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1

Stewart, Zachary P., Gary M. Pierzynski, B. Jan Middendorf, and P. V. Vara Prasad. "Approaches to improve soil fertility in sub-Saharan Africa." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 2 (2019): 632–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz446.

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Abstract Soil fertility provides the foundation for nutritious food production and resilient and sustainable livelihoods. A comprehensive survey and summit meeting were conducted with the aims of understanding barriers to enhancing soil fertility in sub-Saharan Africa and providing evidence-based recommendations. The focus regions were West Africa, East Africa, the Great Lakes region, and Ethiopia. Overall recommendations were developed with four emerging themes: (1) strengthening inorganic fertilizer-based systems, (2) access to and use of quality organic inputs, (3) capacity building along t
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Vanlauwe, B., K. Descheemaeker, K. E. Giller, et al. "Integrated soil fertility management in sub-Saharan Africa: unravelling local adaptation." SOIL 1, no. 1 (2015): 491–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-491-2015.

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Abstract. Intensification of smallholder agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa is necessary to address rural poverty and natural resource degradation. Integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) is a means to enhance crop productivity while maximizing the agronomic efficiency (AE) of applied inputs, and can thus contribute to sustainable intensification. ISFM consists of a set of best practices, preferably used in combination, including the use of appropriate germplasm, the appropriate use of fertilizer and of organic resources, and good agronomic practices. The large variability in soil fertility
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Vanlauwe, B., K. Descheemaeker, K. E. Giller, et al. "Integrated soil fertility management in sub-Saharan Africa: unravelling local adaptation." SOIL Discussions 1, no. 1 (2014): 1239–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soild-1-1239-2014.

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Abstract. Intensification of smallholder agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa is necessary to address rural poverty and natural resource degradation. Integrated Soil Fertility Management (ISFM) is a means to enhance crop productivity while maximizing the agronomic efficiency (AE) of applied inputs, and can thus contribute to sustainable intensification. ISFM consists of a set of best practices, preferably used in combination, including the use of appropriate germplasm, the appropriate use of fertilizer and of organic resources, and good agronomic practices. The large variability in soil fertility
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HAKUZIMANA, Janvier, Divin Jean Paul Munyambonera, and Jean de Dieu Habimana. "The Carbon Footprint Of Smallholder Dairy Farming In Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review." International Journal of Progressive Sciences and Technologies 25, no. 1 (2021): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.52155/ijpsat.v25.1.2737.

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Agriculture sector is one of major sources of income and livelihood to many populations of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Over the past years animal production has been playing a vital role not only in generating revenues to farmers but also as a source of high qualitative proteins and essential micronutrients (i.e iron, zinc and vitamins) and boosting the agricultural productivity due to its importance in farmyards organic fertilization (i.e manure). Livestock production and Milk market in SSA are dominated by smallholder dairy farming (SDF) which employ nearly 70% of all livestock farmers. Despit
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Bottazzi, Patrick, Sébastien Boillat, Franziska Marfurt, and Sokhna Mbossé Seck. "Channels of Labour Control in Organic Farming: Toward a Just Agroecological Transition for Sub-Saharan Africa." Land 9, no. 6 (2020): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9060205.

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Agroecological farming has long been described as more fulfilling than conventional agriculture, in terms of farmers’ labour and sense of autonomy. These assumptions must be reconsidered with adequate theoretical perspectives and with the empirical experience of recent studies. This paper introduces the concept of channels of labour control in agriculture based on four initiatives in Senegalese agroecological horticulture. We build on Bourdieu’s theory of social fields to elaborate a framework that articulates multiple channels of labour control with the type of capital or surplus values struc
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Silvie, Pierre J., Pierre Martin, Marianne Huchard, Priscilla Keip, Alain Gutierrez, and Samira Sarter. "Prototyping a Knowledge-Based System to Identify Botanical Extracts for Plant Health in Sub-Saharan Africa." Plants 10, no. 5 (2021): 896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10050896.

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Replacing synthetic pesticides and antimicrobials with plant-based extracts is a current alternative adopted by traditional and family farmers and many organic farming pioneers. A range of natural extracts are already being marketed for agricultural use, but many other plants are prepared and used empirically. A further range of plant species that could be effective in protecting different crops against pests and diseases in Africa could be culled from the large volume of knowledge available in the scientific literature. To meet this challenge, data on plant uses have been compiled in a knowle
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7

Niggli, Urs. "Sustainability of organic food production: challenges and innovations." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 74, no. 1 (2014): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665114001438.

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The greatest challenge for agriculture is to reduce the trade-offs between productivity and long-term sustainability. Therefore, it is interesting to analyse organic agriculture which is a given set of farm practices that emphasise ecological sustainability. Organic agriculture can be characterised as being less driven by off-farm inputs and being better embedded in ecosystem functions. The literature on public goods and non-commodity outputs of organic farms is overwhelming. Most publications address the positive effects of organic farming on soil fertility, biodiversity maintenance and prote
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Hien, E., W. T. Kabore, D. Masse, and P. Dugue. "Sustainable Farming Systems in the Sub-Sahelian Zone of Burkina Faso -." Sustentabilidade em Debate 1, no. 2 (2010): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.18472/sustdeb.v1n2.2010.1686.

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Rapid population growth and climatic change threatens the sustainability of natural resources. Farming practices can mitigate environmental change and degradation. The aim of this research conducted in Yatenga region was to describe and to analyse manure practices management. In 2005, a survey was carried out to assess the evolution of farming practices. A survey was initially conducted with a sample of 44 farmers, selected randomly in the three neighbouring villages. Subsequently, 18 farms were selected for in-depth interviews. The grain yield was measured and the different practices of soil
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Chianu, Jonas Nwankwo, and Hiroshi Tsujii. "Integrated Nutrient Management in the Farming Systems of the Savannas of Northern Nigeria: What Future?" Outlook on Agriculture 34, no. 3 (2005): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000005774378856.

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Integrated nutrient management (INM) is being promoted in Sub-Saharan Africa. The authors examined INM practices among farmers in the savannas of northern Nigeria in the hope of making suggestions to improve the impact of INM practices on soil fertility. The results indicate that, although the various components of INM are available in the farming systems, only a partial integration is occurring with limited impact on soil fertility. The major constraints include: the harsh savanna environment, lack of supportive institutions and labour, high fertilizer prices and inadequate availability of or
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Niggli, Urs. "Incorporating Agroecology Into Organic Research –An Ongoing Challenge." Sustainable Agriculture Research 4, no. 3 (2015): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v4n3p149.

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<p>Agroecology – as a scientific discipline and as an approach to sustainable farming practice – has objectives similar to those of organic agriculture. The paper sharpens the profile of both concepts and identifies strengths and weaknesses. The overarching challenge of both is to minimize trade-offs between food and fiber production on the one hand and non-commodity ecosystem services on the other hand. A comparison of the two approaches may well be inspiring, especially for the future development of organic food systems.</p> <p>Best use of human, social and natural capital
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11

Pechal, Jennifer L., M. Eric Benbow, Arox W. Kamng’ona, Andrews Safalaoh, Kingsley Masamba, and Jeremiah Kang’ombe. "The Need for Alternative Insect Protein in Africa." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 112, no. 6 (2019): 566–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saz046.

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Abstract As the global population is expected to reach 9 billion people by 2050, food production must increase by 60% to meet demand. Increasing agricultural commodities to meet this demand for food products exacerbates several issues of human concern, such as over-fertilization and natural resource depletion. Further, changes in diets due to uncertainty in local crop availability change our food forecast. We are, however, poised to overcome agriculture and nutrition challenges, and become food secure by 2030. One challenge is to produce protein in a cost-effective, sustainable manner, especia
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12

Okeyo, Jeremiah M., Jay Norton, Saidou Koala, Boaz Waswa, Job Kihara, and Andre Bationo. "Impact of reduced tillage and crop residue management on soil properties and crop yields in a long-term trial in western Kenya." Soil Research 54, no. 6 (2016): 719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr15074.

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Sustainable farming practices are required to address the persistent problems of land degradation and declining crop productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa. Approaches such as reducing tillage and retaining crop residues as mulch are potential entry points for smallholder farmers to move towards sustainability. In this study, we assessed the impact of reduced tillage (RT) compared with conventional tillage (CT), each combined with crop residue reapplication, on soil quality indicators and crop yields under an 8-year trial in western Kenya. Our results indicate that RT combined with crop residue re
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Kleemann, Linda. "An Overview and Discussion of Solution Proposals for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security in Sub-Sahara Africa." Sustainable Agriculture Research 2, no. 4 (2013): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v2n4p48.

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<p>The development of the agricultural sector and the improvement of the food security situation are seen as essential components to sustainable development in Sub-Sahara Africa. However, continuing population growth, impacts of climate change and environmental degradation add to an unprecedented combination of pressures that threaten existing efforts and solutions. This article discusses the relation between the challenges of making agriculture more sustainable and meeting food security needs. Several solutions proposals are discussed and organic farming as one of them is used to develo
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14

Khan, Zeyaur R., Jimmy O. Pittchar, Charles A. O. Midega, and John A. Pickett. "Push-Pull Farming System Controls Fall Armyworm: Lessons from Africa." Outlooks on Pest Management 29, no. 5 (2018): 220–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1564/v29_oct_09.

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Fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda invaded Africa, with the first detections being reported in Central and Western Africa in early 2016, and now affects at least 40 countries in Africa, causing up to total crop loss amounting to over $6.2 billion p.a. FAW is an invasive polyphagous pest that causes damage to economically important crops and has recently been reported in the Indian sub-continent. Effective control of FAW through use of synthetic chemical pesticides and genetically modified crops such as Bt maize faces challenges including improper use, unaffordability by smallholder farm
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15

Nicolay, Gian L. "Understanding and Changing Farming, Food & Fiber Systems. The Organic Cotton Case in Mali and West Africa." Open Agriculture 4, no. 1 (2019): 86–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2019-0008.

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Abstract Science should be capable of covering issues as diverse as farming systems, technology, innovation, climate change adaptation, poverty alleviation, extension, policy and practice, as they all relate to sustainable agriculture and development. Some years ago, the call for a new farming systems approach was raised to accommodate the principles of interdisciplinary, systems thinking and participatory research. Society calls for systems performance that provides stability and sustainability (SDGs!), multi-scale and territorial approaches and looks for solutions for critical issues such as
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16

Stull, Valerie J., Marjorie Kersten, Rachel S. Bergmans, Jonathan A. Patz, and Susan Paskewitz. "Crude Protein, Amino Acid, and Iron Content of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) Reared on an Agricultural Byproduct from Maize Production: An Exploratory Study." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 112, no. 6 (2019): 533–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saz024.

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Abstract Edible insects offer environmental and nutritional benefits, as they are characteristically nutrient-dense, are efficient biotransformers of organic material, and emit fewer greenhouse gasses than traditional livestock. Cultivating Tenebrio molitor (yellow mealworm) as ‘minilivestock’ is one possible means of increasing access to insect protein for food insecure populations. Tenebrio molitor growth and nutrient content varies with diet and rearing conditions, but little is known about the precise impact of poor quality feedstocks, such as maize crop residue (stover). Stover is widely
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17

Abukari, Ammal, and Rahamatu Abukari. "Awareness of Integrated Soil Fertility Management Practices in the Savelugu Municipal of the Northern Region of Ghana." Rural Sustainability Research 43, no. 338 (2020): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/plua-2020-0005.

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AbstractIn sub-Saharan Africa intensifying small-scale farming is essential in addressing poverty related issues in rural communities and the degradation of natural resources. Integrated Soil Fertility Management (ISFM) are the best practices used to improve the productivity of crops whilst maximizing agronomic efficiency of inputs applied and hence contributing to sustainable intensification. ISFM usually include the appropriate use of inorganic fertilizer and organic resources, good agronomic practices and appropriate use of germplasm. The survey was carried-out on the awareness of Integrate
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18

Mukhtar Iderawumi ABDULRAHEEM and Sulaimon Abidemi LAWAL. "Combined application of ammonium nitrate and goat manure: Effects on soil nutrients availability, Okra performance and sustainable food security." Open Access Research Journal of Life Sciences 1, no. 1 (2021): 021–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.53022/oarjls.2021.1.1.0108.

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Many see organic agriculture as the most sustainable form of farming and as the paradigm for global food production in the future. One of the solutions to food insecurity and malnutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa is to promote local crops, encourage the use of locally source materials as amendment, improve their traditional system of production, and so diversify subsistence crop. The major reasons are the lack of knowledge and skill in land preparation and agronomic practices, weather uncertainties, pest outbreak and above all the use of fertilizer. Hence, this research will be carried out to inv
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19

Gashu, D., P. C. Nalivata, T. Amede, et al. "The nutritional quality of cereals varies geospatially in Ethiopia and Malawi." Nature 594, no. 7861 (2021): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03559-3.

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AbstractMicronutrient deficiencies (MNDs) remain widespread among people in sub-Saharan Africa1–5, where access to sufficient food from plant and animal sources that is rich in micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) is limited due to socioeconomic and geographical reasons4–6. Here we report the micronutrient composition (calcium, iron, selenium and zinc) of staple cereal grains for most of the cereal production areas in Ethiopia and Malawi. We show that there is geospatial variation in the composition of micronutrients that is nutritionally important at subnational scales. Soil and environment
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20

Waswa, F., M. Mwamburi, I. I. C. Wakindiki, and R. Chemutai. "Soil Properties and Fertility Management within Ruiru Peri-Urban Area in Kiambu County, Kenya." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 24, no. 5 (2020): 839–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v24i5.17.

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Peri-urban agriculture is a common practice around many towns and cities in Africa because of the ready urban market for farm commodities. However, it is constrained by a myriad of factors like lack of land tenure and poor soil fertility management strategies. This study focussed on soil physicochemical properties and fertility management in Ruiru Sub County, which is a peri-urban area, in Kiambu County of Kenya. Data was obtained from soil samples that were collected from ten small contact farms identified by the Sub-County Ministry of Agriculture and analysed for selected physicochemical par
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21

Binswanger, Hans, and Prabhu Pingali. "Technological priorities for farming in Sub-Saharan Africa." Journal of International Development 1, no. 1 (1989): 46–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.3380010102.

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22

Binswanger, Hans, and Prabhu Pingali. "TECHNOLOGICAL PRIORITIES FOR FARMING IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA." World Bank Research Observer 3, no. 1 (1988): 81–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wbro/3.1.81.

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23

Sumberg, James. "‘Good Farmers’ in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evolving Narratives." Outlook on Agriculture 40, no. 4 (2011): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/oa.2011.0067.

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In this paper, the example of cocoa production in Ghana is used to explore how the narratives portraying African farmers have changed over the last 70 years. These evolving narratives are explored through the notion of a ‘good farmer’. The argument is that, as the image of African farmers has been progressively rehabilitated (from ignorant and tradition-bound to skilled and research-minded), the image of formal research and extension has suffered. This reversal was associated with the progressive disempowering of formal agricultural research. With the recent renewed interest in agricultural de
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McIntire, J., and G. Gryseels. "Crop-Livestock Interactions in Sub-Saharan Africa and their Implications for Farming Systems Research." Experimental Agriculture 23, no. 3 (1987): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700017129.

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SUMMARYHerding and farming environments in sub-Saharan Africa are described briefly. The relative importance of crops and livestock is described for each environment. A matrix of crop-livestock interactions is defined for each environment and the reasons for each type of relation are noted. Farming systems are defined as segregated or completely integrated, according to the degree of crop-livestock integration on the farm. Points at which farming systems research (FSR) might be undertaken to improve interactions between crops and livestock are noted for both systems.
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Weiner, Daniel, P. Pingali, Y. Bigot, and H. P. Binswanger. "Agricultural Mechanization and the Evolution of Farming Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa." Economic Geography 64, no. 4 (1988): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/144242.

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Grosh, Barbara, Peter D. Little, and Michael J. Watts. "Living under Contract: Contract Farming and Agrarian Transformation in Sub-Saharan Africa." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 27, no. 2 (1996): 368. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/205223.

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GREEN, D. A. G. "Agricultural Mechanization and the Evolution of Farming Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa." African Affairs 88, no. 351 (1989): 297–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098179.

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TIFFEN, MARY. "Living Under Contract: Contract farming and agrarian transformation in sub-Saharan Africa." African Affairs 94, no. 376 (1995): 425–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098844.

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Chianu, Jonas N., Justina N. Chianu, and Franklin Mairura. "Mineral fertilizers in the farming systems of sub-Saharan Africa. A review." Agronomy for Sustainable Development 32, no. 2 (2011): 545–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13593-011-0050-0.

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Clayton, Eric. "Agricultural mechanisation and the evolution of farming systems in sub-Saharan Africa." Journal of Development Economics 31, no. 1 (1989): 195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(89)90039-4.

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Amissah-Arthur, Abigail. "Value of Climate Forecasts for Adjusting Farming Strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa." GeoJournal 62, no. 1-2 (2005): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10708-005-8179-5.

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TIFFEN, MARY. "URBANIZATION: IMPACTS ON THE EVOLUTION OF ‘MIXED FARMING’ SYSTEMS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA." Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 3 (2006): 259–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479706003589.

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During the past two decades or so, rural population in Africa has increased slowly while urban population has grown dramatically. The hugely increased urban demand for cereals and pulses (which produce crop residues for livestock) and for livestock products is now the main force stimulating mixed farming systems in the semi-arid and sub-humid areas of sub-Saharan Africa. Grazing land has diminished, crop residues are becoming a more important element in raising livestock and fattening penned livestock has become profitable. The changes in land use, land tenure and the shift of livestock raisin
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Coyne, Danny L., Laura Cortada, Johnathan J. Dalzell, et al. "Plant-Parasitic Nematodes and Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa." Annual Review of Phytopathology 56, no. 1 (2018): 381–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-045833.

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Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is a region beset with challenges, not least its ability to feed itself. Low agricultural productivity, exploding populations, and escalating urbanization have led to declining per capita food availability. In order to reverse this trend, crop production systems must intensify, which brings with it an elevated threat from pests and diseases, including plant-parasitic nematodes. A holistic systems approach to pest management recognizes disciplinary integration. However, a critical under-representation of nematology expertise is a pivotal shortcoming, especially given th
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Tadesse, Wuletaw, Zewdie Bishaw, and Solomon Assefa. "Wheat production and breeding in Sub-Saharan Africa." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 11, no. 5 (2019): 696–715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-02-2018-0015.

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Purpose This paper aims to review the current status of wheat production, farming systems, production constraints and wheat demand-supply chain analysis; the role of international and national breeding programs and their approaches in wheat genetic improvement including targeting mega environments, shuttle breeding, doubled haploids, marker-assisted selection and key location phenotyping; and future prospects and opportunities of wheat production in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA). Design/methodology/approach Relevant literature works have been used and cited accordingly. Findings Though traditionall
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Rempel, Henry, and Ram D. Singh. "Economics of the Family and Farming Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa: Development Perspectives." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines 26, no. 1 (1992): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/485429.

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Glover, Steven, and Sam Jones. "Can commercial farming promote rural dynamism in sub-Saharan Africa? Evidence from Mozambique." World Development 114 (February 2019): 110–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.09.029.

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OYA, CARLOS. "Contract Farming in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Survey of Approaches, Debates and Issues." Journal of Agrarian Change 12, no. 1 (2011): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0366.2011.00337.x.

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Nziguheba, Generose, Shamie Zingore, Job Kihara, et al. "Phosphorus in smallholder farming systems of sub-Saharan Africa: implications for agricultural intensification." Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 104, no. 3 (2015): 321–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10705-015-9729-y.

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Descheemaeker, Katrien, Tilahun Amede, and Amare Haileslassie. "Improving water productivity in mixed crop–livestock farming systems of sub-Saharan Africa." Agricultural Water Management 97, no. 5 (2010): 579–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2009.11.012.

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40

Droppelmann, Klaus J., Sieglinde S. Snapp, and Stephen R. Waddington. "Sustainable intensification options for smallholder maize-based farming systems in sub-Saharan Africa." Food Security 9, no. 1 (2017): 133–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12571-016-0636-0.

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Hilson, Gavin. "ARTISANAL MINING, SMALLHOLDER FARMING AND LIVELIHOOD DIVERSIFICATION IN RURAL SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: AN INTRODUCTION." Journal of International Development 23, no. 8 (2011): 1031–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.1829.

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Izac, A.-M. N., and M. J. Swift. "On agricultural sustainability and its measurement in small-scale farming in sub-Saharan Africa." Ecological Economics 11, no. 2 (1994): 105–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-8009(94)90022-1.

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43

Hishamunda, Nathanael, and Neil B. Ridler. "Farming fish for profits: A small step towards food security in sub-Saharan Africa." Food Policy 31, no. 5 (2006): 401–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2005.12.004.

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Hilson, Gavin. "Farming, small-scale mining and rural livelihoods in Sub-Saharan Africa: A critical overview." Extractive Industries and Society 3, no. 2 (2016): 547–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2016.02.003.

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Andersson Djurfeldt, Agnes. "Urbanization and linkages to smallholder farming in sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for food security." Global Food Security 4 (March 2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2014.08.002.

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Makumi, Angela, Amos Lucky Mhone, Josiah Odaba, Linda Guantai, and Nicholas Svitek. "Phages for Africa: The Potential Benefit and Challenges of Phage Therapy for the Livestock Sector in Sub-Saharan Africa." Antibiotics 10, no. 9 (2021): 1085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10091085.

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One of the world’s fastest-growing human populations is in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), accounting for more than 950 million people, which is approximately 13% of the global population. Livestock farming is vital to SSA as a source of food supply, employment, and income. With this population increase, meeting this demand and the choice for a greater income and dietary options come at a cost and lead to the spread of zoonotic diseases to humans. To control these diseases, farmers have opted to rely heavily on antibiotics more often to prevent disease than for treatment. The constant use of antibio
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47

Hillocks, R. J., J. W. M. Logan, C. R. Riches, A. Russell‐Smith, and L. J. Shaxson. "Soil pests in traditional farming systems in sub‐Saharan Africa—a review. Part 1. Problems." International Journal of Pest Management 42, no. 4 (1996): 241–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09670879609372002.

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Chikowo, Regis, Shamie Zingore, Sieglinde Snapp, and Adrian Johnston. "Farm typologies, soil fertility variability and nutrient management in smallholder farming in Sub-Saharan Africa." Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 100, no. 1 (2014): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10705-014-9632-y.

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von Fromm, Sophie F., Alison M. Hoyt, Markus Lange, et al. "Continental-scale controls on soil organic carbon across sub-Saharan Africa." SOIL 7, no. 1 (2021): 305–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-305-2021.

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Abstract. Soil organic carbon (SOC) stabilization and destabilization has been studied intensively. Yet, the factors which control SOC content across scales remain unclear. Earlier studies demonstrated that soil texture and geochemistry strongly affect SOC content. However, those findings primarily rely on data from temperate regions where soil mineralogy, weathering status and climatic conditions generally differ from tropical and subtropical regions. We investigated soil properties and climate variables influencing SOC concentrations across sub-Saharan Africa. A total of 1601 samples were an
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Wang, Ke, Steven Goldstein, Madeleine Bleasdale, et al. "Ancient genomes reveal complex patterns of population movement, interaction, and replacement in sub-Saharan Africa." Science Advances 6, no. 24 (2020): eaaz0183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz0183.

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Africa hosts the greatest human genetic diversity globally, but legacies of ancient population interactions and dispersals across the continent remain understudied. Here, we report genome-wide data from 20 ancient sub-Saharan African individuals, including the first reported ancient DNA from the DRC, Uganda, and Botswana. These data demonstrate the contraction of diverse, once contiguous hunter-gatherer populations, and suggest the resistance to interaction with incoming pastoralists of delayed-return foragers in aquatic environments. We refine models for the spread of food producers into east
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