope. The fungus was isolated to extract DNA by disruption of the mycelium followed by washes with phenol/chloroform/isoamyl alcohol solution (25:24:1). DNA was precipitated with 20% polyethylene glycol solution. PCR was carried out according to the instructions of the manufacturer of Dynazyme II DNA polymerase (Finnzymes Ltd, Espoo, Finland) with ITS primers, 1F (5′-CTTGGTCATTTAGAGGAAGTAA-3′) and 4 (5′-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3′). After DNA purification, samples were sequenced (SECUGEN, Madrid, Spain) and aligned and corrected with Geneious Pro 5.3 to obtain the consensus sequences. Resulting DNA sequences of two isolates were deposited in GenBank (Nos. FR850494 and FR850495), and compared with a Blastn search at GenBank showing 100% identity and 100% coverage with H. annosum sensu stricto, former ISG-P (intersterility group of pines). For pathogenicity tests, 10 seedlings (2 year old) were inoculated with autoclaved P. pinaster wood chips colonized by H. annosum, and 10 control seedlings were inoculated with noncolonized wood chips. Inoculums were prepared by growing H. annosum on 4-mm-diameter wood chips placed on potato dextrose agar media for 3 weeks. The wood chips were put inside an oblique incision made at 6 cm above the soil line and wrapped with Parafilm. After 8 weeks in a growth chamber at 22.5°C with a 14-h photoperiod, the inoculated seedlings showed typical symptoms and 3 seedlings of 10 were dead. H. annosum was previously recorded on P. sylvestris in central Spain (1), causing needle drop, swelling at the stump height, and presence of dead trees by circular areas. This pathogen was also reported on P. nigra in northeastern Spain, associated with defoliation and mortality (3). To our knowledge, this is the first record of H. annosum on P. pinaster in Spain. References: (1) J. Benito-Martínez. An. Jardín Bot. Madrid 3:23, 1943. (2) N. Neves et al. EPPO Bull. 16:505, 1986. (3) J. Oliva et al. Bol. Sanidad Vegetal. Plagas. 34:415, 2008. (4) P. Spaulding. US Dep. Agric. Agric. Handb. 197:100, 1961.
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Ilva, Jyrki. "Measuring Open Access in Finland." Septentrio Conference Series, no. 1 (November 20, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/5.4276.
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In Finland the national Open Access monitoring efforts are integrated with the national data collection conducted by CSC - IT Centre for Science for the Ministry of Education and Culture. The collection of data on research publications encompasses universities, universities of applied sciences, central hospital districts and many of the state research institutes.The publication metadata is collected from the CRIS of each participating organization. A new automated data collection process was launched in 2016, but while some of the organizations update their data daily, many others still upload their data on annual basis. The data is stored in the Virta service built by CSC, and the de-duplicated publication data can be browsed at Juuli (http://www.juuli.fi), a VuFind-based discovery interface developed by the National Library of Finland.Starting from 2016, the Ministry has improved the way the OA status information is reported. There are two separate fields for indicating the OA status of each publication. One of the fields indicates whether the publication is OA via a Gold or a Hybrid channel, and the second field is used for indicating whether it has been deposited into a repository (Green OA).The OA definition used in the data collection has been made as clear as possible:The publication should be at least free to readGold/Hybrid and Green Open Access are all acceptedEmbargoes are allowed for Green OA but not for Gold or HybridDepositing into an institutional or a subject-based repository is OK, but papers available at personal/project websites or at sites like Research Gate or Academia.edu don’t countThe OA version must be peer-reviewed to qualifyAlthough the quality of the data has improved, it is still far from perfect. Some of the organizations are putting more effort into the collection and verification of the data than others. At the moment no data is collected on the embargoes, the use of licenses or the APC costs associated with each publication.According to the current dataset for the year 2016, 28.6% of all peer-reviewed articles produced within the Finnish universities were reported as being Open Access. The amount of overlap between Gold/Hybrid and Green Open Access was higher than was expected. Only about 40% of the articles that the universities reported as being openly available via Green route were originally issued in non-OA publication channels.At the moment the share of OA publications is highest within the natural sciences (34%) and lowest in engineering and technology (20%), with medicine and health sciences, agriculture and forestry, humanities and social sciences falling in between them.
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Ilva, Jyrki. "Suomalaisten yliopistojen avoimet julkaisut vuonna 2016 OKM:n julkaisutiedonkeruun tietojen valossa." Informaatiotutkimus 36, no. 3-4 (December 29, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.23978/inf.68913.
Full textAbstract:
The Finnish Open Access monitoring efforts are integrated with the national data collection conducted by CSC – IT Center for Science for the Ministry of Education and Culture. The publication data collected from the CRIS of each participating organization can be browsed at Juuli (www.juuli.fi), a discovery interface developed by the National Library of Finland.
Starting from 2016, two separate fields have been used for indicating the OA status of each publication. One of the fields indicates whether the publication is OA via a Gold or a Hybrid channel, and the second field is used for indicating whether it has been deposited into a repository. The OA definition used in the data collection has also been updated to make it as clear as possible. According to the current dataset for the year 2016, 28.9 % of all peer-reviewed articles produced within the Finnish universities were reported as being OA. There was a lot of overlap between Gold/Hybrid and Green OA, as about 60 % of the articles deposited into repositories were already OA via Gold or Hybrid OA publication channels.
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Knutsson, Roger, Anne Tuomela, Anssi Rauhala, Sven Knutsson, and Jan Laue. "Geothermal Study of a Tailings Deposit: Frost Line Modelling and Comparison to Field Data." Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering, March 15, 2021, 15–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.47260/jesge/1133.
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Seasonal freezing and thawing can have significant effects on tailings management. Tailings delivery, depositional schemes and water treatment are examples of activities that must be dealt with extra concern in sub-zero temperatures. Changes in mechanical properties, drainage possibilities or embedded frozen tailings layers are effects that can arise in poorly managed facilities. To avoid such consequences, a good understanding of the seasonal effects on the tailings deposit is needed. To get a better understanding of the geothermal regime in tailings, this paper presents a case study with geothermal modelling performed for the Laiva tailings facility in Finland, where major seasonal freezing and thawing periods are present. Ground temperatures and frost lines were predicted via one-dimensional modelling using air temperatures and snow cover depths from adjacent weather stations, and basic soil properties from the facility. Simulated results were compared to data obtained from thermal instruments in the field. The snow cover and its estimated thermal properties were shown to have large influence on the results. The model was able to accurately predict the thermal regime measured in the field. Strong agreement was shown, both in terms of ground temperatures and frost front positions. The methodology presented is useful for tailings management schemes in cold regions. Keywords: Geothermal Monitoring, Geothermal Modelling, Tailings, Soil Temperature, Frost Tubes, Snow Cover.
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Marković, Sanja, Sonja Milić Komić, Aleksandra Jelušić, Renata Iličić, Ferenc Bagi, Slaviša Stanković, and Tatjana Popović. "First report of Pectobacterium versatile causing blackleg of potato in Serbia." Plant Disease, August 19, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-06-21-1128-pdn.
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Potato blackleg is frequently observed on the production fields in the Bačka region of Vojvodina province, which is one of the largest potato-growing areas in Serbia. This disease usually occurs during June and July. In July 2020, blackleg symptoms in the form of stem necrotic lesions, vascular discoloration, hollow stems, and wilting of whole plants were noted on potato cultivar VR808 on a field 28 ha in size located in Maglić village (GPS coordinates 45.349325 N, 19.542768 E). Disease incidence was estimated at 20−25%. Isolations were performed from 12 potato samples on Crystal Violet Pectate medium (CVP). Stem sections consisted of brown lesions and healthy tissue (c.10 cm) were surface sterilized with ethyl alcohol 70% (w/v) and rinsed with sterile distilled water. Small pieces of tissue were taken at the edges of stem lesions (between healthy and diseased tissue) were soaked in phosphate buffer saline for 20 min and plated using a standard procedure (Klement et al. 1990). Single colonies that formed pits after 48 hours at 26 °C were re-streaked onto Nutrient Agar (NA) where creamy white colonies with smooth surfaces were formed. A total of 30 isolates were selected and DNA isolated from the colonies was further analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the partial dnaX gene (DNA polymerase subunit III gamma/tau) with primer pair dnaXf/dnaXr for Pectobacterium and Dickeya species identification (Slawiak et al. 2009). A single characteristic band of 535 bp was amplified in all isolates (Slawiak et al. 2009). DNA sequence alignment showed two distinct groups of isolates (Fig.S1), which were genetically uniform within each group. Using BLASTn search, it was established that the dnaX sequence of the first group (consisting of 19 Serbian potato isolates) had 99.79% identity with NCBI-deposited Pectobacterium versatile strains 14A and 3-2 from potato from Belarus (Acc. No. CP034276 and CP024842, respectively) as well as SCC1 from Finland (Acc. No. CP021894). The remaining 11 dnaX sequences had 100% identity with Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum strain CFBP7081 originating from water in Spain (Acc. No. MK516961). The partial dnaX sequences of three Serbian P. versatile isolates (Pv1320, Pv1520, and Pv1620) and one P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc2520) were deposited in GenBank under Acc. No. MW839571, MW805306, MW839572, and MW805307, respectively. These results, indicating combined infection in the observed field, signify the first identification of P. versatile in Serbia. Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) performed with proA (proAF1/ proAR1) and mdh (mdh2/mdh4) genes (Ma et al. 2007; Moleleki et al. 2013) grouped three tested Serbian potato P. versatile isolates together with P. versatile strains from NCBI (Fig.S2). For both tested genes, BLASTn search revealed 100% homology with P. versatile strain SCC1 from Finland. Three Serbian P. versatile potato isolates were deposited under Acc. Nos. MZ682623-25 for proA and MZ682620-22 for mdh genes. According to the routine tests suggested for Pectobacteriaceae (Schaad et al. 2001), Serbian isolates possessed microbiological traits identical to P. versatile description (Portier et al. 2019). Pathogenicity was performed on potato cultivar VR808 with three selected P. versatile isolates (Pv1320, Pv1520, and Pv1620) in the following assays: (i) surface-sterilized tuber slices with holes in the center filled with 100 µL of bacterial suspensions (adjusted to 109 CFU mL-1) to test the isolates’ ability to cause soft rot, and (ii) young, four-week old plants with developed 3rd true leaf (c. 30 cm tall) were inoculated by injecting stems with bacterial suspension adjusted to 107 - 108 CFU mL-1 at a height 5 cm above the soil line. Negative controls were treated with sterile distilled water. Inoculated plants were kept under controlled conditions (25 °C temperature and >70% relative humidity). Each assay was replicated twice. Soft rot appeared on tuber slices 24 h after inoculation. On inoculated stems, initial symptoms manifested as greasy elongated spots at inoculation sites two days after inoculation (DAI), and subsequently extended along the vascular tissue and became necrotic. Whole plant's decay was recorded in five DAI, while negative controls remained healthy. To complete Koch's postulates, bacteria were re-isolated from symptomatic potato plants and confirmed by PCR and sequencing of dnaX. This first report of P. versatile in potato indicates that blackleg currently present in Serbia is caused by a diverse bacterial population. This pathogen was first identified in genome comparison as ‘Candidatus Pectobacterium maceratum’ (Shirshikov et al. 2018) and was later renamed as Pectobacterium versatile sp. nov. (Portier et al. 2019). Thus far, bacterium Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliensis has been recognized as dominant pathogen on most of the infected fields in Vojvodina province, and was recently noted on one plot subjected to a combined infection with Dickeya dianthicola (Marković et al. 2021). Findings achieved in this study are highly relevant, as they point to the diversity in potato blackleg pathogens, likely due to the increasingly widespread distribution of imported seed potatoes.
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Paladini, Giuseppe, Andrew P. Shinn, Nicholas G. H. Taylor, James E. Bron, and Haakon Hansen. "Geographical distribution of Gyrodactylus salaris Malmberg, 1957 (Monogenea, Gyrodactylidae)." Parasites & Vectors 14, no. 1 (January 9, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-04504-5.
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Abstract Background Gyrodactylus salaris Malmberg, 1957 is an OIE (Office International des Epizooties)-listed parasitic pathogen and had until the current study been reported from 19 countries across Europe, although many of these records require confirmation. The last comprehensive evaluation regarding the distribution of G. salaris, however, was made in 2007, although some of the states identified as being G. salaris-positive were ascribed this status based on misidentifications, on partial data resulting from either morphological or molecular tests, or from records that have not been revisited since their early reporting. It is thus important to go through the reports on G. salaris to obtain a status for each country. Methods To provide a revised update of the G. salaris distribution, a literature review was necessary. This literature, however, was not always readily accessible and, in certain cases, the article only made superficial reference to the parasite without providing details or data to support the identification. In most cases, the original specimens were not deposited in a national collection. Additional Gyrodactylus material for the current study was obtained from selected salmonid populations with the aim to contribute to current understanding regarding the distribution of G. salaris. Additional parasite material collected for this study was processed following standard procedures for species identification in Gyrodactylus [1]. Results From the work conducted in the current study, G. salaris is reported from a further three regions in Italy, alongside three other species, and appears to occur extensively throughout central Italy without causing significant mortalities to its rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), host. The analysis of archive material from G. salaris-positive farms would suggest that G. salaris has been in this country since at least 2000. Material obtained from rainbow trout from Finland and Germany are confirmed as G. salaris, supporting existing data for these countries. No specimens of G. salaris, however, were found in the additional Gyrodactylus material obtained from rainbow trout reared in Portugal and Spain. A morphologically similar species, Gyrodactylus teuchis Lautraite, Blanc, Thiery, Daniel et Vigneulle, 1999, however, was found. Conclusions Following the present review, Gyrodactylus salaris is reported from 23 out of 50 recognised states throughout Europe; only records from 14 of these states have been confirmed by either morphology and/or by an appropriate molecular test and are considered valid, while only nine of these records have been confirmed by a combination of both methods.
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Paladini, Giuseppe, Andrew P. Shinn, Nicholas G. H. Taylor, James E. Bron, and Haakon Hansen. "Geographical distribution of Gyrodactylus salaris Malmberg, 1957 (Monogenea, Gyrodactylidae)." Parasites & Vectors 14, no. 1 (January 9, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-04504-5.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background Gyrodactylus salaris Malmberg, 1957 is an OIE (Office International des Epizooties)-listed parasitic pathogen and had until the current study been reported from 19 countries across Europe, although many of these records require confirmation. The last comprehensive evaluation regarding the distribution of G. salaris, however, was made in 2007, although some of the states identified as being G. salaris-positive were ascribed this status based on misidentifications, on partial data resulting from either morphological or molecular tests, or from records that have not been revisited since their early reporting. It is thus important to go through the reports on G. salaris to obtain a status for each country. Methods To provide a revised update of the G. salaris distribution, a literature review was necessary. This literature, however, was not always readily accessible and, in certain cases, the article only made superficial reference to the parasite without providing details or data to support the identification. In most cases, the original specimens were not deposited in a national collection. Additional Gyrodactylus material for the current study was obtained from selected salmonid populations with the aim to contribute to current understanding regarding the distribution of G. salaris. Additional parasite material collected for this study was processed following standard procedures for species identification in Gyrodactylus [1]. Results From the work conducted in the current study, G. salaris is reported from a further three regions in Italy, alongside three other species, and appears to occur extensively throughout central Italy without causing significant mortalities to its rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), host. The analysis of archive material from G. salaris-positive farms would suggest that G. salaris has been in this country since at least 2000. Material obtained from rainbow trout from Finland and Germany are confirmed as G. salaris, supporting existing data for these countries. No specimens of G. salaris, however, were found in the additional Gyrodactylus material obtained from rainbow trout reared in Portugal and Spain. A morphologically similar species, Gyrodactylus teuchis Lautraite, Blanc, Thiery, Daniel et Vigneulle, 1999, however, was found. Conclusions Following the present review, Gyrodactylus salaris is reported from 23 out of 50 recognised states throughout Europe; only records from 14 of these states have been confirmed by either morphology and/or by an appropriate molecular test and are considered valid, while only nine of these records have been confirmed by a combination of both methods.
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Trkulja, Vojislav, Petar Mitrovic, Jelena Mihić Salapura, Renata Iličić, Bojana Ćurković, Ivica Djalovic, and Tatjana Popović. "First report of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ on carrot in Serbia." Plant Disease, December 1, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-11-20-2384-pdn.
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At the beginning of July 2020, three-month-old carrot plants (Daucus carota L. variety Maestro F1) grown in a commercial field 1.2 ha in size at the Begeč locality (45°14’30.38” N 19°36’44.82” E) in southern part of the Bačka region, Vojvodina, Serbia, exhibited symptoms of yellowing and reddish leaf discoloration. At the end of July, leaves on the infected plants became bronze and purplish, while their shoots and roots were stunted due to dehydration, with pronounced proliferation. In some cases, the damage was so extensive that it led to plant decay. The disease incidence of 0.5−1% recorded early in July rapidly escalated, reaching 10−15% in the first ten days of August. The observed symptoms resembled those caused by ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ (CaLso), a phloem-limited proteobacterium (1). To detect and identify CaLso, 15 symptomatic diseased and 5 asymptomatic healthy carrot plants were subjected to conventional polymerase chain reactions (PCR) using two primer sets specific to CaLso, and positive PCR products were further sequenced using commercial facilities (Macrogen Europe). Total DNA was extracted from petiole and root tissues using a commercial kit (Qiagen DNEasy Plant Mini Kit) following the manufacturer-recommended protocol. In the first PCR, using the Lso TX 16/23 F/R primer pair that targets the 16S-23S rRNA IGS region specific to CaLso (2), all 15 diseased samples yielded a band of 383 bp size. After sequencing, 100% homology was noted among tested isolates; therefore, one isolate coded as 1842/20 was chosen as representative and was deposited in NCBI GenBank under Accession number MT948144. BLAST analysis showed 99.70% identity of Serbian carrot isolates with those of the CaLso isolate 80022 originating from celery seed in Slovenia or Italy (Acc. no. KY619977) (3), as well as 99.41% identity with isolate GBBC_Clso_03 from carrot in Belgium (Acc. no. MH734515) and 98.22% identity with the sequence of the CaLso reference strain NZ082226 (Acc. no. EU834130) isolated from tomato in New Zealand (4). In the second PCR, species-specific forward primer LsoF empirically designed at the signature region of the 16S rRNA sequence of CaLso (5) in combination with the universal liberibacter reverse primer OI2c (6) yielded a target of 1163 bp size in all 15 diseased symptomatic carrot samples. Representative isolate 1842/20 was deposited in NCBI GenBank under Acc. no. MW187524. Based on the nucleotide BLAST analysis, the sequence of Serbian carrot isolate showed 100% identity with CaLso strains 16-004 and 16-011 originating from carrot in Finland (Acc. no. MG701014 and MG701015, respectively) and 99.64% identity with CaLso reference strain NZ082226 (Acc. no. EU834130). Five healthy asymptomatic carrot plant samples were negative for the presence of CaLso in both PCR tests employed in this work. To our knowledge, this is the first report of CaLso causing the disease in carrot in Serbia. These results suggest a wider distribution of this pathogen than previously reported in Europe. In 2014, Psyllid Bactericera trigonica (Hemiptera, Triozidae) was described for the first time as a potential vector for CaLso transmission in few localities, including Begeč (7). Considering that its vectors are presently unidentified, certain aspects of CaLso genomics, diversity, epidemiology and vector dynamics will be studied further in future investigations.