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Dionne, Geneviève. "Development and organisational practice: ethnography at the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO)." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=95005.
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Anthropologists have analysed development from several angles: some have critiqued development on the grounds that it is a modernising project, while others have sought to understand relationships between actors in development work and proposed alternative methods of pursuing development. Rarely however, have anthropologists studied up within organisations to analyse the practices and cultures of this community of experts'. This research provides an insider's perspective on the lived experienced' of employees of the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), based on having worked as a consultant for FAO's Livelihoods Support Programme (LSP) with permission to conduct this research. The LSP aimed at mainstreaming' livelihoods approaches in FAO, and may be considered as an exercise in alternative development. This ethnography deconstructs the idea of one FAO', revealing the many disjunctures inherent to the organisational structure and the diversity of practitioners employed at HQ and in the field. This aim is achieved through focusing on two themes: a) the complexity and compartmentalisation of the organisation, depicting the organisational context within which employees work; and b) the agency of some professionals who undertake initiatives beyond their prescribed scope of work. Using ethnographic information and empirical observation, this research reports on the heterogeneity of the interactions of employees with FAO's organisational structure. With attention to charismatic, networking and experienced practitioners, the research highlights that professionals are not only' experts: while achieving their tasks, development workers contribute not only their technical knowledge, but also their experience, networking skills and personalities. The research confirms that the structure' itself does not produce work and that the agency and interactions of FAO personnel affect the organisation's work. The capacity of practitionersLes anthropologues ont analysé le développement sous plusieurs angles : certains l'ont critiqué pour être un projet moderniste, alors que d'autres ont voulu mieux comprendre les relations entre les acteurs du monde du développement et ont proposé des moyens alternatifs de faire du développement. Rarement les anthropologues ont étudié «vers le haut», à l'intérieur même des organisations de développement, afin d'analyser les pratiques et les cultures de cette «communauté d'experts». Ma recherche offre une perspective interne sur «l'expérience vécue» par les employés de l'Organisation pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture des Nations Unies (FAO), après avoir travaillé au sein du Livelihoods Support Programme. Ce programme avait pour but d'intégrer les «livelihoods approaches» dans les pratiques de la FAO, et peut être considéré comme une approche alternative de développement. Cette ethnographie déconstruit l'idée d'une FAO', en révélant la présence de nombreuse «dis-jonctions» appartenant à la structure organisationnelle ainsi que la grande variété des professionnels employés au siège social et sur le terrain. Deux thèmes sont au cur de l'étude : a) la complexité et la compartimentation inhérentes à l'organisation et b) le pouvoir d'agir (agency) des professionnels qui entreprennent des initiatives en plus de leur travail quotidien. L'ethnographie et l'expérience empirique ont permis de documenter l'hétérogénéité des interactions des employés avec la structure organisationnelle. Ainsi, la recherche démontre que les professionnels charismatiques, au centre de réseaux sociaux et expérimentés ne sont pas seulement des «experts» : en plus de leur savoir technique, ils ont également recours à leur expérience, à leurs réseaux, et à leur personnalité. Elle confirme que la structure' elle-même n'est pas productive et que le pouvoir d'agir et les interactions quotidiennes des employés affecte
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Winckler, Joel Gwyn [Verfasser]. "United Nations Peacekeeping as Organisational Action : Exploring Organisational Processes within the United Nations Peacekeeping Bureaucracy / Joel Gwyn Winckler." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1077007256/34.
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Hatashin, Omi. "The responses of the United Nations to the Cambodian problems from 1975 to 1993 : a case study in crisis management through the United Nations Organisation." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310452.
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Stiles, Michael James. "The United Nations and the termination of internal conflict with reference to the United Nations Organisation Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo : 1999-2006." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30756.
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The aim of this study is to evaluate the United Nations (UN) role in the resolution, management and termination of the conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) with specific reference to the UN Organisation Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC). The aim emanates from the basic research question: To what extent did the deployment of MONUC contribute to the termination of internal conflict in the DRC and create conditions conducive for the holding of democratic elections? The research problem generated four subsidiary questions: Was the intention of the drafters of the Lusaka Agreement for the UN converted into a viable peacekeeping mission, especially in the early phases of the mission? Did MONUC receive adequate resources to fulfil its task, commensurate with the size and complexity of the operational theatre and its mandate? Why was a development such as the deployment of Interim Emergency Multi National Force (IEMF) in Ituri (2003) necessary, given the fact that MONUC was deployed? Were the expectations regarding MONUC involvement in the disarmament, demobilisation, reintegration, resettlement and repatriation (DDRRR) programme and the domestic disarmament, demobilisation, reintegration (DDR) programme realistic? Therefore four sub-problems were addressed, namely the issue of the mission mandate; the resourcing of the mission relative to the mandate and the operational theatre; the external augmentation of the mission; and the MONUC role in DDRRR and DDR. Following a definition of the concept internal conflict and a discussion of the factors contributing to internal conflict, the theory of peacekeeping was described to determine a framework for the evaluation of the UN peace mission in the DRC, based on the recommendations of the 2000 Brahimi Report. Emphasis was placed on the mandate, force levels and composition, and operational capability. A historic overview contextualised the complex conflict situation in the DRC that the UN was required to help ameliorate. MONUC made a contribution to the termination of internal conflict in the DRC by managing the conflict in a fashion that permitted democratic elections to be held. This was achieved despite the fact that the actual deployment of MONUC (in terms of its functioning, especially regarding DDRRR) did not meet the requirements for a UN force as envisaged by the signatories of the 1999 Lusaka Agreement. The expectations of the signatories regarding DDRRR were not realistic, but the UN response in terms of the mandate and allocation of resources also fell far below what was required to establish a credible UN peace mission. The graduated approach ensured a reactive MONUC posture in the field, but the reticence to provide adequate resources in response to political and operational developments necessitated the external augmentation of the mission on two occasions. While this development brought a new facet of ‘co-deployment’ in UN peacekeeping operations to he fore, it also served to highlight the MONUC deficiencies in terms of its ‘responsibility to protect’ civilians under threat of violence. MONUC was mandated from its inception to discharge this responsibility, without receiving the necessary resources to enable the conduct of operations to protect civilians. This inability resulted in the mission lacking credibility amongst the population of the DRC. CopyrightDissertation (MSS)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Political Sciences
MSS
Unrestricted
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Engström, Viljam. "Understanding powers of international organizations : a study of the doctrines of attributed powers, implied powers and constitutionalism - with a special focus on the Human Rights Committee /." Åbo : Åbo Akad. Förl, 2009. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/600038831.pdf.
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Ketonen, Ida E. "Gender Equality as an Idea and Practice - A Case Study of an Office at the United Nations Headquarters." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-150357.
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Achieving gender equality and empowering all women and girls, is one of the United Nations (UN) core objectives. However, the UN has been struggling with achieving gender balance in its own organisation, despite numerous attempts. Men have been in numerical dominance at the UN since inception, especially on senior positions. This case study takes place just months after the System-wide strategy for gender parity was launched by Secretary-General Guterres. It captures the initial reactions through in-depth, semi-structured interviews with five women working in one UN body at the UN Headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. Through these stories and experiences, this thesis aims to analyse the UN as a gendered organisation, focusing on organisational structure and culture. I argue that gendered processes of the organisational structure and culture preserve the male-dominance by having including effects on men and excluding effects on women. In this thesis I use gendered processes (Acker 1992), combined with post-structural policy analysis (Bacchi 2009) and complex systems theory (Ramalingam 2013), as analytical tools to show how equality is constructed and understood as an idea and in practice.
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Kiefer, Dagmar. "Multicultural work in five United Nations organisations an Austrian perspective." Frankfurt, M. Berlin Bern Bruxelles New York, NY Oxford Wien Lang, 2008. http://d-nb.info/995465592/04.
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Mthamo, Khayalandile Lwando. "The responsibility to protect in the context of the NATO intervention in Libya in 2011: a human rights analysis." University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6322.
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Magister Legum - LLM (Public Law and Jurisprudence)The international human rights architecture experienced a shift from states to individual rights within a state. This is mainly informed by the fact that states committed human rights atrocities against their own civilians. This necessitated a shift from an emphasis on sovereignty and noninterference to intervention on grave human rights violations. Article 2 of the UN Charter calls for respect of sovereignty and discourages the use of armed force against the territorial integrity of any state.1 To reinforce this position, the United Nations (UN) member states adopted the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine through the UN World Summit outcome document in 2005. This document effectively gave the international community the right to intervene into the affairs of a member state if the state is failing to halt human rights abuses within its territory.
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Zvobgo, Tafadzwa. "A critical analysis of the United Nations Organisation mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo : a focus on MONUC." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/18420.
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Critical discussions on United Nations (UN) peacekeeping operations are primarily failurefocused and seek to reform those operations, thus limiting the literature about peacekeeping and its results. This dissertation intends to expand the scope of inquiry into UN peacekeeping operations by critically analysing the United Nations Organisation Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUC). It accomplishes this by examining how MONUCs United Nation Security Council mandates and objectives (its prioritisation and interpretation of mission mandates) impacted the mission. In addition, it includes an examination of MONUCs accomplishments.
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Zwanenburg, Marten Coenraad. "Accountability under international humanitarian law for United Nations and North Atlantic Treaty Organization peace support operations /." Leiden : E.M. Meijers Instituut, 2004. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb402332628.
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Longbottom, Carol Jane. "A Food Secure World: Is the United Nation’s Food and Agriculture Organisation in a position to provide this Global Public Good?" Thesis, University of Bradford, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/14382.
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The challenges faced by the global food and agriculture system in the twenty-first century are unlikely to be resolved through the implementation of neoliberal policies, most notably promoting market liberalisation, privatisation and financialisation. Many of these policies have also supported industrial agriculture, which has led to the production of many global public bads, such as significant greenhouse gas emissions and water pollution. However, industrial agriculture is not the only method of food production: sustainable agriculture is better placed to provide a wide range of global public goods (GPGs), including environmental protection and rural livelihood development, in addition to sufficient nutritious food. Therefore, there should be a move towards promoting sustainable agriculture with a focus on eradicating hunger and improving food security. The United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) can play a crucial role in ensuring agriculture provides the GPGs required. FAO also produces a number of GPGs through its three main roles; measurement, convening and norms and standards setting. This thesis asks if FAO is in a position to provide a food secure world. It also asks if the organisation is in a stronger position to provide the GPGs required following its extensive recent reform. Finally, it asks if a shift in emphasis towards the provision of GPGs will offer an alternative to neoliberalism.
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Longbottom, Carol Jane. "A food secure world : is the United Nation's Food and Agriculture Organisation in a position to provide this Global Public Good?" Thesis, University of Bradford, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/14382.
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The challenges faced by the global food and agriculture system in the twenty-first century are unlikely to be resolved through the implementation of neoliberal policies, most notably promoting market liberalisation, privatisation and financialisation. Many of these policies have also supported industrial agriculture, which has led to the production of many global public bads, such as significant greenhouse gas emissions and water pollution. However, industrial agriculture is not the only method of food production: sustainable agriculture is better placed to provide a wide range of global public goods (GPGs), including environmental protection and rural livelihood development, in addition to sufficient nutritious food. Therefore, there should be a move towards promoting sustainable agriculture with a focus on eradicating hunger and improving food security. The United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) can play a crucial role in ensuring agriculture provides the GPGs required. FAO also produces a number of GPGs through its three main roles; measurement, convening and norms and standards setting. This thesis asks if FAO is in a position to provide a food secure world. It also asks if the organisation is in a stronger position to provide the GPGs required following its extensive recent reform. Finally, it asks if a shift in emphasis towards the provision of GPGs will offer an alternative to neoliberalism.
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Abass, Ademola. "A decentralised collective security : the United Nations and regional organisations after the Cold War." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275949.
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Lunca, Mariana. "Les relations entre l'Union européenne et l'Organisation des Nations-Unies. Essai d'analyse juridique de la dynamique relationnelle entre les deux institutions." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO30012.
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L’engagement de l’Union européenne d’agir sur la scène internationale dans le cadre du multilatéralisme onusien fait de l’ONU une organisation avec laquelle l’Union cherche à établir des rapports privilégiés. Entre les deux organisations s’est développée une coopération matérielle importante couvrant la quasi-totalité des domaines d’activités de chacune. L’objet de cette recherche et d’analyser les rapports établis entre les deux institutions dans leur étendue, en dégageant une dynamique d’ensemble. L’approche dynamique est imposée en outre par le caractère évolutif de ces rapports. Ils sont marqués par la nature juridique de l’UE et de l’ONU. S’ils sont régis par le droit des relations entre les organisations internationales, en raison du caractère unique de chacune dans l’ordre juridique international, leurs rapports sont imprégnés d’une importante mesure d’originalité. En tant que rapports entre ensemblesautonomes mais limités par leurs compétences, ils apparaissent en outre comme des rapports fonctionnels, en permettant une articulation des ordres juridiques des deux organisations ainsi que, à travers leur collaboration, une rationalisation des moyens mis à leur disposition par les Etats membres. Dans ce cadre, les deux organisations explorent des modalités de rapports interinstitutionnels inédites entre les organisations internationalesWith the commitment of the European Union to act on the international scene within theframework of the United Nations’ multilateralism, the latter became an organization with which the EU intends to establish a privileged relationship. The two organizations developed an important field cooperation covering almost all of the areas of their activity. The purpose of this research is to analyze the relations established between the two organizations in their extent, by highlighting their dynamics as a whole. The dynamical approach is imposed as well by the evolutionary character of this relationship. It is shaped by the legal nature of the EU and the UN. If their relationship is governed by the law of the relations between international organizations, because of the unique character of both the EU and the UN in the international legal order, it is also characterized by an important measure of originality. As a relationship between autonomous but limited, by their competences, subjects, it appears to be as well a functional relationship, by allowing an articulation of the legal orders of both organizations and, through their collaboration, a rationalization of the means provided to them by the Member States. In this context, the EU and the UN explore in their relationship new interorganizational modalities
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Bhattacharya, Shivaji. "Unrealised obligations : implementing HIV and AIDS policy in a large international development organisation." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24731.
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This study presents a qualitative analysis of the dichotomy between official HIV and AIDS policy and its implementation in a Human Rights based, United Nations (UN) agency, located in South Africa. The study demonstrates that although HIV and AIDS policy is an intrinsic part of the commitment of this large organisation, the implementation of the policy, in the form of a Workplace Wellness Programme supported by budgetary resources, is weak and incomplete. The thesis integrates detailed vignettes in drawing attention to how personnel in the South Africa office perceive and experience the implementation of HIV and AIDS policy. Additionally, the voices of bureaucrats are also integrated in an effort to interrogate management attitudes and mindsets on matters of policy and treatment of staff. The study explores staff members’ sense of being stigmatised and discriminated, when living with the virus and their responses to it. In this, I bring a personal perspective to the study, by relating my own views of living with a potentially life-threatening disease to the views of the participants in the workplace in which the study is conducted. Classical Weberian and contemporary accounts of ‘bureaucracy’ and the organisational ‘rule book‘ are drawn upon. It is argued that whilst the value systems and politics of managers in the United Nations system lead them to be defined as progressive, some of the practices within their own institutions are contradictory, indifferent and manipulative leading to the perpetuation of discrimination and anxiety amongst HIV-positive staff. Thus, human agency and ingenuity supersedes organisational structure and the rigour of organisational policies and rules. The contradictions highlighted necessitate a careful scrutiny of organisational dynamics, within the wider international development scenario, and organisational introspection within individual UN offices vis-à-vis HIV and AIDS policy implementation. It is envisaged that the study will induce the commissioning of a larger study carried out by an independent body and funded by the United Nations, enabling the validation and enhancement of the argument presented in the case study and provide more recommendations for the way forward for the United Nations.Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Sociology
unrestricted
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Girod-Laine, Maximilian. "L'évolution de l'indépendance de la justice administrative interne des organisations internationales : du XIXe siècle jusqu’à la réforme des Nations Unies de 2009." Thesis, Paris 10, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA100145.
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Les organisations internationales furent marquées dès le XIXe siècle par une évolution importante des modes de règlement des conflits concernant leur personnel, évolution ayant connu des périodes de progrès mais également de régression en matière d’indépendance de la justice liée à la question sensible des pouvoirs de leurs organes directeurs. La thèse examine cette évolution à l’aide de la théorie de l’institutionnalisme historique et à travers une typologie des critères d’indépendance. Ainsi, tandis qu’il existait essentiellement quatre types de justice interne pour le personnel et d’autres personnes affectées par leurs activités au XIXe siècle, l’avènement de la Société des Nations en 1919 voit la création du système de justice administrative interne destiné au seul personnel qui dominera le XXe siècle: la procédure de réclamation auprès de comités paritaires consultatifs sans pouvoir contraignant, suivi de la possibilité d’un recours auprès d’une juridiction administrative indépendante. La perte de contrôle des organes directeurs sur cette justice amena cependant les États à se doter durant la seconde moitié du XXe siècle d’un mécanisme leur permettant de demander la réformation des jugements auprès de la Cour internationale de Justice qui en profita au contraire pour finalement consacrer l’indépendance des juridictions administratives internationales et celle des organisations internationales. Le système mixte dans lequel les premiers niveaux de recours de nature administrative dépendaient encore des chefs des administrations disparut au sein des Nations Unies en 2009 avec l’avènement d’un double degré de juridiction indépendant. Par contre, fragmentée et cloisonnée, l’ensemble de la justice interne des Nations Unies reste grevé par des réformes concomitantes quant à la responsabilité des Nations Unies vis-à-vis de tiers, qui, encore en 2017, n’ont pas prévu de contrôle juridictionnel efficaceStaff conflict resolution mechanisms within international organisations have witnessed a tremendous evolution since the 19th century, evolution which saw progress but also periods of regression in terms of independence of justice mainly due to the sensitive issue of the authority of their governing bodies. The thesis studies this evolution by applying the theory of historical institutionalism and through various criteria used to measure the independence of these mechanisms. While mainly four different systems of justice existed for staff members and others in the 19th century, the establishment of the League of Nations in 1919 was accompanied by the creation of a new type of recourse mechanism solely meant for staff members and which would eventually dominate the 20th century: joint advisory boards with staff participation without binding authority and independent administrative tribunals. The loss of control experienced by the governing bodies over these tribunals also led Members States to establish a new mechanism allowing them to challenge their decisions with the International Court of Justice. But far from assisting them to ascertain their authority, the ICJ would not only confirm the independence of those administrative tribunals but also of the United Nations itself. The joint advisory boards, the last element of the conflict resolution mechanisms which was not yet independent, were finally abolished within the United Nations in 2009 through a justice reform that created a new appeals tribunal. However, fragmented and compartmentalized, the overall justice system within the United Nations still fails in 2017 to address the broader issue of its liability towards all kind of persons and companies, which might have suffered harm from its activities
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Florent, Julien. "Renseignement et diplomatie de la SDN à l'ONU : histoire des pratiques de l'espionnage dans les organisations internationales." Thesis, Paris 4, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA040221.
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Les Etats sont amenés à espionner les organisations internationales, les structures comme les membres qui les composent, car ces organisations ont déterminé depuis 1920 la place et la puissance des Etats dans l’ordre international. Cette recherche traite de la dynamique du renseignement dans la relation diplomatique de l’Etat à la Société des Nations et aux Nations Unies, de son articulation avec la diplomatie dans l’élaboration d’une politique étrangère à la SDN et à l’ONU. L’enjeu est de définir les leviers théoriques de l’articulation stratégique entre les services diplomatiques et les services de renseignement au cours de moments historiques précis et marquants des appréhensions, des objectifs, des moyens de mise en œuvre et de conduite des politiques d’influence des Etats dans les organisations internationales. A la SDN puis à l’ONU, nous étudierons le renseignement par le biais de son évolution vis-à-vis de ces nouveaux cadres internationaux, des figures et des jeux d’espions qui entourent les activités des organisations internationales, puis au cours de temps diplomatiques forts qui ont renforcé son rôle dans les organismes internationaux. Cette étude revisite l’histoire des relations internationales et des grandes institutions multilatérales telle qu’elle a été appréciée par les services de renseignement. Nous verrons ainsi que le renseignement à la SDN et à l’ONU se construit en fonction des impératifs diplomatiques comme un outil traditionnel de puissance et d’influence, un instrument de force et d’intégration de la politique étrangère des Etats. Il permettra de se projeter dans une actualité très contemporaine avec toute la profondeur de l’HistoireStates are encouraged to spy on international organizations, as much on the structures themselves as on the members who compose them, because these organizations have determined since 1920 the role and power of states in the international order. This research deals with the intelligence process in the State diplomatic relation with the League of Nations (LN) and the United Nations (UN), and its coordination with diplomacy in developing a foreign policy within the LN and the UN. What is a stake is to define the theoretical levers of strategic coordination between the diplomatic and intelligence services during specific historical moments of apprehensions, objectives, means of implementation and conduct of policies of influence of states within international organizations. In the LN then in the UN, we will study intelligence through its evolution with regard to the new international frameworks, figures and spy games around the activities of international organizations and during strong diplomatic times which strengthened its role in international bodies. This study revisits the history of international relations and major multilateral institutions as it was appreciated by the intelligence services. We will see therefore that Intelligence in the LN and the UN is built depending on the diplomatic imperatives, as a traditional tool of power and influence, an instrument of strength and integration of the foreign policy of States. It will throw us in very contemporary affairs with all the depth of History
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Kaygusuz, Mehtap. "L'Organisation des Nations Unies et la protection de l'environnement." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE3008.
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La mondialisation de la dégradation de l’environnement a conduit, dès la fin des années 1960, à l’intervention de l’Organisation des Nations Unies dans ce domaine, en dépit de l’absence de référence explicite dans la Charte des Nations Unies à l’environnement. Cette absence n’a pas empêché l’ONU de devenir le principal acteur de l’universalisation de la protection de l’environnement. Cette universalisation marquée par le caractère universel de l’Organisation et des enjeux environnementaux se trouve dès lors au cœur des rapports entre l’ONU et la protection de l’environnement. La présente étude analyse d’une part le cadre de l’universalisation de la protection de l’environnement et d’autre part la portée juridique de cette dernière qui se façonne dans une relation dynamique et complexe, influençant à la fois l’Organisation et l’objet de la protectionThe globalisation of environmental degradation has led in the late 1960s to the intervention of the United Nations in this area, despite the lack of any explicit reference to the environment in the United Nations Charter. This absence has not prevented the UN to become the main actor in the universalisation of the protection of the environment. This universalisation, marked by the universal character of the Organisation and environmental issues, is therefore at the heart of the relationship between UN and the protection of the environment. This study analyses on the one hand the framework of universalisation of the protection of the environment and, on the other, its legal scope which is shaped in a dynamic and complex relationship, influencing both the Organisation and the object of its protection
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Abass, Ademola. "Regional organisations and the development of collective security : beyond Chapter VIII of the UN Charter /." Oxford : Hart Pub, 2004. http://www.myilibrary.com/.
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Fretter, Judith M. "Effective mediation in international disputes: A comparative analysis of mediation by the United Nations and regional organisations 1945-1995." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Political Science, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4682.
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This dissertation comparatively analyses the use and effectiveness of international mediation by the United Nations and six regional organisations namely, The League of Arab States (AL), the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), the European Union (EU) the Organisation of American States (OAS), the Organisation for African Unity (OAU) and the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). When reviewing the literature it became evident that a comparative expose of organisation mediation was overdue. Research on international mediation posits that mediation success is contingent on several contextual and process factors. This thesis sought to determine which of the contextual factors affecting international mediation also influenced organisation mediation. Secondly, similarities and differences between UN and regional organisation mediation are identified and examined.
In addition to considering the effect of contextual factors on mediation, the analysis takes into consideration the impact of various levels of interorganisational cooperation. The UN and regional organisations are obligated to cooperate in the peaceful settlement of international disputes, however very little is known about the effectiveness of their joint mediation efforts. Indeed, the nature of interorganisational relations in international mediation has never been empirically examined. Taking into account actual mediator experiences, inter organisational mediation activities are categorised to reflect three different levels of cooperation: independent participation, coordination and cooperation. This research takes a unique look at the impact of organisation cooperation on mediation to gain more insight into how organisations function in a 'mediating relationship'. The analysis leads to a re-evaluation of systemic cooperation once the reality of interorganisational cooperation is revealed.
This study enlarges an extensive data set of international mediation to analyse specific elements of organisation mediation. New data was coded to comply with the existing data set and was fitted to' conform to the framework of the contingency model. The empirical analysis, using bivariate and multivariate methods, identifies several organisational characteristics and differences. While this study does not provide definitive answers on how to apply mediation more effectively, the results have some predictive value in determining the strengths and weaknesses in organisation mediation practices. Findings suggest that though the UN and regional organisations mediate effectively in different dispute conditions, cooperative mediation offers the greatest potential. Despite the intense conditions in which cooperation occurred and the fact that organisation cooperation is still largely ad hoc, lacking structure and recognition, cooperative mediation was remarkably successful.
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Dey-Nuttall, Anita. "Origins, development and organisation of national Antarctic programmes : with special reference to the United Kingdom and India." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261545.
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Kadiri, Magret Olufisayo. "An analysis of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) and its relevance to developing countries. A case study of the Southern African Development Community (SADC)." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2345_1260193171.
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This research paper aims to understand and analyse the CISG, its history, scope and structure, and to evaluate its impact on SADC.The main ideas that this paper will consider are: what is the CISG
Its history, scope and structure
Its impact on developing countries
Its relevance to developing countries within SADC
and How the implementation of the CISG improved these developing countries within SADC.
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Caie, Linda Jayne Nelson. "When all roads lead to Rome: expatriate adjustment in a United Nations Organisation : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Organisational Psychology at Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand." Massey University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1065.
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Studies of expatriate adjustment have traditionally focused on corporate expatriate assignments where foreign employees are often the only expatriate, or one of a handful in a host organisation. Multicultural not-for-profit organisations such as United Nations organisations have largely been ignored. It was hypothesised that classic predictors of expatriate adjustment – Spousal Adjustment, Culture Novelty and Acculturation Style, and novel variables of Economic Adjustment and Stage in Assignment would predict Expatriate Adjustment and subsequent Cognitions to Withdraw prematurely from the assignment. 181 expatriates representing 38 countries from all economic levels completed an online survey investigating their experiences on assignment to a United Nations Organisation in Rome, Italy. Black & Stephens (1989) classic scales of Expatriate Adjustment, Spousal Adjustment, Culture Novelty and Cognitions to Withdraw were employed along with Acculturation Style, Economic Adjustment and Stage in Assignment measures designed for this study. Qualitative data was also collected around expatriates’ cognitions to withdraw from their assignment and reasons to stay in order to gain a richer understanding of the expatriate experience. The best predictors of Expatriate Adjustment and subsequent Cognitions to Withdraw for United Nations expatriate employees in Rome were classic predictor Culture Novelty and novel predictors Economic Adjustment and Stage in Assignment. Structural Equation Modelling indicated the best fitting model of Expatriate Adjustment and subsequent Cognitions to Withdraw demonstrated moderate fit (!2 = 1045.19, df = 486, p =.000, TLI = .80, CFI = .82, RMSEA = .08) with Culture Novelty predicting General and Interaction Adjustment; Economic Adjustment predicting General Adjustment; and Adjustment Stage predicting General, Interaction and Work Adjustment. General Adjustment was the only significant predictor of Cognitions to Withdraw. Qualitative analysis suggested that the classic adjustment measures used did not adequately capture the experiences of these expatriates and that caution should be taken in generalising the literature to not-for-profit populations. Furthermore the outcomes of this study suggest that the inclusion of novel variables of Economic Adjustment and Stage in Assignment as predictors of expatriate adjustment could be warranted for future research. Sample size and adequacy of measures both limited the extent to which analysis could be conducted and results generalised. More research into the expatriate experience in the not-for-profit sector is desperately needed.
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Maertens, Lucile. "Quand le Bleu passe au vert : la sécurisation de l’environnement à l’ONU." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015IEPP0032.
Full textAbstract:
Depuis plusieurs décennies, l’Organisation des Nations Unies (ONU) – ses Etats membres, ses programmes officiels et ses fonctionnaires – s’intéresse aux connexions entre environnement et sécurité. Pourtant, l’inscription des problématiques environnementales dans l’agenda sécuritaire onusien n’a pas fait l’objet d’une étude détaillée. De même, la littérature sur la construction sociale des enjeux de sécurité ne propose pas un éclairage exhaustif sur les fonctions des organisations internationales dans le processus de sécurisation. La présente thèse vise à combler ces vides. S’appuyant sur des enquêtes d’inspiration ethnographique – observations participantes, entretiens semi-directifs –, elle examine, de l’intérieur, l’intégration de l’environnement dans la définition et la gestion de la sécurité à l’ONU. La recherche a ainsi montré que, ancrés dans des intentionnalités multiples – stratégies gouvernementales, organisationnelles et individuelles –, les efforts de sécurisation de l’environnement à l’ONU s’articulent autour de quatre modalités principales : sécurisation par le langage, sécurisation par l’intégration institutionnelle, sécurisation par la technique, sécurisation inversée. Les manœuvres de sécurisation sont confrontées à des obstacles relevant tant de contraintes imposées par les Etats membres que de rivalités internes. Toutefois, même si peu d’effets ont été observés sur le système de gouvernance globale de l’environnement, les manœuvres de sécurisation ne sont pas sans conséquence : elles favorisent le changement institutionnel pour les acteurs sécurisants et participent à la construction d’un « ordre symbolique » constitué d’obligations et d’interdépendancesFor decades, the United Nations (UN) – its member states, its programs and its personnel – have been concerned with how the environment and security are linked. However, academic research does not offer an extensive analysis of the ways environmental issues have been promoted within the UN security agenda. Likewise, the literature on the construction of security issues does not provide comprehensive insight on the role of international organizations in the securitization process. This dissertation aims to fill these gaps. Based on a grounded theory approach and ethnographic methods – participant observations, semi-structured interviews – it investigates the integration of the environment into the definition and management of security within the UN, from the inside. First, research has revealed governments, organizations and individuals have multiple and sometimes competing motives. Second, at the UN, environmental securitization occurs through four main modalities: discursive securitization, institutional securitization, technical securitization, reverse securitization. Efforts to promote securitization may be opposed by the member states or competing UN agencies if such moves are counter to their interests. However, although few effects were observed on the global environmental governance system, securitizing moves are not inconsequential: they promote institutional change for securitizing actors and participate in building a "symbolic order" consisting of obligations and interdependence
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Olamide, Ibrahim Nurudeen. "Paved with good intention? The African Union counter terrorism agenda." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/36787.
Full textAbstract:
Africa has for a long time been embattled by differing acts of terrorism, with divergent
manifestations such as suicide bombing, killings and hijacking. Accordingly, the
Organisation of African Unity and subsequently the African Union took up the
responsibility of developing strategies to counter the menacing trend of terrorism on
the continent. To this end, several counter terrorism interventions were created. The
first of Africa's interventions was developed as early as 1992, when the Organisation of
African Unity (OAU) member states adopted a Resolution to strengthen cooperation
and coordination among African states against different manifestations of extremism.
Although, there is abundance of scholarly literature on the subject of understanding of
terrorism and its human rights implications and also on the impact of terrorism on
political pluralism, there is a dearth of scholarly writings on the activities of the African
Union in relation to terrorism in Africa, particularly on whether the Union is
responding positively to its counter terrorism agenda. Yet, the role of the African Union
in this regard on the continent cannot be over emphasised. This study is therefore carried out to scrutinise the counter terrorism agenda of the African Union and explore
its counter terrorism activities from inception till date.
In ascertaining the necessity for the African Union to develop ways to adequately
implement its counter terrorism agenda, the study carries out an assessment of the
agenda and established its link with the United Nations counter terrorism framework.
Recommendations about how best the agenda can be realised concludes the study.
Specifically, the research explores the activities of the African Union with the aim of
determining whether the agenda was merely paved with good intentions.
While many weaknesses of the agenda were discovered and discussed in depth, the
research concludes, that despite the gap that exists between the agenda and its
implementation and the problem of resources bedevilling the implementation of the
agenda, it will be unfair to describe the African Union counter terrorism agenda as
merely paved with good intentions in the lights of numerous positive steps that have
been taken towards translating the agenda into full implementation.Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
gm2014
Centre for Human Rights
unrestricted
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Altabaibeh, Abdelhakim. "United Kingdom National Health Services : a case study of workforce transformation in an integrated care organisation using actor-network theory." Thesis, Middlesex University, 2018. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/25948/.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Since the 1950s the UK's NHS went through many changes. Those changes including the most recent one; bringing care as close as possible to patients home have affected the services provided as well as those who provide them. One of the local acute health care organisations has chosen to integrate with the community and primary care services in response to this policy. A gap in literature about the role of the frontline health care professionals in the health care policy process was observed. Aim: The primary aim of this study was to examine the role that the health care professionals have in relation to health policy processes and the implications of the service integration to their professional practice. Methodology: To overcome the limitation of a single snapshot of the integration process that continues to emerge over the time, an instrumental case study approach to data collection was selected. To maintain the scope of the study, the case study approach also delineated the boundaries of what was to be studied. For the purpose of this study, two methods of data collection were utilised; in depth semi structured interviews with purposefully selected informants and documentary analyses. Actor Network Theory (ANT) was used as a theoretical framework to guide the research process. Findings: Though it could be explicit for health organisations integration as a special form of change, this study suggests that, neither the context nor the actors were the sole determinants of the outcome of the integration, it was rather the dynamic interplay between the actors, their context, the shared agency (social structures, rules, values, norms) and the resources available to them that shaped the end result. Conclusion: This thesis addresses an important issue in UK health care policy in relation to the reciprocal effect of frontline health care professionals and other policy driver on the policy implementation process and result.
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Mahrenbach, Laura Carsten. "Deconstructing ‘Emerging Powers’ and ‘Emerging Markets’: India and the United States in Global Governance." Sage, 2015. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A35553.
Full textAbstract:
Academic literature and the media offer a variety of monikers for emerging states like Brazil, India and China, most prominently, ‘emerging powers’ and ‘emerging markets’. This article argues the terms used to describe these states create assumptions about their behaviour in global governance (GG). In order to accurately assess the impact of emerging states on international institutions, it is necessary to more systematically examine their current participation in GG. Does the use of power and economic interests in GG negotiations distinguish emerging states from traditional powers, as the ‘emerging’ part of these terms suggests? And can the content of GG negotiations predict the dominance of each factor, as implied by the ‘power/market’ part? This article tackles these questions by comparing the behaviour of one emerging state (India) and one traditional power (the United States) in negotiations at the World Trade Organisation and the United Nations Security Council. The results demonstrate that, while there is clearly something distinctive about at least India’s participation in GG, focussing on power or economic interests alone is insufficient to explain that distinctiveness or its implications for relations between rising and traditional powers in GG.
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González, González Verónica. "“Lo indígena" tratado por les organizaciones internacionales : Los casos de la UNESCO y de la FAO." Thesis, Paris 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA030018.
Full textAbstract:
Les activités menées au sein de l’ONU, ainsi que de son prédécesseur, la Société des Nations, ont jouées un rôle fondamental dans la détermination de la position qu’occupent actuellement les “peuples autochtones” dans le champ politique international. En adoptant une approche constructiviste, l’auteure montre que le comportement des organisations internationales face aux peuples autochtones relève de processus anciens, qui sont désormais codifiés dans les “identités” de ces institutions. Elle explique en suite comment l’interaction entre un tel héritage et des conjonctures historiques et politiques particulières (le système colonial, la décolonisation et le scénario postcolonial contemporain) a généré une “pensée institutionnelle sur les peuples autochtones”, définie comme un ensemble de catégories, de connaissances et de normes que ces organisations associent aux peuples autochtones, et qui déterminent leur relation institutionnelle avec eux. A l’aide des outils méthodologiques et conceptuels propres à l’anthropologie politique et au droit international, l’auteure analyse en perspective historique l’évolution de la “pensée institutionnelle sur les peuples autochtones” au sein de l’UNESCO et de la FAO. Jusqu’aux années quatre-vingt-dix, ces organisations ont établi une relation avec les peuples autochtones qui reproduisait la domination exercée sur eux dans le cadre du système international westphalien. Cette recherche démontre que la relation institutionnelle entre ces agences spécialisées et les peuples autochtones change graduellement, sous l’influence du développement des “questions autochtones” au sein de l’ONU et notamment après l’adoption de la Déclaration des droits des peuples autochtones en 2007. Si les initiatives prises par les deux agences en réponse aux nouveaux contextes ne réfléchissent qu’un premier stade de transformation institutionnelle, elles ouvrent tout de même une fenêtre d’opportunités pour que les peuples autochtones jouent un rôle dans la construction de leur réalité et, par conséquent, dans la concrétisation de leurs aspirations politiques au niveau national et internationalThe activities of the United Nations, and its predecessor, the League of Nations, has been fundamental to determining the position which the collectivities recognized today as “indigenous peoples” have occupied in the international political field. Adopting a social constructivist approach, this thesis posits that the behaviour of international organizations vis-à-vis indigenous peoples is rooted in processes which date back centuries and which have been codified in the “identities” of these institutions. This historical baggage has subsequently been remolded in different historical and political contexts (the colonial system, the decolonization era, and the contemporary postcolonial scenario), transforming the set of categories, knowledge, and norms which these organizations have associated with indigenous peoples, and which we refer to as “lo indígena”, into an object which has had distinct meanings and connotations throughout the years.With the assistance of tools borrowed from the disciplines of political anthropology and international law, this thesis analyzes, from a historical perspective, the manner in which UNESCO and FAO have treated “lo indígena”. Until the nineties, these organizations had, in the main, constructed a relation with indigenous peoples which reproduced the domination the State exerted over them in the context of the Westphalian system. The thesis illustrates that today, encouraged by the institutionalization of indigenous issues in the UN, in particular following the adoption of the Declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples in 2007, this relation is gradually changing. The initiatives being implemented by these specialized agencies, in order to satisfy the expectations which this new international context has given rise to, reflect an initial step in institutional transformation. They nevertheless open a window of opportunity for indigenous peoples to have a role in the construction of their own realities and, in doing so, to realize their political aspirations at national and international levels
El trabajo realizado por la ONU, así como el de su predecesora, la Sociedad de Naciones, ha sido fundamental en la determinación del lugar que las colectividades que hoy día se reconocen como “pueblos indígenas” han ocupado en el campo político internacional. Partiendo de un enfoque constructivista social, consideramos que el comportamiento de las organizaciones internacionales frente a los pueblos indígenas encuentra sus raíces en procesos que remontan a muchos siglos y que se han codificado en sus “identidades”. Ese bagaje ha interactuado con coyunturas históricas y políticas precisas (el sistema colonial, la descolonización y el escenario postcolonial contemporáneo), volviendo lo indígena (un conjunto de categorías, conocimiento y normas que esas organizaciones han asociado a los pueblos indígenas) un objeto que ha tenido significados diferentes a lo largo de los años. Con la ayuda de herramientas de antropología política, así como de derecho internacional, analizamos en perspectiva histórica el tratamiento de lo indígena en la UNESCO y la FAO. Hasta los años noventas, esas organizaciones construyeron una relación con los pueblos indígenas que reproducía la dominación que sobre ellos recayó en el marco del sistema internacional westfaliano. Demostramos que actualmente esa relación cambia de manera gradual, en el marco de la institucionalización de las “cuestiones indígenas” en la ONU y, de modo particular, tras la adopción de la Declaración de los derechos de los pueblos indígenas en 2007. Si las iniciativas de esos organismos especializados para satisfacer las expectativas del nuevo contexto reflejan aún los primeros estadios de una transformación institucional, éstas abren una ventana de oportunidad para que los pueblos indígenas tengan un rol en la construcción de su realidad y, por lo tanto, para que concreticen sus ambiciones políticas, a nivel nacional e internacional
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Di, Razza Namie. "La protection des civils par les opérations de maintien de la paix de l’ONU : le cas de la MONUC/MONUSCO en République démocratique du Congo (1999-2015)." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016IEPP0002.
Full textAbstract:
Les échecs des opérations de maintien de la paix de l’ONU au Rwanda et en Bosnie ont grandement entamé l’image des Casques bleus, impuissants face aux massacres et atrocités dont ils étaient témoins. Or depuis 1999, la « protection des civils » a connu une expansion et une normalisation institutionnelles au sein des Nations unies, tant dans la doctrine que dans les pratiques. En l’invoquant comme la tâche prioritaire des opérations de paix, le Conseil de sécurité et le Secrétariat se sont investis dans un développement essentiel du concept de protection des civils. De même, les activités des peacekeepers sur le terrain ont confirmé ces inflexions. La Mission des Nations unies en République démocratique du Congo (MONUC, puis MONUSCO), laboratoire des pratiques de protection depuis 15 ans, a démontré une hyperactivité remarquable pour protéger les populations. De nombreux outils et mécanismes spécifiques ont été développés pour renforcer les capacités de réponse aux besoins de protection, et les soldats de la paix ont démontré qu’ils pouvaient exploiter un pan immense de pratiques opérationnelles pour protéger les civils, de la simple présence dissuasive aux opérations offensives contre les groupes armés. Cette thèse démontre les évolutions conceptuelles et pratiques qui sont advenues et met en lumière les facteurs influençant la mise en œuvre concrète de cette politique de protection, désormais centrale dans le maintien de la paix de l’ONU. Elle explore la dynamique institutionnelle d’une part, et la dynamique politique d’autre part, dessinant toutes deux les contours des pratiques de protection, et pouvant tantôt réduire, tantôt accroître leur efficienceThe failures of UN peacekeeping operations in Rwanda and Bosnia greatly eroded the aura of Blue helmets, appearing as helpless witnesses of massacres and atrocities. Nevertheless, since 1999, “protection of civilians” went through an institutional expansion and normalization within the UN, both in doctrine and practice. The Security Council and the Secretariat raised it as the priority task of peace operations, and engaged in a critical development of the concept of protection of civilians. The United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC, then MONUSCO), which has been the laboratory for practices of protection for the last 15 years, displayed a remarkable hyperactivity to protect people. Various specific tools and mechanisms were developed in order to strengthen the Mission capability to respond to protection needs. Similarly, UN peacekeepers proved that they could handle a large range of operational practices to protect civilians, from simple deterrent presence to offensive operations against armed groups. This thesis demonstrates the conceptual and practical evolutions that occurred, and clarifies the factors that influence the concrete implementation of this protection policy, now central to UN peacekeeping. It explores the institutional dynamics and the political dynamics that both delineate the outline of the practice of protection, and that can reduce or increase their efficiency
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Zermane, Aymene. "Etude terminologique et phraséologique multilingue (anglais, français, arabe) des textes de l'Organisation des Nations Unies sur le commerce électronique." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE2126.
Full textAbstract:
L'objectif de ce travail de recherche est d’étudier la terminologie et la phraséologie multilingue (anglais, français, arabe) des textes de l’Organisation des Nations Unies sur le commerce électronique. Cette étude s’intéresse aux modes d’adaptation de la terminologie du commerce électronique dans la langue arabe. Dans la partie théorique, nous avons défini le domaine du commerce électronique, ses différents modèles et les différences et les liens qu’il a avec le business électronique et l’économie du savoir. L’objectif était d’établir l’arbre de domaine qui facilitera la compréhension de son système conceptuel. Par la suite, nous avons abordé les fondements et les théories de la terminologie et de la phraséologie, ainsi que les principes théoriques et pratiques de la linguistique de corpus. La finalité de cette étape était d’arriver à choisir la méthodologie d’analyse appliquée aux données recueillies du corpus de travail tiré du « Corpus Multilingue des Nations Unies ». Dans le volet pratique, nous avons analysé dans ce travail les problématiques suivantes: les modes de création lexicaux et sémantiques dont dispose la langue arabe pour adapter les nouveaux termes et les intégrer dans ses systèmes de nomination et de communication. Ensuite, nous avons procédé au traitement de la phraséologie et les différentes formes d’unités phraséologiques. À travers cette étude, nous avons attiré l’attention la question de la normalisation en terminologie. Dans une perspective d’enrichissement du contenu de la langue arabe sur le web, nous avons travaillé sur la localisation en arabe d’une ontologie d’une liste de termes du commerce électroniqueThis research is a multilingual study (English, French and Arabic) of the terminology and phraseology of the texts of the United Nations on e-commerce. This research focuses on the modes of adaptation of e-commerce terminology and phraseology into Arabic. In the theoretical part, we have defined the field of electronic commerce, its various models and the links and differences it has with the electronic business and the knowledge economy. The goal was to establish the domain tree that will facilitate the understanding of its conceptual system. Subsequently, we addressed the fundamentals and the theories of terminology and phraseology. We have also presented the theory and the practice of corpus linguistics principles. The purpose of this step was to choose the analysis methodology applied to the data of the corpus of extracted from the "United Nations multilingual Corpora”. In the practical part, we analyzed the following issues: how the Arabic language applies its lexical and semantic resources to adapt the new terms and integrate them into its grammatical and syntactic systems. Then we proceeded to the treatment of the phraseology and the different forms of phraseological units. Through this study, we have drawn attention the issue of standardization in terminology. Aiming to enrich the content of the Arabic language on the web, we worked on the localization of an ontology into Arabic of a list of e-commerce terms
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Khedr, Wessam. "Expatriate adjustment revisited : an exploration of the factors explaining expatriate adjustment in MNCs and UN organizations in Egypt." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/8690.
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This thesis aims to understand the relative influence of institutional, cultural and organizational factors on the adjustment of the United Nations’ (UN) and multinational companies’ expatriates in Egypt. The research makes a contribution to the field of expatriate research through its application of the institutional lens in examining the factors impacting on adjustment; and through testing a traditional adjustment model in an under-researched host context. As a result of the research this thesis proposes a new framework for understanding the factors impacting on adjustment which adopts a contingency perspective and incorporates a stronger focus on institutional determinants and the organisational infrastructure supporting the management of expatriates. The study relies, for its theoretical basis, on certain cultural and organizational factors borrowed from the expatriate literature, in addition to introducing other factors (mainly institutional factors) which have not been previously examined in the literature as predictors of adjustment. The research questions the utility of these organizational, cultural and institutional factors, especially those from traditional models, when applied to relatively new national and organizational contexts, the Egyptian national context and the United Nations organizational context. Both contexts are under-researched areas in the expatriate adjustment literature and in the international human resources management literature in general. The Arab cultural context introduces many differences to the Anglo-Saxon and European context, more traditionally the subject of research studies and thus it provides an opportunity for testing the wider application of expatriate models. Equally the UN is a highly multicultural organisational context with a socio-political mission which is highly distinct from the ‘for profit’ based multinational. Thus both these contextual factors offer fertile ground for the further development of a framework for understanding expatriate adjustment during contemporary times. In addition, the novelty of the context brings to the fore the opportunity for examining the utility of institutional theory as an alternative or complement to cultural theory as a way of understanding the factors influencing expatriate adjustment. In terms of the method, the research relies mainly on quantitative data obtained by surveying expatriates in multinational and United Nations organizations working in Egypt. In addition a qualitative technique (interviews) was used to aid questionnaire development and data contextualization. The results highlight the role of institutional measures in explaining expatriate adjustment. The evidence suggests that the institutional variables provide additional explanatory power beyond that provided by traditional factors studies. However, the research also demonstrates that the institutional measures do not replace the cultural measures and therefore there is not a substitution factor at work. Rather, we would argue that the institutional lens provides additional understanding and is tapping into other factors not already captured through measures of culture. The research puts forward a contingency model incorporating additional organisational and institutional variables which are often overlooked or underemphasised in some of the traditional organisational focused models.
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Konga, François. "L’encadrement juridique de l’action des Nations Unies en République Démocratique du Congo." Thesis, Paris 10, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA100156.
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L’encadrement juridique de l’action onusienne en RDC est analysé dans le but de déterminer les normes et les règles qui guident l’effectivité du contrôle des tâches confiées aux OMP pour rétablir et consolider la paix. Cette thèse aborde l’encadrement sous l’angle introspectif des intervenants au conflit interne mais aussi de la reconstruction du système politique de l’Etat post conflit et de sa population. Le caractère de laboratoire de la MONUSCO dans la pratique de la protection des civils élevé en priorité absolue du mandat explore deux approches du maintien de la paix (juridique et politique). En l’invoquant, la Mission développe une hyperactivité remarquable par des initiatives, des outils, des tactiques, des postures civile et militaire, des mécanismes inédits. En raison de la participation active aux hostilités, le caractère homogène du statut des Casques bleus présente des ambiguïtés. Renouvelant la problématique de l’action des Nations Unies dans la reconstruction de l’Etat post-conflit, cette thèse interroge l’équilibre du couple légalité-légitimité de l’intervention à travers l’internationalisation des normativités. Parallèlement, elle analyse une perspective nouvelle : la plasticité du concept de protection des civils dans la pratique de la Mission. L’analyse de notre recherche aboutit à la conclusion selon laquelle le cadre juridique de l’action onusienne est évolutif, normatif, résolutoire et enchâssé par le droit international et que les activités de la Mission s’inscrivent dans un réseau des normes et valeurs qui ne sont pas exclusivement juridiquesThe legal framework for UN action in the DRC is analysed in order to determine the norms and rules guiding the effictive control of the tasks assigned to peacekeeping operations in the restoration and consolidation of peace. This thesis deals with supervision both from the introspective angle of the actors in the internal and from the reconstruction of the political system of the post-conflict state and its population. The laboratory character of MONUSCO in the practice of the protection of civilians, set as the highest priority of the mandate, explores two approaches to the maintenance of peace (legal and political). By invoking it , the Mission develops a remarkable hyperactivity through unusual initiatives, tools, tactics, mechanisms, civil and military posture. Due to their active participation in hostilities, the homogeneity of the status of peacekeepers presents ambiguities. Renewing the problematic of United Nations action in the post-conflict reconstruction of the state, this thesis questions the balance of legality - legitimacy of intervention through the internationalization of normativity. At the same time, it provides a new perspective : the plasticity of the concept of protecting civilians in the practice of the Mission. This research leads to the conclusion that the legal framework of the UN action is evolutionary, resolute and entrenched by international law but that the activities of the Mission are part of a network of norms and values which do not exclusively êrtain to international law
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Van, Zyl Megan. "An Analysis of the objectives and general principles of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation's Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage." Cape Town, South Africa : Unitersity of Cape Town, 2005. http://lawspace.law.uct.ac.za:8080/dspace/handle/2165/61?mode=full.
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Roy-Lemieux, Geneviève. "Le contrôle des organisations à vocation universelle : le cas du Programme des Nations Unies pour l’environnement." Thesis, Paris 10, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA100057/document.
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L’Organisation des Nations Unies (ONU) – une organisation unique à vocation universelle possédant sa propre personnalité juridique contrairement aux autres organisations internationales soumises, elles, au droit international, et disposant du pouvoir de définir ses relations avec les tiers ou parties prenantes, agit dans le cadre d’un système de gouvernance à deux niveaux. Ce système est composé d’une part de mécanismes de « gouvernance externe » (pour une coordination entre différents acteurs comme les États, les Ministères, les autres institutions internationales, les entreprises et les Organisations non gouvernementales) et d’autre part de dispositifs de « gouvernement interne » (cf. Bouquin & Kuszla, 2014), qui encadrent les différents organes de l’ONU. L’articulation de ces deux formes de gouvernance doit assurer la mise en œuvre des politiques internationales. Ces politiques prennent la forme de plans ou programmes d’action dans différents domaines, en particulier dans le domaine environnemental. Même si cet axe ne fait pas partie des missions historiques de l’ONU comme la paix et la sécurité internationale, il a pris de l’importance à partir de 1972 avec la création du Programme des Nations Unies pour l’environnement – PNUE. Bien que ses missions aient évolué, le PNUE n’a jamais été aussi faible. L'analyse des configurations de contrôle du PNUE nécessite une approche sociologique prenant en compte les interactions entre les acteurs et la structure (théorie de la structuration et des métaorganisations). La comparaison de deux études de cas mit au jour trois configurations de contrôle des organisations à vocation universelle et une grille d’analyse des facteurs à prendre en compte pour assurer une articulation cohérente de leurs deux formes de gouvernanceThe United Nations (UN) – an atypical organization with its own legal personality unlike other international organizations, has the power to define its relationships with all its stakeholders and is acting within a system of governance at two levels: one of "external governance" (for coordination between different actors such as governments, other international institutions, international funds, businesses and non-governmental organizations) and one of internal governance (Bouquin, Kuszla, 2014) which frames the various UN bodies. The articulation of those two forms of governance ensures the implementation of international policies at the national level. These policies take the form of plans or programs of action in various fields, especially in the environmental field. Although this axis is not part of the historic UN missions such as peace and international security, it gradually took on some importance in 1972 with the establishment of the United Nations Environment Programme - UNEP. Although its missions and its organizational control model have progressively changed, UNEP’s governance has never been that weak. Analysis of UNEP’s control configurations requires a sociological approach that captures the interactions between actors and structure (structuration and metaorganizations theory). The comparison of two case studies carried out in a situation of participant observation revealed three universal’s organizational control configurations and a grid of factors to be considered in order a coherent articulation of these organizations’ two forms of governance
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Le, Borgne Carine Hélène Marie-Thérèse. "Implementing children's participation at the community level : the practices of non-governmental organisations." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25508.
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Article 12 of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child recognised children’s human right to participate in decisions that affect them. Yet, twenty-five years after ratification, children’s participation remains frequently problematic in practice. This thesis examines the practice of NGOs that have been implementing children’s participation at the community level for more than ten years in two specific settings: Tamil Nadu (in south India) and Scotland (UK). The thesis is an explorative study; it examines the findings through two case studies (one in each country). Each case study involved observations/informal discussions and semi-structured interviews with children and staff members from the NGOs. Relevant documents were obtained and scrutinised. The analysis of the empirical data uses three concepts: competencies, child-adult relationships and influence to illuminate and analyse the implementation of children’s participation within the two case studies. Firstly, the empirical analysis highlights that children within children’s participation projects acquired knowledge and skills and then applied them in particular situations within the participation projects (personal and social competencies). Nevertheless, the two case studies showed that adults’ crucial role in legitimising children’s competencies can either facilitate or block children’s participation. Secondly, the child-staff/adults’ relationships were not enough to be considered as the hierarchy within the organisation’s social order was needed to be analysed to have ‘successful’ participation projects. Thirdly, Lundy (2007) provides a model for how adults can be more accountable to children and enhance children’s influence over decision-making in their communities, but some missing elements can undermine the extent to which children’s views are appropriately acted upon. Based on a modification of Lundy’s model, this thesis proposes a tripartite collaborative and intergenerational framework involving the relationships between children and adults in power facilitated by staff members. The thesis contributes to debates about children’s participation by arguing that implementing children’s participation requires a relational and contextual focus on collaboration and intergenerational dialogue. The thesis makes recommendations for practitioners and decision-makers on how to deploy Lundy’s modified perspective to implement children’s constructive participation at the local level.
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Orago, Nicholas W. "Interrogating the competence of the African court of justice and human rights to review." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/16789.
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Globalisation and the transfer of powers from state constitutional systems to international
organisations (IOs) have led to several deficiencies, especially with regard to checks and
balances in global governance. The need to inculcate the rule of law and constitutionalism in
global governance has therefore gained currency in the 21st century. This has been exemplified
by calls for the reform of the United Nations (UN) and the extensive reforms in regional IOs,
such as the European Union (EU), with emphasis on institutional balance and the tempering of
political power with institutional controls.Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2010.
A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Dr. Jacqui Gallinetti Faculty of Law, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa. 2010.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Matinyenya, Patience. "South frica’s non-ratification of the United Nations convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), wisdom or folly, considering the effect of the status quo on international trade." University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/2926.
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Magister Legum - LLMThe United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 1980 (CISG) seeks to provide a standard uniform law for international sales contracts. This research paper analyses the rationale behind South Africa’s delay in deciding whether to ratify the CISG, and its possible effect on trade with other nations. The CISG drafters hoped that uniformity would remove barriers to international sales thereby facilitating international trade. Ratification of the convention is only the beginning of uniformity; uniformity must then be extended to its application and interpretation. Not all countries have ratified the Convention yet they engage in international trade in goods: this state of affairs presents challenges since traders have to choose a national law that applies to their contract where CISG does not apply. This takes traders back to the undesirable pre-CISG era. On the other hand, those States that have ratified the convention face different challenges, the biggest one being a lack of uniformity in its interpretation. The problem of differing interpretations arises because some CISG Articles are vague leading to varied interpretations by national courts. Further, the CISG is still largely misunderstood and some traders from States that have ratified CISG exclude it from application. South Africa can only ratify an international instrument such as the CISG, after it has been tabled before Parliament, and debated upon in accordance with the Constitution. CISG’s shortcomings, particularly regarding interpretation, make it far from certain that CISG would pass the rigorous legislative process. Nonetheless, the Constitution of South Africa requires the South African courts and legislature to promote principles of international law. The paper, therefore, examines, whether the Legislature has a constitutional obligation to ratify CISG. South Africa’s membership of the WTO requires that it promote international trade by removing trade barriers. It is, therefore, vital for South Africa to be seen to be actively facilitating international trade. Even though the trade benefits which flow from ratification are not always visible in States that have ratified the CISG, there is some doubt whether South Africa can sustain its trade relations without ratifying the CISG. The paper shows that the formation of contracts under the South African common law is very similar to formation as set out under Part II of the CISG and if the CISG were to be adopted in South Africa, no major changes would be needed in this regard. International commercial principles as an alternative to the CISG still require a domestic law to govern the contract and would, therefore, leave South African traders in the same position they are in currently, where their trading relations are often governed by foreign laws. Ratifying CISG would certainly simplify contract negotiations particularly with regard to governing law provisions. Overall the advantages of ratification for South Africa far outweigh the shortcomings of the CISG, and ratification will assist in ensuring that South African traders get an opportunity to enter the international trade arena on an equal platform with traders from other nations.
South Africa
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Sutherland, Johanna, and mhsjaireth@netspeed com au. "Power and the Global Governance of Plant Genetic Resources." The Australian National University. Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Department of International Relations, 2000. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20091228.092344.
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This thesis explores the location and nature of the power that is deepening and broadening the revolution in modern biotechnologies, and which is inherent in the global governance of one type of genetic resource plant genetic resources. Plant genetic resources are of increasing importance within the global political economy and ecology because of the power/knowledge networks contributing to, and responding to developments in the biotechnology sector, and concerned with the rampant erosion of biological diversity.
The thesis argues that transnational norms, values and knowledge are important aspects of power. Discursive power, and particularly the power inherent in discourses of sustainable development, security and human rights, are a central focus of the thesis. The thesis challenges realist, neo-realist and other structural analyses of power which focus on relative distributions of power at the level of individual states or at the global level.
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Minnella, Carlotta. "Imperfect socialisers : international institutions in multilateral counter-terrorist cooperation." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c1d13bdc-56a2-4cc1-9919-dfda38a95604.
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This thesis examines the effects of cooperation within multilateral counter-terrorist fora on the process of preference formation of a selected group of Western countries: the United States, the United Kingdom and Italy. The analysis focuses on the global counter-terrorist regime, a set of complex and multifaceted institutional arrangements, which were developed in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001, attacks in order to harmonise state counter-terrorist responses worldwide. The study looks at three sets of formal international institutions within the regime: the United Nations, the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) and the European Union. It also selects a sample of three issue areas in multilateral counter-terrorist cooperation: counter-radicalisation policies, the inclusion of human rights safeguards within the main counter-terrorist sanctions provisions, and counter-terrorist financing standards. The thesis identifies as the visible symptom of institutional effects the progressive convergence of policy outputs at member state level, and proceeds with an exploration of the processes of regime creation, evolution, reform, and participation on the part of the three country case studies. The analysis reveals that the instances of pro-institution behaviour displayed by state actors are occasioned by image-related group-pressures, triggered by considerations of the maximisation of status markers and social praise, and the related avoidance of shame and social devaluation. The thesis labels this process social influence. The study further outlines the specific conditions under which interaction within a group can activate the social influence phenomenon and identifies the main triggers of state actors’ particular sensitivity to image and shame.
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Martin, Benoît. "La production des statistiques internationales : le cas de l'Office des Nations unies contre la drogue et le crime (UNODC)." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018IEPP0030.
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Comment les organisations internationales produisent-elles leurs statistiques ? Cette thèse dévoile ces activités singulières à partir du cas de l’Office des Nations unies contre la drogue et le crime (UNODC). La démonstration suit une double approche sociologique (des relations internationales et des quantifications) en s’appuyant sur des entretiens menés au siège (à Vienne, en Autriche), la littérature méthodologique (interne et publiée) et les documents onusiens (normatifs et analytiques). Quantifier à l’échelle internationale consiste en un processus complexe organisé en étapes successives : accord d’un mandat, définition d’une méthode, collecte puis traitement et validation des données et, enfin, publication d’un rapport mondial. L’entreprise s’avère collective, impliquant le secrétariat de l’UNODC, les États-membres et des experts. En revanche, la tâche est inégalement répartie, les fonctionnaires internationaux réalisent ou coordonnent l’essentiel ; tout comme les interactions entre les acteurs sont asymétriques, l’UNODC dépend de ses États-membres à plusieurs égards et sans véritable pouvoir de les contraindre. Enjeux bureaucratiques, politiques, financiers, voire autocensure affectent alors le travail statistique routinier. De plus, les sources nationales officielles mais administratives – aux biais pourtant documentés et délicats à surmonter – restent majoritairement utilisées car légitimes. Le recours aux images satellites et aux enquêtes sur le terrain fait figure d’exception. Élaborées dans de telles conditions, les statistiques onusiennes de la drogue et du crime fournissent davantage un inventaire international consensuel que le diagnostic mondial prétenduHow do international organizations produce their statistics? This thesis unveils these singular activities from the case of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). The demon-stration follows a double sociological approach (of international relations and of quantification) based on interviews conducted at headquarters (in Vienna, Austria), methodological literature (internal and published) and UN documents (normative and analytical). Quantifying internationally is a complex process organized in successive steps: agreeing a mandate, defining a method, collecting and then processing and validating the data, and finally publishing a world report. The enterprise is collective, involving the UNODC secretariat, member states and experts. However, the task is unequally distributed, the international civil servants realizes or coordinates a large part of the work; just as the interactions between actors are asymmetrical, UNODC depends on its member states in many respects and has no real power to constrain them. Bureaucratic, political, financial and even self-censorship issues affect routine statistical work. In addition, official but administrative national sources – with their documented and delicate biases to overcome – remain mostly used because of their legitimacy. The use of satellite imagery and field surveys is an exception. Developed under such conditions, UN drug and crime statistics provide a more consensual international inventory than the so-called global diagnosis
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Schmitt, Daisy. "Les fonds internationaux en faveur des victimes de violations des droits de l'homme et du droit international humanitaire." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01D006/document.
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Alors que des politiques publiques d’aide aux victimes d’infractions sont apparues dans la législation de nombreux États à la fin du siècle dernier, ce phénomène s’est également instillé dans l’ordre international. Instruments de financement de ces politiques, plusieurs Fonds ont été institués aux Nations Unies en faveur de victimes de diverses violations des droits de l’homme. La Cour pénale internationale s’est elle aussi dotée d’un outil de financement – et de mise en œuvre – des réparations qu’elle ordonne. Le Fonds au profit des victimes vise à garantir l’effectivité de la justice réparatrice et constitue une initiative pionnière dans le domaine de la justice pénale internationale. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’apprécier l’efficacité de ces mécanismes en tant qu’instruments d’aide aux victimes en recherchant dans leurs règles de fonctionnement, leurs stratégies de financement, leurs modes d’action et la nature de leur personnalité juridique, les causes de leur efficience ou de leur inefficacité. À mesure que nous explorons la catégorie juridique mal connue des Fonds internationaux pour les victimes de violations des droits de l’homme et du droit international humanitaire, nous dressons un constat contrasté, qui permet d’imaginer la transposition des procédures,stratégies et interprétations appliquées par certains Fonds ou autres institutions financières nationales et internationales, là où l’aide aux victimes n’est pas adéquate. La volonté politique des États demeure toutefois un facteur souvent incontournable. Le potentiel de ces mécanismes reste sous exploité, au détriment des victimesWhile crime victim assistance policy became part of the law of many countries at the end of the last century, it has permeated the international order as well. To finance this policy, the United Nations (UN) has set up several funds for victims of varied human rights violations. The International Criminal Court (ICC) itself created a financing – and implementing – tool for administering reparations it orders : its Trust Fund for Victims (TVF), that aims at guaranteeing the effectiveness of restorative justice, is a pioneering initiative in the field of international criminal justice. The purpose of this thesis is to assess the effectiveness of these mechanisms as victim aid instruments by investigating the causes of their efficiency or ineffectiveness in their operational rules, financing strategies, modes of action and nature of their legal personality. Our exploration of the little known legal category of international funds for victims of violations of human rights and international humanitarian law is revealing a mixed picture that enables to consider transposing procedures, strategies and interpretations implemented by some funds or other national or international finance institutions, into schemes where assistance to victims is not adequate. However, the political will of states often continues to be a key driver. The potential of those mechanisms remains underused at the expense of victims
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Tupler, Marion. "Le Pacte mondial : pertinence normative et applicabilité effective." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB186.
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Face à l'intensification des flux et échanges liés à la mondialisation, et un besoin croissant d'un développement durable encadré, les Nations Unies ont mis au point il y a quinze ans une initiative collective : le Pacte mondial. Cette Déclaration en quatre volets regroupant les enjeux environnementaux, le respect des droits de l'Homme, les normes internationales de travail et la lutte contre la corruption, est alors analysée pour en mesurer l'efficacité et l'impact sur le développement. Il s'agit d'en comprendre les mécanismes et d'identifier les outils déployés dans l'application de cette norme de soft law appartenant au corpus législatif internationalThe United Nations are confronted by the intensification of the streams and exchanges linked with the globalization, as the same time as a fundamental necessity of sustainable development. That is why they developed, fifteen years ago, an international initiative: the UN Global Compact. The Declaration contains four sections on environmental protection, Human rights, International Labour standards and anti-corruption norms. This research analyses the efficacy and the impact of the Declaration on the development, in order to understand mechanisms and to identify the deployed tools in the application of this soft law norm, as member of international legal corpus
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Nikolaeva, Desislava. "Le droit de la diplomatie préventive : étude de la règle de prévention en droit international public contemporain." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAA009.
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Le droit international encadre l’exercice de la diplomatie des États dans une finalité de prévenir l’insécurité et, par extension, les conflits armés. Le droit de la diplomatie préventive reflète ainsi l’idée que la prévention de risques imminents de dommages matériels graves délimite l’objet d’un principe général de droit international. L’affirmation d’un principe est fondée sur l’analyse inductive des conventions majeures conclues en matière de maintien de la sécurité collective de 1899 à 1945. Elle est vérifiée à la lumière de la pratique de leur application par les Membres de la SdN et, depuis 1945, de l’ONU. Le caractère général de ce principe est déduit d’une étude combinée de la jurisprudence d’un nombre de juridictions internationales dans une variété de domaines du droit international. Les efforts individuels et collectifs de prévention des conflits obéissent donc à un régime juridique général qui organise le système contemporain de maintien de la paix internationaleInternational law regulates States’ diplomacy for the purpose of preventing insecurity, and, by extension, armed conflicts. Accordingly, the law of preventive diplomacy reflects, in a sense, the idea that prevention of imminent risks of serious material damages defines a general principle of international law. The assertion of such a principle is based on an inductive analysis of the major treaties on collective security concluded between 1899 and 1945. It is verified in light of their application by Member States of the League of Nations and, since 1945, of the United Nations. The general nature of this principle is deduced from a combined study of the jurisprudence of a number of international courts and tribunals in various fields of international law. Those findings support the idea that individual and collective efforts of conflict prevention are subject to the respect of a general legal regime governing the current international system of peace-maintenance and collective security
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Rosant, Celeste. "Knowledge of and attitudes towards kangaroo mother care in the Eastern Subdistrict, Cape Town." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_7613_1277072386.
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Kangaroo mother care (KMC) was first initiated in Colombia due to shortages of incubators and the incidence of severe hospital infections of new-born infants during hospital stay (Feldman, 2004). Currently it is identified by UNICEF as a universally available and biologically sound method of care for all new-borns, particularly for low birth weight infants (Department of Reproductive Health and Research, 2003) in both developed and developing countries. The Western Cape Provincial Government implemented a policy on KMC as part of their strategy to decrease the morbidity and mortality of premature infants in 2003 (Kangaroo Mother Care Provincial task team, 2003). Essential components of KMC are: skin-to-skin contact for 24 hours per day (or as great a part of the day as possible), exclusive breastfeeding and support to the motherinfant dyad. Successful implementation of KMC requires relevant education of nurses, education of mothers on KMC by nursing staff, monitoring of the implementation of KMC by nurses, planning for a staff mix with varying levels of skill and experience with KMC, the identification of institution specific barriers to the implementation of KMC, and the implementation of institution specific strategies to overcome these barriers (Wallin,et al., 2005
Bergman &
Jurisco, 1994
Cattaneo, et al., 1998). This study aims to determine the knowledge of and attitude towards kangaroo mother care, of nursing staff and kangaroo mothers in the Eastern sub-district of Cape Town.
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Mebrahtu, Simon. "New architecture for the UN human rights treaties monitoring mechanisms : merging and partitioning the committees." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/1244.
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"In the past 40 years these various procedures and outputs of the United Nations Human Rights Treaty System (UNHRTS) have gradually become sophisticated, developed and strengthened. It has made contributions to the promotion and protection of human rights. Despite its achievements, however, it also faces serious challenges and weaknesses, which induces some insider commentators to evaluate it as 'a system in crisis' and to criticise the whole system as one that urgently needs 'a complete overhaul'. From time to time, several proposals were made to improve the situation. However, the underlying problems persisted. Thus further and radical calls for re-organisation of the monitoring mechanism of the UNHRTS into a Unified and Standing Treaty Monitoring Body (USTMB) was made very recently. A further call for consolidation was made more explicit subsequently. In March 2006 the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCHR) has issued a Concept Paper proposing to consolidate the current treaty monitoring bodies (TMBs) into a USTMB in an attempt to address the persistent problems the UNHTRS monitoring mechanism has been facing. A proposal regarded as too radical by many insiders of the UNHRTS. In view of the serious weaknesses of the UNHRTS monitoring mechanism, the initiated reform is a positive step. However, in seeking to introduce reform, and particularly within the UNHRTS, great caution is important not to throw the baby with water in the reform process. There is real concern about squandering, in the name of reform, the progress achieved over the last decades. In order to introduce an effective reform, it is important to be aware of [what] has worked and what has not, and make strategic choices based on these insights. In view of the proposed USTMB as a solution to the weakness of the system, balancing the reform initiative so that it will inherit the positive legacies while redressing the weakness is, therefore, a major contemporary concern." -- Introduction.Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2006.
Prepared under the supervision of Mr. E.Y. Benneh at the Faculty of Law, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Sempijja, Norman. "Inter-organisational cooperation for peace : burgeoning relationship or opportunistic liaison? : a study of the cooperation between the European Union and United Nations peace operations in the Democratic Republic of Congo 2003-2008." Thesis, Kingston University, 2013. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/26594/.
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The study seeks to understand the nature and development of the relationship between the European Union (EU) and the United Nations (UN) in peacekeeping using the case of the peacekeeping operations in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DR Congo) between 2003 and 2008. The EU deployment in 2003 of an Interim Emergency Multinational Force (IEMF) in DR Congo represented an important shift in the role of regional organisations, as it was deployed outside its geographical setting for peacekeeping reasons. Furthermore, the co-deployment of EU and UN forces highlighted the changing pattern in peacekeeping, as regional organisations were starting to play an important role in burden sharing with the UN, thereby enhancing the notion of effective multilateralism. However the seemingly positive rhetoric emanating from the EU and UN about the partnership did not necessarily reflect the reality of the relationship. Fundamental to the study are issues concerning the involvement of regional actors outside their geographical spheres. Key questions are raised regarding the motives of regional organisations and the UN. Such questions concern, for instance, the motives behind the UN calling for EU involvement in DR Congo (at the expense of the African Union and nations) and factors that persuaded the EU to answer the call. The dynamics of the EU-UN cooperation are analysed from a political and operational dimension. Key components of the operational cooperation are essentially command and control, logistics and communication. The political cooperation components include the course taken by actors while using the structures set up to aid the partnership and the already existing departments within both organisations that facilitated the initial interaction. Further questions arise concerning cooperation between the UN and EU from the political and operational level. These include questions concerning the informal and formal mechanisms put into place to resolve the divergences between the missions. In addition, perceptions of the recipient people and the neighbouring states are examined in order to assess if this partnership is working or not. The results of the research which entailed a number of interviews and an analysis of primary and secondary data show that the motives of the EU and UN, plus the dynamics of their cooperation can be analysed in a multi-layered paradigm involving the following levels of interaction: i) Operational level — MONUC and EUFOR RD Congo, IEMF, EUPOL and EUSEC ii) Political level — local and national actors iii) Political level — regional and international actors. For instance, from an operational perspective the UN considered EU deployment as suitable especially for the provision of resources. The EU on the other hand viewed the deployment in DR Congo as an opportunity to become a global actor especially in the aftermath of the fallout from the US and its allies’ invasion of Iraq. The local, national and regional viewed the motivation for the involvement of the EU alongside the UN with suspicion. This was mainly based on the fact that key players like Belgium and France had vested interests in the DR Congo. There was dissatisfaction regarding the marginal military role given to the regional and continental powers yet the conflict was in their backyard. The nature of the path of the cooperation, especially from an operational perspective, was not smooth. This can be attributed to the different organisational cultures and motivations between the organisations. The internal dynamics of individual organisations played a role in determining the level of cooperation between the two organisations. In light of the above, the research came to several conclusions which included the fact that, due to the complex motives and differing aims of the actors, cooperation at the political level does not necessarily dovetail with cooperation at the operational level. Although the organisations have set up a system of collaboration through the declarations of 2003 and 2007, it has not been fully utilized. National and organisational interests and organisational culture among others can hinder cooperation. Nevertheless, despite a divide between the political and operational aspects of the missions, actors in the field have found ways of addressing operational problems, though significant issues remain concerning the viability of the methods used to address them in the long run.
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Beale, Benjamin. "The United States, the Soviet Union and the United Nations : the United Nations as intermediary /." Title page, contents and introduction only, 2002. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09arb3663.pdf.
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Kostakos, Georgios. "Reforming the United Nations." Thesis, University of Kent, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.329049.
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Sánchez, Alfonso. "We don't want to and you can't make us UN Security Council reform and peacekeeping efficacy /." To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2008. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.
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Nzadimana, Me-Christine. "Opérations de maintien de paix et interventions humanitaires en Centrafrique 1990-2015." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE2160.
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La République Centrafricaine (RCA) ou Centrafrique, comme beaucoup de pays d’Afrique noire, amorce la mise en place d’un régime démocratique en 1990. Elle organise les élections multipartites dont le premier président démocratiquement élu est Ange Félix Patassé. Le cap de l’entrée en régime démocratique semble passé avec succès. Mais les vieilles méthodesrefont surface, occasionnant la contestation. En 1996 éclate une crise politico-militaire ponctuée par trois mutineries, puis une série de coups d’État. Elle atteint son apogée en 2013-2015 avec un conflit opposant deux communautés. C’est à la suite de ces événements que se fait le déploiement, en 1997, d’une force militaire de paix conformément aux « accords de Bangui » de 1997 : la Mission Interafricaine du Suivi des Accords de Bangui (MISAB). Elle marque le début d’une succession d’opérations destinées à maintenir ou rétablir la paix. Elle s’accompagne d’interventions humanitaires où le CICR et MSF jouent un rôle majeur. Cette recherche analyse ces actions de 1990 à 2015. Elle étudie dans la première partie le rôle des acteurs africains dans la résolution de ce conflit et dans la deuxième partie la participation des acteurs internationauxThe Central African Republic (CAR) or Centrafrique, as many black African countries, begins the establishment of a democratic regime in 1990. It organized multi-party elections which the first democratically elected president is Ange Félix Patassé. The cap of the entrance to democratic regime seems past successfully. But the old methods resurface, causing protests. In 1996 bursts a politico-military crisis punctuated by three mutinies, then a succession of putsch. It reached its peaks in 2013-2015 with a conflict between two communities. It is following these events that are made the deployment in 1997, of a peacemilitary force according to the “agreements of Bangui” in 1997: The Inter-African of monitoring the agreements of Bangui (MISAB). It marks the beginning of a series of operations intended to maintain or to restore the peace. It goes along with humanitarian interventions where the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and Doctors without borders (MSF) play a major role. This research analyzes these actions from 1990 to 2015. It studies in the first part the role of the African actors in the resolution of this conflict and in the second part the participation of the international actors