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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Organization reforming

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Academic literature on the topic 'Organization reforming'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Organization reforming"

1

Meyer, John W., Nils Brunsson, and Johan P. Olsen. "The Reforming Organization." Contemporary Sociology 23, no. 5 (September 1994): 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2074323.

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Greenwood, Royston, Nils Brunsson, and Johan P. Olsen. "The Reforming Organization." Administrative Science Quarterly 41, no. 1 (March 1996): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2393993.

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Sridhar, Devi. "Reforming the World Health Organization." JAMA 305, no. 15 (April 20, 2011): 1585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.418.

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Gostin, Lawrence O. "Reforming the World Health Organization After Ebola." JAMA 313, no. 14 (April 14, 2015): 1407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.2334.

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Chen, Qingyun. "On the Reform of Local Government Organizations in China." Chinese Public Administration Review 1, no. 2 (October 17, 2016): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22140/cpar.v1i2.14.

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Reforming local government organizations is of decisive significance. Reform at the local level is not only affected by the exemplary role of the central government organization reform, but also has its own special background and contents. Reforming local government is a greater challenge than reforming the central government as there usually are few posts offered by local governments at lower levels or few private companies in the small cities and towns of China with the capacity to absorb the downsized government employees. Beijing, Zhejiang, Liaoning, Sichuan, Guangdong, and others have made valuable explorations into the formidable task of reform, and each city has accumulated a wealth of experiences.

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Keller, Greta Nabbs. "Reforming Indonesia’s Foreign Ministry: Ideas, Organization and Leadership." CONTEMPORARY SOUTHEAST ASIA 35, no. 1 (2013): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1355/cs35-1c.

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Huang, Xianbi. "Market Penetration, Institutional Niches and Job Searches in Reforming China." China Quarterly 232 (June 15, 2017): 1070–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741017000960.

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AbstractUsing an institutional perspective, this paper explores coexisting job search methods in reforming China. Analysis of the 2003 Chinese General Social Survey data shows that China's labour markets are segmented into institutional niches by two key factors: the type of ownership of work organization and the status of the work organization in the market. The effectiveness of job search methods varies across the different institutional niches. Hierarchical arrangements and social networks remain powerful means of obtaining jobs in the state sector, including both monopolistic and competitive work organizations, while job searches using a market-oriented method are comparatively useful for winning jobs in the non-state sector irrespective of whether organizations are competitive or monopolistic in terms of market competition. This paper not only illustrates the value of an institutional approach to labour market research but also reveals the scope of market penetration in China's emerging labour markets.

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HANNAH, ERIN, JAMES SCOTT, and RORDEN WILKINSON. "Reforming WTO-Civil Society Engagement." World Trade Review 16, no. 3 (February 14, 2017): 427–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745616000446.

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AbstractCivil society organizations are often seen as playing a crucial role in helping to mitigate the exclusion of weaker states, giving voice to marginalized communities, and raising environmental and developmental concerns within the trade system. The politicization and demystification of the global trade agenda by civil society also opens up space for a more diverse set of actors to influence trade negotiations. This article examines the evolution of the WTO secretariat's engagement with civil society within this context and argues that the dominant mode of engagement, as manifest in WTO Public Forums and civil society participation in ministerial conferences, is no longer fit for purpose. Rather it reflects an outmoded strategy that once served to underscore the existence and value of the WTO as an international organization and works to neutralize political contestation and publicly promote the benefits of free trade. It is now in need of reform.

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Keisling, Bruce L., and Claudene Sproles. "Reviewing and reforming library service points." Library Management 38, no. 8/9 (November 14, 2017): 426–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lm-02-2017-0020.

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Purpose To support the success of their students and faculty, libraries have to understand changing user needs. Robust user assessment programs and analysis of service patterns can reveal many of those needs. Many libraries have responded to changing user expectations by consolidating service desks and providing better organization of user services. Recent advances in assessment have added to libraries’ capacity to refine the scope and goals of service desk mergers. Assessment and analysis support better conceptual frameworks for realigning organizational structures and overarching service models. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach Using a renovation and organizational restructuring in Ekstrom Library at the University of Louisville as a case study, this paper examines the assessment process, organizational restructuring, and physical renovation that resulted in service desks merging. Findings This study found that comprehensive and ongoing user assessment is crucial to planning for renovations and service changes. User needs awareness must then be linked with organizational models and service delivery systems. Service desk mergers will be successful when they result from thoughtful assessment and analysis. Research limitations/implications Other case studies with assessment driven renovation projects, service desk mergers, and organizational changes would be useful to add to these findings. Practical implications This paper provides a process and framework for library leadership who are evaluating and revising service delivery models. Originality/value The perspectives and process described in this case study will be of value to improve library service delivery models.

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Cravens, David W., Shannon H. Shipp, and Karen S. Cravens. "Reforming the traditional organization: The mandate for developing networks." Business Horizons 37, no. 4 (July 1994): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0007-6813(94)90043-4.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Organization reforming"

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Wai, In-fun Perseus, and 衛彥勳. "Reforming the civil service: the impact of HKSAR's 'Downsizing' policies to the civil service employees." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45012672.

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DiGiulio, Laura. "Food Policy Councils: Does Organization Type Matter." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1492620713327182.

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Wang, Chi Ming, and 王智民. "A Study on the Privatization of the ChungHwa Postal Service Co., Ltd Postal Saving Department Reforming and Organization Transforms." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/02501264342000810956.

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碩士
實踐大學
企業創新發展研究所
94
Abstract To make the best use of resources, the most effective utilization for enterprise as well as the government transformation and enterprise privatization has become the trends in the world in the recent years. Our postal service enterprise steps our country postal service reform in January 1, 2003 officially change the government office general post office to ChungHwa Postal service Limited Liability Company. However, in faces the domestic and foreign distribution industry competition, the popular of information technology substitute for the deliver work of the existing post office. The pressures of join the WTO to request to opening part postal service enterprise that make ChungHwa Post Service Company suffer in enormous challenge. Saving and Insurance department have to challenge and face the announces of the implementation finance holding law in July 2001 that the large-scale financial holding company is founded. The agricultural bank as well as the postal service enterprise correlation each kind of duty preferential measure will cancel in five years. ChungHwa Postal service Company will urgently need to carry on the organization restoration and the service rallies, will be able in accordance to these external threats. Along with the corporation realization, the following step soon is privatization time oncoming, and towards specialized trend development. ChungHwa Postal service Company's business scope covering postal, saving and insurance aspect, therefore we adopts three kind of privatization organizations transform to evaluate the privatization: The three forms jointly operated, the three forms are divided the camp and set up the industrial holding law to enable ChungHwa Postal service Company to become the industrial holding company. To evaluated transforms in the privatization organization to ChungHwa Postal service Company is any of help in forward effect. After this reason and privatization whether can enhance the efficiency and obtain more profits also to give dual attention to the service quality and the public interest.

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Luo, Mei. "Reforming Curriculum in A Centralized System: An Examination of the Relationships between Teacher Implementation of Student-Centered Pedagogy and High Stakes Teacher Evaluation Policies in China." Thesis, 2012. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8SB4CTF.

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Past research has shown poor implementation levels of a classroom-level curriculum strategy that forms the centerpiece of China's new national education reform policies, namely, Student-Centered Pedagogy (SCP). This dissertation set out to investigate the influences of selected school and teacher background characteristics, classroom-level SCP implementation variables, and a high stakes teacher evaluation policy variable, on SCP implementation levels reported by high school teachers in a selected school district in China. The overall aim of the research was to study relationships among a number of factors hypothesized to affect teachers' SCP implementation levels, guided by a theoretically-grounded, conceptual framework. The study particularly examined the potential adverse influence of an output-driven teacher evaluation policy on SCP implementation levels. The teacher evaluation policy is tied to secondary school students' performance on the high stakes, national college entrance examination in China, the Gaokao. Eight contextual and reform-related factors derived from a review of literature were tied together in the conceptual framework suggesting direct, mediating and moderating influences on SCP implementation. Based on the framework, paths by which the variables could affect SCP implementation levels directly or indirectly, were tested in stages. Data were collected and analyzed using survey research methodology. The first part of the analyses involved the design and validation of a bilingual teacher survey (English and Chinese), tapping the key variables. The second part of the analyses involved a series of hierarchical regression models to test hypothesized pathways and relationships among the measured variables. The theoretical premise of the study was that the large size and highly centralized structure of the Chinese educational system led it to adopt an output-control mechanism in the form of the high-stakes teacher evaluation policy tied to student performance on Gaokao. The adoption of such an output-control mechanism resulted in a mismatch between the philosophy underlying the newer SCP reforms and the pre-existing teacher evaluation policy, which in turn led to poor implementation levels of SCP in classrooms by teachers. Previously, researchers in China have overlooked the importance of policy incompatibility issues in examining effects of reforms at the classroom level. The study found that, consistent with the literature, teacher beliefs in SCP and teacher self-efficacy in practicing SCP had consistently positive, statistically significant influences on SCP implementation (for Beliefs in SCP, t(224)=3.745, p=.000, standardized β=. 22; for Self Efficacy, t(224)=3.387, p=.001, standardized β=.23). Also consistent with expectations, the influence of the survey measure tapping perceived control by the output-driven teacher evaluation policy on SCP implementation, was negative and statistically significant ( t(224)= -1.982, p=.049; standardized β=-.12). Perceived support for SCP implementation, including resources, professional development programs, support from principals and colleagues was a statistically significant predictor in initial models, but the factor was found to lose statistical significance when combined with the variable tapping perceived control by the output-driven teacher evaluation policy. With all the specified independent and mediating variables in the regression model, the cumulative variance explained on SCP Implementation levels was 20% ( = .199). The overall model was statistically significant (F[7,224)=7.935, p=.000). Together, these results confirmed the main hypotheses of the study.

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Tavera, José Abraham. "An institutional analysis of reforming the state the case of Peru /." 2000. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/51962882.html.

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Jahiel, Abigail R. "Policy implementation through organizational learning the case of water pollution control in China's reforming socialist system /." 1994. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/41382469.html.

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Li, Chi-Fang, and 李奇芳. "Reforming and Specifying IPR Policies of Standard-Setting Organizations: Towards Fair and Efficient Patent Licensing and Dispute Resolution." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/gyk2q7.

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碩士
國立交通大學
科技法律研究所碩士在職專班
104
Standard-setting organizations (SSOs) rely on commitments to license on fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory (FRAND) terms from standard-essential patent (SEP) holders to ensure access to standards and prevent potential anti-competitive conduct that unreasonably enforces SEPs against standard implementers. However, a substantial number of SEP disputes have been raised unceasingly in recent years. This research conducts a quantitative analysis on the SEP cases in the United States from 2000 to 2014 and the results show that the SEP disputes are highly related to the FRAND terms used by the SSOs in the information and communications technology (ICT) sector. The results of chi-square tests indicate that the intellectual property rights (IPR) policies, particularly the FRAND terms therein, are statistically significantly associated with the antitrust assertions. It appears that the IPR policies and the FRAND terms might fail to function properly. Nonetheless, according to opinions to date from the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, the U.S. International Trade Commission, the U.S. competition authorities, the European Commission, and the Court of Justice of the European Union, there is no per se rule that prohibits seeking injunctive relief against SEP infringement. The criteria to decide whether to grant injunctive relief are different among various forums. In principle, injunctive relief should not be granted against a standard implementer who is willing to take license and is still negotiating in good faith with the SEP holder, considering the SEP holder’s commitment to license on FRAND terms. As regards FRAND royalties of SEPs, a fundamental principle among several SEP royalty determinations in the United States is that a royalty award for an SEP shall be apportioned to the value of the patented invention, not including the value of standard. FRAND royalties of SEPs can be calculated by means of the Georgia-Pacific hypothetical negotiation; however, there is no specially modified version of Georgia-Pacific factors for FRAND-encumbered SEPs. Furthermore, through semi-structured interviews with standard-setting delegates and licensing negotiators from the ICT industry, this research finds that many existing IPR policies are too ambiguous to constrain potential anti-competitive conduct that enforces SEPs in an unreasonable way. Actually, in light of the results of the quantitative survey, the case analysis, and the stakeholder interviews, it has become urgent and imperative to improve existing vague and ambiguous IPR policies. Concrete proposals for reforming IPR policies include: defining the standard essentiality clearly and using the accurate phrase “essential patent claim;” adding specific deadlines for SEP disclosure and declaration, legal effects of failure to disclose and declare, and update obligations for material changes on the rights of SEPs; incorporating prerequisite conditions for seeking injunctive relief against SEP infringement; clarifying the FRAND obligation applicable to all offers of SEP royalties during licensing negotiations; identifying a series of steps or key factors for SEP royalty calculation under the FRAND obligation; and allowing reciprocal license to be a precondition for the commitment to license on FRAND terms. These amendments could substantially strengthen existing IPR policies, fix their ambiguities, and avoid potential disputes. Finally, this research investigates 15 representative SSOs, examining whether their IPR policies conform to the reforming proposals, by way of which the author further elaborates these proposals and provides substantial suggestions on how to amend the existing policies of the representative SSOs to avoid potential disputes. Based on the quantitative and qualitative analysis and the specific reforming proposals, this research concludes that it is imperative to reform existing IPR polices to facilitate fair and efficient SEP licensing and dispute resolution, to promote competition and economic development, and to benefit all customers around the world ultimately.

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Чезганова, Н. В., and N. V. Chezganova. "Организационная модель реформирования ЖКХ: территориальная специфика : магистерская диссертация." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10995/61504.

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В диссертации рассматривается внедрение инновационной организационной модели реформирования ЖКХ Свердловской области в формате некоммерческого партнерства, которое в свою очередь объединяет саморегулируемые организации и региональных операторов услуг различных направлений в сфере ЖКХ. Жилищно-коммунального хозяйство (далее ЖКХ) является многоотраслевой сферой, объединяющей жилищный и коммунальный сектора, а также органы местного самоуправления в рамках установленных полномочий, и предполагает их слаженное взаимодействие, результаты которого могут являться для региона фактором развития и роста, или кризисным аспектом. Представленная в рамках магистерской диссертации схема предполагает осуществление слаженного производственного процесса и формирование базы для развития данного сектора, путем сотрудничества всех участников рынка на базе некоммерческого партнерства. Базовым преимуществом является возможность создания правил и стандартов деятельности отдельно по каждому из направлений сферы ЖКХ, а также формирование единой стратегии развития сферы ЖКХ в целом в регионе. Данная схема управления в сфере ЖКХ позволит регулировать процесс деятельности и развития данного сектора путем взаимодействия и сотрудничества всех участников рынка на платформе некоммерческого партнерства.
The subject of the thesis is implementing an innovative organizational model of reforming of housing and communal services in Sverdlovsk Oblast in the form of a nonprofit partnership, which unites self-regulating organizations and regional service operators from different areas of housing and communal services. The housing and communal services sector is a diversified area, incorporating housing and communal sectors, as well as local administration, in the framework of established authority, and presuming their coordinated interaction, contributing either to the region’s possible growth and development, or its crisis. The scheme represented in this master’s thesis implies realization of a coordinated production process and building up a foundation for the sector’s development by means of cooperation among all the market participants within a nonprofit partnership. The main advantage is the opportunity to create separate sets of rules and standards for each area of housing and communal services, as well as a unified strategy for housing and communal services development in the region. This management scheme will enable us to regulate the sector’s functioning and development by means of interaction and collaboration among all the market participants on the basis of a nonprofit partnership.

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Books on the topic "Organization reforming"

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P, Olsen Johan, ed. The reforming organization. 2nd ed. Norway: Fagbokforlaget, 1997.

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Brunsson, Nils. The reforming organization. London: Routledge, 1993.

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Kinsler, Kimberley. Reforming schools. New York: Continuum, 2001.

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Brunsson, Nils. The reforming organization: Making sense of administrative change. London: Routledge, 1993.

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Reforming Korea's industrial conglomerates. Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, 2003.

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Connell, Helen. Reforming schooling: What have we learnt? Paris: UNESCO Pub., 1998.

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M, Lambrew Jeanne, Century Foundation, and Brookings Institution, eds. Reforming Medicare: Options, tradeoffs, opportunities. Washington, D.C: Brookings Institution Press, 2008.

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Reforming FAO into the new millennium. Rome: The Organization, 2000.

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California. Legislature. Senate. Select Committee on Urban School Governance. The crisis in California's urban schools: Can reforming governance improve results? Sacramento, Calif: The Senate of the State of California, Senate Select Committee on Urban School Governance, 2005.

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Allaev, K. Assistance to reforming the system of education in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Tashkent: TACIS Program, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Organization reforming"

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Huang, Yanzhong, and Gabriella Meltzer. "Reforming the World Health Organization." In Routledge Handbook on the Politics of Global Health, 135–49. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315297255-13.

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Lapsley, Irvine. "Reforming financial controls in the NHS — or is the NHS a ‘deviant’ organization?" In Perspectives on Financial Control, 233–54. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3053-8_10.

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Van de Walle, Steven. "Reforming Organizational Structures." In Theory and Practice of Public Sector Reform, 131–43. New York : Routledge, 2016.: Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315714141-9.

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Lægreid, Per, and Koen Verhoest. "Introduction: Reforming Public Sector Organizations." In Governance of Public Sector Organizations, 1–18. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230290600_1.

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Pal, Leslie A. "Reforming Governance in Muslim-Majority States: Promoting Values or Protecting Stability?" In Global Governance and Muslim Organizations, 45–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92561-5_2.

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Gu, Mingyuan, Jiansheng Ma, and Jun Teng. "Conglomeration as an Organizational Innovation in China’s School Education." In Perspectives on Rethinking and Reforming Education, 255–73. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4011-5_15.

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Owczarzak, Jill, Sarah D. Phillips, and Olga Filippova. "Finding and Reforming the (In)visible State: Nongovernmental Organizations and the Response to HIV in Ukraine." In Social Aspects of HIV, 195–211. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63522-4_10.

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Schulze, Michaela. "Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund, American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations und Landsorganisationen i Danmark und die welfare-to-work-Reformen im Vergleich." In Gewerkschaften im Umbau des Sozialstaats, 147–263. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-94296-4_5.

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Brunsson, Nils, and Johan P. Olsen. "Reforming institutionalized organizations." In The Reforming Organization, 15–32. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351252188-2.

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Brunsson, Nils, and Johan P. Olsen. "Organizational forms: Can we choose them?" In The Reforming Organization, 1–14. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351252188-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Organization reforming"

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Sultanova, Alexandra Vasilievna. "THE REFORM OF THE MANAGEMENT PROCESS INNOVATIONS OF THE ORGANIZATION." In Russian science: actual researches and developments. Samara State University of Economics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46554/russian.science-2020.03-1-278/283.

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In any organization, there are processes that play a special purpose. Most often, this type of process is innovation management. In connection with the existence of problems in the framework of this process the organization needs to reform its structure. The results of the implementation of the most important stages of reforming the organization's innovation management process are presented.

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Zhu, Jing, Li Zuo, Xuemin Sun, and Kuo Zhang. "The Research on Enterprise Organization Constructer Reforming Based on Internal Marketing." In International Academic Workshop on Social Science (IAW-SC-13). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iaw-sc.2013.49.

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Sarihati, Tati, and Lusy Mukhlisiana. "Reforming Government Organization: Building A Responsive Government Bureaucracy at Kabupaten Subang." In 6th International Conference on Social and Political Sciences (ICOSAPS 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201219.066.

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Mason, J. Brad, and Adam L. Foster. "THOR® Steam Reforming Technology for the Treatment of Complex and Problematic Wastes." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59084.

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Many types of complex radioactive wastes exist, that due to their chemical and radiological characteristics, are problematic to treat using traditional methods. Studsvik has developed the THOR® process that has the capability to successfully treat a wide variety of radioactive wastes including those with high organic content, high nitrate and nitrite content, high solids content, and heavy metal bearing. The process produces a dry stable waste form with no liquid effluents and environmentally compliant off-gas emissions, while reducing the overall waste volume. The more than 10 years of successful operations at Studsvik’s facility in Erwin, TN USA provides the foundation for the deployment of the THOR® steam reforming process for the treatment of many complex wastes. The THOR® process has been shown to effectively convert numerous types of U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) liquid radioactive wastes into solid products while providing a final waste form with leach resistance comparable to vitrified glass waste forms. In addition to testing and on-going project work in the U.S., multiple test programs including lab-scale and engineering-scale demonstrations have been successfully completed for several international organizations. This international work has included testing and development work with solid and liquid organic wastes, as well as high nitrate content liquid waste and graphite. In order to better meet the needs of the international market, Studsvik offers a modular form of its THOR® process that is transportable to multiple locations, enabling customers to treat a wide variety of waste streams at multiple sites without the need to design and construct multiple treatment facilities. This paper will provide an up to date overview of the THOR® technology, its current capabilities, and a summary of current THOR® projects.

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Berry, David A., Robert James, Todd H. Gardner, and Dushyant Shekhawat. "Systems Analysis of Diesel Based Fuel Cells for Auxiliary Power Units." In ASME 2003 1st International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2003-1749.

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The near-term commercial success for many fuel cell technologies will rely on their ability to utilize current infrastructure fuels. Several large ready-markets exist for fuel cell systems that utilize middle distillate petroleum fractions like diesel fuel. One particular application is diesel-based auxiliary power units (APU). Unfortunately, very little research and development has been devoted to this application. Ongoing research at the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) and other organizations is trying to address this need. In order for a fuel cell to utilize diesel fuel, it must be reformed into a synthesis gas containing primarily hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, steam and possibly methane. Because catalytic reforming of hydrocarbon fuels is conducted at the same relative operating temperatures of technologies like solid oxide fuel cells (800–1000°C) a high degree of thermal integration is possible. Unfortunately, carbon deposition and sulfur poisoning of catalysts in the reformer and fuel cell make system operation potentially complicated and costly. To help understand and quantify the impact of these issues on technology development and component, a number of systems analysis was conducted for a diesel-based fuel cell system. One particular system based on a hybrid combustor/reformer concept allowed for excellent utilization of available heat from the fuel cell and yielded an overall fuel to electric conversion efficiency of nearly 50%. This paper discusses its salient features and compares its characteristics to other possible system configurations.

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