Academic literature on the topic 'Organ stop'
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Journal articles on the topic "Organ stop"
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Howard, David M. "The Vocal Tract Organ and the Vox Humana organ stop." Journal of Music, Technology and Education 7, no. 3 (December 1, 2014): 265–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jmte.7.3.265_1.
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McKay, Lindsey. "Generating Ambivalence: Media Representations of Canadian Transplant Tourism." Studies in Social Justice 10, no. 2 (December 19, 2016): 322–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.26522/ssj.v10i2.1421.
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This article addresses transplant tourism as one facet of the international organ trade. It asks whether mainstream media portrayals of Canadian transplant tourist journeys convey messages supportive of stronger efforts to stop extra-territorial organ purchase. A postcolonial theoretical approach using Mary Louise Pratt’s study of travel writing is employed to conduct a discourse analysis of Canadian media and cultural representation from 1988 to 2015. The public learns that transplant tourism is “bad” but understandable, and either not our problem or a symptom of another problem. Three forms this message takes are: the broader organ trade is a distant and insurmountable problem; transplant tourists are innocent victims; and, resolution of a larger, national organ scarcity problem will end transplant tourism. I conclude that the media generates ambivalence towards the issue of transplant tourism. Reader attention is drawn away from health outcomes and human rights, especially of organ providers – reasons Canada might do more to stop transplant tourism – towards the challenges faced by transplant tourists, with the effect of eclipsing public discussion of whether and how to stop Canadians from buying organs in other countries.
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Vollmer, Jannik, Fernando Casares, and Dagmar Iber. "Growth and size control during development." Open Biology 7, no. 11 (November 2017): 170190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsob.170190.
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The size and shape of organs are characteristic for each species. Even when organisms develop to different sizes due to varying environmental conditions, such as nutrition, organ size follows species-specific rules of proportionality to the rest of the body, a phenomenon referred to as allometry. Therefore, for a given environment, organs stop growth at a predictable size set by the species's genotype. How do organs stop growth? How can related species give rise to organs of strikingly different size? No definitive answer has been given to date. One of the major models for the studies of growth termination is the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster. Therefore, this review will focus mostly on work carried out in Drosophila to try to tease apart potential mechanisms and identify routes for further investigation . One general rule, found across the animal kingdom, is that the rate of growth declines with developmental time. Therefore, answers to the problem of growth termination should explain this seemingly universal fact. In addition, growth termination is intimately related to the problems of robustness (i.e. precision) and plasticity in organ size, symmetric and asymmetric organ development, and of how the ‘target’ size depends on extrinsic, environmental factors.
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Honey, Karen. "Putting a stop to organ trafficking and tourism." Journal of Clinical Investigation 119, no. 3 (March 2, 2009): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/jci38814.
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Gumkowska-Sroka, Olga, Kacper Kotyla, Ewa Mojs, Klaudia Palka, and Przemysław Kotyla. "Novel Therapeutic Strategies in the Treatment of Systemic Sclerosis." Pharmaceuticals 16, no. 8 (July 27, 2023): 1066. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph16081066.
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Systemic sclerosis is a connective tissue disease of unknown origin and with an unpredictable course, with both cutaneous and internal organ manifestations. Despite the enormous progress in rheumatology and clinical immunology, the background of this disease is largely unknown, and no specific therapy exists. The therapeutic approach aims to treat and preserve the function of internal organs, and this approach is commonly referred to as organ-based treatment. However, in modern times, data from other branches of medicine may offer insight into how to treat disease-related complications, making it possible to find new drugs to treat this disease. In this review, we present therapeutic options aiming to stop the progression of fibrotic processes, restore the aberrant immune response, stop improper signalling from proinflammatory cytokines, and halt the production of disease-related autoantibodies.
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Cioffi, Alfred. "Distinguishing between Assisting and Substituting for Vital Organs." Ethics & Medics 41, no. 9 (2016): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/em201641917.
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When patients approach the end of life, their loved ones often do not know how much treatment is too much and struggle to decide when to stop intervening and allow them to die in peace. Conversely, health care professionals may tend to prescribe extraordinary means of life support, sometimes simply because of legal and fiscal concerns or a family’s request for futile care. It can be useful to refer to the general bioethical principle that, typically, there is no moral obligation to provide a substitute for vital organs. In this context, providing a substitute for a vital organ means wholly replacing the vital function of the dying organ by means of either a transplant or medical machinery. This article seeks to explain how this rule may be applied when a patient and his family are deciding at what point to stop treatment and allow the patient to die in peace.
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Fadillah, Astuti Nur, and Abbas Mahmud. "Perdagangan Organ Tubuh Manusia Sebagai Kejahatan Lintas Negara." Balobe Law Journal 3, no. 2 (November 14, 2023): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.47268/balobe.v3i2.1822.
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Introduction: Transplantation is intended to replace a damaged or functioning organ in the recipient with another organ that is still functioning from the donor. Technological developments in the world of health not only have a positive impact on the world of medicine but also open up opportunities for illegal human organ trading syndicates. Human organ trafficking is a type of transnational crime that has occurred frequently in recent decades.Purposes of the Research: Aims to analyze human organ trafficking as a transnational crime.Methods of the Research: The research method used is normative juridical.Results of the Research: Illegal trade in human organs involving cross-border syndicates is a transnational crime. Cross-border crime is a threat that is taken seriously by each country because it threatens the security and stability of the country. To prevent this, countries can work together with each other. with each other through bilateral agreements, one of which is the extradition agreement, to stop the practice of selling and buying human organs. It is hoped that the implementation of laws and regulations related to human organ crimes will run smoothly so that the perpetrators can be charged using existing regulations. So transplants can only be carried out for humanitarian purposes and can only be carried out in certain health facilities by health workers who have the expertise and authority to do so.
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Yeo, Yan Ting, Jielin Song, Eleanor Gek Theng Ng, Nuraini Lee Binte Ismail Lee, Terence Yi Shern Kee, Chee Kiat Tan, Petrina Yuen Wai Fan, and Puay Hoon Lee. "Increasing influenza vaccination rates in solid organ transplant recipients in an outpatient transplant centre." Proceedings of Singapore Healthcare 29, no. 4 (September 22, 2020): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2010105820960159.
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Although influenza can lead to significant morbidity and mortality in solid organ transplant recipients, its vaccination rate among solid organ transplant recipients remains low. This study evaluates influenza vaccination among solid organ transplant recipients and compares rates before and after introducing a one-stop influenza vaccination service. In a prospective study on influenza vaccination among solid organ transplant recipients followed up from December 2014 to February 2015, 308 solid organ transplant recipients were surveyed, of which 25.0% received their annual influenza vaccination previously. Of those who have not, 60.6% were vaccinated after the education. We found most solid organ transplant recipients to be unaware of the importance of annual influenza vaccination (66.7%). Recipients with a shorter number of years post-transplant (odds ratio (OR) 0.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.91–0.99) and a history of diabetes (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.23–0.94) were more likely to receive vaccination. The incidence of influenza infection post-implementation was lower (4.9%, 2.6%; P=0.668). Solid organ transplant recipients who had had been vaccinated were associated with a lower incidence of influenza (OR 0.19, 95% CI 0.04–0.99). We conclude that the implementation of the one-stop influenza vaccination service had increased the vaccination uptake rate among solid organ transplant recipients by addressing the barriers and increasing accessibility.
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Doran, Stephen E., and Joseph M. Vukov. "Organ Donation and Declaration of Death: Combined Neurologic and Cardiopulmonary Standards." Linacre Quarterly 86, no. 4 (May 20, 2019): 285–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0024363919840129.
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Prolonged survival after the declaration of death by neurologic criteria creates ambiguity regarding the validity of this methodology. This ambiguity has perpetuated the debate among secular and nondissenting Catholic authors who question whether the neurologic standards are sufficient for the declaration of death of organ donors. Cardiopulmonary criteria are being increasingly used for organ donors who do not meet brain death standards. However, cardiopulmonary criteria are plagued by conflict of interest issues, arbitrary standards for candidacy, and the lack of standardized protocols for organ procurement. Combining the neurological and cardiopulmonary standards into a single protocol would mitigate the weaknesses of both and provide greater biologic and moral certainty that a donor of unpaired vital organs is indeed dead. Summary: Before a person’s organs can be used for transplantation, he or she must be declared “brain-dead.” However, sometimes when someone is declared brain-dead, that person can be maintained on life-support for days or even weeks. This creates some confusion about whether the person has truly died. For patients who have a severe neurologic injury but are not brain-dead, organ donation can also occur after his or her heart stops beating. However, this protocol is more ambiguous and lacks standardized protocols. We propose that before a person can donate organs, he or she must first be declared brain-dead, and then his or her heart must irreversibly stop beating before organs are taken.
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Vasilyev, Mikhail, Mackenzie R. Berschel, Michael H. Tomasson, and Melissa L. Bates. "Viewpoint: Time to stop treating the heart as a single organ?" Experimental Physiology 106, no. 6 (May 3, 2021): 1315–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/ep089497.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Organ stop"
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Boll, Hanne [Verfasser]. "Ultraschnelle hochauflösende single breath-stop-Mikro-Computertomographie thorakaler und abdomineller Organe der lebenden Maus unter Verwendung einer vereinfachten Intubationsmethode / Hanne Boll." Gießen : Universitätsbibliothek, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1064024343/34.
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Cotton, John Rowland. "A viscoelastic model for the response of a step change in velocity of the human otolith organs." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/44113.
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The otolith organs are housed in the inner ear and are responsible for sensing accelerations
and gravity. These inertial sensing systems are modeled in this thesis as a three
material system consisting of a rigid otoconial plate attached to the skull by a gel layer, surrounded
by a viscous endolymph fluid. The gel layer is considered to be a viscoelastic solid,
and modeled as a simple Kelvin element. The governing differential equations are derived
and nondimensionalized, yielding three nondimensional parameters: nondimensional density,
R, nondimensional viscosity, M, and nondimensional elasticity, 6. The equations are
solved using uÌ nite difference techniques on a digital computer. By comparing the modelâ s
response with previous biological research, values for the nondimensional parameters are
found. The value of R is 0.75 and the value of 6 is between 0.3 and 0.075. While the value
of M is placed between 5. and 10., results indicate that to properly model the long time
response of the otolith, a single and constant value for viscosity is not feasible.Master of Science
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Lou, Yaoyin. "Electrochemical processes as a pre-treatment step before biological treatment : Application to the removal of organo-halogenated compounds." Thesis, Rennes, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ENCR0057.
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Le couplage d’un traitement électrochimique avec un procédé biologique est une alternative prometteuse pour la dégradation de composés organo-halogénés biorécalcitrants dans l’environnement. Les procédés d’électroréduction, connus pour couper sélectivement la liaison carbone-halogène, ont été mis en oeuvre afin de réduire la toxicité des molécules cibles et augmenter leur biodégradabilité avant une minéralisation totale des polluants par un traitement biologique. Pour améliorer le rendement de déchloration, la cathode préalablement nickelée a été modifiée par des nanoparticules d’argent car l’argent est considéré comme l’un des meilleurs catalyseurs pour couper sélectivement la liaison carbonehalogène. Le feutre de graphite a été choisi comme support d’électrode pour sa grande surface spécifique. Le principal produit de déchloration de l’alachlor s’est révélé être biorécalcitrant. Pour surmonter ce problème, un traitement par procédé électro-Fenton a été mis en oeuvre pour dégrader les polluants cibles. Une amélioration significative de la biodégradabilité de la solution d’alachlor a pu être observée après le traitement électro- Fenton, et qui est renforcée quand l’atome de chlore a été préalablement éliminé de la structure de l’alachlor par électroréduction. Le bismuth a été également utilisé comme support d’électrode du fait de sa grande surtension visà- vis de la réduction de l’eau. Une grande sélectivité a pu être obtenue sur cathode de bismuth lors de la réduction d’herbicides du type chloracétamide. La réduction électrochimique du dioxyde de carbone a également été réalisée sur électrode de bismuth modifiée par des nanoparticules d’argent comme autre application de cette nouvelle électrodeElectrochemical process coupling with a biological treatment is a promising alternative for the degradation of biorecalcitrant organo-halogenated compounds in the environment. The electroreduction treatment, known to cut selectively carbon-halogen bonds, was first implemented to decrease the toxicity of the target molecules and increase their biodegradability before a complete mineralization of the pollutants by a biological treatment. To improve the dechlorination efficiency, the cathode was modified by silver nanoparticles after a previous nickelisation, since silver is considered as one of the best electrocatalysts to selectively cleave the carbonhalogen bond. The graphite felt was chosen as the electrode support due to its high specific surface area. For alachlor herbicide, deschloroalachlor, the main by-product after dechlorination, was still biorecalcitrant. To overcome this issue, electro-Fenton treatment, in which hydroxyl radicals were generated to degrade the target pollutants, was implemented. Significant improvement of biodegradability of the alachlor solution was observed after electro-Fenton treatment, which was further improved when the chlorine atom was beforehand removed from the alachlor structure by the electroreduction process. Bismuth was also used as electrode support due to its high overpotential for hydrogen evolution. A high selectivity of chloroacetamide herbicides reduction was observed on the bismuth based cathode. As an extended application of the bismuth based cathode, the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide was performed on Bi electrode modified by silver nanoparticles
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Coggins, M. Denise. "Bi-layered viscoelastic model for a step change in velocity and a constant acceleration stimulus for the human otolith organs." Thesis, This resource online, 1996. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-02132009-172020/.
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Gloger, Oliver [Verfasser]. "Combined Applications of the Level Set Method with Multi-Step Recognition and Refinement Algorithms for Fully Automatic Organ and Tissue Segmentation in MRI Data / Oliver Gloger." Greifswald : Universitätsbibliothek Greifswald, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1022617842/34.
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Smith, Christopher. "Synthèse de polyuréthanes par organo-catalyse dans le dioxyde de carbone supercritique." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14743/document.
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La synthèse de particules polyuréthane par organo-catalyse dans le dioxyde de carbone supercritique a été étudiée. Des réactions modèles ont été préalablement conduites et suivies par spectroscopie infrarouge in situ dans le CO2 supercritique afin d'identifier les catalyseurs organiques de réaction d'uréthanisation les plus efficients. Une série de polymères siliconés CO2-phile, porteurs de la fonction organo-catalytique en bout de chaîne (organo-catasurfs), a ensuite été préparée et testée dans le CO2 supercritique pour la polymérisation en dispersion de polyuréthaneThe organocatalysed synthesis of polyurethane particles in supercritical carbon dioxide has been studied. Model reactions were first carried out in supercritical CO2 and monitored by in situ infrared spectroscopy in order to indentify the most efficient catalysts for the urethanisation reaction. A series of CO2-philic silicone polymers, end-functionalised with the organocatalytic group (organocatasurfs), were then synthesised and tested in supercritical CO2 for the dispersion polymerisation of polyurethane
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Blais, Louis. "The evaluation of spermatozoal damage done at each step of the cryopreservation procedure from a line of chicken selected for high fertility, of frozen-thawed semen and a random, bred control line /." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61847.
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Pereira, Jorge Manuel Almeida. "Análise da influência da variação do ritmo e da altura do step na manifestação das forças de reacção do solo e da actividade eléctrica muscular." Master's thesis, Instituições portuguesas -- UP-Universidade do Porto -- -Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e de Educação Física, 2000. http://dited.bn.pt:80/29252.
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Guerrero, Karen. "ORGANISATION STRUCTURALE ET FONCTION METABOLIQUE DES UNITES ENERGETIQUES INTRACELLULAIRES (ICEUs) DANS LE MUSCLE CARDIAQUE ET SQUELETTIQUE :Conditions physiologiques et pathophysiologiques." Phd thesis, Ecole pratique des hautes études - EPHE PARIS, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011814.
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Ce travail de thèse s'intéresse principalement à la régulation de la respiration mitochondriale in situ dans les cellules de muscle cardiaque et squelettiques. L'oxygraphie, la spectrophotométrie et la microscopie confocale sur cellules isolées ou fibres musculaires perméabilisées à la saponine ont été utilisées ainsi que la modélisation mathématique. Dans les cellules musculaires, les mitochondries sont organisées de manière très précise tel un ‘cristal'. Cet arrangement intracellulaire serait la base d'une organisation à la fois structurale et fonctionnelle au sein desquelles les mitochondries sont couplées fonctionnellement par le cytosquelette aux autres organelles : réticulum sarcoplasmique et myofibrilles: les ICEUs (ou unités énergétiques intracellulaires). Au sein des cellules cardiaques, il existe 2 niveaux de régulation de la respiration mitochondriale par l'ADP exogène : la perméabilité de la membrane mitochondriale externe (VDAC) et des restrictions localisées de diffusion de l'ADP au voisinage des mitochondries. La Β-tubuline participe indirectement à ces mécanismes de régulation de même que la protéine STOP, une protéine associée aux microtubules. Ces données expérimentales sont utiles pour expliquer les aspects métaboliques de la loi de Frank-Starling dans le cœur. Cette notion d'ICEU peut servir de diagnostique lors de l'étude clinique du métabolisme énergétique chez des transplantés pulmonaires avant et après un programme d'entraînement à domicile.
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SILVESTRI, ALESSANDRO. "PRATICHE CANCELLERESCHE, ARCHIVI E STRUMENTI DI GOVERNO NELLA SICILIA DI ETÀ BASSOMEDIEVALE (1412-1442)." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/172813.
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In 1412, with the advent of Trastamara dynasty on the throne of Aragon, the Kingdom of Sicily, while maintaining a formal institutional independence, was finally incorporated in the possessions of the Crown. The island then became a focal instrument of foreign policy of Alfonso the Magnanimous and, consequently, the natural economic and military base for the conquest of Naples. Just like what was occurring in the Italian peninsula, it became necessary to develop new instruments of government to respond to all those social, political and economic factors that had affected the island. Primarily, it was provided to a more precise definition of the relationship with the Iberian motherland, that, within a few years, took the form of a system of government at a distance. From an institutional point of view, the political leader of the island was outlined on the figure of the viceroy: they were chosen by the king and were equipped with a delegated power. The documentary solution, a true summary of this relation, was found instead in the creation of a chancery instrument that was named lictera exequtoria. This kind of letter allowed the sovereign to intervene personally, but through the mediation of the institutional apparatus of the island, on the distribution of the royal favor towards his subjects of the Kingdom.
The complexity of the Italian territorial states of the 15th century, highlighted by the presence of many authorities in competition with each other, pushed the rulers to come to an agreement between the parties involved. The outcome, in the case of Sicily, was the direct involvement of the local ruling classes, both those from the old feudal aristocracy and those emerging from the towns, in the government of the island, as well as in the distribution of the economic and political resources in favor of all those who showed their support for the policies of the Magnanimous. It was a natural consequence, therefore, a greater attention to the institutional apparatus of the State that, at this stage, must be considered as a real focus of that political mediation that was necessary to the rulers for the consensus-building, within the composite societies of the late Middle-Ages, around their policies.
On the one hand, since the arrival of Fernando of Antequera on the throne of the Crown of Aragon, but with major emphasis during the long reign of his successor, it was clear the role that the financial administration would have for the government of the island. It was not simply a strengthening of the control practices on the accounts of pecuniary offices of the Kingdom, brought about the growing economic needs of the monarchy, but a complex process driven by the kings of Aragon. The aim was indeed to lay the financial structures of the island under a closer political control, focusing on the figure of the sovereign the last terminal of the distribution of resources among its supporters and Sicilian subjects. The establishment of the new office of the Conservator regii patrimonii, taken directly from the Castilian reality, arose from the need to introduce in the island a financial body that was closely linked to the sovereign by fidelity ties and that was equipped with a wide range of skills to control the receipt and the distribution of the royal income. All the financial grants which concerned the public property had in fact to obtain the approval of the Conservator who initiated the regular bureaucratic process and that, in the meantime and thanks to all information collected, was also able to prepare budgets that gave to the king a useful tool for a more rational and precise location of the resources.
On the other hand, instead, the intervention of the king went to the administration tout court of the island, that, compared to the financial one, was not marked by any obvious reformer intervention, if not from some occasional readjustments that changed the internal balance anyway. The Secretariat was in fact placed in the same level of the scribanie of the Protonotaro and of the Magistri Racionales – the Royal Chancery, without jurisdiction over the document drafting, had become the supreme record body of the Kingdom – becoming the tool by which the rulers were able to unhinge the natural administrative practice. They could in fact speed the execution of the orders and of the warrants because of the unofficial and wide intervention capacity of the Secretaries who could imperatively intervene in any area of the administration as a consequence of a direct order of the King or of his islander deputies.
The overlapping of different chancery traditions within the Sicilian institutional apparatus caused the development of innovative governance tools that took shape of writing practice, record standards and filing systems of the documents, according to the new demands of the rulers. About the lictera exequtoria, whose we concisely said before, it’s here enough to say that it became a basic instrument by means of which the King, despite the mediation of the Viceroy, was able to give execution to the privilegia and to the lictere patentes written by its secretaries. So he actually intervened on the promotion and cooptation of Sicilian officers at every level of the administration they were. The control action carried out on the officer body is also inferable from the innovative record systems that were prepared in Sicily in the first half of the fifteenth century. They allowed in fact the sovereign to be able to carry out a perpetual monitoring of the activity of the islander officers, as one can clearly deduce, for example, by the libri quictacionum and the libri castrorum of the Conservatoria’s office. Within the latter, in fact, the most innovative record systems were developed. They, apparently related only to the financial matters, were instead characterized by a series of ‘political functions’ that allowed the Aragonese sovereign to increase his control over the Sicilian kingdom. The coeval processes of centralization of the administration of Sicily and of concentration of the archives at the Hosterium of Palermo are a further sign of the bureaucratic rationalization which characterized the action of the kings of Aragon. Since the compromise of Caspe (1412), in fact, they were involved in a series of interventions on the Sicilian institutions that aimed to find out appropriate instruments to govern the new needs of government, because of all the economic, political and social changes that were involving all the Italian territorial states of the fifteenth century.
Books on the topic "Organ stop"
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Company, Skinner Organ. Stop, open and reed: A periodical presentation of pipe organ progress. Richmond, Virginia: Organ Historical Society, 1997.
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1928-, Gellerman Robert F., ed. The American reed organ and the harmonium: A treatise on its history, restoration and tuning, with descriptions of some outstanding collections, including a stop dictionary and a directory of reed organs. Vestal, N.Y: Vestal Press, 1996.
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Jesús Angel de la Lama. El organo barroco español. [Valladolid]: Junta de Castilla y Leon, 1995.
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1804-1881, Warren Joseph, ed. Hamilton's Catechism of the organ. Buren, The Netherlands: F. Knuf, 1992.
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Locher, Carl. An exploration of the organ stops: With hints for effective combinations. Portsmouth: Bardon Enterprises, 1998.
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Clastrier, Françoise. Petit lexique des registres de l'orgue en six langues. Béziers: Société de musicologie de Languedoc, 1993.
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service), SpringerLink (Online, ed. Surgical Technique of the Abdominal Organ Procurement: Step by Step. London: Springer-Verlag London, 2009.
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Jesús Angel de la Lama. El órgano barroco español. [Valladolid?]: Junta de Castilla y León, 1995.
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Baird, Stephen M., April Apperson, and Stacie Orell. USMLE step 1: The organ systems. Edited by Kaplan Educational Centers (Firm : New York, N.Y.). [New York]: Kaplan Educational Centers, 1998.
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Strony, Walter. The secrets of theatre organ registration. 2nd ed. Carefree, AZ: W. Strony, 1991.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Organ stop"
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Hirshberg, Asher, and Kenneth L. Mattox. "Hypothermia-Coagulopathy-Acidosis Syndrome: When to Operate/When to Stop Operating." In Multiple Organ Failure, 273–78. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1222-5_28.
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Baue, A. E. "When to Operate or to Stop Operating and to Plan a Reoperation." In Sepsis and Organ Dysfunction, 131–44. Milano: Springer Milan, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2271-3_13.
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Opelz, Gerhard, Joannis Mytilineos, Sabine Scherer, Heather Dunckley, Jean Trejaut, Jeremy Chapman, Derek Middleton, et al. "DNA typing: an important step forward?" In Transplant International Official Journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation, 580–82. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77423-2_169.
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Gao, Jianwei, Juan Xu, Honggao Fei, and Dazhu Liang. "A Two-Step Deep Learning Approach for Abdominal Organ Segmentation." In Fast, Low-resource, and Accurate Organ and Pan-cancer Segmentation in Abdomen CT, 54–62. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-58776-4_5.
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Limmer, Andreas, Torsten Sacher, Judith Alferink, Thomas Nichterlein, Bernd Arnold, and Günter J. Hämmerling. "A Two-Step Model for the Induction of Organ-Specific Autoimmunity." In Novartis Foundation Symposia, 159–71. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470515525.ch12.
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Dovey, Zachary, and Peter Wiklund. "Step-by-Step Approach to Robot-Assisted Female Cystectomy, Anterior Exenteration, and Pelvic Organ Preserving Approaches." In Robotic Urologic Surgery, 647–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-00363-9_57.
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Schneider, Albrecht. "Aspects of Sound Structure in Historic Organs of Europe." In Current Research in Systematic Musicology, 225–58. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-57892-2_13.
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AbstractThis article sketches the development of pipe organs in Europe from Roman times to the Baroque era in order to shed light on concepts of sound structure that apparently guided the design and construction of certain types of organs. For a better understanding of empirical measurements presented in Parts 4 and 5 of this study, Part 2 provides some basic organology. In Part 3, the development from the so-called ‘Blockwerk’ to organs comprising several wind chests, manuals, and various types of pipes and stops is outlined. In part 5, relations of sound structure to tunings and temperaments are discussed, including actual measurements.
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Sanduleanu, Sebastian, Simon Keek, Lars Hoezen, and Philippe Lambin. "Biomarkers for Hypoxia, HPVness, and Proliferation from Imaging Perspective." In Critical Issues in Head and Neck Oncology, 13–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63234-2_2.
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AbstractRecent advances in quantitative imaging with handcrafted radiomics and unsupervised deep learning have resulted in a plethora of validated imaging biomarkers in the field of head and neck oncology. Generally speaking, these algorithms are trained for one specific task, e.g. to classify between two or multiple types of underlying tumor biology (e.g. hypoxia, HPV status), predict overall survival (OS) or progression free survival (PFS), automatically segment a region of interest e.g. an organ at risk for radiotherapy dose or the gross tumor volume (GTV). Despite relatively good performances in external validation cohorts these algorithms still have not found their way into routine clinical practice. The reason this has not happened yet is complex, multifactorial, and can be usually divided into three categories: technical (a part of the algorithm or pre-processing step is not technically sound), statistical (mainly related to selection of subset of relevant biomarkers), and translational (not enough understanding by clinicians, not easily implementable within clinical workflow). We currently foresee that the next artificial intelligence (AI)-driven technique to find its way into clinical practice beside existing techniques (e.g. automatic organ at risk segmentation) will be the automatic segmentation of head and neck gross tumor volumes.
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Ito, Nobuyuki, Hiroyuki Tsuda, Ryohei Hasegawa, Masae Tatematsu, Katsumi Imaida, and Makoto Asamoto. "Medium-Term Bioassay Models for Environmental Carcinogens — Two-Step Liver and Multi-Organ Carcinogenesis Protocols." In Biologically Based Methods for Cancer Risk Assessment, 209–30. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5625-7_16.
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Cannizzaro, Diego. "From the Fiffaro to the Voce Umana: Beating Stops in the Italian and Sicilian Organ Building Tradition." In Vox Humana Craftsmanship, 23–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10290-5_2.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Organ stop"
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Brackhane, Fabian, and Jürgen Trouvain. "The organ stop “vox humana” as a model for a vowel synthesiser." In Interspeech 2013. ISCA: ISCA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2013-704.
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Felician, Rosca, Madalina Dorgo, and Cristina Struta. "ROMANIA AND THE ELEARNING MUSICAL EDUCATION SYSTEMS." In eLSE 2017. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-17-171.
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The musical education systems based on technology are well-known in Europe and especially in Asia and The United States of America. The countries with the most numerous online systems of musical education are Japan, Israel and The United States of America. In Romania these systems are much more modest with two universities where the system is implemented at higher education level, namely at Gh. Dima Music Academy in Cluj Napoca and Spiru Haret University in București (The Faculty of Music). Here, with all the progress that has been made, we cannot talk about notable performances in the field. At primary and secondary levels (in state schools or private schools) there are no schools where this system is used, not even partially. This paper is a research in the field comparing the level of digital musical educationin Romania and other countries, the benefits of implementing this type of musical education and the inconveniences of the eLearning musical education system in Romania. The present paper deals mainly with electronic and digital systems built in classical pipe organs, initially, in the key action and later in the stop action. Especially in the registration systems, the application of electronic and digital systems to the combination action revolutionized the organ building, the latest developments in digital technologies and systems that are used today in the manufacturing of musical instruments, especially in classical pipe organs. The sampling technology (based on pre-recordings) would necessitate, ideally, storing of significant amounts of audio material. Out of practical concerns, because of the cost factor, but also because of the technical limitations of the systems used, a compromise is usually made. More specifically, the sound recordings are very short, the sound is played back in a loop, the attack phase is synthesized and not the real attack of the pipe, there are no recordings for each individual note but only for a few notes in an octave (from one up to three or four), the others are obtained by applying digital signal processing. All these techniques are lowering the quality potential of the digital organs.
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Marinko, Katia, Gašper Tavčar, and Marko Jeran. "The Secret of the Biochemical Reaction in the Abdomen of the Beetle: Bioluminescence of the Firefly." In Socratic Lectures 9. University of Lubljana Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.55295/psl.2024.d4.
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Abstract: Fireflies (Lampyridae) belong to a family of beetles that live widely in the humid tropical and subtropical regions of the world. They are best known for using a light organ in their abdomen to produce light, which they use to communicate with each other. Species can be distinguished by the pattern of light flickering that identifies members of a species. All larvae also glow to signal to predators that they are inedible. The light emitted by fireflies is produced by converting chemical energy into light. In this phenomenon, called bioluminescence, the substance luciferin reacts with oxygen in the presence of the enzyme luciferase. In addition, bioluminescence is difficult to study be-cause all animals stop glowing after they are captured. Bioluminescence is a very efficient process, converting up to 90% of energy into light, also called cold light. The complex process of bioluminescence is still not fully understood, so scientists are using interdisci-plinary methods (from theoretical to experimental approaches) to study the problem. Keywords: Firefly, bioluminescence, luciferin, luciferase, mechanism
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Nerem, Robert M. "Tissue Engineering: The Next Generation of Medical Implants." In ASME 1996 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1996-1161.
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Abstract The engineering of living tissue, i.e. tissue engineering, involves the use of living cells, manipulated through their extracellular environment or even genetically, to develop biological substitutes for implantation into the body and/or to foster the remodeling of tissue in some other active manner (1). The purpose is to either repair, replace, maintain, or enhance the function of a particular tissue or organ. For some organs, the first step will be extracorporeal devices; however, the long term goal of tissue engineering should be either implantable systems or the in vivo remodeling of tissue. Because there are not enough organs available for transplantation to meet the needs of the individuals on waiting lists, there is a real need for tissue-engineered biological substitutes.
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Krishnamoorthy, Srikumar, Mengyun Zhang, Hongtao Song, and Changxue Xu. "Bingham Fluid-Assisted Fabrication of 3D Vascular-Like Constructs of Interpenetrating Network Hydrogel." In ASME 2017 12th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the JSME/ASME 2017 6th International Conference on Materials and Processing. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2017-2898.
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Organ printing, which utilizes advanced manufacturing technologies to fabricate three-dimensional (3D) functional organs based on layer-by-layer mechanism, is emerging as a promising solution to solve the organ donor shortage problem affecting all over the world. One of the biggest challenges for fabrication of functional and effective thick tissues/organs is the engineering of vascular networks. This paper introduces a Bingham fluid (Carbopol gel) to assist fabrication of 3D vascular-like constructs of interpenetrating network (IPN) hydrogels. Carbopol gel as a Bingham fluid exhibits a characteristic yield stress behavior. As the nozzle moves inside Carbopol, the shear stress is larger than the yield stress and the Carbopol gel behaves like a viscous fluid with a specific viscosity. After the nozzle moves away, the shear stress decreases below the yield stress and the Carbopol gel rapidly solidifies behaving like a solid. This unique rheological property is utilized to support and maintain the shape of the fabricated 3D structures, although the fluid printed is not crosslinked. Finally, the fabricated structures are subject to a two-step gelation process to successfully form 3D vascular-like constructs of IPN hydrogels. This novel approach enables effective and efficient fabrication of complex vascular network of IPN hydrogels.
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Zettler, Nico, and Andre Mastmeyer. "Comparison of 2D vs. 3D Unet Organ Segmentation in abdominal 3D CT images." In WSCG'2021 - 29. International Conference in Central Europe on Computer Graphics, Visualization and Computer Vision'2021. Západočeská univerzita, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24132/csrn.2021.3002.5.
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A two-step concept for 3D segmentation on 5 abdominal organs inside volumetric CT images is presented. Firsteach relevant organ’s volume of interest is extracted as bounding box. The extracted volume acts as input for asecond stage, wherein two compared U-Nets with different architectural dimensions re-construct an organ segmen-tation as label mask. In this work, we focus on comparing 2D U-Nets vs. 3D U-Net counterparts. Our initial resultsindicate Dice improvements of about 6% at maximum. In this study to our surprise, liver and kidneys for instancewere tackled significantly better using the faster and GPU-memory saving 2D U-Nets. For other abdominal keyorgans, there were no significant differences, but we observe highly significant advantages for the 2D U-Net interms of GPU computational efforts for all organs under study.
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Silva, Matheus Henrique de Freitas, Karina Santos Wandeck, Sílvia Santiago Cordeiro, Ruth Lira Oliveira, and Síura Aparecida Borges Silva. "Experience of hypothermia as a therapeutic alternative for severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in a neonatal intensive care unit in Belo Horizonte." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.354.
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Introduction: Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) is an effective treatment alternative in newborns (NB) with moderate to severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). It is suggested that hypothermia, initiated in the first 6 hours after the hypoxic insult, by reducing brain metabolism, decreases cytotoxic edema, free radical production, neuronal excitability, the synthesis and release of neurotransmitters, nitric oxide and cytokines and apoptosis, mechanisms responsible for the late neurological lesions of EHI. Thus, TH improves survival and neurological prognosis in these newborns. Materials: Review of medical records of newborns submitted to TH in the period from 01/01/15 to 12/31/2015. Discussion: The TH protocol was implemented in the Unit from 01/01/2015, for all newborns older than 35 weeks, with evidence of moderate to severe HIE. TH starts in the first 6 hours of life and is performed for a period of 72 hours, after which rewarming begins, in the next 24 hours. In 2015, five newborns were submitted to the protocol. One of them died, on the fifth day of life, due to refractory shock and multiple organ failure. The other four newborns would be followed up on an outpatient basis. There was no need to stop hypothermia before 72 hours due to adverse events. The main events observed were bradycardia and shock, responsive to amines. Conclusion: The experience with TH showed good results in the medium term in newborns with moderate to severe HIE. The adverse events observed during the procedure were manageable, which suggests that TH can be an effective and safe alternative.
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Zhang, Mengyun, and Changxue Xu. "Ligament Flows of Exit-Pinching During Drop-on-Demand Inkjetting of Alginate Solution." In ASME 2016 11th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2016-8582.
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Organ printing is an emerging technology for fabricating artificial tissues and organs, which are constructed layer by layer by precisely placing tissue spheroids or filaments as building blocks. These fabricated artificial organs offers a great potential as alternatives to replace the damaged human organs, providing a promising solution to solve organ donor shortage problem. Inkjetting, one of the key technologies in organ printing, has been widely developed for organ printing because of its moderate fabrication cost, good process controllability and scale-up potentials. Droplet formation process as the first step towards inkjetting 3D cellular structures needs to be studied and controlled precisely. This paper focuses on the ligament flow of exit-pinching during droplet formation process of inkjet printing. The ligament flow directions during pinch-off process of inkjet printing of a sodium alginate solution with a concentration of 0.5% (w/v) have been studied. It is found that two different types of flow directions inside a single ligament during pinch-off process may occur. At an excitation voltage of 30 V, the ligament flow has two different directions at the locations near the nozzle orifice and the jet front head: the negative z direction at the location near the nozzle orifice due to the dominant capillary effect, and the positive z direction at the location near the jet front head due to both the fluid inertial and capillary effects. On the contrary, at an excitation voltage of 70 V, the ligament flow directions are the same at the locations near the nozzle orifice and the jet front head: the positive z direction at the location near the nozzle orifice due to the sufficiently large fluid inertial effect, and the same positive z direction at the location near the jet front head due to both the fluid inertial and capillary effects. Two flow directions inside a single ligament benefit single droplet formation without satellite droplets, but the droplet trajectory will be easily affected by the airflow in the laboratory due to the small droplet velocity as well as the droplet deposition accuracy. Single flow direction inside a single ligament usually results in a long ligament due to the large fluid inertia which eventually breaks into several undesirable satellite droplets. The resulting knowledge will be beneficial for better understanding of the ligament pinch-off during droplet formation process of inkjet printing biological viscoelastic alginate bioink for 3D cellular structure fabrication as well as precise droplet controllability for good quality of fabricated 3D structures.
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Backfrieder, Werner. "A multi-modal data model for morphological segmentation in 3D dosimetry." In the 8th International Workshop on Innovative Simulation for Healthcare. CAL-TEK srl, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46354/i3m.2019.iwish.004.
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"Patient specific dosimetry established during the last decade in modern radio-therapy. Usually, tracer kinetics in main compartments of observed metabolism is assessed from anterior and posterior whole body scans. The effective doses for each organ, derived by the MIRD scheme, provide evidence for following radiotherapeutic treatment and helps to meet vital dose limits for critical organs, e.g. kidneys. The calculation of individual dose in a three-dimensional context leads to more accurate dose estimates, as was proven by intensive research, but is still on the cusp to clinical application. In this work, a statistical approach, based on multi-modal image and feature data, is presented, to overcome manual segmentation, the most time consuming step, in 3D based dose calculation. 3D data volumes from a hybrid SPECT study, comprising SPECT and CT data, covering main compartments of metabolism, build the image features of a Gaussian classifier. From prior segmentations organspecific membership maps are derived, and substituted as additional feature into the segmentation procedure. Centroids, eccentricity and principal axes of organ models are registered to a rough thresholded image of the SPECT component, and define membership coefficients of the voxels. The new approach yields accurate results, even with real patient data. The new method needs minimal user interaction during selection of some sample regions, thus showing high potential for implementation in a clinical workflow."
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CIOBANU, Adriana, and Liudmila IAGUȘEVSCHI. "Sight – dominant catalyst of the child’s socialization." In Ştiință și educație: noi abordări și perspective. "Ion Creanga" State Pedagogical University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46727/c.v1.24-25-03-2023.p141-146.
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The human senses are our way of coming into contact with the environment. The human brain combines the sparks of the neurons responsible for sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch into a comprehensible whole. But we only think about our senses when one of the organs stops working. The most important sensory organ is our eyes. We perceive up to 90% of all impressions through our sight. Our eyes are what protect us from danger. Visual impairments produce an imbalance at the behavioral level, which negatively influences the child’s relationships with the environment. Socialization is not a limited and temporary process, because every child participates in social life and must constantly adapt to the changes that occur in society, always being subject to social demands and challenges. The complexity and importance of the visual analyzer is explained by the fact that in social relations, sight dominates the entire sensory activity of the other analyzers and integrates it into a predominantly visual system. Educational institutions, as agents of socialization, have a very important role in forming the social relations of visually impaired children with their peers and their inclusion in the educational process. Therefore, the educational institution has a fundamental importance in facilitating the socialization of children with visual impairments through the formation of behaviors and attitudes, skills and qualities favorable to this process.
Reports on the topic "Organ stop"
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Wolf, Shmuel, and William J. Lucas. Involvement of the TMV-MP in the Control of Carbon Metabolism and Partitioning in Transgenic Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7570560.bard.
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The function of the 30-kilodalton movement protein (MP) of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is to facilitate cell-to-cell movement of viral progeny in infected plants. Our earlier findings have indicated that this protein has a direct effect on plasmodesmal function. In addition, these studies demonstrated that constitutive expression of the TMV MP gene (under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter) in transgenic tobacco plants significantly affects carbon metabolism in source leaves and alters the biomass distribution between the various plant organs. The long-term goal of the proposed research was to better understand the factors controlling carbon translocation in plants. The specific objectives were: A) To introduce into tobacco and potato plants a virally-encoded (TMV-MP) gene that affects plasmodesmal functioning and photosynthate partitioning under tissue-specific promoters. B) To introduce into tobacco and potato plants the TMV-MP gene under the control of promoters which are tightly repressed by the Tn10-encoded Tet repressor, to enable the expression of the protein by external application of tetracycline. C) To explore the mechanism by which the TMV-MP interacts with the endogenous control o~ carbon allocation. Data obtained in our previous project together with the results of this current study established that the TMV-MP has pleiotropic effects when expressed in transgenic tobacco plants. In addition to its ability to increase the plasmodesmal size exclusion limit, it alters carbohydrate metabolism in source leaves and dry matter partitioning between the various plant organs, Expression of the TMV-MP in various tissues of transgenic potato plants indicated that sugars and starch levels in source leaves are reduced below those of control plants when the TMV-MP is expressed in green tissue only. However, when the TMV-MP was expressed predominantly in PP and CC, sugar and starch levels were raised above those of control plants. Perhaps the most significant result obtained from experiments performed on transgenic potato plants was the discovery that the influence of the TMV-MP on carbohydrate allocation within source leaves was under developmental control and was exerted only during tuber development. The complexity of the mode by which the TMV-MP exerts its effect on the process of carbohydrate allocation was further demonstrated when transgenic tobacco plants were subjected to environmental stresses such as drought stress and nutrients deficiencies, Collectively, these studies indicated that the influence of the TMV-MP on carbon allocation L the result of protein-protein interaction within the source tissue. Based on these results, together with the findings that plasmodesmata potentiate the cell-to-cell trafficking of viral and endogenous proteins and nucleoproteins complexes, we developed the theme that at the whole plant level, the phloem serves as an information superhighway. Such a long-distance communication system may utilize a new class of signaling molecules (proteins and/or RNA) to co-ordinate photosynthesis and carbon/nitrogen metabolism in source leaves with the complex growth requirements of the plant under the prevailing environmental conditions. The discovery that expression of viral MP in plants can induce precise changes in carbon metabolism and photoassimilate allocation, now provide a conceptual foundation for future studies aimed at elucidating the communication network responsible for integrating photosynthetic productivity with resource allocation at the whole-plant level. Such information will surely provide an understanding of how plants coordinate the essential physiological functions performed by distantly-separated organs. Identification of the proteins involved in mediating and controlling cell-to-cell transport, especially at the companion cell-sieve element boundary, will provide an important first step towards achieving this goal.
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Yahav, Shlomo, John McMurtry, and Isaac Plavnik. Thermotolerance Acquisition in Broiler Chickens by Temperature Conditioning Early in Life. United States Department of Agriculture, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1998.7580676.bard.
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The research on thermotolerance acquisition in broiler chickens by temperature conditioning early in life was focused on the following objectives: a. To determine the optimal timing and temperature for inducing the thermotolerance, conditioning processes and to define its duration during the first week of life in the broiler chick. b. To investigate the response of skeletal muscle tissue and the gastrointestinal tract to thermal conditioning. This objective was added during the research, to understand the mechanisms related to compensatory growth. c. To evaluate the effect of early thermo conditioning on thermoregulation (heat production and heat dissipation) during 3 phases: (1) conditioning, (2) compensatory growth, (3) heat challenge. d. To investigate how induction of improved thermotolerance impacts on metabolic fuel and the hormones regulating growth and metabolism. Recent decades have seen significant development in the genetic selection of the meat-type fowl (i.e., broiler chickens); leading to rapid growth and increased feed efficiency, providing the poultry industry with heavy chickens in relatively short growth periods. Such development necessitates parallel increases in the size of visceral systems such as the cardiovascular and the respiratory ones. However, inferior development of such major systems has led to a relatively low capability to balance energy expenditure under extreme conditions. Thus, acute exposure of chickens to extreme conditions (i.e., heat spells) has resulted in major economic losses. Birds are homeotherms, and as such, they are able to maintain their body temperature within a narrow range. To sustain thermal tolerance and avoid the deleterious consequences of thermal stresses, a direct response is elicited: the rapid thermal shock response - thermal conditioning. This technique of temperature conditioning takes advantage of the immaturity of the temperature regulation mechanism in young chicks during their first week of life. Development of this mechanism involves sympathetic neural activity, integration of thermal infom1ation in the hypothalamus, and buildup of the body-to-brain temperature difference, so that the potential for thermotolerance can be incorporated into the developing thermoregulation mechanisms. Thermal conditioning is a unique management tool, which most likely involves hypothalamic them1oregulatory threshold changes that enable chickens, within certain limits, to cope with acute exposure to unexpected hot spells. Short-tem1 exposure to heat stress during the first week of life (37.5+1°C; 70-80% rh; for 24 h at 3 days of age) resulted in growth retardation followed immediately by compensatory growth" which resulted in complete compensation for the loss of weight gain, so that the conditioned chickens achieved higher body weight than that of the controls at 42 days of age. The compensatory growth was partially explained by its dramatic positive effect on the proliferation of muscle satellite cells which are necessary for further muscle hypertrophy. By its significant effect of the morphology and functioning of the gastrointestinal tract during and after using thermal conditioning. The significant effect of thermal conditioning on the chicken thermoregulation was found to be associated with a reduction in heat production and evaporative heat loss, and with an increase in sensible heat loss. It was further accompanied by changes in hormones regulating growth and metabolism These physiological responses may result from possible alterations in PO/AH gene expression patterns (14-3-3e), suggesting a more efficient mechanism to cope with heat stress. Understanding the physiological mechanisms behind thermal conditioning step us forward to elucidate the molecular mechanism behind the PO/AH response, and response of other major organs. The thermal conditioning technique is used now in many countries including Israel, South Korea, Australia, France" Ecuador, China and some places in the USA. The improvement in growth perfom1ance (50-190 g/chicken) and thermotolerance as a result of postnatal thermal conditioning, may initiate a dramatic improvement in the economy of broiler's production.
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Ghanim, Murad, Joe Cicero, Judith K. Brown, and Henryk Czosnek. Dissection of Whitefly-geminivirus Interactions at the Transcriptomic, Proteomic and Cellular Levels. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7592654.bard.
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Our project focuses on gene expression and proteomics of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) species complex in relation to the internal anatomy and localization of expressed genes and virions in the whitefly vector, which poses a major constraint to vegetable and fiber production in Israel and the USA. While many biological parameters are known for begomovirus transmission, nothing is known about vector proteins involved in the specific interactions between begomoviruses and their whitefly vectors. Identifying such proteins is expected to lead to the design of novel control methods that interfere with whitefly-mediated begomovirus transmission. The project objectives were to: 1) Perform gene expression analyses using microarrays to study the response of whiteflies (B, Q and A biotypes) to the acquisition of begomoviruses (Tomato yellow leaf curl (TYLCV) and Squash leaf curl (SLCV). 2) Construct a whitefly proteome from whole whiteflies and dissected organs after begomovirus acquisition. 3) Validate gene expression by q-RTPCR and sub-cellular localization of candidate ESTs identified in microarray and proteomic analyses. 4) Verify functionality of candidate ESTs using an RNAi approach, and to link these datasets to overall functional whitefly anatomical studies. During the first and second years biological experiments with TYLCV and SLCV acquisition and transmission were completed to verify the suitable parameters for sample collection for microarray experiments. The parameters were generally found to be similar to previously published results by our groups and others. Samples from whole whiteflies and midguts of the B, A and Q biotypes that acquired TYLCV and SLCV were collected in both the US and Israel and hybridized to B. tabaci microarray. The data we analyzed, candidate genes that respond to both viruses in the three tested biotypes were identified and their expression that included quantitative real-time PCR and co-localization was verified for HSP70 by the Israeli group. In addition, experiments were undertaken to employ in situ hybridization to localize several candidate genes (in progress) using an oligonucleotide probe to the primary endosymbiont as a positive control. A proteome and corresponding transcriptome to enable more effective protein identification of adult whiteflies was constructed by the US group. Further validation of the transmission route of begomoviruses, mainly SLCV and the involvement of the digestive and salivary systems was investigated (Cicero and Brown). Due to time and budget constraints the RNAi-mediated silencing objective to verify gene function was not accomplished as anticipated. HSP70, a strong candidate protein that showed over-expression after TYLCV and SLCV acquisition and retention by B. tabaci, and co-localization with TYLCV in the midgut, was further studies. Besides this protein, our joint research resulted in the identification of many intriguing candidate genes and proteins that will be followed up by additional experiments during our future research. To identify these proteins it was necessary to increase the number and breadth of whitefly ESTs substantially and so whitefly cDNAs from various libraries made during the project were sequenced (Sanger, 454). As a result, the proteome annotation (ID) was far more successful than in the initial attempt to identify proteins using Uniprot or translated insect ESTs from public databases. The extent of homology shared by insects in different orders was surprisingly low, underscoring the imperative need for genome and transcriptome sequencing of homopteran insects. Having increased the number of EST from the original usable 5500 generated several years ago to >600,000 (this project+NCBI data mining), we have identified about one fifth of the whitefly proteome using these new resources. Also we have created a database that links all identified whitefly proteins to the PAVEdb-ESTs in the database, resulting in a useful dataset to which additional ESTS will be added. We are optimistic about the prospect of linking the proteome ID results to the transcriptome database to enable our own and other labs the opportunity to functionally annotate not only genes and proteins involved in our area of interest (whitefly mediated transmission) but for the plethora of other functionalities that will emerge from mining and functionally annotating other key genes and gene families in whitefly metabolism, development, among others. This joint grant has resulted in the identification of numerous candidate proteins involved in begomovirus transmission by B. tabaci. A next major step will be to capitalize on validated genes/proteins to develop approaches to interfere with the virus transmission.
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Philosoph-Hadas, Sonia, Peter Kaufman, Shimon Meir, and Abraham Halevy. Signal Transduction Pathway of Hormonal Action in Control and Regulation of the Gravitropic Response of Cut Flowering Stems during Storage and Transport. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7695838.bard.
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Original objectives: The basic goal of the present project was to increase our understanding of the cellular mechanisms operating during the gravitropic response of cut flowers, for solving their bending problem without affecting flower quality. Thus, several elements operating at the 3 levels o the gravity-induced signal transduction pathway, were proposed to be examined in snapdragon stems according to the following research goals: 1) Signaling: characterize the signal transduction pathway leading to the gravitropic response, regarding the involvement of [Ca2+]cyt as a mediator of IAA movement and sensitivity to auxin. 2) Transduction by plant hormones: a) Examine the involvement of auxin in the gravitropic response of flower stems with regard to: possible participation of auxin binding protein (ABP), auxin redistribution, auxin mechanism of action (activation of H+-ATPase) mediation by changes in [Ca2+]cyt and possible regulation of auxin-induced Ca2+ action b: calmodulin-activated or Ca2+-activated protein kinases (PK). b) Examine the involvement of ethylene in the gravitropic response of flower stems with regard to auxin-induced ethylene production and sensitivity of the tissue to ethylene. 3) Response: examine the effect of gravistimulation on invertase (associated with growth and elongation) activity and invertase gene expression. 4) Commercial practice: develop practical and simple treatments to prevent bending of cut flowers grown for export. Revisions: 1) Model systems: in addition to snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.), 3 other model shoe systems, consisting of oat (Avena sativa) pulvini, Ornithogalun 'Nova' cut flowers and Arabidopsis thaliana inflorescence, were targeted to confirm a more general mechanism for shoot gravitropism. 2 Research topics: the involvement of ABP, auxin action, PK and invertase in the gravitropic response of snapdragon stems could not be demonstrated. Alternatively, the involvement in the gravity signaling cascade of several other physiological mediators apart of [Ca2+]cyt such as: IP3, protein phosphorylation and actin cytoskeleton, was shown. Additional topics introduced: starch statolith reorientation, differential expression of early auxin responsive genes, and differential shoot growth. Background to the topic: The gravitropic bending response of flowering shoots occurring upon their horizontal placement during shipment exhibits a major horticultural problem. In spite of extensive studies in various aboveground organs, the gravitropic response was hardly investigated in flowering shoots. Being a complex multistep process that requires the participation of various cellular components acting in succession or in parallel, analysis of the negative gravitropic response of shoot includes investigation of signal transduction elements and various regulatory physiological mediators. Major achievements: 1) A correlative role for starch statoliths as gravireceptors in flowering shoot was initially established. 2) Differentially phosphorylated proteins and IP3 levels across the oat shoe pulvini, as well as a differential appearance of 2 early auxin-responsive genes in snapdragon stems were all detected within 5-30 minutes following gravistimulation. 3) Unlike in roots, involvement of actin cytoskeleton in early events of the gravitropic response of snapdragon shoots was established. 4) An asymmetric IAA distribution, followed by an asymmetric ethylene production across snapdragon stems was found following gravistimulation. 5) The gravity-induced differential growth in shoots of snapdragon was derived from initial shrinkage of the upper stem side and a subsequent elongation o the lower stem side. 6) Shoot bending could be successfully inhibited by Ca2+ antagonists (that serve as a basis for practical treatments), kinase and phosphatase inhibitors and actin-cytoskeleton modulators. All these agents did not affect vertical growth. The essential characterization of these key events and their sequence led us to the conclusion that blocking gravity perception may be the most powerful means to inhibit bending without hampering shoot and flower growth after harvest. Implications, scientific and agriculture: The innovative results of this project have provided some new insight in the basic understanding of gravitropism in flower stalks, that partially filled the gap in our knowledge, and established useful means for its control. Additionally, our analysis has advanced the understanding of important and fundamental physiological processes involved, thereby leading to new ideas for agriculture. Gravitropism has an important impact on agriculture, particularly for controlling the bending of various important agricultural products with economic value. So far, no safe control of the undesired bending problem of flower stalks has been established. Our results show for the first time that shoot bending of cut flowers can be inhibited without adverse effects by controlling the gravity perception step with Ca2+ antagonists and cytoskeleton modulators. Such a practical benefit resulting from this project is of great economic value for the floriculture industry.