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Journal articles on the topic 'Organic monolith'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Alzahrani, Eman, and Ashwaq T. Alkhudaidy. "Eco-friendly production of metal nanoparticles immobilised on organic monolith for pepsin extraction." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 22, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjct-2020-0004.

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AbstractPolymer monoliths modified by using nanoparticles (NPs) integrate high NP specific surface area with different monolith surface chemistry and high porosity. As a result, they have extensive applications within different fields, whereas nanomaterial-functionalised porous polymer monoliths have elicited considerable interest from investigators. This study is aimed at fabricating organic polymer-based monoliths from polybutyl methacrylate-co-ethylenedimethacrylate (BuMA-co-EDMA) monoliths prior to immobilization of gold or silver metal on the pore surface of the monoliths using reducing reagent (extracts of lemon peels). This was intended to denote a sustainable technique of immobilizing nanoparticles that are advantageous over physical and chemical techniques because it is safe in terms of handling, readily available, environmentally friendly, and cheap. Two different methods were used in the study to effectively immobilize nanoparticles on monolithic components. The outcomes showed that soaking the monolith rod in the prepared nano solution directly and placing it within ovens at temperatures of 80°C constituted the most effective method. Characterisation of the fabricated monolith was undertaken using SEM/EDX analysis, UV-vis. spectra analysis, and visual observation. The SEM analysis showed that nanoparticles were extensively immobilised on the surface polymers. Another peak was attained through EDX analysis, thus confirming the Au atom existence at 2.83% alongside another peak that proved the Ag atom existence at 1.92%. The fabricated components were used as sorbents for purifying protein. The ideal performance was achieved using gold nanoparticles (GNPs) immobilised organic monolith that attained a greater pepsin extraction recovery compared to silver nanoparticles (SNPs) immobilised organic monoliths alongside bare organic-based monolith.

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2

He, Ping, Stephen J. Haswell, Paul D. I. Fletcher, Stephen M. Kelly, and Andrew Mansfield. "Scaling up of continuous-flow, microwave-assisted, organic reactions by varying the size of Pd-functionalized catalytic monoliths." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 7 (August 23, 2011): 1150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.7.133.

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A product-scalable, catalytically mediated flow system has been developed to perform Suzuki–Miyaura reactions under a microwave heating regime, in which the volumetric throughput of a Pd-supported silica monolith can be used to increase the quantity of the product without changing the optimal operating conditions. Two silica monoliths (both 3 cm long), with comparable pore diameters and surface areas, were fabricated with diameters of 3.2 and 6.4 mm to give volumetric capacities of 0.205 and 0.790 mL, respectively. The two monoliths were functionalized with a loading of 4.5 wt % Pd and then sealed in heat-shrinkable Teflon® tubing to form a monolithic flow reactor. The Pd-supported silica monolith flow reactor was then placed into the microwave cavity and connected to an HPLC pump and a backpressure regulator to minimize the formation of gas bubbles. The flow rate and microwave power were varied to optimize the reactant contact time and temperature, respectively. Under optimal reaction conditions the quantity of product could be increased from 31 mg per hour to 340 mg per hour simply by changing the volumetric capacity of the monolith.

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3

Li, Hongwei, Junhui Pan, Chengtao Gao, Mengyu Ma, Liangyu Lu, Yuzhu Xiong, and Fuping Dong. "Mercapto-Functionalized Porous Organosilica Monoliths Loaded with Gold Nanoparticles for Catalytic Application." Molecules 24, no. 23 (November 29, 2019): 4366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24234366.

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Porous organosilica monoliths have attracted much attention from both the academic and industrial fields due to their porous structure; excellent mechanical property and easily functionalized surface. A new mercapto-functionalized silicone monolith from a precursor mixture containing methyltrimethoxysilane; 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane; and 3-mercaptopropyl(dimethoxy)methylsilane prepared via a two-step acid/base hydrolysis–polycondensation process was reported. Silane precursor ratios and surfactant type were varied to control the networks of porous monolithic gels. Gold nanoparticles were loaded onto the surface of the porous organosilica monolith (POM). Versatile characterization techniques were utilized to investigate the properties of the synthesized materials with and without gold nanoparticles. Scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate the morphology of the as-synthesized porous monolith materials. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was applied to confirm the surface chemistry. 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance was used to investigate the hydrolysis and polycondensation of organosilane precursors. Transmission electron microscopy was carried out to prove the existence of well-dispersed gold nanoparticles on the porous materials. Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy was utilized to evaluate the high catalytic performance of the as-synthesized Au/POM particles

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4

Alzahrani, Eman. "Incorporation of silver stearate nanoparticles in methacrylate polymeric monoliths for hemeprotein isolation." Open Chemistry 18, no. 1 (April 27, 2020): 399–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/chem-2020-0051.

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AbstractA unique method was used to synthesize extremely stable silver stearate nanoparticles (AgStNPs) incorporated in an organic-based monolith. The facile strategy was then used to selectively isolate hemeproteins, myoglobin (Myo) and hemoglobin (Hb). Ethyl alcohol, silver nitrate, and stearic acid were, respectively, utilized as reducing agents, silver precursors, and capping agents. The color changed to cloudy from transparent, indicating that AgStNPs had been formed. AgStNP nanostructures were then distinctly integrated into the natural polymeric scaffold. To characterize the AgStNP–methacrylate polymeric monolith and the silver nanoparticles, energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy were used. The results of the SEM analysis indicated that the AgStNP–methacrylate polymeric monolith’s texture was so rough in comparison with that of the methacrylate polymeric monolith, indicating that the extraction process of the monolith materials would be more efficient because of the extended surface area of the absorbent. The comparison between the FT-IR spectra of AgStNPs, the bare organic monolith, and AgStNP–methacrylate polymeric monolith confirms that the AgStNPs were immobilized on the surface of the organic monolith. The EDX profile of the built materials indicated an advanced peak of the Ag sequence which represented an Ag atom of 3.27%. The results therefore established that the AgStNPs had been successfully integrated into the monolithic materials. Extraction efficiencies of 92% and 97% were used to, respectively, recover preconcentrated Myo and Hb. An uncomplicated method is a unique approach of both fabrication and utilization of the nanosorbent to selectively isolate hemeproteins. The process can further be implemented by using other noble metals.

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5

Herr, David G., and Luc C. Duchesne. "Effects of organic horizon removal, ash, watering regime, and shading on red pine seedling emergence." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26, no. 3 (March 1, 1996): 422–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x26-047.

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Soil monoliths were used to determine the effects of organic horizon removal, ash, water regime, and shading on red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.) seedling emergence. Soil monoliths were collected from a jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.) stand and taken to the laboratory for prescribed burning, leading to 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% organic horizon removal. One half of each monolith contained ash generated from burning, while the other half was kept ash-free. Each half of every monolith was sown with red pine seeds. The monoliths were then placed in a greenhouse and, in separate experiments, were exposed to different water regimes and shade regimes. Red pine seedling emergence was highest under high water regimes, increased shade regimes, and increased organic horizon removal. Seedling emergence was reduced by the presence of ash.

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6

Alzahrani, Eman. "Organic Boronate Affinity Sorbent for Capture of cis-Diol Containing Compounds Eman Alzahrani." Asian Journal of Chemistry 31, no. 9 (July 31, 2019): 2073–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2019.22108.

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Boronate affinity chromatography (BAC) is argued to be a critical tool in specific capture and separation of cis-diol containing compounds. In present study, organic boronate affinity monolith poly(3-acrylamido phenylboronic acid-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) (AAPBA-co-EDMA) is prepared through one-step in situ polymerization procedure within a micropipette through the application of a pre-polymerization mixture which contains functional monomer (3-acrylamido phenylboronic acid), cross-linker (ethylene dimethacrylate), porogenic solvent (methanol with poly ethylene glycol) and initiator (2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenyl-acetophenone). Following the optimization of time exposure to UV lamp with 365 nm, the macroporous organic boronate monolith was selected. Several approaches including SEM and BET analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy and measuring contact angle were applied in the characterization of the morphology of the monolith. Several cis-diol compounds that include catechol and galactose are applied in the assessment of the boronate affinity of the organic monolithic material. Additionally, the capture of glucose from urine sample is also conducted. The basic principle of the approach is that boronic acid forms covalent bond with cis-diols in basic solutions whereas the ester bonds are dissociated under acidic media. By using the study results, monolith demonstrate good selectivity towards cis-diol containing compounds. Due to the hydrophilic property of monolith, the affinity chromatography monolith can be performed for several cis-diol compounds including glycoproteins and nucleosides. Also, fabrication of the organic boronate monolithic in microfluidic equipment is essential in facilitating the extraction of boronate affinity using small-volume samples.

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7

Im, Hee-Jung, Byunghwan Lee, Suree S. Brown, and Sheng Dai. "Neutron Scintillators of Transparent Silica Xerogel Monolith via a Sealed Container System and π–π Interactions." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 7, no. 11 (November 1, 2007): 3784–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2007.016.

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Transparent crack-free lithiated sol–gel scintillating monoliths were developed by taking advantage of a sealed container system for a syneresis and the π–π interactions between sol–gel components and organic fluors to yield a better homogeneity and scintillating efficiency. The transparency of the resulting materials indicates that the new scintillating material composites are mesoscopically dispersed. The silica monolith can be prepared without cladding the monolith with an engineering plastic such as a poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) or a liquid mounting medium. A successful detection of neutron particles by using these lithiated scintillating monoliths was demonstrated.

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8

Im, Hee-Jung, Byunghwan Lee, Suree S. Brown, and Sheng Dai. "Neutron Scintillators of Transparent Silica Xerogel Monolith via a Sealed Container System and π–π Interactions." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 7, no. 11 (November 1, 2007): 3784–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2007.18072.

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Transparent crack-free lithiated sol–gel scintillating monoliths were developed by taking advantage of a sealed container system for a syneresis and the π–π interactions between sol–gel components and organic fluors to yield a better homogeneity and scintillating efficiency. The transparency of the resulting materials indicates that the new scintillating material composites are mesoscopically dispersed. The silica monolith can be prepared without cladding the monolith with an engineering plastic such as a poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) or a liquid mounting medium. A successful detection of neutron particles by using these lithiated scintillating monoliths was demonstrated.

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9

Alharthi, Sarah, and Ziad El Rassi. "Various Strategies in Post-Polymerization Functionalization of Organic Polymer-Based Monoliths Used in Liquid Phase Separation Techniques." Molecules 25, no. 6 (March 13, 2020): 1323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25061323.

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This review article is aimed at summarizing the various strategies that have been developed so far for post-polymerization functionalization (PPF) of organic polymer-based monoliths used in liquid phase separation techniques, namely HPLC at all scales and capillary electrochromatography (CEC). The reader will find the organic reactions performed on monolithic columns for grafting the chromatographic ligands needed for solving the separation problems on hand. This process involves therefore the fabrication of template monoliths that carry reactive functional groups to which chromatographic ligands can be covalently attached in a post-polymerization kind of approach. That is, the template monolith that has been optimized in terms of pore structure and other morphology can be readily modified and tailor made on column to fit a particular separation. The review article will not only cover the various strategies developed so far but also describe their separation applications. To the best of our knowledge, this review article will be the first of its kind.

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10

Tao, Yingle, Qiangqiang Li, Qiannan Wu, and Haiqing Li. "Embedding metal foam into metal–organic framework monoliths for triggering a highly efficient release of adsorbed atmospheric water by localized eddy current heating." Materials Horizons 8, no. 5 (2021): 1439–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1mh00306b.

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Localized eddy current heating delivered by metal foam embedded in a MOF monolith provides a novel, low-cost, and energy efficient way to overcome the thermal insulation nature of MOF monoliths and realize their highly efficient regenerations.

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11

Rogers, Coral, Daniel Pun, Qingshan Fu, and Haifei Zhang. "Fabricating MOF/Polymer Composites via Freeze Casting for Water Remediation." Ceramics 1, no. 2 (November 28, 2018): 353–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ceramics1020028.

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Various porous materials have been used as adsorbents for water remediation. Among them, metal-organic framework (MOF) particles have been explored intensively, due to their size-controlled micropores and high surface areas. MOF nanoparticles are often used because of high external surface area and easy access to the micropores. However, recovering MOF nanoparticles, usually by filtration or centrifugation, is time-consuming and is difficult to scale up. We report here the preparation of porous MOF/polymer monoliths by freeze casting for water remediation. Chitosan and UiO-66 (Universitetet i Oslo) nanoparticles (including different surface functional groups) are used to prepare such monoliths. In order to improve the mechanical stability and the tendency of disintegrating in water, the freeze-dried UiO-66/chitosan monoliths are further treated by heating, washing with aqueous NaOH solution, or chemical crosslinking with glutaraldehyde. All these treated monoliths are used for adsorption of a herbicide methylchlorophenoxypropionic acid (MCPP) from aqueous solution. Particularly, the crosslinked chitosan/UiO-66 monolith achieves an adsorption capacity of 47.67 mg g−1, with a 60 ppm MCPP solution. It is superior to that presented by the sole UiO-66 nanoparticles, exhibiting over a 30% increase in the adsorption capacity. The monoliths can be easily removed using tweezers, providing facile recyclability, which is advantageous for upscaling. The recycled monolith upheld approximately 75% of the adsorption capacity compared to the original monolith after three reuse cycles.

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12

Li, Bao Hui, and Bao Juan Tian. "The Preparation and Characterization of Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Material Amino Monolithic Column for Capillary Electro Chromatography." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 410–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.410.

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In this paper a novel hybrid organic–inorganic amino hybrid material monolithic column for capillary electro chromatography (CEC) is preparation and characterization. The amido hybrid material monolithic column was prepared in situ co-condensation of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) with 3-aminoproplytriethoxysilane (3-APTES) via sol-gel procedure. The all kinds of factors that effect the morphology of monolith column were investigated. The results showed that the structure of monolithic column could be adjusted easily through altering the composition of sol solution.

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13

MILLETTE, J. A., and R. S. BROUGHTON. "MONOLITH COLUMNS FOR STUDYING ORGANIC SOIL PROFILES." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 66, no. 4 (November 1, 1986): 737–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss86-073.

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Monolith column construction and sampling procedures were described for organic soil profiles and used to measure the variation with depth of saturated hydraulic conductivity, bulk density and fiber content. The top 0.30 m of the organic soil was more permeable, had a greater bulk density and had a greater fiber content than the soil layer between 0.60 and 0.90 m from the soil surface. These columns can be used for correlations studies between physical properties and studies of the dynamic nature of the physical properties of organic soils. Key words: Saturated hydraulic conductivity, bulk density, fiber content, organic soil, monolith columns

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14

Thejaswini, Thurlapathi VL, and Deivasigamani Prabhakaran. "Synthesis of Mesoporous Titania–Silica Monolith Composites — A Comprehensive Study on their Photocatalytic Degradation of Acid Blue 113 Dye Under UV Light." International Journal of Nanoscience 15, no. 05n06 (October 2016): 1660012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x16600127.

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The present work deals with the synthesis of bi-continuous macro and mesoporous crack-free titania–silica monoliths, with well-defined structural dimensions and high surface area. The work also highlights their potential photocatalytic environmental applications. The highly ordered titania–silica monoliths are synthesized through direct surface template method using organic precursors of silica and titania in the presence of surface directing agents such as pluronic P123 and PEG, under acetic acid medium. The monoliths are synthesized with different Ti/Si ratios to obtain monolithic designs that exhibit better photocatalytic activity for dye degradation. The titania–silica monoliths are characterized using XRD, SEM, EDAX, FT-IR, TG–DTA and BET analysis. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized monoliths is tested on the photodegradation of a textile dye (acid blue 113). It is observed that the monolith with 7:3 ratio of Ti/Si showed significant photocatalysis behavior in the presence of UV light. The influence of various physico-chemical properties such as, solution pH, photocatalyst dosage, light intensity, dye concentration, effect of oxidants, etc. are analyzed and optimized using a customized photoreactor set-up. Under optimized conditions, the monoliths exhibited superior degradation kinetics, with the dye dissipation complete within 10[Formula: see text]min of photolysis. The mesoporous catalysts are recoverable and reusable up to four cycles of repeated usage.

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15

Kubo, Takuya, Norio Tsujioka, Nobuo Tanaka, and Ken Hosoya. "Co-continuous monolithic titania prepared by organic polymer monolith as pore template." Materials Letters 64, no. 2 (January 2010): 177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2009.10.037.

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16

Roper, Kimberley A., Malcolm B. Berry, and Steven V. Ley. "The application of a monolithic triphenylphosphine reagent for conducting Ramirez gem-dibromoolefination reactions in flow." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 9 (September 2, 2013): 1781–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.9.207.

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The application of a monolithic form of triphenylphosphine to the Ramirez gem-dibromoolefination reaction using flow chemistry techniques is reported. A variety of gem-dibromides were synthesised in high purity and excellent yield following only removal of solvent and no further off-line purification. It is also possible to perform the Appel reaction using the same monolith and the relationship between the mechanisms of the two reactions is discussed.

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17

Li, Wenbang, Fangling Wu, Yongwei Dai, Jing Zhang, Bichen Ni, and Jiabin Wang. "Poly (Octadecyl Methacrylate-Co-Trimethylolpropane Trimethacrylate) Monolithic Column for Hydrophobic in-Tube Solid-Phase Microextraction of Chlorophenoxy Acid Herbicides." Molecules 24, no. 9 (April 29, 2019): 1678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24091678.

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Chlorophenoxy acid herbicides (CAHs), which are widely used on cereal crops, have become an important pollution source in grains. In this work, a highly hydrophobic poly (octadecyl methacrylate-co-trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate) [poly (OMA-co-TRIM)] monolithic column has been specially prepared for hydrophobic in-tube solid-phase microextraction (SPME) of CAHs in rice grains. Due to the hydrophobicity of CAHs in acid conditions, trace CAHs could be efficiently extracted by the prepared monolith with strong hydrophobic interaction. Several factors for online hydrophobic in-tube SPME, including the length of the monolithic column, ACN and trifluoroacetic acid percentage in the sampling solution, elution volume, and elution flow rate, were investigated with respect to the extraction efficiencies of CAHs. Under the optimized conditions, the limits of detection of the four CAHs fell in the range of 0.9–2.1 μg/kg. The calibration curves provided a wide linear range of 5–600 μg/kg and showed good linearity. The recoveries of this method ranged from 87.3% to 111.6%, with relative standard deviations less than 7.3%. Using this novel, highly hydrophobic poly (OMA-co-TRIM) monolith as sorbent, a simple and sensitive online in-tube SPME-HPLC method was proposed for analysis of CAHs residue in practical samples of rice grains.

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18

Beloti, Luiz, Luis Miranda, and Maria Queiroz. "Butyl Methacrylate-Co-Ethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate Monolith for Online in-Tube SPME-UHPLC-MS/MS to Determine Chlopromazine, Clozapine, Quetiapine, Olanzapine, and Their Metabolites in Plasma Samples." Molecules 24, no. 2 (January 16, 2019): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24020310.

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This manuscript describes a sensitive, selective, and online in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled with an ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (in-tube SPME-UHPLC-MS/MS) method to determine chlopromazine, clozapine, quetiapine, olanzapine, and their metabolites in plasma samples from schizophrenic patients. Organic poly(butyl methacrylate-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) monolith was synthesized on the internal surface of a fused silica capillary (covalent bonds) for in-tube SPME. Analyte extraction and analysis was conducted by connecting the monolithic capillary to an UHPLC-MS/MS system. The monolith was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR). The developed method presented adequate linearity for all the target antipsychotics: R2 was higher than 0.9975, lack-of-fit ranged from 0.115 to 0.955, precision had variation coefficients lower than 14.2%, and accuracy had relative standard error values ranging from −13.5% to 14.6%, with the exception of the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ). The LLOQ values in plasma samples were 10 ng mL−1 for all analytes. The developed method was successfully applied to determine antipsychotics and their metabolites in plasma samples from schizophrenic patients.

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19

Choi, Ji Ho, Jin Wook Lee, Song Hee Yang, and Won Jo Cheong. "Ground Organic Monolith Particles as Chromatographic Separation Media." Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society 34, no. 1 (January 20, 2013): 291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.1.291.

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20

Hassan, Mohamed H., Omar El-Basha, Rana R. Haikal, Ahmed H. Ibrahim, and Mohamed H. Alkordi. "Metallic Nanoparticles Assimilation within Metal–Organic Framework Monolith." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 10, no. 39 (September 20, 2018): 32942–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b11795.

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21

Raeni, Septi Fajar, Unsania Haresmawati, Ani Mulyasuryani, and Akhmad Sabarudin. "Evaluasi Pemisahan Alkilbenzena Menggunakan Kolom Monolith Berbasis Polimer Organik secara Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi." ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia 14, no. 1 (February 15, 2018): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/alchemy.14.1.11266.37-50.

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<p>Kolom monolith berbasis polimer organik poli-(lauril metakrilat-co-etilen dimetakrilat) disintesis secara in situ kopolimerisasi dalam kolom <em>silicosteel </em>dengan ukuran panjang 10 cm dan diameter dalam 1,02 mm. Kolom monolith ini digunakan untuk pemisahan alkilbenzena secara Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi (KCKT) fasa terbalik. Pada penelitian ini, efisiensi pemisahan ditingkatkan dengan menggunakan kolom monolith poli-(LMA-co-EDMA) untuk memisahkan senyawa alkilbenzena melalui tiga parameter, yakni temperatur kolom, pemisahan secara isokratik dan pemisahan secara gradien. Temperatur kolom yang digunakan berkisar antara 27–50 °C. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa temperatur optimum untuk pemisahan alkilbenzena secara isokratik yaitu 27 °C yang setara dengan temperatur ruang dengan fasa gerak asetonitril-air (50:50 w/w). Pemisahan alkilbenzena yang lebih efisien ditunjukkan dari penggunaan mode gradien ditandai dengan nilai <em>peak capacity</em>, faktor retensi dan jumlah plat teoritis yang lebih baik. Fasa gerak yang digunakan pada pemisahan secara gradien yaitu pelarut A yang terdiri atas asetonitril-air (40:60 w/w) dan pelarut B yang terdiri atas asetonitril-air (60:40 w/w) dengan waktu gradien 20–40 menit 0–100% B. Perubahan waktu gradien berpengaruh terhadap faktor retensi dan <em>peak capacity</em>.</p><p><strong>Evaluation of Organic Polymer-Based Monolithic Column by High Performance Liquid Chromatography for The Separation of Alkyl Benzenes</strong><strong>. </strong>Organic polymer-based monolithic column of poly(lauryl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) has been prepared by in- situ copolymerization inside of <em>silicosteel</em> column with the size of 100 mm long x 1.02 mm i.d. This kind of monolith column used for separation of alkylbenzenes using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The efficiency separation on this research is improved by using poly-(LMA-co-EDMA) monolithic column for separation of alkyl benzene compounds using three strategies involving optimization column temperature, isocratic elution mode, and gradient elution mode. The applied column temperatures were varied in the range of 27–50 °C. It was found that room temperature in isocratic mode with the mobile phase of acetonitrile-water (50:50 w/w) showed the excellent efficiency indicated by baseline-resolved of each peak of alkyl benzenes. The resulted separation efficiency by employing gradient elution mode exceeded its counterpart (isocratic mode), which is indicated by better in peak capacity, retention factor, and number theoritical plate. Two different mobile phases for gradient elution mode, composed of A that contain of acetonitrile-water (40/60 w/w) and B that contain of acetonitrile-water (60/40 w/w) were utilized in the range of 20-40 min for 0-100% B. It was found that increasing gradient time strongly affect to the retention factor and peak capacity.<strong></strong></p>

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22

Anceschi, Anastasia, Andrea Binello, Fabrizio Caldera, Francesco Trotta, and Marco Zanetti. "Preparation of Microspheres and Monolithic Microporous Carbons from the Pyrolysis of Template-Free Hyper-Crosslinked Oligosaccharides Polymer." Molecules 25, no. 13 (July 2, 2020): 3034. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25133034.

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Carbon-based materials with different morphologies have special properties suitable for application in adsorption, catalysis, energy storage, and so on. Carbon spheres and carbon monoliths are also nanostructured materials showing promising results. However, the preparation of these materials often require the use of a template, which aggravates their costs, making the operations for their removal complex. In this work, hollow carbon microspheres and carbon monolith were successfully prepared via carbonization of hyper-crosslinked polymer based on either cyclodextrins or amylose, in a template-free way. The carbons obtained are of the microporous type, showing a surface area up to 610 m2/g, and a narrow pore distribution, typically between 5 and 15 Å.

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23

Sánchez-Trasviña, Calef, Marco Rito-Palomares, and José González-Valdez. "Development and Characterization of PEGylated Chromatographic Monoliths as a Novel Platform for the Separation of PEGylated RNase a Isomers." Advances in Polymer Technology 2019 (December 12, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5067028.

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PEGylated or polyethylene glycol-modified proteins have been used as therapeutic agents in different diseases. However, the major drawback in their procurement is the purification process to separate unreacted proteins and the PEGylated species. Several efforts have been done to separate PEGylation reactions by chromatography using different stationary phases and modified supports. In this context, this study presents the use of chromatographic monoliths modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to separate PEGylated Ribonuclease A (RNase A). To do this, Convective Interaction Media (CIM) Ethylenediamine (EDA) monolithic disks were PEGylated using three PEG molecular weights (1, 10, and 20 kDa). The PEGylated monoliths were used to separate PEGylated RNase A modified, as well, with three PEG molecular weights (5, 20, and 40 kDa) by hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Performance results showed that Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) can bind to PEGylated monoliths and the amount of bound BSA increases when ammonium sulfate concentration and flow rate increase. Furthermore, when PEGylated RNase A was loaded into the PEGylated monoliths, PEG-PEG interactions predominated in the separation of the different PEGylated species (i.e., mono and di-PEGylated). It was also observed that the molecular weight of grafted PEG chains to the monolith impacts strongly in the operation resolution. Interestingly, it was possible to separate, for the first time, isomers of 40 kDa PEGylated RNase A by hydrophobic interaction chromatography. This technology, based on PEGylated monoliths, represents a new methodology to efficiently separate proteins and PEGylated proteins. Besides, it could be used to separate other PEGylated molecules of biopharmaceutical or biotechnological interest.

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Stepanova, Mariia, Olga Solomakha, Daria Ten, Tatiana Tennikova, and Evgenia Korzhikova-Vlakh. "Flow-Through Macroporous Polymer Monoliths Containing Artificial Catalytic Centers Mimicking Chymotrypsin Active Site." Catalysts 10, no. 12 (November 30, 2020): 1395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10121395.

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Synthetic catalysts that could compete with enzymes in term of the catalytic efficiency but surpass them in stability have a great potential for the practical application. In this work, we have developed a novel kind of organic catalysts based on flow-through macroporous polymer monoliths containing catalytic centers that mimic the catalytic site of natural enzyme chymotrypsin. It is known that chymotrypsin catalytic center consists of L-serine, L-histidine, and L-aspartic acid and has specificity to C-terminal residues of hydrophobic amino acids (L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, and L-tryptophan). In this paper, we have prepared the macroporous polymer monoliths bearing grafted polymer layer on their surface. The last one was synthesized via copolymerization of N-methacryloyl-L-serine, N-methacryloyl-L-histidine, and N-methacryloyl-L-aspartic acid. The spatial orientation of amino acids in the polymer layer, generated on the surface of monolithic framework, was achieved by coordinating amino acid-polymerizable derivatives with cobalt (II) ions without substrate-mimicking template and with its use. The conditions for the preparation of mimic materials were optimized to achieve a mechanically stable system. Catalytic properties of the developed systems were evaluated towards the hydrolysis of ester bond in a low molecular substrate and compared to the results of using chymotrypsin immobilized on the surface of a similar monolithic framework. The effect of flow rate increase and temperature elevation on the hydrolysis efficiency were evaluated for both mimic monolith and column with immobilized enzyme.

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Wu, ShuaiBin, JunFeng Ma, KaiGuang Yang, JinXiang Liu, Zhen Liang, LiHua Zhang, and YuKui Zhang. "A novel organic-inorganic hybrid monolith for trypsin immobilization." Science China Life Sciences 54, no. 1 (January 2011): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11427-010-4108-z.

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Canty, Allan J., Jeremy A. Deverell, Anissa Gömann, Rosanne M. Guijt, Thomas Rodemann, and Jason A. Smith. "Microfluidic Devices for Flow-Through Supported Palladium Catalysis on Porous Organic Monolith." Australian Journal of Chemistry 61, no. 8 (2008): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch08160.

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Flow-through microreactors are described, constructed of fused silica capillaries with an internal diameter of 100 μm and glass microchips with a channel dimension of 150 μm and involving the in situ UV-initiated synthesis of a poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) porous polymer monolith. The monolith is a continuous material covalently bonded to the capillary or chip walls, with good flow-through properties. Epoxide ring-opening through amine attack by 5-amino-1,10-phenanthroline and coordination to dichloropalladium(ii) allows use of the microreactors for Suzuki–Miyaura catalysis. The long-term stability and reliability of the robust chip microreactor is demonstrated by operation for 96 h, exhibiting undiminished reactivity, and very low leaching of palladium.

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Wang, Xin, Xianjiang Li, Yu Bai, and Huwei Liu. "Just dip it: online coupling of “Dip-it” polymer monolith microextraction with plasma assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry." Chemical Communications 51, no. 22 (2015): 4615–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc00022j.

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Derrouiche, S., D. Bourdin, P. Roche, B. Houssais, C. Machinal, M. Coste, J. Restivo, et al. "Process design for wastewater treatment: catalytic ozonation of organic pollutants." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 6 (September 1, 2013): 1377–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.384.

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Emerging micropollutants have been recently the target of interest for their potential harmful effects in the environment and their resistance to conventional water treatments. Catalytic ozonation is an advanced oxidation process consisting of the formation of highly reactive radicals from the decomposition of ozone promoted by a catalyst. Nanocarbon materials have been shown to be effective catalysts for this process, either in powder form or grown on the surface of a monolithic structure. In this work, carbon nanofibers grown on the surface of a cordierite honeycomb monolith are tested as catalyst for the ozonation of five selected micropollutants: atrazine (ATZ), bezafibrate, erythromycin, metolachlor, and nonylphenol. The process is tested both in laboratorial and real conditions. Later on, ATZ was selected as a target pollutant to further investigate the role of the catalytic material. It is shown that the inclusion of a catalyst improves the mineralization degree compared to single ozonation.

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Wang, Ying, Katja Kretschmer, Jinqiang Zhang, Anjon Kumar Mondal, Xin Guo, and Guoxiu Wang. "Organic sodium terephthalate@graphene hybrid anode materials for sodium-ion batteries." RSC Advances 6, no. 62 (2016): 57098–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra11809g.

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An sodium terephthalate@graphene (Na₂TP@GE) hybrid with an interconnected, multi-channelled monolith structure was synthesized via freeze-drying technique. This material exhibits outstanding electrochemical performance for sodium-ion batteries.

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Wang, Huiqi, Zheng Li, Wei Feng, and Qiong Jia. "Polymer monolith containing an embedded covalent organic framework for the effective enrichment of benzophenones." New J. Chem. 41, no. 21 (2017): 13043–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nj02512b.

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Yang, Zhaohang, Taka-Aki Asoh, and Hiroshi Uyama. "A cellulose monolith supported metal/organic framework as a hierarchical porous material for a flow reaction." Chemical Communications 56, no. 3 (2020): 411–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc08232h.

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A novel cellulose monolith supported ZIF-8 metal organic framework as a hierarchical porous material was designed by using a highly effective pump injection method, which is used for a flow-based reaction.

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Liu, Zhongshan, Junjie Ou, Hongwei Wang, Lianfang Chen, Junwen Xu, and Mingliang Ye. "One-Pot Preparation of Macroporous Organic-Silica Monolith for the Organics-/Oil-Water Separation." ChemistrySelect 2, no. 16 (May 31, 2017): 4538–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/slct.201700345.

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SHA, Yuki, Utano AIMOTO, and Shuji ADACHI. "Adsorption Isotherms of Hydrophobic Substances onto a Chromatographic Organic Monolith." Japan Journal of Food Engineering 16, no. 2 (2015): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.11301/jsfe.16.167.

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Barajas, María, Enrique Lima, Victor Hugo Lara, Javier Vázquez Negrete, Cristina Barragán, Claudia Malváez, and Pedro Bosch. "Effect of organic and inorganic consolidation agents on Tlaltecuhtli monolith." Journal of Archaeological Science 36, no. 10 (October 2009): 2244–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2009.06.009.

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35

Zhang, Can, Jian Rong Cai, Yu Qing Duan, and Liang Xu. "Preparation of Carbaryl-Imprinted Capillary Monolithic Column for Screening of Carbaryl from Three Carbamates Mixture." Advanced Materials Research 937 (May 2014): 248–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.937.248.

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A carbaryl molecularly imprinted capillary monolith was prepared by organic-inorganic hybrid approach. Methacrylic acid (MAA) as functional monomer, γ-methacryloxypropytrimethoxysilane (γ-MAPS) as crosslinker, carbaryl as template molecule, and acetonitrile/dichloromethane mixture (v/v, 1:4) were used as porogen. The molar ratio of 1:6:8 (carbaryl:MAA: γ-MAPS, for which the retention factor k was 7.57, was expected to be highest for carbaryl on the optimum capillary monolith. The condition of 20 mmol/L phosphate buffer with pH value 3.5 containing 30% acetonitrile favored the carbaryl separation from three carbamates (carbaryl, fenobucarb and metocarb) through the effective imprinted length of the column which was 15 cm. As far as the screening of carbaryl from a group of structural analogs, the MIP monolith combined with capillary electrochromatography was preferred.

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Liang, Limei, Chengpeng Li, Tingting Hou, Zhiying Zhong, Dongchu Chen, Sidong Li, Zhang Hu, Haihua Yang, and Xiufang Ye. "Preparation of Poly (Allylthiourea-Co-Acrylic Acid) Derived Carbon Materials and Their Applications in Wastewater Treatment." Molecules 24, no. 5 (March 8, 2019): 957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24050957.

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Functional carbon materials have been developed and applied in various sewage treatment applications in recent years. This article reports the fabrication, characterization, and application of a new kind of poly (allylthiourea-co-acrylic acid) (PAT–PAC) hydrogel-based carbon monolith. The results indicated that the poly acrylic acid component can endow the PAT–PAC hydrogel with an increased swelling ratio and enhanced thermal stability. During the carbonization process, O–H, N–H, C=N, and –COO– groups, etc. were found to be partly decomposed, leading to the conjugated C=C double bonds produced and the clear red shift of C=O bonds. Particularly, it was found that this shift was accelerated under higher carbonization temperature, which ultimately resulted in the complex conjugated C=C network with oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur atoms doped in-situ. The as-obtained carbon monoliths showed good removal capacity for Ni(II) ions, organic solvents, and dyes, respectively. Further analysis indicated that the Ni(II) ion adsorption process could be well described by pseudo-second-order and Freundlich models under our experimental conditions, respectively. The adsorption capacity for Ni(II) ions and paraffin oil was as high as 557 mg/g and 1.75 g/g, respectively. More importantly, the as-obtained carbon monoliths can be recycled and reused for Ni(II) ions, acetone, and paraffin oil removal. In conclusion, the proposed PAT–PAC-based carbonaceous monoliths are superior adsorbents for wastewater treatment.

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Miglio, Vanessa, Chiara Zaccone, Chiara Vittoni, Ilaria Braschi, Enrico Buscaroli, Giovanni Golemme, Leonardo Marchese, and Chiara Bisio. "Silica Monolith for the Removal of Pollutants from Gas and Aqueous Phases." Molecules 26, no. 5 (March 1, 2021): 1316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051316.

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This study focused on the application of mesoporous silica monoliths for the removal of organic pollutants. The physico-chemical textural and surface properties of the monoliths were investigated. The homogeneity of the textural properties along the entire length of the monoliths was assessed, as well as the reproducibility of the synthesis method. The adsorption properties of the monoliths for gaseous toluene, as a model of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), were evaluated and compared to those of a reference meso-structured silica powder (MCM-41) of commercial origin. Silica monoliths adsorbed comparable amounts of toluene with respect to MCM-41, with better performances at low pressure. Finally, considering their potential application in water phase, the adsorption properties of monoliths toward Rhodamine B, selected as a model molecule of water soluble pollutants, were studied together with their stability in water. After 24 h of contact, the silica monoliths were able to adsorb up to the 70% of 1.5 × 10−2 mM Rhodamine B in water solution.

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Shen, Shufen, Fanggui Ye, Cong Zhang, Yuhao Xiong, Linjing Su, and Shulin Zhao. "Preparation of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane based hybrid monoliths by thiol-ene click chemistry for capillary liquid chromatography." Analyst 140, no. 1 (2015): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4an01668h.

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A facile organic–silica hybrid monolith was prepared by a thiol-ene click reaction of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane methacryl substituted (POSS-MA) with 1,4-bis(mercaptoacetoxy) butane (BMAB) using toluene and dodecanol as a porogenic system.

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Yang, Shengchao, Fanggui Ye, Cong Zhang, Shufen Shen, and Shulin Zhao. "In situ synthesis of metal–organic frameworks in a porous polymer monolith as the stationary phase for capillary liquid chromatography." Analyst 140, no. 8 (2015): 2755–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5an00079c.

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Huang, Hsi-Ya, Cheng-Lan Lin, Cheng-You Wu, Yi-Jie Cheng, and Chia-Her Lin. "Metal organic framework–organic polymer monolith stationary phases for capillary electrochromatography and nano-liquid chromatography." Analytica Chimica Acta 779 (May 2013): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2013.03.071.

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41

Ye, Yonglian, Decheng Wan, Jiang Du, Ming Jin, and Hongting Pu. "Dendritic amphiphile mediated porous monolith for eliminating organic micropollutants from water." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 12 (2015): 6297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ta07097f.

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42

Liu, Xiaofang, Na Sun, Quanfei Zhu, Mei Wu, Yong Ye, and Huaixia Chen. "Preparation, characterization and application of organic–inorganic hybrid caffeine imprinted monolith." Journal of Chromatography A 1304 (August 2013): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2013.06.060.

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43

Christy, E. Jackcina Stobel, Rajeswari Alagar, Dhanu M, and Anitha Pius. "Porous nonhierarchical CeO2/SiO2 monolith for effective degradation of organic pollutants." Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management 14 (December 2020): 100365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2020.100365.

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44

Huynh, Ngoc Diem Trinh, Kieu Duyen Vo, Thao Vy Nguyen, and Minh Vien Le. "Enhancing the photoactivity of TiO2/SiO2 monolithic catalyst and its reusability for wastewater treatment." MATEC Web of Conferences 268 (2019): 07005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926807005.

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A series of TiO2/SiO2 photocatalysts were successfully synthesized by the sol-gel method. The TiO2/SiO2 monolith was also synthesized by dip-coating process. The crystalline structure of TiO2/SiO2 powders was identified as pure anatase. The photocatalytic activity of the TiO2/SiO2 powders was evaluated by photodegradation of 20 ppm methylene blue (MB) using a 26W lamp which has the wavelength in the visible light region under different Ti: Si molar ratios and calcination temperatures. The TiO2/SiO2 powders which have Ti: Si molar ratio of 85:15 (TS15) and calcined at 550tC showed the highest photodegradation yield of 84 % after 3h irradiation. Furthermore, the 550˚C calcined TS15 monolith performed the MB degradation yield of 88.9 % after 3h irradiation and its photoactivity still remained after 4 recycle times. The results of this study demonstrated that the TS15 monolith photocatalyst has a reasonable efficiency in the degradation of methylene blue, it could be a promising photocatalyst for removal and degradation of organic pollutants.

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Lin, Qianming, Miao Tang, and Chenfeng Ke. "Thermo-responsive 3D-printed polyrotaxane monolith." Polymer Chemistry 11, no. 2 (2020): 304–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9py01510h.

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46

Buszewski, Bogusław, Michał Szumski, Ewa Kłodzińska, Reda Jarmalavičienė, and Audrius Maruška. "Migration of bacteria through a monolith." Journal of Chromatography A 1216, no. 33 (August 2009): 6146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2009.06.055.

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47

Yang, Xule, Youwei Hao, and Liqin Cao. "Bio-Compatible Ca-BDC/Polymer Monolithic Composites Templated from Bio-Active Ca-BDC Co-Stabilized CO2-in-Water High Internal Phase Emulsions." Polymers 12, no. 4 (April 17, 2020): 931. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12040931.

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Because of the nontoxic solvents contained in CO2-in-water emulsions, porous polymer composites templated from these emulsions are conducive for bio-applications. Herein, bio-active rod-like calcium-organic framworks (Ca-BDC MOFs, BDC= 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate anion) particles co-stabilized CO2-in-water high internal phase emulsion (C/W HIPE) in the presence of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is first presented. After curing of the continuous phase, followed by releasing CO2, integral 3D macro-porous Ca-BDC monolith and Ca-BDC/Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-acrylamide) HIPEs monolithic composites [Ca-BDC/P(AM-co-HEMA)HIPEs] with open-cell macro-porous structures were successfully prepared. The pore structure of these porous composite can be tuned by means of tailoring the Ca-BDC dosage, carbon dioxide pressure, and continuous phase volume fractions in corresponding C/W HIPEs. Results of bio-compatibility tests show that these Ca-BDC/P(AM-co-HEMA)HIPEs monoliths have non-cytotoxicity on HepG2 cells; also, the E. coli can grow either on the surfaces or inside these monoliths. Furthermore, immobilization of β-amylase on these porous composite presents that β-amylase can be well-anchored into the porous polymer composites, its catalytic activity can be maintained even after 10 cycles. This work combined bio-active MOFs Ca-BDC, bio-compatible open-cell macroporous polymer PAM-co-HEMA and green C/W HIPEs to present a novel and facile way to prepare interconnected macro-porous MOFs/polymer composites. Compared with the existing other well-known materials such as hydrogels, these porous composites possess well-defined tunable pore structures and superior bio-activity, thereby have promising applications in bio-tissue engineering, food, and pharmaceutical.

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Lin, Chen-Lan, Stephen Lirio, Ya-Ting Chen, Chia-Her Lin, and Hsi-Ya Huang. "A Novel Hybrid Metal-Organic Framework-Polymeric Monolith for Solid-Phase Microextraction." Chemistry - A European Journal 20, no. 12 (February 24, 2014): 3317–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.201304458.

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Yang, Lujiao, Jianhua Zou, Ying Zhang, Gang Shao, Changan Wang, and Linan An. "Template-free synthesis of hierarchically porous SiBCN monolith from organic gel precursors." Ceramics International 42, no. 10 (August 2016): 12323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.05.004.

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Mao, Zhenkun, Zhentao Li, Changjun Hu, Yikun Liu, Qiaoyan Li, and Zilin Chen. "Glycine-modified organic polymer monolith featuring zwitterionic functionalities for hydrophilic capillary electrochromatography." Journal of Chromatography A 1629 (October 2020): 461497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461497.

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