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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Organic tracers'

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1

Erlandsson, Maria. "Imaging of Enzymes in the Steroid Biosynthetic Pathway : Synthesis of 18F-Labelled Tracers." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Organisk kemi, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-89177.

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This thesis deals with the synthesis and development of 18F-labelled alkyl etomidate and vorozole analogues, and their use as positron emission tomography (PET) tracers for the imaging of the steroid enzymes 11β-hydroxylase and aromatase. Two synthetic 18F-labelling approaches to the etomidate and vorozole analogues were developed, and the analogues were evaluated in some biological assays. The two-step labelling method was used to synthesise many compounds for biological evaluation. In the first step, a 18F-labelled intermediate based on a ditosylate or a halogenated diethyl ether was synthes
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2

Venkatraman, Padma T. "Persistent organic pollutant transport and fate: Assessment by molecular tracers." W&M ScholarWorks, 2001. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539616891.

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Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as the organochlorine pesticide hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) may undergo atmospheric transport and accumulate in regions remote from the source. It is important to develop techniques to help apportion source and identify transport or transformation processes to which HCHs and other mobile POPs may be subjected. Molecular tracers such as compound specific stable isotope and enantiomer ratios (ERs) may prove valuable in studying POP fate and transport. The objective of this study was to further develop the use of these two novel geochemical tools to evalu
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3

Samuelsson, Linda. "Methods for the Synthesis of PET Tracers and NMR Studies of Ribonuclease A." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-5932.

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4

Yath, Channa. "Chiral Persistent Organic Pollutants as Tracers of Transport and Accumulation Processes." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-124425.

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5

Almotabagani, Mohamed Akram. "Penetration of organic and inorganic ionic tracers into the skin following iontophoresis : a comparative study 'in vivo'." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13827.

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Ionic materials in solution do not penetrate the skin following local (topical) application. Such a low permeability can, however, be altered by iontophoresis. Utilization of transmission and scanning electron microscopy and cryostat techniques has made it possible to demonstrate the penetration and site of deposition of ionic tracers in the skin of the rat. It has been found that the penetration of cationic dyes and metal cations is facilitated by positive iontophoresis while the penetration of anionic dyes is facilitated by negative iontophoresis. The extent of penetration is determined by t
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6

Murphy, Ellyn Margaret. "Carbon-14 measurements and characterization of dissolved organic carbon in ground water." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/191131.

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Carbon-14 was measured in the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in ground water and compared with ¹⁴C analyses of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). Two field sites were used for this study; the Stripa mine in central Sweden, and the Milk River Aquifer in southern Alberta, Canada. The Stripa mine consists of a Precambrian granite dominated by fracture flow, while the Milk River Aquifer is a Cretaceous sandstone aquifer characterized by porous flow. At both field sites, ¹⁴C analyses of the DOC provide additional information on the ground-water age. At the Stripa site the DIC from the recharge area
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7

Geisz, Heidi N. C. "Persistent Organic Pollutants(POPs) as Tracers of Environmental Change and Antarctic Seabird Ecology." W&M ScholarWorks, 2010. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539616664.

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Antarctic seabirds including Adelie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae), south polar skuas (Catharacta maccormicki), southern giant petrels (Macronectes gigantus) are high trophic level predators that accumulate persistent organic pollutants (POPs) present in the food webs in which they forage. Little is known about the levels of POPs in some Antarctic organisms (e.g. southern giant petrels), as well as the long-term trends of POPs in the Antarctic ecosystem. Samples from all three seabird species were collected post mortem, including eggs, from the Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) and in the Ross
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8

Romera, Castillo Cristina. "Optical propertiers of the dissolved organic matter as tracers of microbiological and geochemical processes in marine ecosystems." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/131222.

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Oceans store 685 Pg of organic carbon of which 662 Pg are in a dissolved form. The diversity of compounds that make up the dissolved organic matter (DOM) pool and the low concentration of each compound make the chemical characterization of this material a difficult task. For that reason, less than 11% of the oceanic DOM has been identified. A variable fraction of the DOM ¿between 20% in the open ocean and 70% in coastal areas- absorbs UV and visible radiation and it is known as coloured DOM (CDOM). A sub-fraction of the CDOM emits the absorbed radiation as fluorescence, although with a low qua
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9

Karroca, Ornela <1986&gt. "Molecular tracers and untargeted characterization of water soluble organic compounds in polar ice for climate change studies." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/14079.

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In questo lavoro di tesi sono state svolte analisi target e untarget di composti organici in campioni di ghiaccio e di neve polari individuando la presenza di composti già noti e di nuove molecole. Le analisi target sono state focalizzate sull'analisi quantitativa di D- ed L- amminoacidi legati all'attività biologica e composti fenolici legati alla combustione di biomassa. Sono state eseguite successivamente analisi untarget con lo scopo di rilevare la presenza di nuove molecole e di studiarne il ruolo e il comportamento che potrebbero avere nell'ambiente e nel clima del passato. Un ulteriore
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10

Pawlisz, Andrew V. "Internal residues of the narcotic organic chemicals in the Cladoceran, Daphnia magna." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69519.

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The current work determined whether there is a constant tissue residue associated with narcotic compounds. In this investigation, the cladoceran, Daphnia magna was exposed to lethal levels (48h LC50) of ten, $ sp{14}$C-labelled, narcotic organic chemicals in a closed system. Exposure times, ambient concentrations, and body sizes were varied to evaluate their effects. The $ sp{14}$C-method developed in current work can detect chemicals in single D. magna in concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 6310 mmol/kg. Moreover, the technique detected phobic and lipophilic chemicals equally well. The techni
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11

Zimmermann, Josephine. "Nanocritaux organiques enrobés d'une coquille silicatée pour la réalisation de traceurs fortement fluorescents pour l'imagerie médicale." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENV048/document.

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Durant ce travail, la synthèse de nanoparticules hybrides composées d'un coeur organique cristallin fluorescent enrobé d'une coquille silicatée a été optimisée dans l'optique du développement d'un nouveau type de traceurs très brillants pour l'imagerie médicale (microscopie de fluorescence excitée à deux photons). La préparation des nanoparticules a pu être adaptée à différents types de fluorophores organiques. La composition de la coquille organosilicatée peut elle aussi être modulée afin de modifier les propriétés de dispersion en solution aqueuse, la charge de surface des particules ou les
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12

Vázquez-Ortega, Angélica. "Coupled Transport, Fractionation and Stabilization of Dissolved Organic Matter and Rare Earth Elements in the Critical Zone." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/301696.

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It is important to understand the processes that influence the critical zone (CZ) evolution to ensure its sustainability. This thesis reports on laboratory and field experiments designed to measure the behavior of biogenic and lithogenic chemical species and their interaction in the CZ from column to pedon to catchment scales. We postulated that interactions between organic matter and rock-derived metals drive coupled processes of carbon stabilization and chemical weathering and denudation in the Jemez River Basin Critical Zone Observatory (JRB-CZO). First, we observed that secondary mineral c
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13

Eriksson, Jonas. "Synthesis of 11C-labelled Alkyl Iodides : Using Non-thermal Plasma and Palladium-mediated Carbonylation Methods." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Universitetsbibliotekt [distributör], 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7171.

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14

Faust, Stephan [Verfasser], Christof [Akademischer Betreuer] Schulz, and Volker [Akademischer Betreuer] Sick. "Characterisation of organic fuel tracers for laser-based quantitative diagnostics of fuel concentration, temperature, and equivalence ratio in practical combustion processes / Stephan Martin Faust. Gutachter: Volker Sick. Betreuer: Christof Schulz." Duisburg, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1035599686/34.

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15

Hallemans, Elise. "Étude de la formation, du vieillissement et de la composition chimique de l'aérosol organique secondaire dans le bassin méditerranéen." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1122/document.

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L’aérosol organique secondaire (AOS) est issu de processus d’oxydation des précurseurs gazeux, les composés organiques volatils (COV). Des lacunes persistent encore dans la connaissance des voies de formation et d’évolution de l’AOS et de sa composition chimique à l’échelle moléculaire. Ces différents aspects expliquent en partie la sous-estimation de sa concentration globale par les modèles. Pour apporter des éléments de réponse à ces problématiques, le bassin méditerranéen a été sélectionné comme région d’étude. Celui-ci est, en effet, caractérisé par une forte photochimie, notamment en été,
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16

Yan, Bo. "Characterization and source apportionment of ambient PM2.5 in Atlanta, Georgia: on-road emission, biomass burning and SOA impact." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/37151.

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Characterization and Source Apportionment of Ambient PM2.5 in Atlanta, Georgia: On-Road Emission, Biomass Burning and SOA Impact Bo Yan 260 Pages Directed by Drs. Armistead G. Russell and Mei Zheng Various airborne PM2.5 samples were collected in the metropolitan Atlanta and surrounding areas, which are directly impacted or dominated by on-road mobile and other typical urban emissions, regional transport sources, prescribed burning plumes, wildfire plumes, as well as secondary sources with anthropogenic and biogenic nature in origin. Detailed PM2.5 chemical speciation was conducted inclu
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17

Poon, Tim-leung, and 潘添良. "Trace organic pollution in the indoor environment." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31252722.

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18

Poon, Tim-leung. "Trace organic pollution in the indoor environment /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13498605.

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19

Ligocki, Mary Peterson. "The scavenging of atmospheric trace organic compounds by rain /." Full text open access at:, 1986. http://content.ohsu.edu/u?/etd,101.

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20

Banasiak, Laura Joan. "Removal of inorganic and trace organic contaminants by electrodialysis." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/3998.

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With the continual concern over the presence of naturally occurring and anthropogenic inorganic and trace organic contaminants in the aquatic environment there is a growing need for the implementation of innovative treatment processes for the elimination of these contaminants from natural waters and wastewater effluents. While conventional treatment methods are ineffective in the removal of emerging contaminants such as steroidal hormones and pesticides, membrane technology, including electrodialysis (ED), has been highlighted as a potential treatment option. However, the clear lack of fundame
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21

Whttworth, David John. "Monitoring of trace metal behaviour in natural waters." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1732.

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An automated voltammetric dissolved trace metal monitor was developed and validated for in situ analysis of estuarine waters. The system was successfully applied to the determination of Ni concentrations during two studies in the Tamar Estuary. The automated system used Adsorptive Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry (AdCSV) for trace metal analysis with a continuous flow sampling procedure and an on line LTV digestion system to ensure complete breakdown of interfering and metal complexing organic ligands. Its application to the measurement of total dissolved Ni in the Tamar Estuary showed a high me
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22

Wong, Wang-wah, and 黃宏華. "Trace organics pollution in the aquatic environment." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31252758.

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23

Wong, Wang-wah. "Trace organics pollution in the aquatic environment /." [Hong Kong] : University of Hong Kong, 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13498356.

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24

Herrmann, Anke. "Predicting nitrogen mineralization from soil organic matter - a chimera? /." Uppsala : Dept. of Soil Sciences, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://epsilon.slu.se/a429.pdf.

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25

van, Schaik Joris W. J. "Binding of metals to macromolecular organic acids in natural waters : does organic matter? /." Uppsala : Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2008. http://epsilon.slu.se/200872.pdf.

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26

Al-farawati, Radwan. "Thiols, sulfide, and speciation with trace metals in seawater : electroanalytical studies and speciation modelling of thiols and sulfide with trace metals in seawater." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1997. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243218.

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27

Alagarsamy, R. "Trace metals and organic matter diagenesis at the Oman Margin." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243212.

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28

Scutton, Ian. "Trace metal and organic matter diagenesis in deep-sea sediments." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284175.

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29

Sun, Wei. "Mathematical Model for Predicting Trace Organic Compounds in Anaerobic Digesters." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1378197057.

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30

Kahl, Alandra. "Fate and Transport of Trace Organic Compounds in Various Ecosystems." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/301749.

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For perhaps eleven months of the year, surface water flow in the Santa Cruz River consists entirely of wastewater effluent from the Roger Road Wastewater Treatment Plant (RRWTP) and the Ina Road Water Pollution Control Facility (IRWPCF). Like other conventional plants that treat primarily domestic wastewater, effluents from the RRWTP and IRWPCF contain numerous trace organic contaminants--an unintended consequence of our reliance on water to carry waste from points of generation to central treatment facilities. The fates of these compounds in the environment are not entirely clear since the
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31

Broman, Elias, and Maria Hägglund. "A study of dechlorination of organic matter in forest soil using 36Cl as a tracer." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-106217.

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During the Fukushima Daiichi power plant incident sea water was used in an attempt to cool reactor Unit 3. Since sea water contains an excessive amount of chloride, 36Cl has likely been formed and spread in the environment. Because of the long residence time and the presumed high mobility in water there is an increased interest to learn more about the biogeochemical cycle of chlorine from a radiation risk assessment perspective. Chlorine occurs in inorganic form as chloride (Clin) or bound to organic matter as organic chlorine (Clorg) and is commonly found in the environment due to both anthro
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32

Peters, James C. "Evaluating the efficacy of dietary organic and inorganic trace minerals in reproducing female pigs on reproductive performance and body mineral composition." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1141661190.

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33

Pan, Jinfen. "Bioavailability of trace metals to marine bivalves mediated by dissolved and colloidal organic carbon /." View abstract or full-text, 2004. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?BIOL%202004%20PAN.

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34

Abraham, C. J. "Trace-element analysis of metallic and organic matrix materials exploiting RIMS." Thesis, Swansea University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.635842.

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Sputter initiated Resonance Ionisation Spectroscopy (SIRIS) was used to perform trace analysis for a number of elements in various matrices. The system consisted of a reflection time of flight (ToF) mass spectrometer combined with a duoplasmatron primary ion source which was coupled to a Nd:YAG pumped dye laser. External electronics were constructed to synchronise precisely the timing of the laser pulse, primary ion source and dual channel plate detector. The present set-up allowed the utilisation of the simplest of all ionisation routes, namely the one-colour, two-photon RIS schemes. The elem
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35

Su, Yang. "Development of an Ecological Risk Assessment Tool for Trace Organic Compounds." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1428653300.

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36

Quiers, Marine. "Traceurs organiques dans les spéléothèmes : approche expérimentale et application au paléoenvironnement holocène du Massif des Bauges." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAA035/document.

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Cette thèse a pour objectif de tester l’intérêt des spéléothèmes en tant qu’archive pédologique dans le but de reconstruire l’histoire des sols à haute-résolution durant la période Holocène. Il s’appuie sur une partie expérimentale visant à tester la robustesse des proxies organiques comme indicateurs des variations environnementales au cours du temps, et sur l'utilisation des indicateurs robustes pour reconstruire l'évolution de l'environnement dans les Bauges durant les 6000 dernières années.Le d13C de la matière organique (MO, indicateur de la dynamique de la MO dans les sols) et les lipide
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37

Burk, Robert C. (Robert Charles) Carleton University Dissertation Chemistry. "Supercritical fluid extraction of trace organics from solid matrices." Ottawa, 1990.

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38

Kloskowski, Adam. "Improved methods for enrichment of organic ultra trace components for analysis by gas chromatography." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Chemistry, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-1661.

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<p>This thesis describes some new methods for analysis oforganic trace components from air and water by gaschromatography. The work is particularly focused on thedevelopment of new technologies for analyte enrichment, usingsorbent-based concepts. Short lengths of open tubular columnswere examined for their potential use as denuders.Polydimethylsiloxane-based stationary phases as well as anadsorbent-based column were evaluated in an equilibrium mode oftrapping. For the analytes selected, detection levels in theppb range were obtained (Paper I).</p><p>A new, fully automated set-up for analysis o
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39

Brown, Jennifer Louise Dickson. "Optical properties of chromophoric dissolved organic matter as a tracer of terrestrial carbon to the coastal ocean." View electronic thesis (PDF), 2009. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2009-2/r1/brownj/jenniferbrown.pdf.

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Zhang, Tianqi, and Tianqi Zhang. "Modeling Photolytic Advanced Oxidation Processes for the Removal of Trace Organic Contaminants." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625878.

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Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are commonly used for the destruction of persistent trace organic contaminants (TOrCs) that survive conventional wastewater treatment processes. Three types of AOPs, UV/H2O2, sunlight photolysis and photo-Fenton are experimentally investigated and mathematically quantified to anticipate the fate of TOrCs during oxidation processes, specifically addressing the significant effect of reaction by-products and water matrix on oxidation efficiencies. Hydrogen peroxide UV photolysis is among the most widely used AOPs for the destruction of TOrCs in waters destined
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Andrews, Matthew R. G. "Novel methods for the extraction of trace organic explosives from environmental matrices." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.421238.

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Limbert, Eduardo de castro Sobral Blanco. "Bioremediation of a model complex mixture of organic contaminants at trace levels." Thesis, University of York, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241044.

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43

Blair, David Stanley Hamilton. "Carbon and contaminant trace metal biogeochemistry in surficial organic-rich terrestrial systems." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/16231.

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Peats and organic-rich soils are a key part of the global carbon (C) cycle due to their sequestration and storage of atmospheric C as organic matter. Atmospheric deposition as a result of human activities has led to increased inventories of lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) in UK peats and organic-rich soils. Ombrotrophic peat bogs, which receive all their nutrients and pollutants from the atmosphere, provide a historic record of Pb and Hg deposition within their solid phase. Organic-rich forest soil systems can also act as sinks for anthropogenic Pb but vertical transport of Pb can distort these tem
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Anumol, Tarun. "Attenuation Of Trace Organic Compounds By Advanced Treatment Technologies In Water Reuse." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/332685.

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The ubiquity of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in water systems is well known. With the increasing implementation of water reuse schemes in the US, concern about potential health effects of these compounds in humans has risen. While potential synergistic effects of chronic low doses exposure to a cocktail of these compounds is still being studied, it is prudent to monitor and attenuate these trace organic compounds (TOrCs) from our water sources. This research initially focused on identifying suitable `indicator' TOrCs based on theoretical physico-chemical parameters and actual ex
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45

Kin, Kon-Tsu 1964. "Oxidation of trace organic impurities in ultrapure water by UV and ozone." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282177.

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In this dissertation, the chemical oxidation of trace organic impurities by the treatment of UV light alone, ozone alone, and the combination of UV light and ozone in ultrapure water is discussed. Eighteen model compounds are chosen as the representative organic contaminants. Significant synergistic removal effect by the oxidation of the combination of UV light and ozone has been observed on all model compounds except for trichloroethylene, benzoic acid, and methionine. The removal efficiency by the oxidation of the combined treatment is observed to be greater than that by the oxidation of UV
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Al-Qahtani, Mohammed H. S. "Development of new and improved labelling procedures for introducing isotopic hydrogen and carbon-11 into organic compounds." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.300367.

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Rosen, Michael Elliott. "The development of adsorption/thermal desorption for the determination of trace levels of volatile organic compounds in groundwater /." Full text open access at:, 1988. http://content.ohsu.edu/u?/etd,157.

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48

Plante, Alain F. "Soil aggregate turnover and the physical protection of soil organic matter as measured using Dy-labelled tracer spheres." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ60334.pdf.

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Mendez, Sagel Adriana (Adriana Raquel). "Water quality studies in Kranji Catchment, Singapore : use of organic tracer and PEDs for identifying potential sewage sources." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/60776.

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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2010.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references.<br>The objective of this study was to identify organic compounds that could serve as indicators of potential human fecal contamination sources to the Kranji Reservoir in Singapore that could be used as confirmation indicators along with bacteria indicators. The compounds chosen as potential tracers were nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxyltes (NPEOs), as these are indicative of sewage and have been found at
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Renault, Cyril. "Développement de microréacteur pour la synthèse de radio-traceurs pour l'imagerie médicale (TEP)." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPT0019/document.

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Cette étude concerne l'optimisation, la conception et la caractérisation de microréacteurs, de type multicanaux, appliqués à l'électrosynthèse organique de composés fluorés à intérêt médical tels que le 2-Fluoro- 2-Deoxy-D-Glucose (18FDG). Les microsystèmes ont connu un développement important ces dernières années dans le domaine de la chimie fine où la volonté est de développer des outils toujours plus compétitifs. Les microréacteurs appliqués à la synthèse offrent l’avantage d’un rapport surface sur volume de la zone réactionnelle élevé (&gt; 100 cm-1), ce qui améliore nettement les transfer
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