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Journal articles on the topic 'Ore grinding'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 May 2022

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1

Yang, Jinlin, Zhichao Shuai, Wentao Zhou, and Shaojian Ma. "Grinding Optimization of Cassiterite-Polymetallic Sulfide Ore." Minerals 9, no. 2 (February 25, 2019): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9020134.

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Due to the differences in beneficiation methods and mineral properties between cassiterite ore and polymetallic sulfide ore, there is an inherent contradiction between cassiterite overgrinding and sulfide ore undergrinding. A method to optimize and characterize the grinding performance is presented in this paper. In this method, the grinding characteristics are defined by the qualified particle size range index under unit energy consumption. By changing the grinding time, grinding concentration, and filling ratio, the optimized grinding conditions were evaluated, and they were predicted and verified by the response surface method. The results corroborate that when the grinding time of cassiterite is 4 min and the grinding time of sulfide ore is 8 min, the grinding qualified size range index under unit energy consumption is the largest. Cassiterite is brittle and easy to grind due to low hardness, while sulfide is difficult to grind due to high hardness. Hence, the time to beneficiate tin ore is when the grinding time is 4 min, and that to beneficiate sulfide ore is when the regrinding time is approximately 4 min. In this way, the contradiction between overgrinding cassiterite and undergrinding sulfide ore can be alleviated on the basis of the most effective utilization of grinding energy. The optimal grinding concentration and filling ratio are 65% and 37%, respectively. The response surface prediction and test results are almost identical, with an error of ±2%. Thus, the effectiveness of grinding characterization method is verified.

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2

Nenuwa, OB. "Determination of Work Index of Muro Iron Ore Using Marble and Granite as Reference Ores." Journal of Advanced Research in Manufacturing, Material Science & Metallurgical Engineering 08, no. 3&4 (January 21, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2393.8315.202102.

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The work index of Muro iron ore was determined using the modified Bond’s method also known as Berry and Bruce method. This study used iron ore obtained from Muro town, a community in Toto LGA, Nasarawa state as the test ore. Marble and Granite which was separately used as the reference ores were obtained from Muro environs. 100 g each of the test ore and the reference ores were subjected to the same grinding conditions in a ball mill. Size analysis of the feed to the ball mill and the product of the ball mill for both test ore and reference ores were carried out and the results tabulated accordingly. The 80% passing particle size of the ball mill feed and discharge for the samples were calculated using the Gaudian Schumann expression. The Bond’s equation was then used to calculate the work index of the Muro iron ore which was found to be 24.84 kWh/ t when marble was used as reference ore and 27.41 kWh/ t when granite was used as reference ore. The average work index of Muro iron ore was calculated as 26.13 kWh/ t, while the energy requirement for grinding the ore was found to be 3.62 kWh/ t. The value of the work index of Muro iron ore is within the limit of work index of iron ore quoted in literatures

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3

Imbelloni, Alaine Moreira, José Pedro Silva, and Carlos Alberto Pereira. "Nickel ore grinding energy determination." Rem: Revista Escola de Minas 67, no. 2 (June 2014): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0370-44672014000200009.

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This study describes the application of an empirical method to estimate the energy consumption in laboratory of the primary grinding of nickel ore with a specific mineralogical texture. This method developed by Donda was previously used in iron ore from the Iron Quadrangle (Minas Gerais, Brasil) with the same purpose. Through the grinding test, performed under standard conditions and based on the degree of liberation and percentage retained on 0.074 mm, it is possible to obtain the energy consumption for grinding. The results mean a validation of the method with a good approximation between industrial and laboratory values. In practice the energy consumption is 26.6 kWh/t and through Donda's method, when using the liberation degree as a parameter, the energy found was 26.8 kWh/t.

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4

Yusupov, T. S., and E. A. Kirillova. "Surfactants in fine ore grinding." Journal of Mining Science 46, no. 5 (September 2010): 582–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10913-010-0073-y.

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5

Yang, Jinlin, Wenzhe Xu, Xingjian Deng, Hengjun Li, and Shaojian Ma. "Research on the Selective Grinding of Zn and Sn in Cassiterite Polymetallic Sulfide Ore." Minerals 12, no. 2 (February 15, 2022): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12020245.

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When cassiterite polymetallic sulfide ore is being ground in the ball mill, the contradiction between over grinding of cassiterite and under grinding of sulfide ore is inevitable due to their mechanical property differences. In this paper, a selective grinding characterization method is proposed to optimize the grinding of cassiterite polymetallic sulfide ore based on the respective selective grinding indexes, namely, the changes in the cumulative grade and cumulative quantities of metal. The preferred grinding characteristics were studied by varying three grinding operation factors, the grinding time, grinding concentration, and mill speed, as these all affect the selective grinding behavior of the ball mill. In the proposed method, the breaking process preferentially begins with the Zn minerals in the cassiterite polymetallic sulfide ore; however, Sn minerals are found to break first when the specific energy of the grinding media is large. The differences in the crushing characteristics of Zn and Sn minerals narrow down as the grinding time and concentration increase. When the grinding concentration is lower than 50%, the two types of minerals are broken with little difference. However, when the grinding concentration is higher than 50%, the Zn minerals are broken prior to the Sn minerals.

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6

Shvets, D. V. "Theoretical-probability approach to analyse the iron ore grinding process." Mining Journal of Kryvyi Rih National University, no. 109 (2021): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31721/2306-5435-2021-1-109-111-117.

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7

Natarajan, K. A., and I. Iwasaki. "Electrochemical Aspects of Grinding Ball-Mineral Interactions in Ore Grinding." Key Engineering Materials 20-28 (January 1991): 799–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.20-28.799.

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8

Yang, Jinlin, Shaojian Ma, Wentao Zhou, and Pengyan Zhu. "Study on Grinding Additives in Cassiterite–Polymetallic Sulfide Ore Grinding." Minerals 12, no. 4 (April 12, 2022): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12040472.

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To attempt a new approach to improve the grinding of cassiterite–polymetallic sulfide ores while simultaneously reducing cassiterite overgrinding and sulfide undergrinding, this article looked into the effects of grinding chemical additives on the distribution of grinding product size. Six chemicals, namely sodium hexametaphosphate, triethanolamine, ferric sulphate, aluminum chloride, polyaluminum chloride and polyacrylamide, were compared in terms of their influence on the grinding product size distribution. The results showed that the six chemicals changed the distribution results with varying orientations and degrees and that the addition of polyacrylamide achieved the most satisfactory effect by decreasing the production of both coarse and fine size fractions and increasing the production of qualified particles. The effect of the molecular weight of polyacrylamide on the grinding was also discussed. The polyacrylamides with molecular weights of about 3 × 106, 5 × 106, 8 × 106 and 12 × 106 could help to produce less of the coarse size fraction and more of the qualified size fraction, but only the polyacrylamides with molecular weights of 3 × 106 and 5 × 106 produced pronounced changes. Moreover, the polyacrylamides could slightly reduce the production of the fine size fraction. Polyacrylamide with a 5 × 106 molecular weight was better than that with a 3 × 106 molecular weight in aiding the grinding of the discussed ore. It was also found that the aid action of the polyacrylamide with a 5 × 106 molecular weight was related to grinding concentration and that a low grinding concentration of less than 70% solid mass was helpful in exerting its aid action. Using polyacrylamide could shorten the grinding time that is needed to achieve the same, or even improved, product size distribution.

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9

Ishihara, Shingo, Kozo Shinoda, and Junya Kano. "Mechanochemical Treatment to Remove Arsenic from Copper Ore." Minerals 9, no. 6 (June 6, 2019): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9060349.

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This study tested the removal of arsenic from copper ore concentrate via a mechanochemical treatment by planetary ball milling. The harmful components of ore, such as arsenic, are increasing year by year and decreasing the copper grade, therefore there is a strong need to improve the separation of arsenic from copper ore. The effect of grinding as a result of chemical activation caused by mechanochemical treatment was evaluated by XRD and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) measurements. From the results of the XRD analysis, several crystalline minerals were identified from the original samples. The diffraction peaks of the original samples were reduced by grinding, although grinding did not generate any new diffraction peaks. The comparison of the results of grinding in dry and wet conditions showed that the rate of disappearance of the crystalline minerals was faster in dry grinding than in wet grinding. To clarify the chemical state of arsenic in copper ore, XAS analysis was carried out. The results indicated that the arsenic compound changed from sulfide, in the original sample, to oxide after grinding. As a result of oxidation, the arsenic was easy to dissolve in a water and alkaline solution, and optimized dry and wet grinding conditions achieved up to 76% arsenic removal efficiency.

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10

Nava, Jennire V., Alfredo L. Coello-Velázquez, and Juan M. Menéndez-Aguado. "Grinding Kinetics Study of Tungsten Ore." Metals 11, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11010071.

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The European Commission (EC) maintains the consideration of tungsten as a critical raw material for the European industry, being the comminution stage of tungsten-bearing minerals an essential step in the tungsten concentration process. Comminution operations involve approximately 3–4% of worldwide energy consumption; therefore, grinding optimization should be a priority. In this study, the grinding behavior of tungsten ore from Barruecopardo Mine (Salamanca, Spain) is analyzed. A protocol based on Austin’s methodology and PBM is developed in order to study the influence of operational and geometallurgical variables on grinding kinetics. In addition to the kinetic parameters, the breakage probability (Si) and breakage function (Bij) is determined. The selection function was formulated for the Barruecopardo Mine with respect to the mill speed.

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11

GUO, Sheng-hui, Guo CHEN, Jin-hui PENG, Jin CHEN, Dong-bo LI, and Li-jun LIU. "Microwave assisted grinding of ilmenite ore." Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 21, no. 9 (September 2011): 2122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(11)60983-7.

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12

Adam, K., K. A. Natarajan, S. C. Riemer, and I. Iwasaki. "Electrochemical Aspects of Grinding Media-Mineral Interaction in Sulfide Ore Grinding." CORROSION 42, no. 8 (August 1986): 440–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/1.3583049.

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13

Wołosiewicz-Głąb, Marta, Paulina Pięta, Dariusz Foszcz, Szymon Ogonowski, and Tomasz Niedoba. "Grinding Kinetics Adjustment of Copper Ore Grinding in an Innovative Electromagnetic Mill." Applied Sciences 8, no. 8 (August 8, 2018): 1322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8081322.

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The paper presents a study on the effectiveness of the grinding process in an electromagnetic mill devoted to ultrafine grinding, and the influence of processing parameters on the mill’s performance. The research was focused on the optimization of the duration of the grinding process and selection of the grinding media type in order to obtain the highest relative increase of the selected particle size fraction. Copper ore with a particle size between 0–1 mm was used in the experiments. A model was created that determines the relationship between the processing time and efficiency of the grinding, and can be used for the optimization of the process. A comparison of the relative growth of particle size fractions in milling products was performed. The obtained milling efficiency results measured by the growth of the analyzed particle size fraction in the milling product confirmed that the best grinding media set includes a grinding medium with a diameter of 1 mm and a length of 10 mm.

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14

Naumova, Margarita, Ilnur Basyrov, and Khakim Aliev. "Reengineering of the ore preparation production process in the context of “Almalyk MMC” JSC." MATEC Web of Conferences 224 (2018): 01030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822401030.

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The review of ore crushing and grinding processes at the mining-and-processing enterprise is presented. An alternative to the standard technology of crushing ore in cone crushers is proposed after a comparative analysis of ore grinding processes.

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15

Yu, Qing, Dexin Ding, Wenguang Chen, Nan Hu, Lingling Wu, Qiucai Zhang, Yulong Liu, et al. "Effect of Microwave Pretreatment on Grindability of Lead-Zinc Ore." Geofluids 2021 (July 16, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4418684.

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The influence of microwave pretreatment on grindability of lead-zinc ore was studied through comparison analysis on the changes of particle size distribution, percentage of below 0.074 mm, energy consumption, and other indexes of grinding products before and after microwave pretreatment in the ball milling process. The results showed that the grindability of lead-zinc ore was improved obviously by microwave pretreatment. The particle size distribution curve of the grinding products was obviously higher than that of the samples without microwave irradiation. The yield of size fraction below 0.074 mm was also improved in a certain degree. Pulsed microwave irradiation was more effective than continuous microwave irradiation when other microwave parameters were consistent. The comprehensive energy consumption of lead-zinc ore pretreated by different microwave parameters was lower than that without microwave irradiation under the same grinding fineness. The total energy consumption was down by 30.1% when irradiated for 15 s at 7 kW power, and it was lower than that without microwave irradiated. The results showed that pulsed microwave pretreatment was more effective in reducing the comprehensive energy consumption of grinding process for lead-zinc ore. And water quenching after microwave irradiation can improve the grindability and reduce the energy consumption of grinding for lead-zinc ore.

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16

Yang, Jinlin, Xingjian Deng, Wenzhe Xu, Hengjun Li, and Shaojian Ma. "Study on the Grinding Law of Ball Media for Cassiterite–Polymetallic Sulfide Ore." Minerals 12, no. 2 (February 21, 2022): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12020270.

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To solve the problem involved in the grinding of cassiterite–polymetallic sulfide ore in which fine grinding causes the cassiterite to be overground or coarse grinding leads to inadequate liberation of sulfide minerals, the influences of the ball grinding medium on the size distribution of the grinding product were investigated. Two types of ball filling patterns, namely, single-sized and multi-sized ball grinding media, were adopted in wet batch grinding tests. The results show that increasing the grinding time resulted in a rapid increase in minus 0.038 mm particles and a slight increase in the Sn grade in this fine size fraction. The smaller the ball filling fraction was, the more obviously the ball size affected the size distribution of the grinding product, the variation of which with the ball size became complicated with the increase in the ball filling fraction. Obvious jumping phenomena in the plotting of the percentages of the discussed size fractions against the ball size were observed when the balling filling fraction was larger than 30%; the most obvious jumping phenomena took place at a 35% ball filling fraction. The results of the grinding tests with the multi-sized media show that the size distribution of the grinding product was closely related to that of the mixed ball sizes and their composition percentages.

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17

Carvalho, Marly Ávila de, Carlos Pereira, and Francielle Câmara Nogueira. "Evaluation of grinding circuits for iron ore." REM - International Engineering Journal 72, no. 1 (March 2019): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0370-44672018720037.

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18

Jones, Denny A. "Corrosive Wear in Wet Ore Grinding Systems." JOM 37, no. 6 (June 1985): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03257703.

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19

Iwasaki, I., S. C. Riemer, J. N. Orlich, and K. A. Natarajan. "Corrosive and abrasive wear in ore grinding." Wear 103, no. 3 (June 1985): 253–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(85)90014-6.

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20

Wu, Li Li, Yan Ling Zheng, and Tie Jun Chen. "Multi-Agent Behavioral Control System for the Ore Grinding Process." Advanced Materials Research 971-973 (June 2014): 1255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.971-973.1255.

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In this paper, a small multi-agent system (MAS) is proposed based on behavioral approach for the complex grinding processes. Causal association agents were established according to the material balance of grinding processes, and prediction agents and stability control agents were built by adding prediction and control algorithms. The simulation results prove that the system has good stability and anti-interference performance. Multi-agent behavioral control method can be considered as a potential solution to stabilize grinding processes.

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21

Khassenov, A. K., D. Zh Karabekova, G. A. Bulkairova, D. А. Nurbalayeva, and M. Stoev. "Electro-pulse method for obtaining raw materials for subsequent flotation enrichment of ore." Bulletin of the Karaganda University. "Physics" Series 101, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2021ph1/57-62.

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The main method of enrichment of polymetallic ores is flotation. The peculiarity of solid mineral processing is the preliminary preparation of raw materials. The essence of this stage is the grinding and sorting of raw materials in order to fully reveal the useful substance from the waste rock. The article is devoted to the study of the effect of electric pulse discharges on the grinding of ore containing non-ferrous metals. This article proposes an electro-pulse method for obtaining raw materials for subsequent flotation enrichment of ore in order to extract valuable components. This method of grinding ores is based on the use of the energy of a pulsed shock wave that occurs as a result of a spark electric discharge in a liquid. An experimental electric pulse unit with a crushing unit is described. When electrohydraulic action on solid particles in an aqueous solution increases the intensity of the grinding process under the influence of additional pressure associated with cavitation. The object of the study was the natural ore of the Akbastau mine. Ore grinding operations were performed at various parameters of the electric pulse plant. The dependences of ore grinding on the electrical and geometric parameters of the electric pulse installation, the value of the interelectrode gap on the switching device, the pulse repetition frequency and discharge energies are determined. It is found that with increasing discharge energies introduced into the discharge channel, the fraction of the crushed fraction increases.

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22

Golik, V. I. "PROBLEMS OF ORE PREPARATION FOR HEAP LEACHING." News of the Tula state university. Sciences of Earth 4, no. 1 (2021): 322–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.46689/2218-5194-2021-4-1-322-330.

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The issues of reagent leaching of metals in stacks in a historical cut are considered. It is shown that more than 1/3 of the chipped ore in size does not meet the conditions for extract-ing metals from it and requires regrinding. The features of mills are considered and the ad-vantages of grinding in a high-speed mill - disintegrator are determined. The information on innovations in the optimization of grinding equipment, which can reduce the cost of production by 10…15 %, is given.

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23

Nie, Yi Miao, Shu Xian Liu, and Qi Hui Dai. "Rough Flotation Research of Low Grade Gold Ore." Applied Mechanics and Materials 543-547 (March 2014): 3822–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.543-547.3822.

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Based on the properties of gold ore, several effects, such as grinding fineness, system of flotation pharmaceutical, were researched in the flotation experiment. The results showed that with the grinding fineness-0.074mm 65%, pH=8.5, 2# oil 60 g/t, butylxanthate 140 g/t and Butylamine black medicine 50 g/t, good indexes were obtained as the following: grade of Au rough concentrate is3.24g/t, recovery of Au is 36.90%.

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24

Kurytnik, I., B. R. Nussupbekov, A. K. Khassenov, and D. Zh Karabekova. "Disintegration of Copper Ores by Electric Pulses / Rozdrobienie Rudy Miedzi Impulsami Elektrycznymi." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 2549–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0412.

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The article is concerned with methods of ragging and grinding of copper ore. The proposed electric pulse technology is one of the energetically favorable methods of ragging and grinding of natural minerals and anthropogenic raw materials. This paper presents optimal parameters in processing of the product. The results obtained by grinding of copper ore using the offered technology may be used under industrial conditions in the future.

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25

Saramak, D., S. Wasilewski, and A. Saramak. "Influence of Copper Ore Comminution in HPGR on Downstream Minerallurgical Processes." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 62, no. 3 (September 26, 2017): 1689–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0258.

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AbstractCrushing processes taking place in high-pressure grinding rolls devices (HPGR) are currently one of the most efficient methods of hard ore size reduction in terms of the energy consumption. The HPGR products are characterized by a fine particle size and the micro-cracks formation in individual particles, which appears in downstream grinding processes, decreasing their energy consumption. The purpose of the paper was to analyze the effectiveness of a ball mill grinding process and flotation operations depending on the changeable conditions of run of the HPGR crushing process. The research programme carried out included crushing tests in the laboratory scale HPGR device at various settings of the operating pressure volume and selected qualitative properties of the feed material (i.e. particle size distribution). On the basis of obtained results the models, defining the grinding process effectiveness as a function of changeable conditions of HPGR process run, were determined. Based on these models the optimal grinding time in a ball mill was specified which is, in turn, the basis for optimization of operation the technological comminution circuits for a given material type. The obtained results proved that the application of HPGR devices in given copper ore comminution circuit may improve the effectiveness of downstream grinding process what leads to improvement of the entire circuit work efficiency through decreasing the process energy consumption and enhancing the product size reduction.

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26

Lui, A. W., V. S. Sastri, and J. McGoey. "Control of corrosive wear in grinding balls during wet grinding of hematite ore." British Corrosion Journal 29, no. 2 (January 1994): 140–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/000705994798267755.

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27

Morozov, Iurii, Tatiana Intogarova, Olga Valieva, and Iuliia Donets. "Flotation classification in closed-circuit grinding as a way of reducing sulphide ore overgrinding." Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal, no. 1 (February 17, 2021): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21440/0536-1028-2021-1-85-96.

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Research object and aim. Flotation classification in closed-circuit grinding is a way of improving copper ore flotation indicators by reducing minerals overgrinding. Due to valuable components froth recovery with their uncovering in the process of grinding, loss of copper in flotation tailings with secondary slime are reduced significantly. The research aims to study the possibility to improve the flotation of copper ore based on the use of flotation classification in the closed-circuit grinding. Methodology. In order to solve the problem, laboratory studies on closed-circuit grinding experimental modeling were carried out in a mode with and without flotation classification of hydraulic classification discharge. In each grinding mode, five stages of closed-cycle simulation have been implemented. Flotation classification was carried out in froth flotation modes with froth treatment with and without the tapered chute. According to experimental results, the loss of copper has been determined with slime in hydraulic classification discharge and flotation classification, and flotation classification end-product balance was calculated when operating in the closed-circuit grinding. Summary. The obtained experimental data prove the possibility of improving copper ore flotation by reducing minerals overgrinding in the course of flotation classification in closed-circuit grinding. The technology of flotation classification with froth treatment in tapered chutes make it possible to obtain prime concentrate with 18% copper mass fraction when extracting 37.7% copper into it, and final tailings in flotation classification discharge with 0.13% copper mass fraction under 2% loss.

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28

Liu, Dan, Jin Lin Li, Shu Ming Wen, Yi Jie Wang, Yu Chen, and Chuan Fa Cui. "Beneficiation Experiment Study on Iron Ore in Yunnan Province." Applied Mechanics and Materials 737 (March 2015): 813–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.737.813.

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In order to provide essential information for enterprises to exploit the iron ore of Yunnan province in China, properties of the ore were analyzed. Experiments of the best grinding fineness analysis and magnetic separation current were conducted. The result show that the ore is martite; when the grinding fineness content below 74um is 95%, and magnetic separation current is 10A (0.8T), iron concentrate with a grade of 65.40% and a recovery of 90.49% can be obtained. Sulfur and phosphorus content in the iron concentrate is 0.057% and 0.011%, respectively.

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29

Cuevas, Alejandro, and Aldo Cipriano. "State and Ore Hardness Estimation in Semiautogenous Grinding." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 41, no. 2 (2008): 3310–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20080706-5-kr-1001.00562.

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30

Korzhenevsky, S. R., V. A. Bessonova, A. A. Komarsky, V. A. Motovilov, and A. S. Chepusov. "Selection of electrohydraulic grinding parameters for quartz ore." Journal of Mining Science 52, no. 3 (May 2016): 493–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1062739116030706.

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31

Singh, Veerendra, Prashant Dixit, R. Venugopal, and K. Bhanu Venkatesh. "Ore Pretreatment Methods for Grinding: Journey and Prospects." Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review 40, no. 1 (June 18, 2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08827508.2018.1479697.

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32

Rao, R. Bhima, K. S. Narasimhan, and T. C. Rao. "Effect of additives on grinding of magnetite ore." Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration 8, no. 3 (August 1991): 144–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03402947.

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33

Yuan, Su Juan, Zhi Yong Shen, and Da Yong Zhang. "Study on Process Concentrating of a Certain Low Grade Hematite Ore in Hebei." Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (February 2013): 3080–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.3080.

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It was determined through a large amount of beneficiation test to adopt stage grinding-low intensity magnetic separation-high intensity magnetic separation-reverse flotation as the principle beneficiation flowsheet for a certain hematite in Hebei. The test results indicate that we can get iron concentrate with a grade of iron 65.19% and a recovery of iron 63.17% respectively at iron concentrate 21.90%, the primary grinding of 67.54%-200 mesh and secondary grinding of 97.70%-200 mesh.

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34

Matsui, Anatolii, Vasyl Kondratets, and Anastasiia Abashina. "Energy efficiency optimization of ore grinding by ball mills in a closed cycle with a single-spiral classifier." Modeling, Control and Information Technologies, no. 4 (October 23, 2020): 96–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31713/mcit.2020.19.

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Factors are identified whose role in increasing the productivity of ball mills is not fully disclosed. The criterion of optimality in the task of increasing the energy efficiency of ore grinding by ball mills and the influence of these factors on its value. Ways to improve the energy efficiency of ore grinding are proposed.

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35

Zheng, Gui Shan, and Song Bo Ma. "The Study of Magnetite Iron Ore Separation in Qinghai Province." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 1241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.1241.

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Magnetite ore from Qinghai Province West China was studied. Quartz, silicate and olivine are mostly associated with magnetite in native as inclusions, and have micro-fine disseminated structure. Coarse grinding is done for energy saving, and then magnetic separation is processed. In order to meet the industry requirements of concentrate, flotation is processed to improve the grade. A stage grinding and stage flotation processing flowsheet is accomplished finally.

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36

Ma, Shi Hui. "Experimental Study on Low Alloy TRIP Steel Grinding Ball." Materials Science Forum 770 (October 2013): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.770.13.

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Grinding ball is grinding body of ore, cement, coal and other solid materials in the ball mill grinding and is one of the biggest consumption in wearable element of powder industry. In this paper, using the principle of transformation induced plasticity, reinforcement, toughening, according to the new design ideas, a kind of TRIP steel is designed in order to improve wear-resisting property of the grinding ball.

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Liu, Shu Xian, Li Li Shen, and Jin Xia Zhang. "Process Mineralogy and Concentrating of Hematite-Limonite Ore in Southern China." Advanced Materials Research 201-203 (February 2011): 2749–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.201-203.2749.

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The grade of the crude hematite-limonite ore is 39.79%. The main metallic minerals are hematite-limonite. Hematite has disseminated structure distributed in the gangue. Limonite was inlayed as stars in hematite. Due to their fine dissemination and close association with gangue minerals, the hematite and limonite particles are hard to be fully liberated, bringing difficulty in their separation. Staged grinding-separation process consisting of high intensity magnetic separation and reverse floatation wag adopted in the beneficiation test on the regionally representative hematite—limonite ore resource. At a grind of 70.0% -200 mesh for the primary grinding and 98.7% -200 mesh for the secondary grinding, the final iron concentrate grade 58.26% and having an iron recovery of 8.33% can be achieved after reverse flotation process test on magnetic concentrate.

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Deng, Jiu Shuai, Shu Ming Wen, Yong Jun Xian, Shao Jun Bai, Dan Liu, and Hai Ying Shen. "Efficient Utilization of Copper Sulfide Ore in Chile by Flotation." Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (May 2012): 975–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.975.

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The valuable minerals of a copper sulfide ore in Chile, mainly consist of chalcopyrite and chalcocite as well as contain small amounts of cuprite. Gangue minerals are mainly chlorite, quartz, calcite, arsenopyrite, etc. Most are coarse-grained disseminated minerals, while some are fine-grained disseminated minerals. Flotation has been used for processing these ores. The grinding fineness, lime dosage, collector type and dosage all have influences on flotation results. In the present work, the best condition of grinding fineness, lime, and collector dosage was used to separate the copper sulfide and other minerals in the ores. The results showed that, in the grinding fineness of −74 μm accounting for 80%, the vast majority of copper minerals were to monomer dissociation. The flowsheet of one stage roughing, two stage scavenging, and two stage cleaning was adopted. The ideal results of 27.58% and 96.89% for the copper concentrate grade and copper recovery, respectively, were obtained.

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39

Petrakis, Evangelos, Georgios Bartzas, and Konstantinos Komnitsas. "Grinding Behavior and Potential Beneficiation Options of Bauxite Ores." Minerals 10, no. 4 (March 31, 2020): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10040314.

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This laboratory study investigates selective grinding and beneficiation options for a Greek bauxite ore. First, a series of batch grinding tests were carried out in order to investigate the grinding behavior of the ore and the effect of the material filling volume (fc) on the distribution of aluminium- and iron-containing phases. Then, the ground ore was subjected to magnetic separation either as received or after reduction roasting in order to further explore potential beneficiation options. The results showed that grinding of the ore exhibits non-first order behavior, while the breakage rate varies with grinding time. Additionally, Al2O3 tends to concentrate in the coarser than 0.300 mm product fraction, while fc 10% and 2 min of grinding time are considered optimum conditions for good distribution of Al2O3 and Fe2O3. When different product fractions were subjected to magnetic separation, it was seen that the non-magnetic product obtained from the 0.300–1.18 mm fraction was more rich in Al2O3. In this fraction, the Al2O3 content increased from 58 wt% in the feed to 67.9 wt%, whereas the Fe2O3 content decreased from 22.4 wt% in the feed to 13.5 wt%. When the ore was subjected to a two-step treatment, involving reduction roasting followed by magnetic separation, the Fe2O3 grade decreased from 20.8 to 5.1 wt%, but in this case the recovery was very low.

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Liu, Qian, Qingguo Tang, Weiwei Zhao, Zhiyuan Su, Cong Liang, Xinhui Duan, and Jinsheng Liang. "Ultrafine Grinded and Silane Grafted Iron Ore Tailings as Reinforcing Filler of Styrene Butadiene Rubber." Materials 15, no. 5 (February 25, 2022): 1756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15051756.

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In order to realize the high value-added resource utilization of solid waste and reduce the cost of rubber manufacturing, iron ore tailings (IOTs) were used as raw material to prepare a reinforcing filler of rubber through ultrafine grinding and surface organic modification techniques. We studied the effects of ball mill grinding conditions on the particle size and distribution of grinded iron ore tailings (G-IOTs). The effects of bis-(triethoxy-silyl-propyl)-tetrasulfide (Si69)-modified G-IOT (Si69-G-IOT) loading levels on the cure characteristics, static mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of the styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) composites were also explored in this paper. The grinding and modification mechanism of IOTs and the combination of filler and SBR matrix were explored by grinding simulation of population balance model, X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that when grinding IOTs at 2000 r/min for 150 min, the particle size distribution of the resulting G-IOTs was the narrowest, with a D90 value of 4.42 μm. The tensile strength and elongation at break of SBR filled with 120 phr Si69-G-IOT were 14.97 MPa and 596.36%, respectively.

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41

Marynych, I., O. Serdiuk, S. Ruban, and O. Makarenko. "PRESENTATION OF CRUSHING AND GRINDING COMPLEX AS SYSTEM WITH DISTRIBUTED PARAMETERS FOR ADAPTIVE CONTROL OF ORE DRESSING PROCESSES." Series of Geology and Technical Sciences 447, no. 3 (June 15, 2021): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2021.2518-170x.70.

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The article proposes representation of crushing and grinding complex in form of a system with distributed parameters of the reducing function of the processed raw materials size in order to increase the energy efficiency of entire ore preparation process. Despite the fact that many different automated control systems for domestic and foreign production technological process are now used in the ore preparation processes, there is still a need to solve the problems of optimal control of such objects in order to both reduce energy costs and improve the quality of the final product. In terms of energy consumption, grinding processes are superior to crushing processes, so it is necessary to consider the crushing and grinding complex as a whole to increase the whole process energy efficiency. Since the processes of crushing, grinding and classification are purely random and at any time are characterized by transient probabilities, and the crushing and grinding complex occupies a large area and is geographically distributed in space, it should be considered as a system with distributed parameters of raw material size reduction, recyclable. Redistribution of loads between the individual components of this complex in accordance with the current characteristics of processed ore and the state of process equipment allows to reduce the load on the final stage - it is grinding, which in turn contributes to the overall reduction of energy consumption. The peculiarity of this approach is the need for the formation of spatial-temporal controls on basis of spatially distributed control of the object, the use of appropriate feedback signals and regulators with spatially distributed control effects.

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42

Wang, Wei Zhi, Li Hui Zhou, and Chun Guang Yang. "Mineral Processing Technology Study on a Lean Hematite Ore with Finely-Disseminated Minerals." Applied Mechanics and Materials 303-306 (February 2013): 2473–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.303-306.2473.

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The mineral processing experimental research was carried out on the hematite bearing characteristics of low grade, fine grain,complex composition. The results showed that using the technological flowsheet of “stage grinding- low intensity magnetic separation”, the iron concentrate with recovery of 36.56% and grade of 65.85% Fe can be obtained. And the iron concentrate with recovery of 17.23% and grade of 63.53% Fe can be obtained by “stage grinding-HIMS process-reverse flotation” process. The final iron concentrate with TFe grade of 65.10%,yield of 19.19% and total iron recovery of 53.79% from the raw ores with TFe grade of 23.41％ was obtained, with the first stage grinding size being 55% -0.074mm and the second stage,93% -0.074mm.

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43

Hahne, R., B. I. Pålsson, and P. O. Samskog. "Ore characterisation for––and simulation of––primary autogenous grinding." Minerals Engineering 16, no. 1 (January 2003): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0892-6875(02)00311-4.

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44

Mendoza, A. López, and J. A. Delgadillo Gómez. "Effect of Microwave Pretreatment on Grinding of Iron Ore." Asian Journal of Chemistry 29, no. 5 (2017): 983–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2017.20365.

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45

Penzov, Traycho, and Dimitar Marinov. "New Automated System for Optimisation of Ore Grinding Process." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 31, no. 23 (September 1998): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)35849-4.

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46

KURYTNIK, Igor. "About an electric pulse method of grinding gold ore." PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY 1, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 150–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15199/48.2020.10.27.

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47

Jia, Qing Mei, Feng Jiu Li, and Ying Li. "Separating the Anshan-Type Low-Grade Hematite Ore with Process of Gravity-Magnetic Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 303-306 (February 2013): 2541–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.303-306.2541.

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According to the nature of the ore which containing hematite and magnetite,under the conditions,for example,ore grade is 24.07%,the first fineness of grinding -200 mesh is 50%，the second fineness of grinding -200 mesh is more than 95%, it is concluded that concentrating circuit consisting of first grind-Feebleness magnetic separation -high intensity magnetic separation，second grind-second-high intensity magnetic separation-shaking tables. Ultimately, A concentrate with a productivity of 19.35%，a grade of 65.89% TFe and the recovery of 52.32%was yielded.

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48

Liu, Shu Xian, Jin Xia Zhang, Miao Chen, and Zhi Shuai Xu. "Test Research on HIMS-Reverse Flotation of Oolitic Hematite of Longyan Iron Mine." Advanced Materials Research 753-755 (August 2013): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.753-755.24.

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In order to better exploit and utilize the oolitic hematite ore resource in Zhangjiakou region, staged grinding-separation process consisting of high intensity magnetic separation(HIMS) and reverse floatation was adopted in the beneficiation test on the regionally representative oolitic hematite ore of Longyan Iron Mine, Xuan Stee1. The test results indicate that，with Slong pulsating high gradient magnetic separation as HIMS equipment，with NaOH，starch，CaO and TS as flotation reagents，and at a grind of 65％ -200 mesh for the primary grinding and 95％-200 mesh for the secondary grinding，an iron concentrate grading 62.34％ and having an iron recovery of 53.07％ can be achieved after two stage HIMS and one roughing—one cleaning reverse flotation.

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49

Wu, Caibin, Ningning Liao, Guiming Shi, and Liangliang Zhu. "Breakage Characterization of Grinding Media Based on Energy Consumption and Particle Size Distribution: Hexagons versus Cylpebs." Minerals 8, no. 11 (November 13, 2018): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min8110527.

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The grinding performance of hexagon grinding media particles has been compared with that of cylpebs grinding media particles. A batch grinding test was conducted using equal masses of hexagons and cylpebs. The particle size distribution and energy consumption during grinding of the ground product were analyzed, and the relationships among the specific surface area, bulk density, energy consumption, and t10 value are discussed. Under the same grinding conditions, the grinding capacity of hexagons was inferior to that of cylpebs. However, as the particle size of the feed became finer, the grinding effect of hexagons became more apparent. At the same time, the qualified particles content in the ground product was higher when using hexagons than when using cylpebs. The relationship between the specific surface area and energy consumption during grinding was consistent with the regular pattern of grinding fineness and energy consumption. In addition, the bulk density of minerals decreases with an increase in grinding energy. The same conclusion was obtained when −0.425 mm tungsten ore was used as a sample for validation. The flotation experiment result has carried out that hexagons as grinding media have a better flotation indicator than cylpebs in the same grinding fineness. It is demonstrated that although the grinding capacity of hexagons is inferior to that of cylpebs, less overgrinding occurs when using hexagons than when using cylpebs. For tungsten ore grinding, hexagons act as a finer grinding media than cylpebs.

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Jia, Qing Mei, Feng Jiu Li, and Yun Long Qu. "Experimental Study on the Recovery of Apatite from Ore Tailings in Hebei." Advanced Materials Research 652-654 (January 2013): 2584–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.652-654.2584.

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On the basis of study on the ore property of magnetic ores containing apatite,The experiment results show that a magnetic concentrate having a recovery of 58.04%,a concentrate containing 60.38%Fe and yield of 10.90% after by means of two-stages magnetic separation at a grinding fineness of 75%-200 mesh of the first stage , grinding fineness of 85%-200 mesh of the second stage After the first magnetic separation. Based conditional experiment and open-circuit test, under a grinding fineness of 50%-200 mesh, through a flotation flowsheet of "one-stage rough flotation, three-stage cleaning and one-stage cleaning" with the first magnetotail ,a apatite concentrate with P2O5 33% , The yield of apatite was 10.90% , the recovery of apatite reaches to 85% and can be obtained in which the total iron content is lower than 2%.

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