Academic literature on the topic 'Organized fan groups'
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Journal articles on the topic "Organized fan groups"
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Nikolic, Miljana. "The Influence of Modern Media on the Development of Fan Groups and the Promotion of Hooliganism." Physical Education and Sport Through the Centuries 3, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/spes-2016-0014.
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SummarySince the first sport duels, and with the development of sport through the ages, there were sport fans that cheered either for one or the other opponent and in that way they showed their sympathy. As the time passed, they organized themselves in fan groups, and they became not only an agent of socialization, but also a very important factor in directing social happenings. Hooliganism was created in modern society, and it had devastating effects on both sport and socially-political relations. The functioning of the fan groups that embraces hooliganism, demands high level of organization, so the modern media became a major tool of communication. The aim of this work is to determine in which way, not only the modern media but more importantly the internet sites and the social media of the fan groups, have been used for not only promoting and giving information about their actions, goals and attitude but also promotion of hooliganism.
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Mrsevic, Zorica. "Fans and sport events’ audiences as victims of violence induced by sport." Temida 18, no. 1 (2015): 75–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem1501075m.
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The paper analyzes causes and mechanisms of victimization by sports violence, as well as the typology of victims and those responsible actors of sports violence. The aim of the paper is to point out, through an analysis of the individual situations of ritualized sports violence, that the suffering of victims of sports violence comes in the system of ritualized forms of relations and behaviors related to sport and organized fan groups, as well as that the victims are the most numerous among fans and the audience. The paper provides an overview of different types of sports violence rituals that result in victimization of individuals or groups.
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Jarczewski, Waldemar, and Piotr Bogdalski. "Social Determinants of Crime and Hatred Incidents at Mass Sports Events in Poland." Przegląd Strategiczny, no. 12 (December 31, 2019): 215–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ps.2019.1.14.
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Crime and hatred have been a permanent part of mass events organized in Poland. The situation is the most difficult in the case of football matches, especially at the national level. Despite legal changes and many measures adopted by sports clubs, the police and other institutions, not only has the situation not changed but there are symptoms of its deterioration. It is extremely worrying that these informal groups form structures that operate following the principles characteristic of organized crime. The subject of study in this article are the phenomena of crime and hatred occurring at mass events organized in Poland; its purpose is to identify the causes and present conclusions regarding necessary actions, based on an analysis of statistics and reports. Methods characteristic of theoretical studies have been employed developing this study, as well as the results of surveys conducted in 2014. The basic research problems involve finding answers to the following questions:
– Did the determination of police in ensuring the safety of the EURO 2012 final tournament calm the mood and improve security of mass events?
– What is the current scale of crime, hooligan acts and collective violations of security and public order in relation to mass events organized in Poland today?
– Are the solutions in this area systemic, durable and consistent?The hypothesis was that, although public security authorities have been implementing
a wide range of measures, crime and deep-rooted hatred towards enemy clubs and ideological opponents continue to be a hallmark of football fan circles and thus of some mass events organized in Poland. The inconsistent continuation of good practices adopted in the past, perceiving the problem only in terms of isolated incidents, and the lack of statistics that would help to prepare precise scientific analyses, all require moderation in predicting positive changes in this narrow area of public security.
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Linkov, Vaclav, Martina Trepacova, Veronika Kureckova, and Chih-Wei Pai. "Novice Czech Drivers’ Ability and Willingness to Offer the First Aid after Traffic Accidents: The Positive Effect of the First-Aid Training." Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina 21, no. 2 (May 24, 2019): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/com.c.2019.2.114-118.
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The first aid is an important tool to save people’s lives after traffic accidents. Drivers are the most-likely bystanders, who might help injured people at the traffic accident site. The current research aims to explore Czech learner drivers‘ knowledge and attitudes towards the first aid and to evaluate whether the first aid education increases the likelihood that a driver will provide the first aid for injuries resulting from traffic accidents. A questionnaire survey was conducted in 2015 among a sample of 370 Czech learner drivers at driving schools. The two groups of student drivers were compared - those who had attended the first aid classes (FAC) and those who had not. The learner drivers who had attended an FAC are more likely to know how to treat burns and serious injuries, contain external bleeding, and unblock the respiratory track. Those who had not attended an FAC would more often hesitate to provide the first aid because they resisted taking a leadership role to organize the scene, or they did not have suitable equipment. This supports the idea that increasing the quality of the first aid training for Czech student drivers would improve the traffic safety in the Czech Republic.
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Cvetanovich, Gregory L., Ben Kuhns, Alexander E. Weber, Jennifer Alter, Richard C. Mather, Joshua David Harris, and Shane Jay Nho. "Predictors of Inferior Outcomes Following Hip Arthroscopy for Femoroacetabular Impingement." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 5, no. 3_suppl3 (March 1, 2017): 2325967117S0011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967117s00111.
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Objectives: Hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) provides reliable pain relief and functional improvement in the majority of patients. Although a small percentage of patients will go on to subsequent revision hip arthroscopy or conversion to arthroplasty, some patients will also have inferior clinical outcome without revision surgery. The purpose of this study is to identify clinical and radiographic characteristics predictive of inferior outcomes 2-years following hip arthroscopy for FAI. Methods: A clinical repository containing patients undergoing primary hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) between 1/1/2012-1/1/2014 with a minimum follow up of two years was queried to include patients in this study. Operative procedures generally included labral debridement and repair, acetabular rim trimming, femoral osteochondroplasty and capsular plication. The primary outcome measure was the Hip Outcome Score Activities of Daily Living (HOS-ADL) questionnaire. Secondary outcome measures included the Hip Outcome Score Sports Subscale (HOS-SS) and modified Harris Hip Score (MHHS). Patients requiring revision hip arthroscopy or hip arthroplasty were excluded from this study. Patients were organized into superior and inferior outcome groups based on the top and bottom quartiles of the postoperative HOS-ADL score. Demographic, preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative variables between these groups were compared to identify predictors for inferior outcomes using bivariate and multivariate analyses. Results: Of 482 patients undergoing hip arthroscopy for FAI there was two year outcome data for 392 patients (81.5%) with an average follow up of 2.3 ± 0.6 years. The superior group contained 98 patients with an HOS-ADL score of 97.06 or higher while the inferior group contained 98 patients with an HOS-ADL score of 80.5 or lower. Patients in the superior outcome group were younger (30.7 ± 12.8 vs 38.0 ± 11.8 p<0.001) with a lower BMI (24.1 ± 4.1 vs. 26.5 ± 5.1 p=0.005) and higher preoperative average joint space width (4.2 ± 0.5 mm vs. 3.7 ± 0.4 mm; p=0.009) and lower Tonnis grade (p<0.001; Table 1 ). Patients in the inferior outcome group also had a higher incidence of smoking (p=0.005), workers compensation claims (p=0.04) and prior psychiatric history (p=0.007). A stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that older age (p=0.00674), higher BMI (p=0.02629), and smoking (p=0.01863) were independent predictive factors of inferior outcome ( Table 1 ). Both groups demonstrated significant improvements in HOS-ADL, and MHHS scores, however the inferior outcome group did not have significantly improved HOS-SS scores (p=0.06). [Table: see text] Conclusion: Older age, higher BMI, and smoking were independent predictors of inferior clinical outcomes at 2-years following hip arthroscopy for FAI, although both superior and inferior outcome groups experienced significantly improved clinical outcome scores. In addition, lower preoperative joint space, workers compensation status, and psychiatric history were significant factors for inferior outcomes on bivariate analysis. These factors can be considered in preoperative patient counseling about the expected outcome of hip arthroscopy for FAI.
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Mejía, Silvia, Margarita Giraldo, David Pineda, Alfredo Ardila, and Francisco Lopera. "Nongenetic Factors as Modifiers of the Age of Onset of Familial Alzheimer's Disease." International Psychogeriatrics 15, no. 4 (December 2003): 337–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610203009591.
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Objective: The purpose of this research was to identify environmental and personal factors that could be related to the variability in the age of onset of familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) (36–62 years). Methods: A sample was taken of 49 subjects with FAD and with the mutation E280A in the presenilin-1 gene on chromosome 14; the sample was divided into two subgroups: 27 individuals with age of onset of the disease between 36 and 46 years (early onset) and 22 individuals whose disease began between 47 and 62 years (late onset). Information on environmental and personal factors was collected by means of a questionnaire answered by the patients if their clinical condition allowed it, or by their relatives; such information was organized in a categorical way. Comparisons between the two groups for each categorical variable were done by means of the chi-square test. Noncollinear variables that showed statistical significance were included as independent variables in a logistic regression analysis to predict their association with early onset of the disease. Results: Only 5 of the 140 studied variables were different between the two groups in univariate analysis: education, surgical history, type of stressful event, depression, and affective losses. The logistic regression model was constituted by education, depression, and affective losses. High-level education had approximately 15 times more probability of association with an early onset of the disease; both the history of affective losses and depressive symptoms had 4 times more probability of a similar association. Conclusions: The association of high-level education and early onset of the disease could be related to an earlier detection of symptoms, in turn determined by greater intellectual and environmental demands. The occurrence of depression and affective losses has been considered a prodromic manifestation of the disease. Our findings are evidence of high clinical heterogeneity even in a genetically homogeneous group.
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Lopane, Diego, Carlotta Pavesi, Concetta Arcanà, Gaia Morazzoni, Diego Lopane, Stefano Ferrari, Santina Giuffrè, et al. "Nurses and health care assistants: Evaluation of attitude towards the care of patients who are terminally ill with cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 36, no. 34_suppl (December 1, 2018): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2018.36.34_suppl.158.
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158 Background: Terminally ill cancer patients (pts) are often hospitalized in the last 3 months of life, and a large number of them die in hospital. They require specific care provided by a team of health professionals with expertise in palliative (PC) and end-of-life care (EoLC). The aim of this analysis is to investigate the attitudes of nurses (Ns) and health care assistants (HCAs) towards terminally ill patients in a Cancer Center (CC). Methods: From July to November 2017 we applied the Frommelt Attitudes Toward Care of the Dying FORM-B Scale (FATCOD) to Ns and HCAs working in a CC, situated in a metropolitan area in Italy. FATCOD is a validated tool in its Italian version, composed of 30 questions investigating 6 specific areas: Fear (Fe), Communication (Co), Relationship (Rs), Care of the family (CoF), Family as Caring (FaC), Active Care (Ac). Each question has 5 answer options: strongly disagree, disagree, don’t know, agree, strongly agree, with scores from 1, negative, to 5, positive attitude. The total score ranges from 30 to 150. Results: We administered 116 questionnaires, 102 (87.9%) were completed. 81 Ns were involved (79.4%, 31/50 males/females) and 21 HCAs (20.6%, 4/17 males/females). The median age of Ns was 39 years (range 20-50) and 43 for the HCAs (range 30-50). The median duration of employment was 10 years for both groups (range 0-20). The median score achieved by both groups was 110.3 (range 78-140). Ns obtained a score of 112.1 (range 98.7-125.5), HCAs of 103.4 (range 89.4-117.7). Our analysis shows a positive attitude in both groups across 3 areas ( FaC, CoF, AC) and a negative one in others (Fe, Co, Rs), with a statistically significant concordance between the 2 groups (p=0.0037). Conclusions: Data shows NS and HCAs negative attitude in 3 important areas, with scores below the average results reported in literature. Based on our results, we proposed some intervention strategies. We organized periodic meetings with our psychologists. Our Institution introduced the PERCS ( Program to Enhance Relational and Communication Skills) and specific programs in medical and nursing schools of our university, favoring the earliest approach to PC and EoLC. We also provided seminars in PC to Ns and HCAs working in the CC.
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Bodnar, Josefina, Ari Iglesias, Carina Colombi, and Juan Drovandi. "Stratigraphical, sedimentological and palaeofloristic characterization of the Sorocayense Group (Triassic) in Barreal depocenter, San Juan Province, Argentina." Andean Geology 46, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.5027/andgeov46n3-3127.
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The northern area of Cuyo Basin (west‐central Argentina) corresponds to the Rincón Blanco half-graben, whose filling is arranged into the Rincón Blanco and Sorocayense groups. In the present study, we propose a new stratigraphic scheme for the Sorocayense Group in the Barreal depocenter (San Juan Province), revise the palaeoenvironmental interpretations, and organize and analyse the plant assemblages of previous and new fossiliferous levels. We defined three tectosedimentary sequences. The basal sequence represents the initial graben filling with pyroclastic flows, alluvial fan, and ephemeral fluvial systems, and is arranged in a new unit, the Cerro Colorado del Cementerio Formation. The middle sequence, including Barreal and Cortaderita formations, is characterized by sediment gravity flow deposits and different fluvial systems, with development of floodplains with vertisols and calcisols, and temporal ponds/lakes. In turn, the Cortaderita Formation was divided into the following lithostratigraphic members: Don Raúl and La Emilia. The upper sequence, represented by Cepeda Formation, was deposited by distributary fluvial and ephemeral fluvial systems. Twelve fossiliferous strata (EF) were recognized, which were all identified in the middle sequence: EF1 to EF3 in the Barreal Formation, EF4 to EF8 in the Don Raúl Member, and EF9 to EF12 in the La Emilia Member, both of Cortaderita Formation. The taphocoenosis found in the Barreal and Cortaderita formations were dominated by corystosperms, with conifers, cycadales, and peltasperms as subordinate forms. The available evidence from the taphofloras, palaeosols and palaeonvironments indicate the development of seasonal subtropical climates, which vary from arid or semi-arid in the basal sequence, sub-humid to semi-arid in the middle sequence, and arid or semi-arid in the upper sequence. On the basis of the new information, geological correlation and age of the lithostratigraphic units were accurately re-evaluated. Based on the palaeofloristic content and the correlation with the Rincón Blanco Group, it is possible to infer that the basal sequence was accumulated during late Early Triassic-early Middle Triassic, the middle sequence during the Middle Triassic, while the upper sequence was deposited in the early Late Triassic.
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Belli, Carolina, Raquel Bengió, Pedro Negri Aranguren, Francisco Sakamoto, María Gabriela Flores, Nora Watman, Elsa Nucifora, Jorge Arbelbide, María Virginia Prates, and Irene B. Larripa. "Cytogenetic Features and Prognosis In Argentinean Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndrome: a Multicenter Study." Blood 116, no. 21 (November 19, 2010): 1888. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.1888.1888.
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Abstract Abstract 1888 Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) comprises a group of heterogeneous hematological disorders with variable risk of leukemic evolution (LE) and short survival (SV). Around 40–50% of patients show abnormal karyotype at diagnosis and cytogenetic findings are an independent prognostic factor in MDS. Although the International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) differentiated 3 cytogenetic categories of risk (CCR), the Intermediate one is heterogeneous. The aim of this study was to characterize the cytogenetic profile, to test its prognostic value and to evaluate cytogenetic groups of risk in the Argentinean MDS population. Also, we tried to ascertain whether some abnormalities could be segregated from their respective CCR. This is a multicenter retrospective analysis of 488 primary Argentinean patients with MDS evaluated from 1984 to 2008 (including 183 patients from the Pilot Study for MDS Registry organized by the Argentinean Society of Hematology). Patients' distribution according to French-American-British classification (FAB) was: 235 Refractory Anemia (RA), 50 RA with Ringed Sideroblasts (RARS), 121 RA with excess of Blast (RAEB), 27 RAEB in transformation (RAEBt) and 55 Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia (CMML). The median age was 69 (17-92) years with a gender ratio (M/F) of 1.3. During the follow-up (mean: 25 months (m), range: 1–266 m), 110 (22.5%) underwent LE and 217 (44.5%) patients died. Age, sex, percentage of bone marrow blast, hemoglobin level, platelets count, number of cytopenias, LDH level and red blood cell transfusion requirements were significant predictive variables for prognosis (Kaplan-Meier and Long-Rank test, p<0.05). FAB and World Health Organization (WHO) classifications and scoring systems (Lille, Lausanne-Bournemouth, IPSS, GCECGH and WPSS) allowed us to differentiate groups of risk for SV and LE. Cytogenetic results were available in 421 patients and 176 (42%) showed abnormal karyotype. Cytogenetic profile showed that all chromosomes were involved and different cytogenetic alterations were found (total or partial chromosome losses were predominant). The most common cytogenetic aberrations were: -5/5q- (20% among cases with abnormal karyotype), -7/7q- (16%), +8 (20%), 20q- (9%) and –Y (8%). No particular aberration was associated to any FAB subtype though the frequency of abnormal karyotypes increased from 36% for RA, 39% RARS, 50% RAEB to 74% RAEBt and 39% for LMMC. Karyotypes were further divided according to IPSS CCR into 68% Good, 21% Intermediate and 12% Poor with median SV of 48, 34 and 17m and a LE cumulative risk to 1-year: 13%, 25% and 38%, respectively, p<0.0001. CCR were also predictive in the WHO classified population (p<0.0001 for SV and p=0.0021 for LE). Patients with normal karyotype had better outcome than those with cytogenetic alterations (median SV of 51 vs. 21 m, p=0.0012, and LE cumulative risk to 1-year: 13% vs. 26%, p=0.0047). When we tried to ascertain whether some alterations could be segregated from their respective Good and Poor CCR, no significant differences were observed both for SV and for LE. However, the outcome of the Intermediate CCR was heterogeneous ranging between patients with 12p- (median SV: 65 m and a LE cumulative risk to 1-year: 0%) and those with rearrangements 3q/ del(17p)/ +19/ t(11)(q23) (median SV: 15 m and a LE cumulative risk to 1-year: 48%, p=0.0220). Cytogenetic findings had a clear impact on SV and LE in our population and results in the present series, the largest in Latin America, are coincident with published data. However, the wide spectrum of low frequency aberrations stresses the importance of large study groups where the impact of such aberrations could be statistically evaluated to properly segregate them from their original CCR. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Koulikov, Mikhail. "Fighting the fan sub war: Conflicts between media rights holders and unauthorized creator/distributor networks." Transformative Works and Cultures 5 (January 7, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.3983/twc.2010.0115.
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The way Japanese animation has been spread outside Japan not only by entertainment companies but also by fan groups that have worked to produce fan subs—that is, subtitled translations of films and television shows produced without authorization and shared outside established commercial channels—has been one of the most powerful examples of transformative culture to take place in the last three decades or so. Much has already been written about anime and its global impact, but the process of fan sub creation and distribution, and in particular how these groups have been structured, has not yet been examined in depth. A question that is becoming prominent concerns what happens when the fan subbing culture finally clashes with authorized commercial content distributors. This essay explores the way fan sub distribution has changed over the years and draws on the concept of Net war to illustrate the conflict and the potential tools and methods animation distribution companies have used to engage, subvert, and interdict these groups. This has broad implications for understanding and predicting the flow of other emerging conflicts between networked actors, such as hackers, anarchists, and activists, and hierarchically organized traditional corporate entities.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Organized fan groups"
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Mourinha, Carlos. "Discriminação ou inclusão?: o papel da mulher nos grupos organizados de adeptos do Sporting Clube de Portugal." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/20075.
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A discriminação de género mantém-se até ao presente como uma prática recorrente da sociedade portuguesa. Apesar dos esforços realizados nos últimos anos no combate às desigualdades de género, através da desconstrução de papéis sociais atribuídos a homens e mulheres, a erradicação destes comportamentos continua a ser um objetivo difícil de efetivar.
O objetivo desta Dissertação de Mestrado centrou-se na necessidade de identificar a existência de comportamentos discriminatórios de Género perante as mulheres, nos Grupos Organizados de Adeptos do Sporting Clube de Portugal. Desta forma, procurou-se recolher os testemunhos dos elementos femininos integrantes dos Grupos Organizados de Adeptos do Sporting Clube de Portugal.
Foram definidas três questões gerais de investigação, seguindo o Modelo de Análise Desagregado incrementado por Quivy e Campenhoudt (1992), sendo que para responder às questões de investigação foi desenvolvido um inquérito por questionário dirigido aos elementos femininos dos GOA do SCP.
As conclusões da presente Dissertação de Mestrado apontam para a existência de discriminação de género, no contexto estudado, relativamente às mulheres, sendo que após a investigação ficou esclarecido, quem, na sua maioria, eram os responsáveis por estes comportamentos. Contudo, é ressalvada a importância de uma abordagem mais explanatória no que diz respeito aos comportamentos de género adotados em contextos de masculinidade, como por exemplo no fenómeno dos Grupos Organizados de Adeptos, aqui estudado.Gender discrimination is still a recurrent practice in Portuguese society. Despite efforts in recent years to combat gender inequalities through the deconstruction of social roles assigned to men and women, the eradication of these behaviours remains a difficult goal to achieve. The objective of this Master's Dissertation focused on the need to identify the existence of discriminatory Gender behaviours towards women. Thus, we sought to gather the testimonies of the female members of the Sporting Clube de Portugal Organized Fan Groups Three general research questions were defined, following the Disaggregated Analysis Model developed by Quivy and Campenhoudt (1992). In order to answer the research questions, a questionnaire survey directed to the female members of the in Sporting Clube de Portugal Organized Fan Groups was developed. The conclusions of this Master's Dissertation point to the existence of gender discrimination, in the studied context, against women, and after the investigation it was clarified who, in their majority, were responsible for these behaviours. However, the importance of a more explanatory approach to gender behaviours adopted in contexts of masculinity, such as the phenomenon of the Organized Fan Groups studied here, is stressed.
Books on the topic "Organized fan groups"
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Xing fa shi ye xia de fan zui ji tuan yan jiu: On criminal groups in the context of penal law. Beijing: Zhongguo ren min gong an da xue chu ban she, 2009.
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International Conference on Fans (2004 London, England). International Conference on Fans: 9-10 November 2004 IMechE headquarters, London, UK : organized by the Fluid Machinery Group of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers (IMechE). Bury St. Edmunds: Professional Engineering Publishing for the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 2004.
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Haugeberg, Karissa. Women and Lethal Violence in the Antiabortion Movement. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040962.003.0006.
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The chapter traces the career of Shelley Shannon, whose work in the far right wing of the prolife movement reached its apex when she shot Dr. George Tiller in 1993, outside his Wichita clinic. Like many women who joined grassroots antiabortion groups, Shannon was energized by the immediacy of direct action protest. But Shannon’s particular circumstances, including her troubled childhood, her proximity to white supremacists activists near Grants Pass, Oregon, and her membership in conservative evangelical Christian Church framed her choice of tactics. While the Reagan and Bush administrations had refused to authorize the FBI to investigate whether anti-abortion extremists were part of an organized effort to terrorize abortion providers, President Clinton authorized Attorney General Janet Reno to protect the nation’s abortion clinics. But Shannon’s plan to shoot Dr. Tiller, designed with the assistance of the cryptic prolife extremist group Army of God, had been carefully planned before Clinton took office.
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Howard, Christopher. The Welfare State. Edited by Richard Valelly, Suzanne Mettler, and Robert Lieberman. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697915.013.004.
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The American welfare state has a long and complicated history. Political institutions, organized groups, ideas, and values have worked singly and in myriad combinations to shape US social policy; no single factor stands out as the most important influence. The end result, however, is increasingly clear. Built over many decades and shaped by so many different hands, the American welfare state has emerged as a large, jerry-rigged contraption capable of helping some groups of citizens far more than others. While citizens, pundits, and policymakers alike may lament the lack of rational design, a historical perspective helps us understand why the contemporary American welfare state fails to deliver on some of its promises.
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Sandler, Todd. Terrorism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190845841.001.0001.
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The causes and consequences of terrorism are matters of considerable debate and great interest. Spectacular events are recognized by their dates, including the 9/11 attacks in New York and Washington and the 7/7 London bombings. Many other attacks, including those in non-Western countries, receive far less attention even though they may be more frequent and cumulatively cause more casualties. In Terrorism: What Everyone Needs to KnowRG, leading economist Todd Sandler provides a broad overview of a persistently topical topic. The general issues he examines include what terrorism is, its causes, the roles of terrorist groups, how governments seek to counter terrorism, its economic consequences, and the future of terrorism. He focuses on the modern era and how specific motivations, ranging from nationalism/separatism to left- or right-wing extremism or religious ideals, and general conditions, such as poverty and inequality or whether a country is democratic or authoritarian, affect the frequency and costs of terrorism. The diversity of terrorist groups and type of attacks can be overwhelming, and Sandler provides a unifying framework to generate insight: strategic interaction. That is, like other organizations, terrorist groups organize to pursue goals and respond in an optimal fashion to a risky environment that can influence the group's size, its diversity of attacks, its regional location, its host country's characteristics, and the group's ideology. Terrorists also responded to enhanced security measures by altering their tactics, targets, and location. As such, they are formidable opponents to their stronger government adversaries. Governments, in turn, pursue various costly strategies to prevent terrorism, including passive barriers and active attacks against terrorists, their resources, and those who support them. Terrorism covers numerous questions on the subject and sheds lights on a wide-range of theoretical and empirical research.
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Giangiulio, Maurizio. Oligarchies of ‘Fixed Number’ or Citizen Bodies in the Making? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817192.003.0011.
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This chapter rejects the idea that the history of the archaic polis was defined by the succession of different constitutions and highlights the impact of such an Aristotelian model on the scholarly tradition of ‘constitutional antiquities’. The notion of archaic oligarchies and of oligarchies of fixed number is part and parcel of this tradition, but it is no longer tenable. A thorough investigation of the evidence shows that the Thousand in Colophon, Cyme, Croton, Locri, Rhegium, and Opous, and the Six Hundred in Massalia were assemblies and not councils. They should be seen as political communities organized as numbered groups. Far from being oligarchic regimes, they must have thought of themselves as ‘the many’, and not ‘the few’. The archaic numbered political bodies were truly intrinsic to the processes by which a notion of citizenship took shape.
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Mendes, Kaitlynn, Jessica Ringrose, and Jessalynn Keller. Digital Feminist Activism. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190697846.001.0001.
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In recent years, feminists have turned to digital technologies and social media platforms to dialogue, network, and organize against contemporary sexism, misogyny, and rape culture. The emergence of feminist campaigns such as #MeToo, #BeenRapedNeverReported, and Everyday Sexism are part of a growing trend of digital resistances and challenges to sexism, patriarchy, and other forms of oppression. Although recent scholarship has documented the ways digital spaces are often highly creative sites where the public can learn about and intervene in rape culture, little research has explored girls’ and women’s experiences of using digital platforms to challenge misogynistic practices. This is therefore the first book-length study to interrogate how girls and women negotiate rape culture through digital platforms, including blogs, Twitter, Facebook, Tumblr, and mobile apps. Through an analysis of high-profile campaigns such as Hollaback!, Everyday Sexism, and the everyday activism of Twitter feminists, this book presents findings of over 800 pieces of digital content, and semi-structured interviews with 82 girls, women, and some men around the world, including organizers of various feminist campaigns and those who have contributed to them. As our study shows, digital feminist activism is far more complex and nuanced than one might initially expect, and a variety of digital platforms are used in a multitude of ways, for many purposes. Furthermore, although it may be technologically easy for many groups to engage in digital feminist activism, there remain emotional, mental, or practical barriers that create different experiences, and legitimate some feminist voices, perspectives, and experiences over others.
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Kahn, Andrew, Mark Lipovetsky, Irina Reyfman, and Stephanie Sandler. Intelligentsia narratives. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199663941.003.0038.
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The chapter explores how narratives about the intelligentsia and its cultural identity unfold the experience and ideology of this significant group in parallel with catastrophic narratives about revolution, terror and war. Central texts include major Russian novels of the twentieth century, such as Gorky’s Life of Klim Samgin, Olesha’s Envy, Bulgakov’s The White Guard and The Master and Margarita, and Pasternak’s Doctor Zhivago. Also important are the genres of autobiography, memoir, and oral history, and a case study of a single lyric poem, by Osip Mandelstam, further demonstrate the capacity of poetry to engage with the theme of the responsibility of the intelligentsia in a time of terror. The chapter shows how literary texts captured the conflicted and far from passive role of the intelligentsia as a beleaguered moral authority in a state organized around a central political idea.
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Cohn, Jr., Samuel K. The Great Influenza. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198819660.003.0022.
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Concentrating on America, this chapter explores the immense outpouring of volunteerism, compassion, and self-sacrifice wrought by the Great Influenza as seen in the response of traditional charitable institutions such as churches and men’s groups. Women, however, constituted by far the most significant charitable force, distinguishing this pandemic from all previous ones. From the Vanderbilts and McAdoos to black nurses, women crossed barriers into the most impoverished, hardest-hit neighbourhoods as ambulance drivers and orderlies, workers in diet kitchens, and carers for the ill and their families. They swept floors, fed the impoverished, took in orphans, and nursed the dangerously ill. In all these endeavours, they were the organizers as well as the workers. These crossings of class, ethnic, and racial divides, moreover, occurred within a general context of heightening racism, economic strife, jingoistic nationalism, and anti-immigrant hatred.
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Feldman-Barrett, Christine. A Women’s History of the Beatles. Bloomsbury Publishing Inc, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781501348068.
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A Women’s History of the Beatles is the first book to offer a detailed presentation of the band’s social and cultural impact as understood through the experiences and lives of women. Drawing on a mix of interviews, archival research, textual analysis, and autoethnography, this scholarly work depicts how the Beatles have profoundly shaped and enriched the lives of women, while also reexamining key, influential female figures within the group’s history. Organized topically based on key themes important to the Beatles story, each chapter uncovers the varied and multifaceted relationships women have had with the band, whether face-to-face and intimately or parasocially through mediated, popular culture. Set within a socio-historical context that charts changing gender norms since the early 1960s, these narratives consider how the Beatles have affected women’s lives across three generations. Providing a fresh perspective of a well-known tale, this is a cultural history that moves far beyond the screams of Beatlemania to offer a more comprehensive understanding of what the now iconic band has meant to women over the course of six decades.
Book chapters on the topic "Organized fan groups"
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de Hollanda, Bernardo Buarque. "The Competitive Party: The Formation and Crisis of Organized Fan Groups in Brazil, 1950–1980." In Football and the Boundaries of History, 295–311. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95006-5_15.
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Greenberg, Cheryl. "Civil Rights, Free Speech, and Group Libel." In Minority Relations, 65–101. University Press of Mississippi, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496810458.003.0003.
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This chapter examines the contrasting efforts of organizations representing two marginalized groups, blacks and Jews, to counter defamation. In the end, civil rights advocates from both groups came to the conclusion, on a mixture of principled and pragmatic grounds, that it was wiser not to push for adoption of laws against “group libel,” such as those that characterize post-Holocaust Europe and Canada. Yet both groups were forced to wrestle with how to organize and justify protest campaigns against bigoted media representations, including threats of economic reprisals, while refuting charges of censorship. The chapter shows that the absolute embrace of free speech in the United States after World War II was far from inevitable.
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Orsini, Alessandro. "The Construction of the Parallel World." In Sacrifice, translated by Sarah Jane Nodes. Cornell University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501709838.003.0003.
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This chapter examines how, to escape from bourgeois society, the Sacrifice comrades are trying to build a social reality in which they can demonstrate that they are courageous and that they merit honor through sacrifice, loyalty to the group, and obedience to the leaders' orders. This symbolic and cultural mission, which can be called the construction of the parallel world, is achieved in three ways. The first is through sport. One way to build the parallel world is to organize a “war.” This is the purpose of the mixed martial arts contests organized by Sacrifice, in which athletes from all over Europe participate. The second way of building the parallel world consists of creating a climate of continual tension with far-left groups. The third way is through brawling.
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Veugelers, John W. P. "The Far Right Organizes in the Var." In Empire's Legacy, 103–16. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190875664.003.0008.
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This chapter examines the history of the National Front in the Var from its origins during the 1970s until its electoral victory in the 1995 Toulon municipal elections. From the recruitment of leaders, cadres, activists, and voters to the style of language used, the influence of French Algeria pervaded the development of the National Front in this part of France. By the 1990s, the Var section of the National Front was the largest of any party in France. This laid the foundations for a strong electoral performance. While the left lost ground, the non-Gaullist moderate right resisted electorally: it upheld a system of patron-client relations, remained united in party politics, and exercised influence at multiple levels of government. The moderate right helped the far right in this part of France by validating its anti-immigrant rhetoric and treating the National Front as a tactical partner.
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Hanson, Robin. "Groups." In The Age of Em. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198754626.003.0027.
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By analogy with a family clan today, we can take all of the copy descendants of a single original human, and call that group a “clan.” All of the copy descendants of a particular em can be called a “subclan.” (While the term “clade” might be more precise, the term “clan” is more widely known.) How do clans and subclans organize? We are today each part of many organizations, such as neighborhoods, firms, clubs, and nations. But we rely most on our families when we seek strong long-term bonds and trust. It is within families that we most share resources, let ourselves be most vulnerable, and seek help in bad times. Long ago humans evolved to trust families more than other groupings because of their closer genetic relations, and have developed many family-specific adaptations to complement such unusually strong family trust. Identical twins are more closely related than are family members. Because of the rarity of such twins, however, our ancestors may have evolved few adaptations specific to twinning. Even so, the trust and bonds between identical twins seems to usually be stronger than those between other family members. Ems will have access to a new unit of organization: clans of copies of the same original person. Compared with families or even identical twins, ems have even stronger reasons to trust and bond with fellow clan members. This makes em copy clans a natural candidate unit for finance, reproduction, legal liability, and political representation. The degree of affiliation between two em copies depends on how long they have been diverging subjectively since their last common ancestor. Copies that have diverged for only an hour are likely to feel very strongly affiliated. They’d share almost all opinions and attitudes, and are usually willing to make great sacrifices for one another. On the other hand, copies that have diverged for 20 years may feel far less of a connection. They might have been trained for different professions, and live in different kinds of communities. Their personalities and political opinions might even have diverged.
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Bailey, Clinton. "Desert Society." In Bedouin Culture in the Bible, 69–106. Yale University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300121827.003.0004.
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Dwelling in dispersion and far from any governmental law enforcement agencies that could provide them security, nomadic desert dwellers needed ways to protect themselves from violations such as murder, assault, insult, and theft. They achieved this security mainly by forming groups based on blood kin, or people of common descent, people whom they believed would honor claims of common loyalty and cooperation when problems with others arose. Each group they organized had a specific security function. The tribal structure of the Israelites as randomly noted in the Bible bears several similarities to that of the Bedouin. This chapter explores these similarities as well as their impact on the status and roles of the genders and on the institution of matrimony in both societies.
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Emmott, Bill. "Starting Something New." In Japan's Far More Female Future, 90–105. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198865551.003.0005.
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Japanese organizations typically remain not just male-dominated but also organized in male ways. An attractive alternative for women is therefore to start up their own organizations, whether for-profit or non-profit. The Japan Women’s Leadership Initiative takes a group of wannabe social entrepreneurs to Boston, Massachusetts every year to give training and mentorship in how to start and grow a social enterprise. Hayashi Chiaki took her career through marketing and journalism before co-founding her own digital design business, Loftwork, with its affiliate Fabcafes. Mitarai Tamako worked for McKinsey and then the government of Bhutan before moving to the disaster-struck region of Tohoku in 2011 to start up a business with local women making very high-priced and high quality sweaters, with a model reminiscent of the Italian fashion firm Brunello Cuccinelli. Nakamura Noriko, a former TV journalist, set up a babysitting and nanny agency, Poppins, for which one of the fastest growing business lines is providing short-notice childcare for companies and government agencies.
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Hanson, Robin. "Catastrophe, social collapse, and human extinction." In Global Catastrophic Risks. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198570509.003.0023.
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The main reason to be careful when you walk up a flight of stairs is not that you might slip and have to retrace one step, but rather that the first slip might cause a second slip, and so on until you fall dozens of steps and break your neck. Similarly, we are concerned about the sorts of catastrophes explored in this book not only because of their terrible direct effects, but also because they may induce an even more damaging collapse of our economic and social systems. In this chapter, I consider the nature of societies, the nature of social collapse, and the distribution of disasters that might induce social collapse, and possible strategies for limiting the extent and harm of such collapse. Before we can understand how societies collapse, we must first understand how societies exist and grow. Humans are far more numerous, capable, and rich than were our distant ancestors. How is this possible? One answer is that today we have more of most kinds of ‘capital’, but by itself this answer tells us little; after all, ‘capital’ is just anything that helps us to produce or achieve more. We can understand better by considering the various types of capital we have. First, we have natural capital, such as soil to farm, ores to mine, trees to cut, water to drink, animals to domesticate, and so on. Second, we have physical capital, such as cleared land to farm, irrigation ditches to move water, buildings to live in, tools to use, machines to run, and so on. Third, we have human capital, such as healthy hands to work with, skills we have honed with practice, useful techniques we have discovered, and abstract principles that help us think. Fourth, we have social capital, that is, ways in which groups of people have found to coordinate their activities. For example, households organize who does what chores, firms organize which employees do which tasks, networks of firms organize to supply inputs to each other, cities and nations organize to put different activities in different locations, culture organizes our expectations about the ways we treat each other, law organizes our coalitions to settle small disputes, and governments coordinate our largest disputes.
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Staiou, Eleni-Revekka, and Dimitris Gouscos. "The Evolution of Self-Organized Social Solidarity (SoSS) Initiatives in Greece and Their Relationship to Online Media." In Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development, 168–93. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5966-5.ch009.
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Since the beginning of the economic crisis in Greece, the first impacts were felt on standards of everyday living. Citizens felt the urge to self-organize and take action based on their own strengths as the only practical solution to fill in the gaps left by the state's absence of intervention. Rooted in the country's economic crisis, Greek citizens' self-organized social solidarity (SoSS) initiatives have been focused on acting and innovating rather than protesting. Examples of such initiatives are social grocery stores, alternative currencies, time banks, neighborhood groups for sanitation and general caretaking, assistance to students in primary/secondary education to name a few. The main objective of this chapter is to show the evolution of SoSS initiatives through a longitudinal research for the period 2014-2016. Α second objective is to present the relationship between these initiatives and the online media: How did they use the internet and the social media for their communication for the same period of time? Finally, the authors will attempt an assessment of their operation so far, with data obtained from updating the platform Organosi 2.0, in the summer of 2017.
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Zinn-Justin, Jean. "Renormalization group approach to matrix models." In From Random Walks to Random Matrices, 493–500. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787754.003.0025.
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Chapter 25 discusses how, in the mid–1980s, it was realized that some ensembles of random matrices in the large size and double scaling limit could be used as toy models for two–dimensional quantum gravity coupled to conformal matter and string theory, or as examples of critical statistical models (like the critical Ising model) on continuum random surfaces. The method is based on a perturbative expansion in terms of fat Feynman diagrams associated with tessalated surfaces, organized as a topological expansion. A tremendous development of random matrix theory followed, and a number of matrix models have been solved exactly. The solutions exhibit a universal behaviour with respect to changes of the matrix potential. Therefore, it is tempting to use renormalization group (RG) ideas to determine universal properties, without solving models explicitly. Approximate RG equations have been derived, yielding interesting results, but a strategy for systematic improvement is lacking.
Conference papers on the topic "Organized fan groups"
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Andaque, Gentil A., Olívia Pinho, J. Santos Baptista, Jacqueline Castelo Branco, and Elizabete Nunes. "The occurrence of accidents and injury in mining shift worker influenced by food intake, a short review." In 4th Symposium on Occupational Safety and Health. FEUP, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24840/978-972-752-279-8_0065-0072.
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Introduction: Identifying factors that contribute to occupational accidents has been a general concern of companies in the present millennium. One of the factors identified is the quality and quantity of food, as well as meals times. In this context, the present systematic review aimed to identify how food intake influences the occurrence of accidents in shift work, with some focus, although not exclusive, on the mining industry. Methodology: The research-based literature was carried out in four electronic databases: Medline/PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and Web of Science. Have been combined the following words “occupational accident” and “food intake”; “mining injury” and “food choice”; “meal timing” and “workplace”; “eating at night” and “mining injury”;“Circadian rhythm” and “diet shift”; “Food safety” and “ Health risk”; “workplace accidents” and “food choice”. Results: It was possible to identify 24 articles related to food intake. To better understand the analysis, the results were organized into five groups: Author surname and year, Study type, Accidents/injury causes, risk factor, Conditions for accidents/injuries to occur. Through the groups of causes, it was possible to regrouped on three, which facilitated the discussion of the topic; food choice n=10 (42%) articles, eating habits n=9 (37.5%), and emotional commitment n=5 (20.5%), showed the relativity of food intake causes for the occurrence of accidents and illnesses in shift workers. Discussion: The reviewed articles demonstrated that the materialisation of accidents was due to the relationship between food intake and consumption of nutrient-poor foods in shift work. That can develop chronic diseases, metabolic disorders such as blood pressure abnormalities, blood sugar fluctuation (dyslipidemia, dysglycemia), and obesity, neurobehavioural performance. Foods contain high content As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Fe, and Mn above the recommended standards by the FAO/WHO. Sleep disturbance during the 12-hour shift interferes with circadian rhythm and, consequently,with performance. These factors can be related to food and the precarious physical environment, increased workload, fatigue and poor diet, especially at night. Conclusion: In conclusion, the study demonstrated how food intake impacted workers' health on shifts but did not determine the causes or risk factors contributing to accidents/injuries. Further studies are needed to demonstrate a direct relationship which the risk factor of food intake and causes accidents/injuries.
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Ceccopieri, Wellington, and Ilson C. A. da Silveira. "Is the Vertical Variability of the Ocean in Santos Bight, Brazil, Dominated by the Western Boundary Current Meanders?" In ASME 2012 31st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2012-84058.
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The Brazil Current (CB) flows southwestward as vertically stratified and organized western boundary jet in the Brazilian shelf-break region ranging from 20–40° S, where the CB’s mass transport grows vertically. This geographical band show intense mesoescale activity due to passageway of eddies and meanders, superimposed over oceanic large-scale recirculation features which influence the oceanic circulation in the Santos Bight Pre-salt cluster area 300 km offshore. Based on 2-year observed data series of an oceanographic mooring array at Lula Field, and based on repeated hydrographic data (seawater temperature, salinity and N2 profiles) we used statistical and dynamical orthogonal modes in order to approach the local vertical current profile variability. We verified that it is 85 % explained by EOF-1. This variability is essentially of 1st baroclinic mode. Great part of it occupies the first 400–600 m water depth, with no predominant direction. We also found remarkable water column seasonal stratification. Albeit of relative weaker mean flows (0.1–0.2 m s−1), the study area is eddy dominated which are geostrophically adjusted to the 1st baroclinic mode. Furthermore, we observed that the significant directional variability over the São Paulo Plateau occurs far away from the mean current jets that flow parallel to the continental shelf-break geometry.
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Gandossi, Luca. "ENIQ European Framework on Risk Informed In-Service-Inspection." In ASME 2005 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2005-71749.
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The European Network for Inspection and Qualification (ENIQ) is a utility driven network working towards a harmonised European approach on reliable and effective in-service inspection (ISI). Its Steering Committee (SC) has one voting member for each EU member country with nuclear plants and for Switzerland. More specifically ENIQ works on qualification of ISI systems an on risk-informed in-service inspection (RI-ISI) within a European context. To reflect the latter, the SC set up a specific Task Group on Risk (TGR). The primary task for TGR was to produce a European framework document on RI-ISI, following the format of the well-established ENIQ document for qualification of NDT systems “European Methodology for Qualification, EUR 17299 EN”. The framework document for RI-ISI is a high-level document aimed at supporting utilities to implement RI-ISI and to interface with the nuclear regulators. Aim of this paper is to present the work of TGR so far and in particular the contents of the European framework document on RI-ISI, which has been recently approved for publication by ENIQ SC. It gives an overview of the philosophy behind a risk informed approach towards in service inspection and the principles of a risk informed in service inspection. It also defines how roles, responsibilities and interfaces between the different parties involved in a RI-ISI programme should be organised.
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Ouchi, Kazuyuki. "Results From Real Sea Experiment of Ocean Nutrient Enhancer TAKUMI." In ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2009-79866.
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Upwelling and scattering Deep Ocean Water (DOW) into the euphotic surface layer has been proposed by many oceanographers as a “fishing ground of artificial upwelling”. So far, however, there are no successful means to make it, because of the following difficulties; the very huge amount of DOW upwelling, the dilution of DOW’s nutrient salts in the sea, enduring the rough sea condition on offshore, the strength of very long riser pipe for upwelling, etc. The MARINO-FORUM 21, sponsored by Japanese government fisheries agency, organized the research and development project of an ocean nutrient enhancer named TAKUMI and real sea experiment using it, since the year of 2000. New technology concept, featuring the density current generator for avoiding dilution of nutrient salts, the spar type submersible floating structure for withstanding against the rough sea condition, and the design and analysis of riser pipe for not only in case of the rough sea but also in case of the upending which is world first challenge of election of steel riser pipe with gravity fall in the sub-sea, was studied and introduced for the design of TAKUMI as a proper Ocean Nutrient Enhancer. TAKUMI that upwells DOW of 100,000m3/day from 200m depth and discharges it into the euphotic layer with Diesel engine was manufactured and set-up at the center of Sagami Bay in Japan, in May 2003. More than five years continuous operation in various sea conditions, which includes very rough sea in typhoon and rapid current, caused by direction change of Kuroshio Current was carried out. Also, the behavior of the nutrient water mass and the pattern of primary production around TAKUMI was investigated using the research vessel Tansei Maru. The results from the real sea experiment lead us to believe that the TAKUMI type artificial DOW upwelling system can be feasible to increase a primary production and make a fishing ground in case of large size system of more than 1,000,000m3/day.
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Shiratori, Masaki, Masaki Nagai, and Naoki Miura. "Development of Surface Crack Analysis Program and its Application to Some Practical Problems." In ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2011-57115.
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The authors have developed a software system called “SCANP™” by which users can analyze residual lives of surface-cracked structural components such as pressure vessels and their piping systems due to fatigue or SCC. The basic concept is based upon an influence function method by which the stress intensity factor “K” of a surface crack can be calculated for arbitrarily distributed surface stresses on the cracked surface. The authors and his group have developed a great number of database of “Kij”, the influence coefficient of the stress intensity factor, for many different types of surface-cracked structural components. The database is installed into the SCANP and the K-values for one of these cracks against an arbitrarily distributed surface stress can be calculated easily through the algorithm of superposition of the surface stress and the corresponding Kij data. The fatigue crack propagation can be simulated by integrating the Paris’ law, and it is easy to estimate the residual fatigue lives up to the leakage. Further, residual lives due to SCC, stress corrosion cracking, can be simulated by following the algorithm described in the JSME Standard. In this paper it is demonstrated how the SCANP works by applying it to some practical industrial problems such as fatigue crack and SCC crack propagations into welded residual stress field, and fatigue crack propagation initiated from double-surface cracks. In the latter case the simulation was compared with the experimental results in order to evaluate the validity of the developed system. It was found that the scatter of the material data describing the Paris’ law is far larger than the errors in estimating K-values, and therefore, the choice of these material data is very important when a user wants to use this program effectively. In order to use the developed program correctly, the authors have organized “SCANP User Meeting” where only the members can use the program. In the User Meeting the users give presentations about how they applied SCANP to analyze practical problems, and discuss about the validity of the modeling, and the computed results. In this paper some of these activities will be described, and the problem of verification, validation and uncertainty quantification is discussed.
Reports on the topic "Organized fan groups"
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Hutchinson, M. L., J. E. L. Corry, and R. H. Madden. A review of the impact of food processing on antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in secondary processed meats and meat products. Food Standards Agency, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.bxn990.
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For meat and meat products, secondary processes are those that relate to the downstream of the primary chilling of carcasses. Secondary processes include maturation chilling, deboning, portioning, mincing and other operations such as thermal processing (cooking) that create fresh meat, meat preparations and ready-to-eat meat products. This review systematically identified and summarised information relating to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) during the manufacture of secondary processed meatand meat products (SPMMP). Systematic searching of eight literature databases was undertaken and the resultantpapers were appraised for relevance to AMR and SPMMP. Consideration was made that the appraisal scores, undertaken by different reviewers, were consistent. Appraisal reduced the 11,000 initially identified documents to 74, which indicated that literature relating to AMR and SPMMP was not plentiful. A wide range of laboratory methods and breakpoint values (i.e. the concentration of antimicrobial used to assess sensitivity, tolerance or resistance) were used for the isolation of AMR bacteria.The identified papers provided evidence that AMR bacteria could be routinely isolated from SPMMP. There was no evidence that either confirmed or refuted that genetic materials capable of increasing AMR in non-AMR bacteria were present unprotected (i.e. outside of a cell or a capsid) in SPMMP. Statistical analyses were not straightforward because different authors used different laboratory methodologies.However, analyses using antibiotic organised into broadly-related groups indicated that Enterobacteriaceaeresistant to third generation cephalosporins might be an area of upcoming concern in SPMMP. The effective treatment of patients infected with Enterobacteriaceaeresistant to cephalosporins are a known clinical issue. No AMR associations with geography were observed and most of the publications identified tended to be from Europe and the far east.AMR Listeria monocytogenes and lactic acid bacteria could be tolerant to cleaning and disinfection in secondary processing environments. The basis of the tolerance could be genetic (e.g. efflux pumps) or environmental (e.g. biofilm growth). Persistent, plant resident, AMR L. monocytogenes were shown by one study to be the source of final product contamination. 4 AMR genes can be present in bacterial cultures used for the manufacture of fermented SPMMP. Furthermore, there was broad evidence that AMR loci could be transferred during meat fermentation, with refrigeration temperatures curtailing transfer rates. Given the potential for AMR transfer, it may be prudent to advise food business operators (FBOs) to use fermentation starter cultures that are AMR-free or not contained within easily mobilisable genetic elements. Thermal processing was seen to be the only secondary processing stage that served as a critical control point for numbers of AMR bacteria. There were significant linkages between some AMR genes in Salmonella. Quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) resistance genes were associated with copper, tetracycline and sulphonamide resistance by virtue of co-location on the same plasmid. No evidence was found that either supported or refuted that there was any association between AMR genes and genes that encoded an altered stress response or enhanced the survival of AMR bacteria exposed to harmful environmental conditions.