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1
Moss, Peter, and Mathias Urban. "The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s International Early Learning Study: What happened next." Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood 18, no. 2 (June 2017): 250–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1463949117714086.
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In this article, the authors provide an update on what has happened over recent months with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s proposal for an International Early Learning Study, and review responses to the proposed International Early Learning Study, including the concerns that have been raised about this new venture in international testing. The authors call on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and its member-state governments to enter into open discussion with the wider early childhood community about the future direction of comparative work on early childhood education and care.
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Quezada-Téllez, Luis A., Guillermo Fernández-Anaya, Dominique Brun-Battistini, Benjamín Nuñez-Zavala, and Jorge E. Macías-Díaz. "An Economic Model for OECD Economies with Truncated M-Derivatives: Exact Solutions and Simulations." Mathematics 9, no. 15 (July 28, 2021): 1780. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9151780.
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This article proposes two conformal Solow models (with and without migration), accompanied by simulations for six Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development economies. The models are proposed by employing suitable Inada conditions on the Cobb–Douglas function and making use of the truncated M-derivative for the Mittag–Leffler function. In the exact solutions derived in this manuscript, two new parameters play an important role in the convergence towards, or the divergence from, the steady state of capital and per capita product. The economical dynamics of these nations are influenced by the intensity of the capital and labor factors, as well as the level of depreciation, the labor force rate and the level of saving.
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Douglas, Heather, Buriata Eti-Tofinga, and Gurmeet Singh. "Hybrid organisations contributing to wellbeing in Small Pacific Island Countries." Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal 9, no. 4 (September 3, 2018): 490–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sampj-08-2017-0081.
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Purpose This paper aims to examine the contributions of hybrid organisations to wellbeing in small Pacific island countries. Design/methodology/approach The concept and different forms of hybrid organisations are examined, and then the operation and contributions to wellbeing of three Fijian hybrid organisations are considered. Findings Hybrid organisations in this region operate with a commitment to the common good and an ethic of care. Fijian hybrid organisations improve social and economic wellbeing for individuals, families and communities by providing employment, schools and training facilities, financial and support services, sustainable agriculture projects and facilitating networking. These services improve individual and community social and economic wellbeing, build resilience, add to personal and family security, offer opportunities for the future, advance leadership skills and sustain the environment. Commercial activities that support these organisations in their wellbeing endeavours include product sales, service fees, project levies and investment income. Research limitations/implications Generalisability beyond the Pacific region is not assured, as this review only examines hybrid organisations in small Pacific island countries. Practical implications Hybrid organisations offer an alternative pathway to achieve a sustainable enterprise economy, an approach that is more culturally relevant for the Pacific region. Policies to nurture the development of these organisations, and research into the startup, operation, impact and effectiveness of different hybrid organisation models would help to improve wellbeing in this region. International charities and aid agencies could advance the wellbeing of people living in this region by supporting the development of hybrid organisations. External agencies seeking to support hybrid organisation development are advised to consider providing funding through a regional agency rather than engaging directly with national governments. Social implications Developing a robust hybrid organisation sector will improve social and economic wellbeing for people living in small island nations. Originality/value As one of the first studies to examine wellbeing and hybrid organisations, this review adds to hybrid business theory by its consideration of small Pacific island countries. The authors add to existing understandings of how hybrid organisations contribute to social and economic wellbeing for individuals, families and communities. The review identifies each form hybrid organisational form adopts. Each has a central commitment to generating social and economic value but different revenue sources. The review adds valuable new knowledge to the limited scholarship of this region by identifying the philosophical foundations and contributions to wellbeing of these hybrid organisations. A future research agenda and policy development process is proposed to improve wellbeing and advance hybrid organisations in the region.
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Diaz-Diaz, Claudia, Paulina Semenec, and Peter Moss. "Editorial: Opening for debate and contestation: OECD’s International Early Learning and Child Well-being Study and the testing of children’s learning outcomes." Policy Futures in Education 17, no. 1 (January 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1478210318823464.
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This special issue aims to bring critical perspectives to bear on a growing phenomenon in education: comparative assessment of educational performance using standardized measures of outcomes or ‘international large-scale assessments’. We focus on one of its latest examples: the International Early Learning and Child Well-being Study. Proposed by the Organisation for the Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD, n.d.a) in 2012, this study is now being put into practice, targeting early childhood education and young children in particular. The articles in this edited collection offer varied critiques of this project as well as critiques of the influential role that the OECD is playing in how member countries design, implement and assess their early childhood education.
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Tuffley, David, Yuk Kuen Wong, and Luke Houghton. "Optimizing Engineering Project Governance for Sustainability." Advanced Materials Research 361-363 (October 2011): 1638–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.361-363.1638.
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Organisations are increasingly leveraging improved decision making processes during the establishment of project teams. Beyond the obvious advantages of accessing qualified, cost-effective project staff, the issues of sustainability and governance are addressed when the virtual teaming approach is used. Projects can proceed without people needing to travel to a co-located work-place, thus saving time, effort and expense while creating less environmental pollution. But there is a governance problem; running virtual projects, particularly complex projects involve a greater degree of difficulty than managing co-located projects. What is needed are effective, practical methods for managing virtual projects. This paper introduces a new Reference Model of Organisational Behavior (RMOB) for the Leadership of Complex Virtual Teams which is arguably an effective way to meet the challenges of virtual teaming. This paper also discusses the new issue of sustainable leadership with mention of the proposed Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Management indicators that point towards sustainable governance.
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Hwang, Hyun-Bea, and Se-Hong Min. "Safety Problem of Gaseous Extinguishing System in Underground Subway Station." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 20, no. 6 (December 31, 2020): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2020.20.6.101.
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The gaseous fire extinguishing agents CO<sub>2</sub>, Halon 1301, and HCFC-BLEND A and a clean fire extinguishing agent are installed and operated in 85.5%, 6.19%, 4.14%, and 4.62% of the city railroad subway stations of Korea, respectively. The fire extinguishing halon gases Halon1301 and HCFC-BLEND A currently used in city railroad subway stations are already regulated globally because of global warming and ozone layer destruction.Moreover, the use of Halon 1301 is prohibited because of the development of alternative clean fire extinguishing gas. However, newly installing and operating CO₂, unlike the use of halon gas, has not been sanctioned. In particular, even though a fire extinguishing CO₂ facility has the serious safety problem of choking accidents occurring as a result of operation in a closed space because of the characteristics of a subway station, the situation has not been improved. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development designates CO₂ as the major substance causing global warming and forcibly allocates the reduction of carbon emissions to member countries through a reduction policy. Therefore, overall annual replacement of CO₂ fire extinguishing facilities installed and operated in subway stations is necessary, and the problems of fire extinguishing operation characteristics and maintenance of fire extinguishing gas facilities should be reviewed. The purpose of this work is to presentthe maintenance status of fire extinguishing gas facilities installed and operated in the city railroad subway stations of Korea. Furthermore, the preparation of measures and laws for preventing fatalities resulting from choking caused by fire extinguishing CO₂ facilities and for improving cooperation with the international environmental response is proposed.
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Li, Grace. "Things to learn and things to abandon: A comparative study of the communications consumer redress scheme in Australia, Japan and Korea." Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 3, no. 2 (July 1, 2015): 47–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v3n2.14.
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Abstract: This article compares the telecommunications consumer dispute resolution scheme in Australia, Japan and Korea based on the telecommunications consumer policy principles developed by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 2011 and the guidelines and recommendations developed by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) in 2013. This articles concludes that the Australian consumer dispute resolution scheme (the Telecommunications Industry Ombudsman scheme) appears to be the best practice among these three jurisdictions studied followed by the consumer scheme in Korea. Both the current Japanese scheme and the proposed new scheme in Japan appear to be lesser appropriate due to the foreseeable inadequate accessibility and insufficient consumer redress authority created under the scheme. Nonetheless, much experience and exceptional practices can all be shared and learned by the regulatory decision-makers in all three countries.
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Li, Jia, Michael Mullan, and Jennifer Helgeson. "Improving the practice of economic analysis of climate change adaptation." Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis 5, no. 03 (December 2014): 445–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbca-2014-9004.
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Abstract:The development of national and sectoral climate change adaptation strategies is burgeoning in the US and elsewhere in response to damages from extreme events and projected future risks from climate change. Increasingly, decision makers are requesting information on the economic damages of climate change as well as costs, benefits, and tradeoffs of alternative actions to inform climate adaptation decisions. This paper provides a practical view of the applications of economic analysis to aid climate change adaptation decision making, with a focus on benefit-cost analysis (BCA). We review the recent developments and applications of BCA with implications for climate risk management and adaptation decision making, both in the US and other Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. We found that BCA is still in early stages of development for evaluating adaptation decisions, and to date is mostly being applied to investment project-based appraisals. Moreover, the best practices of economic analysis are not fully reflected in the BCAs of climate adaptation-relevant decisions. The diversity of adaptation measures and decision-making contexts suggest that evaluation of adaptation measures may require multiple analytical methods. The economic tools and information would need to be transparent, accessible, and match with the decision contexts to be effective in enhancing decision making. Based on the current evidence, a set of analytical considerations is proposed for improving economic analysis of climate adaptation that includes the need to better address uncertainty and to understand the cross-sector and general equilibrium effects of sectoral and national adaptation policy.
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Liu, Bei, Hong Chen, and Xin Gan. "How Much Is Too Much? The Influence of Work Hours on Social Development: An Empirical Analysis for OECD Countries." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 24 (December 5, 2019): 4914. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16244914.
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Work is a cornerstone of social development. Quantifying the impact on development of fluctuations in work hours is important because longer work hours increasingly seem to be the norm. Based on an integrative perspective that combines individual, organizational, and social factors, we constructed a model using data from 31 member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The proposed model was used to test the effect of work hours on different levels and to propose feasible suggestions accordingly. The results show that people in developing countries work more hours per week than those in developed countries, and that males work longer hours than females. Furthermore, regression analysis shows that current work hours are having a negative impact on development in OECD countries, especially in developing countries where people are working longer hours. Longer hours, in other words, do not promote development effectively. Specifically, work hours at the individual level are negatively related to health. At the level of organization, work hours are a reverse indicator of organizational performance, and at the level of society, there is a negative relationship between work hours and economic development. This study provides support for the proposition by the International Labour Organization to reduce work hours, and it facilitates our understanding of the relationship between work hours and social development.
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Baubion, Charles. "Losing memory – the risk of a major flood in the Paris region: Improving prevention policies." Water Policy 17, S1 (February 10, 2015): 156–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2015.008.
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This paper provides a snapshot of the key findings of an Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) review of flood risk prevention policies in the Paris metropolitan area. With an innovative flood risk assessment, the study shows that a major flooding of the Seine River, similar to the flood disaster of 1910, could affect up to 5 million residents in the greater Paris area and cause up to 30 billion (109) euros worth of damage. Economic growth, jobs and public finances could also be significantly affected at the national level. The OECD Review on Flood Risk Management of the Seine River – commissioned by the basin organisation Seine Grands Lacs with the French Ministry of Ecology and Île-de-France regional council – recommends raising risk awareness among citizens and businesses, and improving the resilience of the metropolitan area to flood risks. Recent floods in Europe and New York City's Hurricane Sandy disaster in 2012 illustrated the vulnerability of today's ever-denser cities to flooding and the need to adapt critical infrastructure systems to be able to cope with extreme weather events. The OECD review suggests ways to minimise the risks and better prepare the Île-de-France region. It notes that proposed projects to develop and expand the city's transport and logistics networks offer an opportunity to put some of its suggestions into practice.
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Tully, Stephen. "The 2000 Review of the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 50, no. 2 (April 2001): 394–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/50.2.394.
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On 27 June 2000, the updated Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises (the Guidelines) were adopted by the 29 Member States of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) together with the observer governments of Argentina, Brazil, Chile and the Slovak Republic. The Ministerial Conference Chairman, Mr Peter Costello, described the 2000 Review as heralding the most “far reaching changes” to the Guidelines since their introduction in 1976.1 This note proposes to consider only the most noteworthy among them.2 Accordingly, it will not examine those elements that have merely been reaffirmed by the 2000 Review. However, the conclusions will be made that the Chairman's sentiments are only observable in the ongoing textual development of the Guidelines and that the all-important implementation mechanism has only been improved by half-measure
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Salpasaranis, Konstantinos, and Vasilios Stylianakis. "A Hybrid Genetic Programming Method in Optimization and Forecasting: A Case Study of the Broadband Penetration in OECD Countries." Advances in Operations Research 2012 (2012): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/904797.
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The introduction of a hybrid genetic programming method (hGP) in fitting and forecasting of the broadband penetration data is proposed. The hGP uses some well-known diffusion models, such as those of Gompertz, Logistic, and Bass, in the initial population of the solutions in order to accelerate the algorithm. The produced solutions models of the hGP are used in fitting and forecasting the adoption of broadband penetration. We investigate the fitting performance of the hGP, and we use the hGP to forecast the broadband penetration in OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries. The results of the optimized diffusion models are compared to those of the hGP-generated models. The comparison indicates that the hGP manages to generate solutions with high-performance statistical indicators. The hGP cooperates with the existing diffusion models, thus allowing multiple approaches to forecasting. The modified algorithm is implemented in the Python programming language, which is fast in execution time, compact, and user friendly.
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Nagai, Yukari, Akio Shimogoori, Minatsu Ariga, and Georgi V. Georgiev. "Future Learning and Design Creativity Competency." Proceedings of the Design Society: International Conference on Engineering Design 1, no. 1 (July 2019): 499–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dsi.2019.54.
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AbstractIn this study, we discuss a structure for developing the skills and competencies required by the learning framework of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) for future education. Given the broad range of skills and the numerous competencies required to meet the demands of future society, the proposed wider and higher-level framework is based on STEAM (science, technology, engineering, art and design, and mathematics) and addresses the limitations of conventional computational thinking by tackling some of the skills and competencies. This is done by proposing the enrichment of STEAM educational approach with art thinking, which may be defined as a creative human-centred discovery process. To explore such enrichment, we conducted a workshop on art thinking. The motivation of the workshop was to explore whether art thinking can overcome some of the limitations of computational thinking regarding future education in the OECD learning framework. We discuss STEAM as focusing on design creativity competency, and we outline the development of educational activities such as workshops to promote competencies in the perspective of OECD framework.
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Manger, Mark S., and Thomas Sattler. "The Origins of Persistent Current Account Imbalances in the Post-Bretton Woods Era." Comparative Political Studies 53, no. 3-4 (July 10, 2019): 631–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414019859031.
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Why do some countries run persistent current account surpluses? Why do others run deficits, often over decades, leading to enduring global imbalances? Such persistent imbalances are the root cause of many financial crises and a major source of international economic conflict. We propose that differences in wage-bargaining institutions explain a large share of imbalances through their effect on the trade balance. In countries with coordinated wage bargaining, wage growth in export industries can be restrained to ensure competitiveness, leading to persistent trade surpluses. We estimate the contribution of these institutions to trade balances in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) member countries since 1977 and find ample support for our hypothesis. Contrary to much of the literature, the choice of fixed or floating exchange rate regimes has only a small effect on trade or current account balances. In other words, internal adjustment in surplus countries via wage-bargaining institutions trumps external adjustment by deficit countries.
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Ilina, Irina E., and Elena N. Zharova. "Science Intensity of the Business Sector in Russia: An Analysis and Development Proposals." REGIONOLOGY 28, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 414–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2413-1407.112.028.202003.414-448.
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Introduction. In the context of global competition between intellectual industries and building transnational structures that ensure socio-economic development, joining the world’s top 5 most innovative economies is possible only in case of increasing the science intensity of the business sector of the economy. Based on the results of the study conducted, the article gives an analysis of the industry average values of the costs of enterprises for research and development (R&D) in economically developed countries and outlines proposals for achieving a similar level of costs for such work in Russia. Materials and Methods. The study used data from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development international statistical database, those from Rosstat, and reports from companies implementing innovative development programs. The results of the implementation of the programs for innovative development of Russian state corporations were evaluated. The study employed the methods of economic analysis, comparison, generalization, induction, and deduction. Results. On the basis of the study conducted, the authors have proposed recommendations for bringing the R&D costs to the level of the industry average values in economically developed countries. The authors have also proposed to secure the coefficients of the R&D costs corresponding to those in countries leading in innovative development in the programs of innovative development of organizations, taking into account the industry specifics. The authors have recommended introduction of such tools that ensure the achievement of the level of investment expenditures in R&D of economically developed countries, as the “qualified customer” model and the innovation voucher. Discussion and Conclusion. Based on the results of the analysis performed, a conclusion has been drawn that not all state corporations fully implement the assigned tasks. In order to ensure the technological development of the country, a number of federal executive bodies have been implementing a set of measures which lack synchronization. The results of this study can be used by public authorities when making managerial decisions in research and development.
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Mierzejewska, Lidia, and Jerzy J. Parysek. "Integrated planning of the development of a city in terms of the diurnal activity of its residents." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 25, no. 25 (September 1, 2014): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bog-2014-0035.
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Abstract The change in Poland’s systemic conditions and its membership of the European Union make it necessary to take a new look at the organisation, structure and operation of the Polish planning system. In place of two, not always well coordinated, types of planning: socio-economic, now called strategic, and physical, integrated planning is proposed which seeks to combine those two categories into a single stream and treat the objects of planning as a functional whole. This type of approach is recommended by international organisations of urban planners (the New Athens Charter) and academic planners. Integrated planning of urban development is also written in the Leipzig Charter on Sustainable European Cities, an EU urban policy document. However, each planning procedure requires the adoption of certain initial assumptions on which to base the conception of an integrated plan of the socio-economic and spatial development of a city that would accommodate its natural, social and economic spheres. The special character of a city as a living environment (a large population number, high population density, many social structures, etc.) demands giving the assumptions an anthropocentric orientation, i.e. with human beings as the addressees of the planned measures. This means that human needs should figure most prominently in the formulation of the assumptions of urban development. And since man’s diurnal activity is one of the best indicators of articulated needs, an analysis of this activity can provide a basis for the formulation of development assumptions. In this paper we present a general model of integrated planning of the development of a city formulated primarily in terms of the diurnal activity of its residents, but also employing other factors.
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Kenyon, Thomas, and Megumi Naoi. "Policy Uncertainty in Hybrid Regimes: Evidence From Firm-Level Surveys." Comparative Political Studies 43, no. 4 (December 3, 2009): 486–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414009355267.
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Cross-national surveys suggest that regulatory and policy uncertainty is an important constraint on investment in developing countries. Yet there has been little direct empirical investigation of the sources of this uncertainty. This article presents evidence of an inverted U-shaped relationship between firms’ perceptions of policy uncertainty and political regime type. Firms in hybrid regimes report higher levels of concern over policy uncertainty than those in either more authoritarian regimes or liberal established democracies. The authors argue that the explanation lies with a combination of polarized political competition and limited access to credible information and test their theory using survey data of around 10,000 firms from the World Bank—European Bank for Reconstruction and Development’s Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey from 27 postcommunist countries and five Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. Methodologically, the authors propose a means of controlling for reporting and suppression biases in these surveys when an anchoring vignette is not available.
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Stallard, Nigel, Charlotte Price, Stuart Creton, Ian Indans, Robert Guest, David Griffiths, and Philippa Edwards. "A new sighting study for the fixed concentration procedure to allow for gender differences." Human & Experimental Toxicology 30, no. 3 (May 20, 2010): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327110370983.
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The fixed concentration procedure (FCP) has been proposed as an alternative to the median lethal concentration (LC50) test (organisation for economic co-operation and development (OECD) test guideline [TG] 403) for the assessment of acute inhalation toxicity. The FCP tests animals of a single gender (usually females) at a number of fixed concentration levels in a sequential fashion. It begins with a sighting study that precedes the main FCP study and is used to determine the main study starting concentration. In this paper, we propose a modification to the sighting study and suggest that it should be conducted using both male and female animals, rather than just animals of a single gender. Statistical analysis demonstrates that, when females are more sensitive, the new procedure is likely to give the same classification as the original FCP, whereas, if males are more sensitive, the new procedure is much less likely to lead to incorrect classification into a less toxic category. If there is no difference in the LC50 for females and males, the new procedure is slightly more likely to classify into a more stringent class than the original FCP. Overall, these results show that the revised sighting study ensures gender differences in sensitivity do not significantly impact on the performance of the FCP, supporting its use as an alternative test method for assessing acute inhalation toxicity.
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Price, Charlotte, Nigel Stallard, Stuart Creton, Ian Indans, Robert Guest, David Griffiths, and Philippa Edwards. "A statistical evaluation of the effects of gender differences in assessment of acute inhalation toxicity." Human & Experimental Toxicology 30, no. 3 (May 20, 2010): 217–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327110370982.
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Acute inhalation toxicity of chemicals has conventionally been assessed by the median lethal concentration (LC50) test (organisation for economic co-operation and development (OECD) TG 403). Two new methods, the recently adopted acute toxic class method (ATC; OECD TG 436) and a proposed fixed concentration procedure (FCP), have recently been considered, but statistical evaluations of these methods did not investigate the influence of differential sensitivity between male and female rats on the outcomes. This paper presents an analysis of data from the assessment of acute inhalation toxicity for 56 substances. Statistically significant differences between the LC50 for males and females were found for 16 substances, with greater than 10-fold differences in the LC50 for two substances. The paper also reports a statistical evaluation of the three test methods in the presence of unanticipated gender differences. With TG 403, a gender difference leads to a slightly greater chance of under-classification. This is also the case for the ATC method, but more pronounced than for TG 403, with misclassification of nearly all substances from Globally Harmonised System (GHS) class 3 into class 4. As the FCP uses females only, if females are more sensitive, the classification is unchanged. If males are more sensitive, the procedure may lead to under-classification. Additional research on modification of the FCP is thus proposed.
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Song, Yu, Chunlu Liu, and Craig Langston. "A LINKAGE MEASURE FRAMEWORK FOR THE REAL ESTATE SECTOR." International Journal of Strategic Property Management 9, no. 3 (September 30, 2005): 121–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648715x.2005.9637533.
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Linkage is one of the most important factors for gaining competitive advantage. Information on linkages is essential to understanding the structure of an economy, which is in turn important in formulating industry policies and business strategies. The hypothetical extraction method is used to measure the linkages by extracting a sector hypothetically from an economic system in the literature. In the previous research, however, the internal linkage (linkage within a sector) and sectoral linkages (linkage between two specific sectors) are ignored, and there is not a comprehensive framework to measure the linkages of a specific sector. Using the recently published Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development input‐output database at constant prices, this paper aims to resolve these two shortcomings and thereby propose a linkage measure framework to explore the linkages between the real estate sector and other sectors from a new angle. The relative and absolute linkages are termed and the total, backward, forward, internal and sectoral linkage indicators are formulated to investigate the linkages of the real estate sector from all directions. Empirical results show an increasing trend of these linkages, which confirms the increasing role of the real estate sector with economic maturity over the examined period. This framework also can be employed in other sectors.
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Norris, Adele N., and Kalym Lipsey. "Public Attitudes Toward New Prisons in New Zealand and Deficit Narratives: A Quantitative Survey." International Criminal Justice Review 29, no. 4 (October 18, 2018): 348–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1057567718803147.
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The imprisonment rate in New Zealand ranks seventh among the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Yet the imprisonment of Indigenous people is on par with the United States, which has the world’s highest incarceration rate. Almost 70% of the prison population in New Zealand is comprised of people racialized as non-White. In 2016, the National Government proposed to spend $2.5 billion over a 5-year period to build new prisons (1,500 prison beds) to accommodate a growing prison population. This study assessed public attitudes toward the need for more prisons and the equity of treatment of individuals within the criminal justice system. Findings from a 2016 and 2017 quantitative survey of 5,000 respondents each year revealed that roughly half of the respondents believed the proposed spending for new prisons to be extremely to somewhat necessary. A large proportion of respondents also believed Māori and Pākehā, if convicted of the same crime, are treated similarly within the criminal justice system. New Zealand scholars have critiqued news media coverage of contentious sociopolitical issues, such as crime and prisons, for employing tactics that have worked to construct a morally and culturally deficit “Other” while normalizing whiteness, rendering it invisible and raceless. This article concludes that this process masks racial disparities of individuals located within the criminal justice system and preserves the ideal that prisons are a normal function of the social landscape.
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Hannah, Adam, Jeremiah Thomas Brown, and Andrew Gibbons. "Welfare capabilities: Evaluating distributional inequalities and welfare policy in advanced democracies." Journal of European Social Policy 30, no. 3 (August 28, 2019): 293–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928719868447.
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While the welfare state literature has made great advances in describing and explaining policy, comparatively less time has been spent systematically examining the outcomes of those welfare policies. Prominent debates have largely centred on the extent to which welfare states have been retrenched and whether they can be effectively classified by regime type. This article argues that while such debates have resulted in valuable theoretical and empirical advances, there is both a need and an opportunity to focus more closely on the outcomes of welfare policy. We propose using the ‘capability approach’ as an evaluative framework to consider differences in outcomes across mature welfare states. The approach, as operationalised here, regards the real-world opportunities that individuals hold, rather than only the material resources provided to them, as being essential to understanding their welfare. The article uses a new capabilities-oriented measure of welfare to make a preliminary evaluation of the outcomes associated with different types of welfare policy regimes. The measure emphasises distributional inequalities associated with the domains of health, education and the economic conditions experienced by individuals. We apply it to 18 advanced welfare states using data sourced from the 2016 wave of the OECD’s (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) Better Life Index.
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Ibragimov, U. N., and M. M. Tokhirov. "Development of Single and Externally Integrated Transport Area in Central Asia." World of Transport and Transportation 17, no. 4 (January 15, 2020): 148–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.30932/1992-3252-2019-17-4-148-165.
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Competently built strategy for development of international transport corridors passing through the countries of Central Asia ensures economic development of not only the states located in this region, but also of other countries participating in transportation processes. At the same time, the practices of development of international transport corridors reveal several problems which comprise inconsistency of regulatory acts of the parties involved, differences in technical standards, lack of uniformity of railway gauge, duration of customs clearance. The objective of the work was to study transport corridors of Central, Western and South Asia and the existing infrastructural, organizational, and technological limitations for their development. The methods of economic, statistical, and engineering analysis were used. The research has considered problems in development of international transport corridors and possible solutions there-of through organization of intermodal transportation by a single transport operator of Uzbekistan, as well as the current state of transport corridors linking Central, Western, South Asia and China with the EU countries, including development of China–EU railway corridors. In that context, the article suggests the analysis of several legal, organizational, technological factors , as well as of infrastructural restrictions using the example of the Kashgar (China)–Osh (Kyrgyzstan) railway section, prior to construction of which it is proposed to use intermodal transportation. The proposals refer to creating the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) transport and logistics association and to developing the design of universal wagons with variable gauge wheel sets adapted for operation on railways of various gauges.
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Popescu, Cristina Raluca Gh. "Sustainability Assessment: Does the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework for BEPS (Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project) Put an End to Disputes Over The Recognition and Measurement of Intellectual Capital?" Sustainability 12, no. 23 (November 30, 2020): 10004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122310004.
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Nowadays, sustainability assessment procedures, sustainability assessment indicators, and sustainability assessment models are regarded by specialists as powerful decision-supporting tools able to foster sustainable development worldwide by addressing the main economic, financial, social, and environmental challenges. In like manner, the role and relevance of intangible assets have managed to produce an irreversible change in today’s world which also seriously affected the general traits of our economic systems, leading to a phenomenon known by specialists as the “revolution of intangibles”. Over the last decades, the controversies regarding the recognition and measurement of intellectual capital (IC) have led, on the one hand, to the development of possible solutions and systems for calculating and disclosing the performance generated or stimulated by various components of IC, but, on the other hand, they have also been the main premise that favored the use of intangible assets, in general, and intellectual property (IP), in particular, the transfer of results and the reduction of the tax base by transferring income to tax havens or jurisdictions that do not tax these categories of assets. Against these aggressive methods of fiscal planning, the countries reacted unitarily and coordinated through the BEPS (Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project) plan. Based on the country’s profile as well as on the results of the annual evaluations published by the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), our study verifies whether there are premises for IP use for income transfer into favorable jurisdictions and whether the measures and solutions proposed by Action 5 of the BEPS end disputes over the recognition and evaluation of IC. In addition, our work presents a novel methodological framework for sustainability assessment, which focuses on establishing important connections between the recognition and measurement of intellectual capital, the role of sustainability assessment tools, and the implications of corporate social responsibility, since, these days, the real “values” associated with a country or business profile may be found in the intangible assets they possess.
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Motala, Michael. "Tax Sovereignty and Investor Protection: Why the Proposed Global Minimum Tax Is not the Final Frontier for Corporate Tax Arbitrage." International Organisations Research Journal 16, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 99–131. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1996-7845-2021-02-06.
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Over the past decade, international tax governance has evolved with bewildering speed in response to the challenges of digitalization and widespread corporate tax avoidance. Since the launch of the Group of 20 (G20)-Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) initiative in 2012, 135 countries and 14 international organizations have joined the BEPS Inclusive Framework, committing to implement new global standards on corporate tax, which has already been lauded as a revolution in the architecture of international tax law and policy. Even further expanding the scope of the OECD’s work on international taxation in a landmark announcement in March 2021, the U.S. administration further proposed imposing a global minimum corporate tax at a rate of 21% to be implemented through an international agreement by mid-2021. If the new OECD initiative is agreed, will the plan to implement a minimum corporate tax be fully implemented by G20 members, and if so, will it do enough to address the tax challenges of digitalization embodied in corporate tax arbitrage? Although the evidence suggests legislative and public policy compliance is likely to be high among G20 members, this article argues the minimum tax initiative is unlikely to go far enough to address deficiencies in global tax dispute resolution, which are extremely germane to the success of the proposed minimum tax. As explained in this article, U.S. leaders and global policymakers must enhance the mutual agreement procedure (MAP), a cornerstone of tax dispute resolution, given a growing body of tax litigation in investment law that threatens the implementation of BEPS 2.0. To do so, global policymakers must also reconcile the conflict of norms between tax sovereignty and investor protection contained in the investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) regime. Only by addressing the conflict between the principles of tax sovereignty and investor protection can they prevent a tidal wave of investor disputes that will challenge the implementation of the minimum tax through national tax laws.
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Fung, Ernest S., Kevin M. Towle, and Andrew D. Monnot. "Devising a Tier-based Skin Sensitisation Screening Strategy for Personal Care and Cosmetic Products." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 48, no. 2 (March 2020): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261192920924401.
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Concerns regarding the use of potential skin sensitisers in personal care and cosmetic products continue to grow. The goal of this study was to develop a proof-of-concept tier-based screening strategy for the assessment of skin sensitisation potential by using non-animal methodologies. As a case example, this screening framework was applied to three WEN® by Chaz Dean cleansing conditioners. The first tier of testing utilised the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship Toolbox profiler to evaluate the skin sensitisation potential of individual ingredients within the formulation; a literature review was performed on the substances that generated in silico alerts. Tier 2 testing utilised the OECD in chemico Test Guideline (TG) 442C to evaluate these substances. Tier 3 testing adapted OECD TG442C to evaluate the formulated product. The literature review on the four substances that generated in silico alerts revealed that they were not sensitising at the concentrations reported in the formulated products. Tier 2 testing demonstrated that these substances were not sensitising at the concentrations tested. Finally, Tier 3 testing revealed that the evaluated cleansing conditioners had low mean percentage peptide depletion at the concentrations tested. Together, the results obtained suggest that the products tested are unlikely to induce skin sensitisation under the given experimental conditions. These findings are in agreement with other in vitro and clinical studies. The proposed tier-based testing approach may be used as a conceptual framework for the prospective safety screening of other personal care and cosmetic products. However, to establish the validity of the proposed testing strategy, further studies must be performed, including comparisons with established models.
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Rosenquist, Natalie A., Daniel M. Cook, Amy Ehntholt, Anthony Omaye, Peter Muennig, and Roman Pabayo. "Differential relationship between state-level minimum wage and infant mortality risk among US infants born to white and black mothers." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 74, no. 1 (October 19, 2019): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2019-212987.
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BackgroundCompared to other Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) nations, US infant mortality rates (IMRs) are particularly high. These differences are partially driven by racial disparities, with non-Hispanic black having IMRs that are twice those of non-Hispanic white. Income inequality (the gap between rich and poor) is associated with infant mortality. One proposed way to decrease income inequality (and possibly to improve birth outcomes) is to increase the minimum wage. We aimed to elucidate the relationship between state-level minimum wage and infant mortality risk using individual-level and state-level data. We also determined whether observed associations were heterogeneous across racial groups.MethodsData were from US Vital Statistics 2010 Cohort Linked Birth and Infant Death records and the 2010 US Bureau of Labor Statistics. We fit multilevel logistic models to test whether state minimum wage was associated with infant mortality. Minimum wage was standardised using the z-transformation and was dichotomised (high vs low) at the 75th percentile. Analyses were stratified by mother's race (non-Hispanic black vs non-Hispanic white).ResultsHigh minimum wage (adjusted OR (AOR)=0.93, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.03) was associated with decreased odds of infant mortality but was not statistically significant. High minimum wage was significantly associated with reduced infant mortality among non-Hispanic black infants (AOR=0.80, 95% CI 0.68 to 0.94) but not among non-Hispanic white infants (AOR=1.04, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.17).ConclusionsIncreasing the minimum wage might be beneficial to infant health, especially among non-Hispanic black infants, and thus might decrease the racial disparity in infant mortality.
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Jacques, Olivier, and Alain Noël. "The case for welfare state universalism, or the lasting relevance of the paradox of redistribution." Journal of European Social Policy 28, no. 1 (February 2018): 70–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928717700564.
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In 1998, Walter Korpi and Joakim Palme proposed a political and institutional explanation to account for the greater redistributive success of welfare states that relied more on universal than on targeted programmes. Effective redistribution, they argued, resulted less from a Robin Hood logic – taking from the rich to give to the poor – than from a broad and egalitarian provision of services and transfers. Hence, the paradox: a country obtained more redistribution when it took from all to give to all than when it sought to take from the rich to help the poor. Recent studies, however, failed to confirm the existence of this paradox. This article suggests that the original argument was theoretically sound but inadequately operationalized. Korpi and Palme measured universalism indirectly, not by the design or character of social programmes, but rather by their outcomes, namely, by their income effects. These outcomes, however, are influenced by exogenous factors. We use two new Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) indicators to capture universalism directly, through the institutional design of social programmes: (1) the percentage of social benefits that are means or income tested and (2) the proportion of private spending in total social expenditures. These two indicators are combined into a universalism index and tested with a time-series cross-sectional design for 20 OECD countries between 2000 and 2011. This approach, we argue, better captures institutional design, in a way that is consistent with Korpi and Palme’s original argument, and it suggests that there is still a paradox of redistribution in the 21st-century welfare state.
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Bültmann, Ute, Iris Arends, Karin Veldman, Christopher B. McLeod, Sander K. R. van Zon, and Benjamin C. Amick III. "Investigating young adults’ mental health and early working life trajectories from a life course perspective: the role of transitions." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 74, no. 2 (November 6, 2019): 179–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2019-213245.
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BackgroundMany young adults leave the labour market because of mental health problems or never really enter it, through early moves onto disability benefits. Across many countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, between 30% and 50% of all new disability benefit claims are due to mental health problems; among young adults this moves up to 50%–80%.OutlineWe propose a research agenda focused on transitions in building young adults’ mental health and early working life trajectories, considering varying views for subgroups of a society. First, we briefly review five transition characteristics, then we elaborate a research agenda with specific research questions.Research agendaOur research agenda focuses on transitions as processes, in time and place and as sensitive periods, when examining young adults’ mental health and early working life trajectories from a life course perspective. As more and more childhood and adolescent cohorts mature and facilitate research on later life labour market, work and health outcomes, transition research can help guide policy and practice interventions.Future cross-disciplinary researchIn view of the many challenges young adults face when entering the changing world of work and labour markets, future research on transitions in young adults related to their mental health and early working life trajectories will provide ample opportunities for collaborative cross-disciplinary research and stimulate debate on this important challenge.
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Lapinski, Lauren. "Book Review: Organisation for Economic Co-operation Development." Journal of Technology Education 31, no. 1 (September 21, 2019): 66–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21061/jte.v31i1.a.5.
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Kilpatrick, Kelley, Eric Nguemeleu Tchouaket, Maud-Christine Chouinard, Isabelle Savard, Naima Bouabdillah, Julie Houle, Geneviève St-Louis, Mira Jabbour, and Renee Atallah. "Identifying indicators sensitive to primary healthcare nurse practitioner practice: a review of systematic reviews protocol." BMJ Open 11, no. 1 (January 2021): e043213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043213.
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IntroductionPrimary healthcare nurse practitioners (PHCNPs) practice in a wide range of clinical settings and with diverse patient populations. Several systematic reviews have examined outcomes of PHCNP roles. However, there is a lack of consistency in the definitions used for the PHCNP role across the reviews. The identification of indicators sensitive to PHCNP practice from the perspective of patients, providers and the healthcare system will allow researchers, clinicians and decision-makers to understand how these providers contribute to outcomes of care.Methods and analysisA review of systematic reviews is proposed to describe the current state of knowledge about indicators sensitive to PHCNP practice using recognised role definitions. Outcomes of interest include any outcome indicator measuring the effectiveness of PHCNPs. We will limit our search to 2010 onwards to capture the most up-to-date trends. The following electronic databases will be searched: Allied and Complementary Medicine Database, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Cochrane Library Database of Systematic Reviews and Controlled Trials Register, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, EMBASE, Global Health, Health Economics Evaluation Database, Health Evidence, HealthStar, Health Systems Evidence, Joanna Briggs Institute, Medline, PDQ-Evidence, PubMed and Web of Science. The search strategies will be reviewed by an academic librarian. Reference lists of all relevant publications will be reviewed. Grey literature will be searched from 2010 onwards, and will include: CADTH Information Services, CADTH’s Grey Matters tool, OpenGrey, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, ProQuest Dissertation and Theses and WHO. The PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews will be searched to identify registered review protocols. The review protocol was developed using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols recommendations. A narrative synthesis will be used to summarise study findings.Ethics and disseminationNo ethical approval is required for the study. The data used in the study will be abstracted from published systematic reviews. Dissemination strategies will include peer-reviewed publication, conference presentations and presentations to key stakeholders.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020198182.
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Telesetsky, Anastasia. "10. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)." Yearbook of International Environmental Law 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 569–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yiel/yvs039.
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Telesetsky, Anastasia. "10. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)." Yearbook of International Environmental Law 22, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 634–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yiel/yvs135.
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Telesetsky, Anastasia. "10. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)." Yearbook of International Environmental Law 23, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 578–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yiel/yvt015.
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Telesetsky, Anastasia. "10. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)." Yearbook of International Environmental Law 24, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 580–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yiel/yvu025.
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Telesetsky, Anastasia. "10. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)." Yearbook of International Environmental Law 25, no. 1 (2014): 557–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yiel/yvv051.
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Telesetsky, Anastasia. "10. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)." Yearbook of International Environmental Law 27 (January 1, 2016): 470–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yiel/yvx067.
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Ioniță, Claudiu, Birol Ibadula, Cristina Vlad, and Petre Brezeanu. "Crackdown on tax evasion – improving ways of coordination between the tax authorities and automatic exchange of information developments in Romania." Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 11, no. 1 (July 1, 2017): 523–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/picbe-2017-0056.
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Abstract In an effort to reduce the tax transparency and banking secrecy, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (“OECD”) has been taking the lead on the battle against cross-border tax evasion, seconded by the Internal Revenue Services (“IRS”) of the United States of America (“USA”), the G20 and the European Commission. Understanding the power that is brought by information and knowledge, the international community proposed adapting the exchange of information tools that were available to them and extending them to a worldwide level. As a result, the Common Reporting Standard (“CRS”) and the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (“FATCA”) reporting standards were born. This paper aims at analyzing the improvements in automatic exchange of information brought by the CRS and FATCA standards, together with its limitations. An important section of this paper shall be dedicated to the role that Romania plays in the international efforts of fighting tax evasion, together with the tools and procedures developed in order to sustain the reporting standards. In order to analyze the effects of the CRS and FATCA, it is essential to understand the pros and the cons of the international cooperation on tax matters and its available tools before the CRS and FATCA were created. As there is limited previous literature on the subject, the methodology of the research will consist mainly of analyzing the guidelines issued by the international public body representatives and of the current legislative framework. The main finding of the paper can be considered the fact that the new developments in the automatic exchange of information field can represent a huge step forward towards limiting the tax evasion activity, however, one should be reserved due to aspects such as compliance costs, protection of private information, data gathering and processing techniques and tax residency uncertainty. Further analysis is required when the automatic exchange of information results will be available in order to update the reservations of the paper.
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Lattuada, Mario, and Juan Mauricio Renold. "Desarrollo rural y actores locales. Los interrogantes de una Organización Institucional de Competencia Económica Dinámica en crisis: El caso SanCor en la provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina." Áreas. Revista Internacional de Ciencias Sociales, no. 39 (December 29, 2019): 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/areas.408401.
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El estudio de caso de SanCor Cooperativas Unidas Limitada es relevante por varios motivos. El primero, por la importancia económica y social que tiene en el sector lácteo nacional y en las localidades del interior donde radican sus plantas en las tres provincias más importantes de la Argentina: Santa Fe, Córdoba y Buenos Aires. En segundo lugar, constituye un ejemplo de un proceso organizacional evolutivo que atraviesa distintos estadios, nace como cooperativa de segundo grado y, luego de casi un siglo de existencia, se reconvierte en una cooperativa de primer grado, para terminar finalmente enajenando la casi totalidad de sus activos y gerenciamiento a otras empresas del sector. Tercero, su evolución comprueba una hipótesis planteada hace tiempo sobre el resultado de una de las dos opciones posibles de evolución que presentaban los tipos de Organizaciones Institucionales en Mutación en las tipologías cooperativas propuestas por Lattuada y Renold (2004). Finalmente, como actor destacado del desarrollo territorial local y regional que culmina en un escenario de crisis irreversible, y dada la envergadura alcanzada por la organización, el impacto de su desmembramiento, enajenación y cambio de naturaleza cooperativa, deja enseñanzas y abre numerosos interrogantes sobre sus efectos en la cadena de valor láctea y en el desarrollo de las comunidades donde se encuentra inserta. The case study of SanCor Cooperativas Unidas Limitada is relevant due to several reasons. First of all, SanCor Cooperativas Unidas Limitada has got a big economic and social importance in the national milk production sector as well as in provincial towns located in the three major Argentine provinces: Santa Fe, Córdoba and Buenos Aires. Secondly, it is an example of an evolving organisational process going through different degrees: emerging as a second-degree co-operative society, a century after, it becomes a first-degree co-operative society, and finally, it disposes of almost all of its assets as well as its management to other companies of the dairy sector. Thirdly, its evolution verifies a hyothesis that had been stated long time ago about the results of one of the two possible evolution choices which could be carried out by the types of Everchanging Institutional Organisations, according to the co-operative societies typologies proposed by Lattuada and Renold (2004). Lastly, as a leading actor of territorial development, it ends up with an irreversible crisis scenario. Due to the big size reached by this organisation, the impact of its breakup, its disposal and its change in its cooperative society nature, it teaches us some lessons, and poses numerous questions about its effects on the dairy value chain as well as on the local development of those communities where it is inserted.
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Bąk, Monika, and Przemysław Borkowski. "APPLICABILITY OF ICT SOLUTIONS IN PASSENGER TRANSPORT – CASE STUDIES FROM DIFFERENT EUROPEAN BACKGROUNDS." TRANSPORT 30, no. 3 (October 2, 2015): 372–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2015.1079552.
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Impact of Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs) on sustainable transport development is indisputable. It can be tested through various methods. The identification and detailed analysis of specific types of ICT solutions, case studies approach or scenarios analysis are examples of perspectives for impact assessment that can lead to the proof that successful applications of ICT solutions entails optimised, more accessible, less resource consuming and less emission intensive transport. The impact of ICTs in travel induction and substitution and resulting decarbonisation effect is difficult to assess isolated from other social, economic and technologic drivers. Financial applicability reflects initial investment cost as well as operation maintenance costs. Organizational feasibility refers primarily to the necessary changes in organisation and conduct of operations created by introduction of ICTs. The social factor results from user and public acceptance or lack of it. User acceptance is combination of many sub factors of which most important are: D2D travel time, D2D travel costs, comfort and convenience, safety and security. The objective of the article is to present the applicability of ICT solutions in passenger transport from the perspective of transport users taking into consideration real case studies from different European background. These case studies were identified as a result of specific selection process in order to receive a complex and differentiated sample. The first element of the selection process was the identification of ICT solutions to be applied in case studies. The next element was the choice of regions corresponding to varied economic and geographic characteristics. In addition, cultural factors have a strong impact on the behaviour of users. The resulting multidimensional factor matrix allows for the selection of best fitting case studies, which have potential to cover most of the ICT applications. Five European settings are selected for in-depth research. Each case represents different geographic, social and economic area, which forms a good European sample across differentiated setups. Case studies are supported by user surveys. Surveys allow for direct answers regarding user attitudes towards proposed ICTs. Based on this approach findings could be reported. The main conclusion is that users in various regions with very different characteristics as to the wealth, GDP levels, geography, and cultural backgrounds represent surprisingly similar attitudes towards ICTs. Specific findings regarding different types of solutions and different type of users are presented in the article. The analysis of selected case studies shows also that they could offer solution to many of transport sector problems including key issues from transport policy agenda: environment, mobility or accessibility. The paper is based on the authors research conducted within COMPASS project (Optimised co-modal passenger transport for reducing carbon emissions, project co-funded by the European Commission within the Seventh Framework Programme).
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Eggers, Thurid, Christopher Grages, Birgit Pfau-Effinger, and Ralf Och. "Re-conceptualising the relationship between de-familialisation and familialisation and the implications for gender equality – the case of long-term care policies for older people." Ageing and Society 40, no. 4 (October 31, 2018): 869–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x18001435.
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AbstractThis article explores how far the concepts of de-familialisation/familialisation are adequate to the classification of long-term care (LTC) policies for older people. In the theoretical debate over LTC policies, de-familialising and familialising policies are often treated as opposites. We propose re-conceptualising the relation between de-familialisation and familialisation, arguing that they represent substantially different types of policy that, in theory, can vary relatively autonomously. In order to evaluate this theoretical assumption, this article investigates the relation between the generosity level of LTC policies on extra-familial care, and the generosity level of LTC policies on paid family care, introducing a new multi-dimensional approach to measuring the generosity of LTC policy for older persons. It also explores the consequences of this for gender equality. The empirical study is based on a cross-national comparison of LTC policies in five European welfare states which show significant differences in their welfare state tradition. Data used are from document analysis of care policy law, the Mutual Information System on Social Protection, the European Quality of Life Survey and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The findings support the argument that de-familialising and familialising LTC policies can vary relatively independently of each other in theory. It turns out that we get a better understanding of the relationship between LTC policy and gender equality if we analyse the role of different combinations of extra-familial and familial LTC policies for gender equality. The paper brings new insights into the ways welfare states act in regard to their LTC policies. It helps to clarify how the concept of de-familialisation/familialisation can be understood, and what this means for the relationship between LTC policies and gender equality.
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Pike, Patricia. "Missing — The People's Voice: Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development." Policy Futures in Education 12, no. 6 (January 2014): 753–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2304/pfie.2014.12.6.753.
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Moss, Peter, and Mathias Urban. "The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s International Early Learning Study: What’s going on." Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood 20, no. 2 (October 8, 2018): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1463949118803269.
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In this colloquium, the authors provide an update on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s proposal for an International Early Learning and Child Well-being Study, the ‘first wave’ of which is now being implemented in three countries: England, Estonia and the USA. The authors argue that as the International Early Learning and Child Well-being Study progresses, its superficiality and pointlessness become more apparent. They also locate the International Early Learning and Child Well-being Study in a ‘global web of measurement’ centred on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, whose aim appears to be the reduction of education to a purely technical exercise of producing common outcomes measured by common indicators, with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development acting as the global arbiter, assessor and governor of education. They call on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and its partners to start engaging with legitimate concerns and criticisms.
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Das, Maitreyee, K. Rangarajan, and Gautam Dutta. "Corporate sustainability in small and medium-sized enterprises: a literature analysis and road ahead." Journal of Indian Business Research 12, no. 2 (October 16, 2019): 271–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jibr-09-2017-0166.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to do a thorough literature review to assess the current status of corporate sustainability practices, issues and challenges in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and, based on literature, suggest a model that can improve and strategically manage their sustainability practices in the emerging market context of Asia. Design/methodology/approach The authors did a meta-analysis of the reviewed literature taken from peer-reviewed scholarly journals in the time frame of 1985-2016. Methodology used by the authors is through preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis. Findings Corporate sustainability is a well-practiced area in big organisations. However, literature suggests that in case of SMEs, the situation is different. Social and environmental practices are grossly neglected in SMEs, more specifically in emerging markets. Existing literature mentions that collaborative mode of operation, government policy and facilitation and supporting organisation culture can positively influence SME’s sustainability performance and hence improve their financial performance. Research limitations/implications Most of the papers in corporate sustainability literature are qualitative in nature and there is no empirical evidence of establishing this relationship in SME context. This paper tries to conceptualise the existence of a possible framework relating factors of sustainability and their role in improving business performance of the SMEs. However, the findings are purely literature-based and piloting of the questionnaire is also done on 20 SMEs in a specific geography. This is a very small and also a biased sample. Future research studies based on this paper are expected to verify the proposed relationship with larger data set catering to different industry clusters and countries. Practical implications The proposed model is only directional in nature. With the content analysis, the authors have tried to answer the research questions relating to factors of sustainability and its impact on business performance. To address the research questions in a more generalised way, an empirical research needs to be conducted to establish the research propositions. The proposed model needs to be validated and optimised with further research and data analysis. Once such a model is established, this can be proved beneficial for providing guidance to SMEs to enhance the sustainability of their business operations. Social implications The SME sector has made a significant contribution to the economic development in countries, and this sector has huge potential for growth, and their geographic spread and penetration is much higher than large organisations. Sustainable growth of this industry sector can reasonably be expected to lead to stable and sustainable development of the nation. Moreover, environmental and social best practices adopted by SMEs will also have a positive influence on society and environment in the long run. Originality/value This paper had done a geography wise analysis of sustainable practices in SMEs, and based on the recommendations and suggestions of different analyses, the authors developed few research propositions and also presented a conceptual model. Finally, to address the gap, it mentions some future research possibilities to test and validate the proposed model in the context of SMEs in emerging markets of Asia.
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Clifton, Judith, and Daniel Díaz-Fuentes. "Is the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Ready for China?" Emerging Markets Finance and Trade 50, sup6 (November 2014): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1540496x.2014.1013842.
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Das, Maitreyee, K. Rangarajan, and Gautam Dutta. "Corporate sustainability in SMEs: an Asian perspective." Journal of Asia Business Studies 14, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 109–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jabs-10-2017-0176.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to do a thorough literature review to assess the current status of corporate sustainability (CS) practices, issues and challenges in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and based on literature suggest a model that can improve and strategically manage their sustainability practices in the emerging market context of Asia. Design/methodology/approach After setting the theoretical background on why the corporations need to shoulder the responsibility of sustainable development, the authors did a high level literature review to estimate the gap area and based on the findings formulated some research questions on why the SMEs, more specifically those in Asian emerging market, are lagging behind in terms of CS practices. Next, using the “literature survey” as the methodology the authors did a thorough in-depth literature review to answer the above research questions and organised the findings in light of those research questions. Considering the research gap and the crucial role of SMEs in a country’s economic progress the authors restricted the literature search on CS in the case of SMEs only. Findings CS is a well-practiced area in big organisations. However, the literature suggests that in the case of SMEs the situation is different. Social and environmental practices are grossly neglected in SMEs more specifically in emerging markets. Existing literature mentions that collaborative mode of operation, government policy and facilitation, supporting organisation culture can positively influence SME’s sustainability performance, and hence, improve their financial performance. Research limitations/implications The conceptual model has been developed based on suggestions and recommendations in western countries context. To establish the validity of the model in the Asian business scenario it needs to be tested with a sizable sample of SMEs in the Asian market. Practical implications The current paper has practical implications both for academic research on sustainable development and also in business development. The proposed model in the current form is based on the literature survey only. Once such a model is empirically established this can be proved beneficial for providing guidance to SMEs to enhance the sustainability of their business operations. Moreover, environmental and social best practices adopted by SMEs will also have a positive influence on society and the environment in the long run. Originality/value This paper had done a country-wise comparison of sustainable practices in SMEs and based on the recommendations and suggestions of different scholars as found in the detailed literature review, the authors developed few research propositions and also presented a conceptual model. Finally, to address the gap it mentions some future research possibilities to test and validate the proposed model in the context of SMEs in emerging markets of Asia.
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Mazzarol, Tim, Delwyn Clark, Sophie Reboud, and Elena Mamouni Limnios. "Developing a conceptual framework for the co-operative and mutual enterprise business model." Journal of Management & Organization 24, no. 4 (June 11, 2018): 551–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2018.29.
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AbstractThe co-operative and mutual enterprise business model represents a unique type of organisation that has a dual purpose focused on both economic and social goals. For nearly two centuries it has played an important role in economic development, job creation and addressing market failures. However, despite its potential importance to economic development it has been largely ignored within the mainstream economics and management literature. This paper provides an overview of the nature of the co-operative and mutual enterprise business model and also proposes a business model framework or ‘canvas’ that can be used for research, teaching and strategic analysis.
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Ille, Sebastian, Adrian Risso, and Edgar J. Sanchez Carrera. "Democratization and inequality: Empirical evidence for the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development member countries." Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 35, no. 6 (January 4, 2017): 1098–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263774x16684521.
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The correlation between democracy and income inequality, as well as the direction of causation is still debated. In this paper, we conduct a dynamic panel data analysis for all 34 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development member states over the period 1960–2012 and illustrate a nonmonotonic relationship between inequality and democracy, as well as test the direction of causation by employing a noncausal homogeneity test in a panel Granger framework and the Dumitrescu and Hurlin noncausal heterogeneity test. We provide an explanation for the inverted U-shaped relation. In addition, we illustrate individual regression results for 12 exemplary Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries and provide a concise illustration of the economic and political changes to which countries have been subjected while elaborating the effect of the underlying policies on democracy and income equality.
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SHIKHER, SERGE. "DETERMINANTS OF TRADE AND SPECIALIZATION IN THE ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT COUNTRIES." Economic Inquiry 51, no. 1 (April 19, 2012): 138–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.2012.00465.x.
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Schwarz, Peter. "Tax disincentives and female employment in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries." Journal of European Social Policy 22, no. 1 (February 2012): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928711425267.
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