Relevant bibliographies by topics / Ore grinding

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Ore grinding'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Ore grinding"

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Yang, Jinlin, Zhichao Shuai, Wentao Zhou, and Shaojian Ma. "Grinding Optimization of Cassiterite-Polymetallic Sulfide Ore." Minerals 9, no. 2 (February 25, 2019): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9020134.

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Due to the differences in beneficiation methods and mineral properties between cassiterite ore and polymetallic sulfide ore, there is an inherent contradiction between cassiterite overgrinding and sulfide ore undergrinding. A method to optimize and characterize the grinding performance is presented in this paper. In this method, the grinding characteristics are defined by the qualified particle size range index under unit energy consumption. By changing the grinding time, grinding concentration, and filling ratio, the optimized grinding conditions were evaluated, and they were predicted and verified by the response surface method. The results corroborate that when the grinding time of cassiterite is 4 min and the grinding time of sulfide ore is 8 min, the grinding qualified size range index under unit energy consumption is the largest. Cassiterite is brittle and easy to grind due to low hardness, while sulfide is difficult to grind due to high hardness. Hence, the time to beneficiate tin ore is when the grinding time is 4 min, and that to beneficiate sulfide ore is when the regrinding time is approximately 4 min. In this way, the contradiction between overgrinding cassiterite and undergrinding sulfide ore can be alleviated on the basis of the most effective utilization of grinding energy. The optimal grinding concentration and filling ratio are 65% and 37%, respectively. The response surface prediction and test results are almost identical, with an error of ±2%. Thus, the effectiveness of grinding characterization method is verified.
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Nenuwa, OB. "Determination of Work Index of Muro Iron Ore Using Marble and Granite as Reference Ores." Journal of Advanced Research in Manufacturing, Material Science & Metallurgical Engineering 08, no. 3&4 (January 21, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2393.8315.202102.

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The work index of Muro iron ore was determined using the modified Bond’s method also known as Berry and Bruce method. This study used iron ore obtained from Muro town, a community in Toto LGA, Nasarawa state as the test ore. Marble and Granite which was separately used as the reference ores were obtained from Muro environs. 100 g each of the test ore and the reference ores were subjected to the same grinding conditions in a ball mill. Size analysis of the feed to the ball mill and the product of the ball mill for both test ore and reference ores were carried out and the results tabulated accordingly. The 80% passing particle size of the ball mill feed and discharge for the samples were calculated using the Gaudian Schumann expression. The Bond’s equation was then used to calculate the work index of the Muro iron ore which was found to be 24.84 kWh/ t when marble was used as reference ore and 27.41 kWh/ t when granite was used as reference ore. The average work index of Muro iron ore was calculated as 26.13 kWh/ t, while the energy requirement for grinding the ore was found to be 3.62 kWh/ t. The value of the work index of Muro iron ore is within the limit of work index of iron ore quoted in literatures
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Imbelloni, Alaine Moreira, José Pedro Silva, and Carlos Alberto Pereira. "Nickel ore grinding energy determination." Rem: Revista Escola de Minas 67, no. 2 (June 2014): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0370-44672014000200009.

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This study describes the application of an empirical method to estimate the energy consumption in laboratory of the primary grinding of nickel ore with a specific mineralogical texture. This method developed by Donda was previously used in iron ore from the Iron Quadrangle (Minas Gerais, Brasil) with the same purpose. Through the grinding test, performed under standard conditions and based on the degree of liberation and percentage retained on 0.074 mm, it is possible to obtain the energy consumption for grinding. The results mean a validation of the method with a good approximation between industrial and laboratory values. In practice the energy consumption is 26.6 kWh/t and through Donda's method, when using the liberation degree as a parameter, the energy found was 26.8 kWh/t.
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Yusupov, T. S., and E. A. Kirillova. "Surfactants in fine ore grinding." Journal of Mining Science 46, no. 5 (September 2010): 582–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10913-010-0073-y.

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Yang, Jinlin, Wenzhe Xu, Xingjian Deng, Hengjun Li, and Shaojian Ma. "Research on the Selective Grinding of Zn and Sn in Cassiterite Polymetallic Sulfide Ore." Minerals 12, no. 2 (February 15, 2022): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12020245.

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When cassiterite polymetallic sulfide ore is being ground in the ball mill, the contradiction between over grinding of cassiterite and under grinding of sulfide ore is inevitable due to their mechanical property differences. In this paper, a selective grinding characterization method is proposed to optimize the grinding of cassiterite polymetallic sulfide ore based on the respective selective grinding indexes, namely, the changes in the cumulative grade and cumulative quantities of metal. The preferred grinding characteristics were studied by varying three grinding operation factors, the grinding time, grinding concentration, and mill speed, as these all affect the selective grinding behavior of the ball mill. In the proposed method, the breaking process preferentially begins with the Zn minerals in the cassiterite polymetallic sulfide ore; however, Sn minerals are found to break first when the specific energy of the grinding media is large. The differences in the crushing characteristics of Zn and Sn minerals narrow down as the grinding time and concentration increase. When the grinding concentration is lower than 50%, the two types of minerals are broken with little difference. However, when the grinding concentration is higher than 50%, the Zn minerals are broken prior to the Sn minerals.
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Shvets, D. V. "Theoretical-probability approach to analyse the iron ore grinding process." Mining Journal of Kryvyi Rih National University, no. 109 (2021): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31721/2306-5435-2021-1-109-111-117.

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Natarajan, K. A., and I. Iwasaki. "Electrochemical Aspects of Grinding Ball-Mineral Interactions in Ore Grinding." Key Engineering Materials 20-28 (January 1991): 799–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.20-28.799.

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Yang, Jinlin, Shaojian Ma, Wentao Zhou, and Pengyan Zhu. "Study on Grinding Additives in Cassiterite–Polymetallic Sulfide Ore Grinding." Minerals 12, no. 4 (April 12, 2022): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12040472.

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To attempt a new approach to improve the grinding of cassiterite–polymetallic sulfide ores while simultaneously reducing cassiterite overgrinding and sulfide undergrinding, this article looked into the effects of grinding chemical additives on the distribution of grinding product size. Six chemicals, namely sodium hexametaphosphate, triethanolamine, ferric sulphate, aluminum chloride, polyaluminum chloride and polyacrylamide, were compared in terms of their influence on the grinding product size distribution. The results showed that the six chemicals changed the distribution results with varying orientations and degrees and that the addition of polyacrylamide achieved the most satisfactory effect by decreasing the production of both coarse and fine size fractions and increasing the production of qualified particles. The effect of the molecular weight of polyacrylamide on the grinding was also discussed. The polyacrylamides with molecular weights of about 3 × 106, 5 × 106, 8 × 106 and 12 × 106 could help to produce less of the coarse size fraction and more of the qualified size fraction, but only the polyacrylamides with molecular weights of 3 × 106 and 5 × 106 produced pronounced changes. Moreover, the polyacrylamides could slightly reduce the production of the fine size fraction. Polyacrylamide with a 5 × 106 molecular weight was better than that with a 3 × 106 molecular weight in aiding the grinding of the discussed ore. It was also found that the aid action of the polyacrylamide with a 5 × 106 molecular weight was related to grinding concentration and that a low grinding concentration of less than 70% solid mass was helpful in exerting its aid action. Using polyacrylamide could shorten the grinding time that is needed to achieve the same, or even improved, product size distribution.
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Ishihara, Shingo, Kozo Shinoda, and Junya Kano. "Mechanochemical Treatment to Remove Arsenic from Copper Ore." Minerals 9, no. 6 (June 6, 2019): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9060349.

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This study tested the removal of arsenic from copper ore concentrate via a mechanochemical treatment by planetary ball milling. The harmful components of ore, such as arsenic, are increasing year by year and decreasing the copper grade, therefore there is a strong need to improve the separation of arsenic from copper ore. The effect of grinding as a result of chemical activation caused by mechanochemical treatment was evaluated by XRD and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) measurements. From the results of the XRD analysis, several crystalline minerals were identified from the original samples. The diffraction peaks of the original samples were reduced by grinding, although grinding did not generate any new diffraction peaks. The comparison of the results of grinding in dry and wet conditions showed that the rate of disappearance of the crystalline minerals was faster in dry grinding than in wet grinding. To clarify the chemical state of arsenic in copper ore, XAS analysis was carried out. The results indicated that the arsenic compound changed from sulfide, in the original sample, to oxide after grinding. As a result of oxidation, the arsenic was easy to dissolve in a water and alkaline solution, and optimized dry and wet grinding conditions achieved up to 76% arsenic removal efficiency.
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Nava, Jennire V., Alfredo L. Coello-Velázquez, and Juan M. Menéndez-Aguado. "Grinding Kinetics Study of Tungsten Ore." Metals 11, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11010071.

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The European Commission (EC) maintains the consideration of tungsten as a critical raw material for the European industry, being the comminution stage of tungsten-bearing minerals an essential step in the tungsten concentration process. Comminution operations involve approximately 3–4% of worldwide energy consumption; therefore, grinding optimization should be a priority. In this study, the grinding behavior of tungsten ore from Barruecopardo Mine (Salamanca, Spain) is analyzed. A protocol based on Austin’s methodology and PBM is developed in order to study the influence of operational and geometallurgical variables on grinding kinetics. In addition to the kinetic parameters, the breakage probability (Si) and breakage function (Bij) is determined. The selection function was formulated for the Barruecopardo Mine with respect to the mill speed.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ore grinding"

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Hahne, Roger. "Influence of variations in feed ore characteristics on autogenous grinding /." Luleå, 2002. http://epubl.luth.se/1402-1757/2002/21.

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Tyabashe, Loyiso. "Determination of the power losses on a tyre-mounted ore-grinding mill." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9709.

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Includes bibliographical references.
The objective of this study was to determine the power losses occurring on a tyre-mounted ore-grinding mill designed by Dorbyl Heavy Engineering for Mintek. In order to understand the type of losses occurring on this mill it was decided that a scaled model be built and tested. Such a model mill was designed through the dimensional analysis and similitude technique. This technique enables the reduction of the number of variables to be tested by grouping them into a set of dimensionless parameters, and also allows the results obtained by means of experimentation with the scaled models to be related to the full-scale prototypes. The model mill was constructed in the Mechanical Engineering Workshop at the University of Cape Town. The overall dimensions of the model are 1400 mm long, 1070 mm wide and 892.5 mm high. Its drive-train comprises an electric motor, the wedge and timing belts with the appropriate pulleys, a differential gear set, the tyres, a shell and a disc brake sub-assembly. The tyres used to drive the shell can either be of the pneumatic or solid rubber types. The model mill was designed such that the tyre parameters required in the theoretical solution for power losses, which utilises the Light Vehicle Dynamics Simulation tyre model, could also be measured.
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Mwanga, Abdul-Rahaman. "Development of a geometallurgical testing framework for ore grinding and liberation properties." Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-59904.

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Efficient measurement methods for comminution properties are an important prerequisite for testing the variability of an ore deposit within the geometallurgical context. This involves the investigation of effects of mineralogy and mineral texture on the breakage of mineral particles. Breakage properties of mineral particles are crucial for the liberations of minerals and the energy required for that. For process optimization and control purposes, comminution indices are often used to map the variation of processing properties of an entire ore body (e.g. Bond work index). Within the geometallurgical approach this information is then taken up when modelling the process with varying feed properties. The main focus of this thesis work has been to develop a comprehensive geometallurgical testing framework, the Geometallurgical Comminution Test (GCT), which allows the time and cost efficient measurement of grinding indices and their linkage to mineralogical parameters (e.g. modal mineralogy or mineral texture, mineral liberation). In this context a small-scale grindability test has been developed that allows estimating the Bond work index from single pass grinding tests using small amounts of sample material. Verification of the evaluation method and validation was done with different mineral systems. For selected samples the mineral liberation distribution was investigated using automated mineralogy. By transferring the energy-size reduction relation to energy – liberation relation new term liberability has been established. As part of the experimental investigations, mineralogical parameters and mineral texture information were used for predicting breakage and liberation properties. Patterns for describing the breakage phenomena were established for a set of iron oxide ore samples. The determined breakage patterns indicated that the specific rate of mineral breakage slows down when reaching the grain size of mineral particles, thus allowing maximizing mineral liberation significantly without wasting mechanical energy.
CAMM
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Botha, Stefan. "Hybrid non-linear model predictive control of a run-of-mine ore grinding mill circuit." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/66915.

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A run-of-mine (ROM) ore milling circuit is primarily used to grind incoming ore containing precious metals to a powder fine enough to liberate the valuable minerals contained therein. The ground ore has a product particle size specification that is set by the downstream separation unit. A ROM ore milling circuit typically consists of a mill, sump and classifier (most commonly a hydrocyclone). These circuits are difficult to control because of unmeasurable process outputs, non-linearities, time delays, large unmeasured disturbances and complex models with modelling uncertainties. The ROM ore milling circuit should be controlled to meet the final product quality specification, but throughput should also be maximised. This further complicates ROM ore grinding mill circuit control, since an inverse non-linear relationship exists between the quality and throughput. ROM ore grinding mill circuit control is constantly evolving to find the best control method with peripheral tools to control the plant. Although many studies have been conducted, more are continually undertaken, since the controller designs are usually based on various assumptions and the required measurements in the grinding mill circuits are often unavailable.
To improve controller performance, many studies investigated the inclusion of additional manipulated variables (MVs) in the controller formulation to help control process disturbances, or to provide some form of functional control. Model predictive control (MPC) is considered one of the best advanced process control (APC) techniques and linear MPC controllers have been implemented on grinding mill circuits, while various other advanced controllers have been investigated and tested in simulation. Because of the complexity of grinding mill circuits non-linear MPC (NMPC) controllers have achieved better results in simulations where a wider operating region is required. In the search for additional MVs some researchers have considered including the discrete dynamics as part of the controller formulation instead of segregating them from the APC or base-layer controllers. The discrete dynamics are typically controlled using a layered approach. Discrete dynamics are on/off elements and in the case of a closed-loop grinding mill circuit the discrete elements can be on/off activation variables for feed conveyor belts to select which stockpile is used, selecting whether a secondary grinding stage should be active or not, and switching hydrocyclones in a hydrocyclone cluster. Discrete dynamics are added directly to the APC controllers by using hybrid model predictive control (HMPC). HMPC controllers have been designed for grinding mill circuits, but none of them has considered the switching of hydrocyclones as an additional MV and they only include linear dynamics for the continuous elements. This study addresses this gap by implementing a hybrid NMPC (HNMPC) controller that can switch the hydrocyclones in a cluster.
A commonly used continuous-time grinding mill circuit model with one hydrocyclone is adapted to contain a cluster of hydrocyclones, resulting in a hybrid model. The model parameters are refitted to ensure that the initial design steady-state conditions for the model are still valid with the cluster. The novel contribution of this research is the design of a HNMPC controller using a cluster of hydrocyclones as an additional MV. The HNMPC controller is formulated using the complete nonlinear hybrid model and a genetic algorithm (GA) as the solver. An NMPC controller is also designed and implemented as the base case controller in order to evaluate the HNMPC controller’s performance. To further illustrate the functional control benefits of including the hydrocyclone cluster as an MV, a linear optimisation objective was added to the HNMPC to increase the grinding circuit throughput, while maintaining the quality specification. The results show that the HNMPC controller outperforms the NMPC one in terms of setpoint tracking, disturbance rejection, and process optimisation objectives. The GA is shown to be a good solver for HNMPC, resulting in a robust controller that can still control the plant even when state noise is added to the simulation.
Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2018.
National Research Foundation (DAAD-NRF)
Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering
MEng
Unrestricted
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Rosa, Andreia Carolina. "Desempenho dos circuitos de moagem direto e inverso da Samarco." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3134/tde-26072013-115108/.

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Este trabalho analisou, comparativamente, os aspectos operacionais entre as configurações de circuito fechado de moagem em moinhos de bolas, quais sejam, os circuitos direto e inverso. Foram realizadas amostragens no circuito industrial de prémoagem e moagem primária do Concentrador I de Germano, da Samarco Mineração, ora operando sob a configuração inversa, ora sob a configuração direta. Os históricos de dados industriais entre os circuitos dos Concentradores I e II de Germano foram também comparados, para complementação desta análise. Por fim, foram realizados ensaios de moagem em escala de laboratório, simulando ambas as condições. As comparações entre diferentes índices de desempenho selecionou o consumo de energia por tonelada de material gerado abaixo da malha de controle como o mais adequado para avaliar o desempenho dos circuitos. A comparação entre os históricos dos dados industriais dos Concentradores I (operando sob circuito inverso) e do Concentrador II (operando sob circuito direto) mostrou um histórico consistente em que o circuito do Concentrador II apresenta menor consumo energético por tonelada de material gerado abaixo da malha de controle do circuito. Estes resultados foram diferentes daqueles obtidos a partir das amostragens realizadas no circuito industrial da Samarco, os quais indicaram melhor desempenho do circuito inverso. A diferença foi atribuída à etapa de classificação, cujo desempenho determina a alteração ou até mesmo anula os benefícios, conforme demonstram os resultados de simulação posteriores.
This work compared the performance associated to both direct and reverse ball mill closed circuit configurations. Survey campaigns were carried out in both Samarco Mineração industrial plants ie. Concentrator I and Concentrator II. The former includes reverse configured ball mill closed grinding circuit, while the latter is equipped with ball mills under a direct closed configuration. The study comprised laboratory jar tests as well as comparisons between historical data obtained for both industrial plants. The energy consumption per ton of generated product was selected as the most adequate parameter to access the circuit performance. Comparisons based on historical data indicated that the Concentrator II, configured in a direct mode, showed a better performance than Concentrator I. Such a conclusion contrasts with the results obtained from the survey campaign which indicated a better performance for the reverse configuration. Such a difference was associated to the performance of the classification, carried out in cyclones, as demonstrated by simulations conducted on the basis of previously calibrated models.
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Foggiatto, Bianca. "Previsão de desempenho do circuito de moagem de Carajás." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3134/tde-03072009-140900/.

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O circuito de moagem de Carajás foi originalmente projetado para moagem de sinter feed, obtendose como produto final pellet feed. O processo consiste em etapas de moagem e deslamagem para que se atinjam as especificações de granulometria e área específica. No processo, como um todo, há geração significativa de finos, que são então descartados, acarretando em perdas de material que poderia ser incorporado como produto. O melhor entendimento das características dos vários tipos de minérios, bem como a previsão do desempenho do circuito de moagem em função de tais características permite estabelecer cenários para promover aumentos na recuperação em massa e na produtividade do circuito. O presente trabalho tem por base a caracterização tecnológica dos principais tipos de minério de Carajás e o desenvolvimento de um método para previsão de desempenho do circuito de moagem, em função de tais características. Para o desenvolvimento do método foram realizados ensaios de moagem em bancada e amostragens no circuito industrial. Os resultados dos ensaios de moagem em bancada serviram para definição das condições operacionais em que o ensaio em bancada melhor representou o circuito industrial, denominado ensaio padrão. Os dados obtidos nas amostragens e na caracterização tecnológica serviram de base para a calibração dos modelos matemáticos dos equipamentos de processo. O modelo calibrado constituiu num excelente recurso para previsão de desempenho. O desempenho do circuito de moagem foi avaliado no que se refere à granulometria e área específica dos produtos obtidos. Ainda foram conduzidas simulações pelo ensaio padrão e pelo modelo calibrado integrado do circuito de moagem, que apontam potenciais dos minérios cujo comportamento na moagem era até então desconhecido. Os dois produtos aqui desenvolvidos são, portanto, de aplicação imediata como recursos para previsão de desempenho e melhoria operacional.
Originally designed for sinter feed grinding, the Carajas grinding circuit includes two ball mills in parallel lines in a closed configuration with cyclones. The ground product is further deslimed in hydrocyclone for achieving the final specifications regarding size distribution and surface area. In this process, there is a significant amount of high grade material, not recovered due to overgrind. Ore characterization was here selected for predicting the grinding circuit performance, which in turn was the basis for optimization. The aim of this work is the characterization of the main Carajas ore types as well as the development of a method that includes these characteristics for predicting the grinding circuit performance. Laboratory grinding tests and samplings in the industrial circuit were carried out to predict the grinding circuit performance. The grinding test results were used to set operational conditions in which the laboratory better represented the industrial circuit. Results from industrial sampling and characterization were the basis for fitting the mathematical models. The fitted model was an excellent resource for the prediction of the grinding circuit performance as well as for the grinding test. To assess the grinding performance, products size distribution and surface area were evaluated. Moreover, simulations of the grinding circuit indicated the potential of some ore types. The derived methods were validated as tools for predicting the grinding circuit performance and for operational optimization.
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Mkurazhizha, Huggins. "The effects of ore blending on comminution behaviour and product quality in a grinding circuit- Svappavaara (LKAB) Case Study." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Mineralteknik och metallurgi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-70469.

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Amelunxen, Peter. "The application of the sag power index to ore body hardness characterization for the design and optimization of autogenous grinding circuits /." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=79995.

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The SAG Power Index test (SPI) is a tool for forecasting autogenous mill performance. Much effort has been directed towards the development of the process models relating SPI to throughput estimates, but little has been directed towards ore body modeling. Blending studies are presented showing that the SPI is not additive, affecting the geostatistical procedures. A method is given to ensure that additivity is respected during geostatistical interpolation. A procedure for relating mean SPI precision to sample spacing is given. This procedure is combined with a study of the process model error to estimate the precision of the mean throughput forecasts. A case study from Chino Mines is discussed. The relative throughput error is between 20 and 26 percent for perfect knowledge of SPI. For 100 m sample spacing at Chino, one third of the error is due to the process models and the rest to the SPI estimates.
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Videll, Ebba. "Survey of sulphates in process water of LKAB - Kiruna operation." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Industriell miljö- och processteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-76411.

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Sulphate-rich wastewater is an increasing concern for industries as LKAB. The water chemistry of the LKAB Kiruna water system is characterized by high alkalinity, high pH (pH 7.5-9.0) and high concentrations of chemical species and soluble minerals. The sulphate content in the water system of Kiruna is associated with the dissolution of calcium sulphate as anhydrite (CaSO4) and gypsum (CaSO4 2H2O). However, the high concentrations of sulphate in the effluents from the LKAB Kiruna operation are unique for iron ore mining.    The aim of the thesis was to study and evaluate the behavior of sulphate in the process water system of the Kiruna concentrator plants. This was done by laboratory grinding (leaching tests), equilibrium calculations with the HSC software and mass balancing of the concentrator KA3 in Kiruna. The highest concentrations of sulphate have been detected in the process water of KA3, hence the focus has been on KA3 regarding sampling, evaluation and comparison. Water treatment technologies for sulphate and the effect of process water on ore processing have not been included in this project.   The laboratory grinding was done using process water and ore from the concentrator KA3. During the experimental work with laboratory grinding the parameters pH, temperature and operating times for primary- and secondary grinding, respectively, were varied. The observations from the experimental work were further confirmed by equilibrium calculations and mass balancing. The following conclusions were drawn.     Anhydrite/gypsum is not leached from the ore during ore processing with process water having concentrations of sulphate already close to the saturation point at approximately 1800 mg/L. If the process water is diluted with water with lower sulphate content, e.g. mine water or a diluted return water from the pond system (e.g. during spring flood), anhydrite/gypsum in ore will be dissolved until the sulphate concentration reaches the saturation point. The ionic strength of the process water controls the saturation point and thus the sulphate concentration. Leaching of anhydrite/gypsum in saturated process water, with respect to sulphate, is not affected by grinding time or adjusted conditions in the process water, such as temperature or pH value.    For further work, it is recommended to investigate the behavior of sulphate in the tailings pond system to increase knowledge of the overall behavior in the water system. In addition, a similar investigation of the behavior of uranium in the process water is recommended in order to face future environmental standards.
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Mukepe, Kahilu Moise. "Identification and control of wet grinding processes: application to the Kolwezi concentrator." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209562.

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Enhancing mineral processing techniques is a permanent challenge in the mineral and metal industry. Indeed to satisfy the requirements on the final product (metal) set by the consuming market, control is often applied on the mineral processing whose product, the ore concentrate, constitutes the input material of the extractive metallurgy. Therefore much attention is paid on mineral processing units and especially on concentration plants. As the ore size reduction procedure is the critical step of a concentrator, it turns out that controlling a grinding circuit is crucial since this stage accounts for almost 50 % of the total expenditure of the concentrator plant. Moreover, the product particle size from grinding stage influences the recovery rate of the valuable minerals as well as the volume of tailing discharge in the subsequent process.

The present thesis focuses on an industrial application, namely the Kolwezi concentrator (KZC) double closed-loop wet grinding circuit. As any industrial wet grinding process, this process offers complex and challenging control problems due to its configuration and to the requirements on the product characteristics. In particular, we are interested in the modelling of the process and in proposing a control strategy to maximize the product flow rate while meeting requirements on the product fineness and density.

A mathematical model of each component of the circuit is derived. Globally, the KZC grinding process is described by a dynamic nonlinear distributed parameter model. Within this model, we propose a mathematical description to exhibit the increase of the breakage efficiency in wet operating condition. In addition, a relationship is proposed to link the convection velocity to the feed ore rate for material transport within the mills.

All the individual models are identified from measurements taken under normal process operation or from data obtained through new specific experiments, notably using the G41 foaming as a tracer to determine material transport dynamics within the mills. This technique provides satisfactory results compared to previous studies.

Based on the modelling and the circuit configuration, both steady-state and dynamic simulators are developed. The simulation results are found to be in agreement with the experimental data. These simulation tools should allow operator training and they are used to analyse the system and to design the suitable control strategy.

As the KZC wet grinding process is a Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) system, we propose a decentralized control scheme for its simplicity of implementation. To overcome all the control issues, a Double Internal Model Control (DIMC) scheme is proposed. This strategy is a feedforward-feedback structure based on the use of both a modified Disturbance Observer (DOB) and a Proportional-Integral Smith-Predictor (PI-SP). A duality between the DOB and PI-SP is demonstrated in design method. The latter is exploited to significantly simplify the design procedure. The designed decentralized controllers are validated in simulation on the process linearized model. A progressive implementation of the control strategy is proposed in the context of the KZC grinding circuit where instrumentation might not be obvious to acquire./

Améliorer les techniques de traitement de minerais est un défi permanent dans l'industrie des minéraux et des métaux. En effet, pour satisfaire aux exigences du produit fini (métal ) fixées par le marché de consommation, la commande automatique est souvent appliquée à l'usine du traitement de minerais dont le produit, le concentré, constitue la matière première de la métallurgie extractive. Une attention particulière est donc dévolue aux unités de traitement de minerais et en particulier aux concentrateurs. Comme le processus de réduction des dimensions granulométriques du minerai est l'étape critique d'un concentrateur, il s'avère que la commande d'un circuit de broyage est cruciale, car ce stade représente près de 50 % des dépenses totales de l' usine de concentration. De plus, la dimension granulométrique du produit de l'étape de broyage influe sur le taux de récupération des minéraux utiles ainsi que sur le volume des rejets du processus ultérieur.

La présente thèse porte sur une application industrielle, à savoir le concentrateur de Kolwezi (KZC qui est un circuit de broyage humide à double boucle fermée. Comme tout processus industriel de broyage humide, ce procédé présente une problématique de commande complexe et difficile en raison de sa configuration et des exigences relatives aux caractéristiques du produit. En particulier, nous nous intéressons à la modélisation de ce procédé et à proposer une stratégie adéquate de commande dans le but de maximiser le débit de production tout en respectant les exigences quant à la finesse et à la densité de la pulpe produite.

Un modèle mathématique de chaque composant du circuit a été déterminé. Globalement, le processus de broyage de KZC est décrit par un modèle dynamique non linéaire à paramètres distribués. Dans ce modèle, une description mathématique de l'augmentation de l'efficacité du broyage en milieu humide est proposée. En outre, nous avons proposé une relation liant la vitesse de convection au débit d'alimentation de minerais dans le modèle du transport de la matière à l'intérieur des broyeurs.

Tous les modèles mathématiques ont été identifiés à partir de mesures prises sur le procédé en fonctionnement d'équilibre stable ou à partir des données obtenues grâce à des nouvelles expériences spécifiques, notamment en utilisant le moussant G41 comme traceur pour déterminer la dynamique de transport de la matière dans les broyeurs. Cette technique a produit des résultats cohérents par rapport aux études antérieurs réalisées au moyen du traceur colorant ou radioactif.

Les simulateurs statique et dynamique ont été développés sur la base de la modélisation mathématique et de la configuration du circuit. Les résultats des simulations sont en accord avec les données expérimentales. Ces outils de simulation devraient permettre la formation des opérateurs et ont été utilisés pour analyser le système et concevoir la stratégie de commande la plus appropriée.

Comme le processus de broyage humide de KZC est un système à plusieurs grandeurs d'entrée et plusieurs grandeurs de sortie, nous avons proposé une structure de commande décentralisée en raison de sa simplicité de mise en œuvre .Afin de surmonter tous les problèmes de commande, un schéma de commande à double modèle interne (CDMI) est proposée. Cette stratégie est une structure à anticipation - rétroaction basée sur l'utilisation d'un observateur de perturbations (OBP) et d'un Prédicteur de Smith doté d'un régulateur Proportionnel-Intégral (PS-PI). Une dualité entre l'OBP et le PS-PI est démontrée dans la méthode de conception. Cette propriété est exploitée pour simplifier considérablement la procédure de conception. Les régulateurs décentralisés ainsi conçus sont validés en simulation sur le modèle linéarisé du procédé. Une mise en œuvre progressive de la stratégie de commande est proposée dans le contexte du circuit de broyage de KZC où l'instrumentation peut ne pas être évidente à acquérir.


Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
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Books on the topic "Ore grinding"

1

Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology. Ore characteristics that affect breakage during grinding. Ottawa, Ont: Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology, 1988.

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Isaacson, A. E. Determining corrosion rates in industrial ore grinding environments. Pittsburgh, Pa: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1988.

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Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology. Spoc Simulated Processing of Ore and Coal: Chapter 2.2 Grinding Circuit Sampling. S.l: s.n, 1985.

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Rule, A. R. Influence of an organic polymer in ball-mill grinding of quartz, dolomite, and copper ore. Pittsburgh, Pa: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1985.

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Rice, David A. Effects of turbomilling parameters on the simultaneous grinding and ferric sulfate leaching of chalcopyrite. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1991.

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A, Broussaud, and Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology, eds. Modelling of an autogeneous grinding and flotation process: Application to the industrial processing of the Moinho complex sulphide ore. [s.l: s.n.]., 1989.

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"Die ode Gegend wurde zum Lustgarten umgeschaffen-- ": Zur Industriearchitektur der Textilfabrik Cromford, 1783-1977 (Schriften / Landschaftsverband Rheinland, Rheinisches Industriemuseum). In Kommission bei R. Habelt, 1991.

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Accinno, Michael. Disabled Union Veterans and the Performance of Martial Begging. Edited by Blake Howe, Stephanie Jensen-Moulton, Neil Lerner, and Joseph Straus. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199331444.013.20.

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This essay discusses the phenomenon of disabled Union veterans who turned to the profession of organ grinding during and after the American Civil War: they became mendicant musicians who played music in the streets to beg for money. Within a cultural logic that emphasized the sorting of worthy from unworthy poor—and “true” veterans from “imposters”—the related practices of street music and mendicancy were harshly stigmatized. Although artistic and literary representations of disabled organ grinders often used the performers as rhetorical devices to elicit fear, loathing, or pity, closer scrutiny of surviving documentary evidence reveals that the men indeed possessed agency, along with a capacity and desire for self-representation.
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Wilkinson, Benedict. Scripts of Terror. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197521892.001.0001.

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This book explores terrorism as a strategic choice-- one made carefully and deliberately by rational actors. Through an analysis of the terrorist groups of Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Yemen, this book charts a series of different strategic ‘scripts’ at play in terrorist behavior, from survival, to efforts in mobilizing a supporter base, through to the grinding attrition of a long terrorist campaign. The theme that runs through all the organizations is the unbridgeable gap between their strategic vision, and what actually unfolds. Regardless of which script terrorists follow, they often fall short of achieving their political ambitions. And yet, despite its frequent failure, the terrorist strategy is returned to time and again-- people continue to join such groups, and to commit mindless acts of violence. Scripts of Terror explores the reasons behind this. It asks why, if terrorism is so rarely successful and so hard to pull off, its approach remains an appealing one. And it examines how terrorists formulate their strategies, and how they envisage achieving their ambitions through violence. Most importantly, it explores why they so often fail.
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Seitz, John C., and Christine Firer Hinze, eds. Working Alternatives. Fordham University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823288359.001.0001.

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Popular interest in the kinds of conditions that make work productive, growing media attention to the grinding cycle of poverty, and the widening sense that consumption must become sustainable and just, all contribute to an atmosphere thirsty for humanistic economic analysis. This volume offers such analysis from a novel and generative diversity of vantage points, including religious and secular histories, theological ethics, and business management. In particular, Working Alternatives brings modern Roman Catholic forms of engaging with economic questions—embodied in the evolving set of documents that make up the area of “Catholic social thought”—into conversation with one another and with non-Catholic experiments in economic thought and practice. Clustered not by discipline but by their emphasis on either 1) new ways of seeing economic practice 2) new ways of valuing human activity, or 3) implementation of new ways of working, the volume’s essays facilitate the necessarily interdisciplinary thinking demanded by the complexities of economic sustainability and justice. Collectively, the works gathered here assert and test a challenging and far-reaching hypothesis: economic theories, systems, and practices—ways of conceiving, organizing and enacting work, management, supply, production, exchange, remuneration, wealth, and consumption—rely on basic, often unexamined, presumptions about human personhood, relations, and flourishing.
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Book chapters on the topic "Ore grinding"

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Martín, Reyes P., Palácios B. Elia, Patiño C. Francisco, Escudero G. Ramiro, Flores G. Mizraim Uriel, Reyes D. Iván A., and Laura Angeles Palazuelos. "Surface Behavior of Iron Sulfide Ore during Grinding with Alumina Media." In Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials 2016, 761–69. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119263722.ch96.

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Martín, Reyes P., Palácios B. Elia, Francisco C. Patiño, Ramiro G. Escudero, Uriel Flores G. Mizraim, Iván A. D. Reyes, and Laura Angeles Palazuelos. "Surface Behavior of Iron Sulfide Ore during Grinding with Alumina Media." In Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials 2016, 761–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48210-1_96.

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Chen, Shao Bo, Zhi Dan Zheng, Qiu Sheng Yan, Zi Qiang Zhang, and Y. Li. "Control System Configuration for Grinding Machine with Two Moving Axes and One Circumrotating Axis Ganged Function." In Advances in Grinding and Abrasive Technology XIII, 474–77. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-986-5.474.

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Herman, Daniela, J. Plichta, and K. Nadolny. "New Ceramic Abrasive Tools for Rough and Finishing Grinding in One Pass." In Materials Science Forum, 163–68. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-417-0.163.

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"free grinding ore." In Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik, 567. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6_62916.

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Lui, A. W., V. S. Sastri, and J. McGoey. "CONTROL OF CORROSIVE WEAR IN GRINDING BALLS DURING WET GRINDING OF HEMATITE ORE." In Materials Performance Maintenance, 255–60. Elsevier, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-041441-6.50025-4.

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"Of the machinery for grinding ore and assaying silver." In Natural and Moral History of the Indies, 192–93. Duke University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9780822383932-080.

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"13. Of the machinery for grinding ore and assaying silver." In Natural and Moral History of the Indies, 192–93. Duke University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780822383932-087.

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"Research on the precision of grinding experiments in an iron ore." In Civil, Architecture and Environmental Engineering, 630–33. CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315226187-112.

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"Optimization Design of Process Parameters for Different Workpiece Materials in NMQL Grinding With Different Vegetable Oils." In Enhanced Heat Transfer Mechanism of Nanofluid MQL Cooling Grinding, 337–57. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1546-4.ch015.

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This research shows with superior lubricating, heat-conducting properties, and proper market price, Al2O3 and MoS2 nanoparticles have broad application prospects as lubricant additives. This work has been researched, and most researches are restricted to using one kind of lubricants to machine specific workpiece or multiple workpieces. There has been no systematic and detailed analysis of grinding performances from cutting mechanisms and debris formation mechanisms of different workpieces. Therefore, analysis of signal to noise ratio(S/N), variance, microstructure, and morphology analysis were used to study the influence of different typical nanofluid lubricants on the grinding performance of different materials in this chapter. Results showed that the optimal grinding parameters are using nodular cast iron and MoS2 nanofluid. Compared with other lubricants, MoS2 nanofluid can exert a significant effect on reducing wear of grinding wheel. In order to reduce surface roughness, MQL lubricating oils of the following sequence can be used: Al2O3 nanofluid, MoS2 nanofluid, and pure palm oil.
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Conference papers on the topic "Ore grinding"

1

Siqueira, Bernardo, Harri Lehto, Mattias Astholm, and Ville Keikkala. "GRINDING TEST FOR IRON ORE TERTIARY GRINDING CIRCUIT." In 45º Redução / 16º Minério de Ferro / 3º Aglomeração. São Paulo: Editora Blucher, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/2594-357x-27073.

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Zou, Jin-hui, Wei Chen, Zhan-jun Tang, and Song-wei Huang. "Fuzzy Intelligent Control for Ore-giving System of Grinding Classification." In 2010 International Conference on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation (ICMTMA 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmtma.2010.303.

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Xinj, Nengwen Zuo, and Huicai Su. "Study on intelligent control for ore grinding and grading process." In 2010 International Conference on Progress in Informatics and Computing (PIC). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pic.2010.5687954.

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Lu, Shaowen, and Shuyu Huang. "A Mesoscale Endpoint Predictive Model of Ore Grinding Particle Size." In 2019 IEEE 17th International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/indin41052.2019.8972162.

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le Roux, Johan D., and Ian K. Craig. "Identifiability of run-of-mine ore grinding mill circuit parameters." In AFRICON 2011. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/afrcon.2011.6072076.

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Morkun, Vladimir, Natalia Morkun, and Andrey Pikilnyak. "Ultrasonic facilities complex for grinding and ore classification process control." In 2017 IEEE 37th International Conference on Electronics and Nanotechnology (ELNANO). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/elnano.2017.7939788.

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Shi, G., L. Jiang, J. Zhao, R. Zhao, Y. Zhou, and S. He. "Research on the precision of grinding experiments in an iron ore." In Proceedings of the International Conference on Civil, Architecture and Environmental Engineering (ICCAE2016). CRC Press/Balkema P.O. Box 11320, 2301 EH Leiden, The Netherlands: CRC Press/Balkema, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315116259-106.

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Faria, Patrícia Mundim Campos, Luís Marcelo Tavares, and Raj K. Rajamani. "POPULATION BALANCE MODEL APPROACH TO BALL MILL OPTIMIZATION IN IRON ORE GRINDING." In 44º Seminário de Redução de Minério de Ferro e Matérias-primas, 15º Simpósio Brasileiro de Minério de Ferro e 2º Simpósio Brasileiro de Aglomeração de Minério de Ferro. São Paulo: Editora Blucher, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/2594-357x-25363.

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Raghavendra, H., K. L. Bhat, K. Rajendra Udupa, M. M. Rajath Hegde, Francisco Chinesta, Yvan Chastel, and Mohamed El Mansori. "Grinding Wear Behaviour of Stepped Austempered Ductile Iron as Media Material During Comminution of Iron Ore in Ball Mills." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ADVANCES IN MATERIALS AND PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES (AMPT2010). AIP, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3552371.

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Ma, Ying-Qiang, Fa-Lan Huang, Wan-Zhong Yin, Kai Wu, and Xiao-Man Li. "Experimental Study on Final High Pressure Grinding Rolls and Flotation Technology of Low Grade Gold-Bearing Copper Ore from Zijinshan." In 2015 International Conference on Energy, Environmental & Sustainable Ecosystem Development (EESED 2015). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814723008_0068.

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Reports on the topic "Ore grinding"

1

Petruk, W., and M. M. Smith. Ore characteristics that affect breakage during grinding. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/307083.

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Sokhansanj, S. Combined Grinding and Drying of Biomass in One Operation Phase I. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/939887.

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Huber, John Tal, Joshuah Miron, Brent Theurer, Israel Bruckental, and Spencer Swingle. Influence of Ruminal Starch Degradability on Performance of High Producing Dairy Cows. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568748.bard.

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This research project entitled "Influence of Ruminal Starch Degradability on Performance of High Producing Dairy Cows" had the following objectives: a) Determine effects of feeding varying amounts of ruminally degradable starch (RDS) on efficiency of milk and milk protein production; and 2) Investigate digestive and metabolic mechanisms relating to lactation responses to diets varying in ruminal and total starch degradability. Four lactation studies with high producing cows were conducted in which steam-flaked (~ 75% RDS) was compared with dry-rolled sorghum (~ 50% RDS) grain. All studies demonstrated increased efficiency of conversion of feed to milk (FCM/DMI) and milk protein as amount of RDS in the diet increased by feeding steam-flaked sorghum. As RDS in diets increased, either by increased steam-flaked sorghum, grinding of sorghum, or increasing the proportion of wheat to sorghum, so also did ruminal and total tract digestibilities of starch and neutral-detergent soluble (NDS) carbohydrate. Despite other research by these two groups of workers showing increased non-ammonia N (NAN) flowing from the rumen to the duodenum with higher RDS, only one of the present studies showed such an effect. Post-absorptive studies showed that higher dietary RDS resulted in greater urea recycling, more propionate absorption, a tendency for greater output of glucose by the liver, and increased uptake of alpha-amino nitrogen by the mammary gland. These studies have shown that processing sorghum grain through steam-flaking increases RDS and results in greater yields and efficiency of production of milk and milk protein in high producing dairy cows.
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MALDONADO, KARELYS, JUAN ESPINOZA, DANIELA ASTUDILLO, and WILSON BRAVO. Fatigue and fracture resistance and survival of occlusal veneers of composite resin and ceramics blocks in posterior teeth with occlusal wear: A protocol for a systematic review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.10.0036.

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Review question / Objective: The aim of this systematic review is to synthesize the scientific evidence that evaluates fatigue and fracture resistance, survival, and stress distribution, of composite resin CAD/CAM and ceramic CAD/CAM occlusal veneers in posterior teeth with severe occlusal wear. Condition being studied: Currently there is an increase in cases of dental wear, due to several factors such as: excessive consumption of carbonated drinks, a diet high in acids, gastric diseases, anorexia, bulimia, dental grinding, use of highly abrasive toothpastes, or a combination of these(9) (10) (11) (12); which affect the patient in several aspects: loss of vertical dimension, sensitivity due to the exposure of dentin, esthetics, affectation of the neuromuscular system(11) (13) (14). With the advent of minimally invasive dentistry, occlusal veneers have been found to be a valid option to rehabilitate this type of cases and thus avoid greater wear of the dental structure with full coverage restorations. Sometimes when performing a tabletop it is not necessary to perform any preparation, thus preserving the maximum amount of dental tissue(3) (6) (15). Due to the masticatory load either in patients without parafunction where the maximum masticatory force is approximately 424 N for women and 630 N for men or in those who present parafunction where the maximum bite force can vary from 780 to 1120N(7), it is necessary that the occlusal veneers support that load which makes indispensable a compilation of studies investigating both fatigue and fracture resistance and the survival rate of occlusal veneers in different materials and thicknesses.
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