Academic literature on the topic 'Organized Reserve Corps'

If statesmanship can be characterized as a bed rock of principles, a strong moral compass, a vision, and an ability to articulate and effect that vision, then the fortitude, tenacity, imperturbability, and resilience of William Crawford Gorgas cannot be overestimated. As Chief Sanitary Officer in Cuba and as Chief Medical Officer in Panama, he actualized strategies to eradicate the vectors of yellow fever and malaria. His superiors initially pigeonholed his requisitions, refused to provide him with any authority, and clamored for his dismissal. Nevertheless, with dogged persistence he created a coalition of the willing, who eventually implemented those reforms. As Surgeon General in the United States Army, he organized and expanded the Active Duty and Medical Reserve Corps in anticipation of World War I. Skilled university affiliated surgeons and personnel from throughout North America, manned base hospitals in Europe. Those lessons impacted upon subsequent military and civilian surgical care—organizationally, logistically, and clinically. He was universally recognized for his bonhomie, savoir-faire, modesty, discretion, decorum, courtesy, and graciousness. To those attributes must be added his devotion to duty, discipline, integrity, and authenticity, which characterized his leadership and statesmanship. Those attributes are most worthy of emulation and perpetuation by clinicians, academicians, educators, and investigators.

Background: Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC) cadets must meet the same physical standards as active duty military servicemembers and undergo organized physical training (PT). ROTC participation, like all physical activity, can result in training-related musculoskeletal injury (MSKI), and of course, cadets could sustain MSKI outside of ROTC. However, MSKI incidence in ROTC programs is largely unknown. Purpose: To describe patient and injury demographics of MSKI in 5 universities’ Army ROTC programs. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: A retrospective chart review of electronic medical records was performed using the Athletic Training Practice-Based Research Network (AT-PBRN). Athletic trainers at 5 clinical practice sites within the AT-PBRN documented injury assessments via a web-based electronic medical record system. Medical records during the 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 academic years were used for analysis. Summary statistics were calculated for age, sex, height, body mass, military science year, training ability group, mechanism of injury, activity type associated with injury, anatomic location of injury, participation status, injury severity, and diagnosis. Results: A total of 364 unique injuries were documented. Cadets in the most advanced fitness group (Alpha; n = 148/364) and in their third year of training (n = 97/364) presented with the most injuries. Injuries most commonly occurred during PT (n = 165/364). Insidious onset (n = 146/364) and noncontact (n = 115/364) mechanisms of injury were prevalent. The most frequent anatomic location of injury was the knee (n = 71/364) followed by the ankle (n = 57/364). General sprain/strain was the most frequent International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis code reported (n = 34/364). Conclusion: The knee was the most frequent location of MSKI in ROTC participants, and most MSKIs had insidious onset. Cadets with higher injury frequency were high achieving (Alpha) and in a critical time point in ROTC (military science year 3). The majority of MSKIs can be attributed to ROTC training, with PT being the most frequent activity associated with injury. Civilian health care providers, from whom ROTC cadets will most likely seek medical attention, need to be aware of ROTC physical demands as well as the characteristics of training-related injuries.

ABSTRACTAs cases of 2009 novel H1N1 influenza became prevalent in Cincinnati, Ohio, Hamilton County Public Health called upon the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine to enhance its surge capacity in vaccination administration. Although the collaboration was well organized, it became evident that a system should exist for medical students' involvement in disaster response and recovery efforts in advance of a disaster. Therefore, 5 policy alternatives for effective utilization of medical students in disaster-response efforts have been examined: maintaining the status quo, enhancing the Medical Reserve Corps, creating medical school–based disaster-response units, using students within another selected disaster-response organization, or devising an entirely new plan for medical students' utilization. The intent of presenting these policy alternatives is to foster a policy dialogue around creating a more formalized approach for integrating medical students into disaster surge capacity–enhancement strategies. Using medical students to supplement the current and future workforce may help substantially in achieving goals related to workforce requirements. Discussions will be necessary to translate policy into practice.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2011;5:150–153)

In the Graeco-Roman era medical treatment characteristically consisted of regimen (diet and a healthy lifestyle), medicaments and surgery – the latter being reserved for those cases in which regimen and medicaments had failed. Evidence of primitive surgery dates back to the Bronze Age, and the Homeric epics describe surgical treatment of war wounds with frequent intervention of the gods. With the arrival of empiric medicine in the 5th century BC, surgery featured prominently in the Hippocratic Corpus by way of excellent contributions on head and orthopaedic surgery in particular. Alexandrian medicine (late 4th century) facilitated surgical development through the knowledge of anatomy and physiology gained from human dissection. Greek medicine brought a much improved standard of surgery to the Roman era (2nd century BC). Physicians were still expected to be proficient in all three modalities of medical practice (above), but surgery was now held in higher regard and specialisation in fields such as eye diseases, obstetrics and women’s diseases, bladder ailments, mouth and throat surgery developed. Military medicine, well organised in Roman times, brought experience in trauma surgery, and procedures penetrating the abdomen and thoracic cavities were no longer uniformly fatal. Veterinary surgery came into being. The first significant surgical textbook after the Hippocratic Corpus was compiled by Celsus in the 1st century AD. From the 3rd century onwards surgery stagnated and the scientific language gradually changed from Greek to Latin. The surgical expertise of the era was carried into the Middle Ages and later predominantly by Islamic physicians.

The using of media in learning is one of important aspects to be applied in learning process, the delivery of learning material is easy to understand, in addition to the provide more concrete learning, specially in the achievement of learning objectives. The aims of this study is to reveal the use of Media in Learning Fiqh in the Department of Islamic Education, Education and Teaching Faculty of IAIN Imam Bonjol Padang. This study used a qualitative descriptive method, the informants of this study is consisted of lecturers who teach jurisprudence at the Department of Islamic education, the other jurisprudence lecturers, students and subsequently increased in accordance with the purposes of the data obtained. Data collected by using observation, interviews, and documentation, to the validity of the data obtained, it is conducted the triangulation during the research process. The research results revealed that the Use of Media in Learning Fiqh of the Department of Islamic Education in Teaching Faculty of IAIN Imam Bonjol Padang by lecturers already in used, such as using a doll to organize the corpse, shroud, perfume, coffin corpse and occasional lecturer use media electronics such as laptop. This was due to the limited facilities and infrastructure that provide in Department of Islamic Education, Tarbiyah Faculty of IAIN Imam Bonjol Padang, and the instability of electricity power, thus, the most frequently media that is used by lecturer is a whiteboard using the discussion method. Keywords: Media, Learning of jurisprudence, Department of Islamic studiesCopyright © 2015 by Al-Ta'lim All right reserved

The cooperative creative work in the art has always facilitated the creation of artistic works of high quality and required this process to be organized in a certain way, from both material and ideological perspective. There are plenty of creative symposia and plein-airs in Ukraine. Therefore, in our opinion, it is important to generally characterize this process and to reveal trends and prospects for creative projects in the modern artistic world. The plein-air is instructive from both theoretical and practical perspective. Exactly on the plein-airs an artist experiences a first shock from what he has seen in the nature; this sinks deep into the mind and nourishes both studies from nature and the whole process of making of a painting in the art studio. The plein-air gives the freshness of light perception to the artist; colors become clear, lightful and transparent. Each hue brings the artist curious brain to a big secret hidden in the nature. Its motifs are inexhaustible for learning its each fragment and manifestation. The life, country and its history give all the most beautiful things to the artist. In most cases impressions got on the plein-air are brought to the art studio and generalized paintings are made exactly there. And this is not a wave landscape portrait but the generalized image of Ukraine. Fundamental plein-airs and symposia among creative teams are organized with the support of the government or private organizations that feel involved in the process of creating a culture. Organizers set a main theme of the symposium, cover the accommodation and meal as well as tour expenses, finance a report exhibition of the creative team, catalog etc. Artistic projects are sponsored by large corporations or business structures as well as by diplomatic corps as art patrons which can crank them up a notch in the society not thanks to the economic basis but thanks to the art. We can see how the Ukrainian business intellectuals grow, intellectuals that understand the role of arts patronage well by following the example of their high-ranking foregoers from the beginning of the XX century. Round tables at symposia offer an opportunity to discuss prospects of the modern art and its tasks; such discussions are the anvil upon which the spark of truth is struck. In artistic groups the inner psychological space is organized more quickly: What is meant here is the inner world of each artist. In the environment with the certain spacing it is possible to simulate individual features of perception of reality, response and life style, i.e. life journey. The Ukrainian folk artist Vasyl Perevalsky emphasizes that all artists are different. Not everybody is able to work in the creative team. It all depends on psychological features of the artist. There are artists who, when making a painting, work more effectively in their art studios by going deep into their ideas, other world and logic of perception. In the opinion of the Ukrainian famous painter Vasyl Hurin, “a thematic painting must be unique and not repeat the past things. It must maturate and naturally go up”. Artistic symposia and plein-airs play a major role in forming the modern artistic idea. By participating directly in symposia the artist can understand regularities of individual life, discover his reserves and thus change his behavior by stimulating development and creating a project of life.

Nesta edição do número 3 do volume 12 de 2019, trazemos 12 artigos e uma resenha nos eixos temáticos Linguística e Tecnologia, Educação e Tecnologia, Ensino Superior e Tecnologia, Comunicação e Tecnologia, Tradução e tecnologia, Documentação em Software Livre, Análise Semiótica da Comunicação e Resenhas. A diversidade dos eixos se reflete nas abordagens, origens e contextos das produções, que presenteiam o leitor a cada texto com estudos baseados em pesquisas sobre temas da atualidade. Apresentamos a seguir um breve resumo do que pode ser encontrado nos textos deste número da revista Texto Livre.Clebson Luiz de Brito, no artigo “A argumentação contrária aos direitos humanos em comentários em portais de informação: um olhar sobre a questão prisional”, examina a argumentação contrária aos Direitos Humanos em comentários relativos a notícias sobre a questão prisional nos portais de informação G1, UOl e Terra, encontrando ao final da análise procedimentos argumentativos que configuram uma espécie de retórica desumanizante.Antonio-Manuel Rodríguez-García, María Aránzazu Fernández Mora e Antonio José Moreno Guerrero, em “Evolución científica de la enseñanza de lenguas en el contexto universitario (1900-2019)”, analisama literatura científica sobre o ensino de idiomas no âmbito universitário na coleção da Web of Science, utilizando os indicadores produção diacrônica, geográfica, autores e fonte, mostrando um crescimento exponencial no período analisado, de 1900 a 2019.Sergio Candido de Oscar e Celso Augusto dos Santos Gomes, em “O uso de recursos tecnológicos e linguagem musical na aproximação de pais e filhos: uma experiência no 1º ciclo de educação musical”, apresentam uma pesquisa no ambiente virtual de aprendizagem Moodle sobre o desenvolvimento musical de estudantes do 1º ciclo do curso de educação musical, voltado para o atendimento de crianças de 6 a 8 anos, com resultados que mostram o crescimento em indicadores de proficiência musical dos alunos por meio da avaliação de habilidades e competências específicas.Inmaculada Aznar Díaz, María Pilar Cáceres Reche e José María Romero Rodríguez, em “Competencia digital de un tutor e-learning: un modelo emergente de buenas prácticas docentes en TIC”, combinam instrumentos quantitativos: questionário Likert, e qualitativos: entrevista semiestruturada para estudar a representação do conhecimento sobre boas práticas docentes de um tutor e-learning.Terezinha Marcondes Diniz Biazi, em “Comunidades #REA: análise de seus rastros no Twitter”, identifica a dinâmica de interação de comunidades globais de Recursos Educacionais Abertos (REA) na rede social Twitter no período de 2012 a 2017, revelando cinco pontes e sete grandes comunidades que se destacam nas interações dentro da rede.Olena Balalaieva, em “Online resources and software for teaching and learning Latin”, analisa recursos eletrônicos para ensino-aprendizagem deLatim, como bibliotecas digitais e bancos de dados, cursos online, livros eletrônicos e dicionário, investigando seu potencial didático para ajudar os professores clássicos a organizar efetivamente o processo educacional. Ela apresenta, ainda, o momento atual de estudo do Latim na Ucrânia.Edmilson Francisco, Helena Maria Ferreira e Ilsa do Carmo Vieira Goulart, em “Letramento digital: do uso das tecnologias digitais à formação dos professores de língua portuguesa, o que se discute sobre isso?”, abordam algumas proposições a respeito da formação inicial e continuada de professores de língua portuguesa no que tange ao uso das tecnologias digitais de comunicação como estratégia para reelaboração e reconfiguração de suas práticas pedagógicas. Para isso, apresentam uma pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, a partir de uma reflexão bibliográfica, em obras importantes sobre o tema.Késsia Mileny de Paulo Moura, em “Revisão sistemática sobre letramento digital na formação de professores”, identificou as produções científicas brasileiras (teses e dissertações) a respeito do letramento digital na formação de professores, realizadas entre os anos de 2010 a 2018, apontando para usos das tecnologias digitais que procuram responder às novas dinâmicas sociais.Sara Mandiá-Rubal, Maricela López-Ornelas e José Miguel Túñez-López, em “La implantación de internet en la gestión de perfiles profesionales en investigación científica”, utilizando metodologia quantitativa, verificam hipóteses sobre a comunicação da ciência no contexto espanhol.Janailton Mick Vitor da Silva, em “Construindo corpora de legendas: passo a passo metodológico para pesquisas baseadas em corpus”, se detém nos procedimentos metodológicospara criação de corpora de legendas, retiradas de obras audiovisuais, como filmes e séries de TV, que pode servir a pesquisadores que trabalham no campo da Tradução Audiovisual e dos Estudos da Tradução Baseados em Corpus.Omar Mar Cornelio, Leyanys Acosta Calderón e Karla García Benítez, em “Sistema para análisis de muestra de urocultivo a partir de la curva de crecimiento”, descrevem uma solução para o processamento de mostras de urocultivo a partir da elaboração de um sistema baseado em tecnologias livres que implementa um conjunto de algoritmos computacionais.Natália Silva Giarola de Resende, em “Semiótica, ciberativismo e paixões nos comentários da fanpage do Movimento Brasil Livre (MBL)”, investiga as paixões mobilizadas pelo ciberativismo nos comentários da fanpage do Movimento Brasil Livre (MBL), tendo como base teórica a semiótica discursiva. Renata Alves Pires publica sua resenha da obra “Escrever na Universidade: Fundamentos”, Francisco Eduardo Vieira e Carlos Alberto Faraco, publicada em 2019.Desejamos a todos uma ótima leitura!

Desde 2014, a Em Tese, revista editada pelos discentes do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia Política (PPGSP) da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), vem passando por uma série de reformulações estruturais. A definição de critérios mais altos na seleção de avaliadores, a introdução de um formulário de avaliação dos artigos para guiar os pareceristas sobre os aspectos que devem ser avaliados e a manutenção da periodicidade na publicação das edições levaram à incorporação da revista em vários indexadores nacionais e internacionais de prestígio. A presença nesses indexadores e a utilização de outras plataformas virtuais, como o facebook, no qual o periódico recentemente atingiu a marca de mil curtidores, por sua vez, ampliou a divulgação das atividades editoriais da revista como as chamadas de artigos e expandiu largamente o número de acessos, que ultrapassam uma centena de milhares de acessos por ano.Os avanços nessa edição ficam por conta da incorporação da revista a mais um indexador importante, o Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ). Além disso, houve o acréscimo de importantes ferramentas internas que melhoram os processos de edição do periódico, tal como o desenvolvimento [ainda em construção] de um manual de “passo a passo” indicando cada etapa de edição da Em Tese, bem como, um guia de orientações de posturas éticas para nortear e sistematizar o trabalho dos membros do corpo editorial. Iniciativas como essas, visam conferir maior profissionalismo à revista e, consequentemente, maior segurança a seus colaboradores e leitores. A crescente respeitabilidade da revista no meio acadêmico, medida principalmente pela diversificação e amplitude nacional dos artigos recebidos, é prova do acerto dessa estratégia. Neste tocante em particular, a presente edição da revista traz pela primeira vez um artigo assinado por um pesquisador estrangeiro – no caso, Jorge Botelho Muniz, da Universidade Nova de Lisboa.Em suma, frutos de uma clara política editorial levada a cabo pelos editores da revista, resultaram em avanços significativos na qualidade dos artigos recebidos e publicados. A edição do primeiro semestre de 2016 não fica atrás, como o leitor poderá apreciar por si mesmo nesta breve apresentação sinóptica de cada texto.Contudo, por razões que fogem ao controle dos editores, o dossiê Sociologia política da corrupção planejado para esta edição infelizmente teve de ser cancelado. Em comparação com outros dossiês, o deste semestre foi prejudicado pelas poucas contribuições e pelo relativamente alto número de rejeições dos trabalhos submetidos à avaliação dos pareceristas dos periódicos. Isso permite avaliar em certa medida o estado da arte das pesquisas acerca deste tema no Brasil e sugere a necessidade de uma concentração de esforços a fim de preencher essa lacuna, tanto mais por causa da sensibilidade e importância do problema da corrupção para o atual momento que vive o país. De qualquer maneira, os artigos enviados e aprovados para o dossiê foram publicados normalmente nesta edição, e os que ainda estão em processo de análise e que forem eventualmente aprovados serão também publicados em edições futuras.Esta edição abre-se com os três artigos aprovados para o dossiê. O primeiro deles, intitulado ‘O discurso da “mudança” de Aécio Neves e Dilma Rousseff: uma análise da prática retórica entre diferentes, no retorno para o segundo turno às eleições de 2014’ de Sandra Regina Barbosa Parzianello, procura analisar a batalha discursiva entre os dois candidatos à Presidência da República que disputaram o segundo turno das eleições de 2014. Com base em categorias analíticas desenvolvidas pela teoria do discurso de Ernesto Laclau, a autora analisa, de um lado, o discurso da “mudança” da coligação “Muda Brasil”, contrário ao governo petista e, de outro lado, o discurso também da “mudança” manifestado pelo partido da situação. Nas palavras da própria autora, a forma como a política está organizada é momentânea e contingente, pois depende de um universo de sentidos fundado na forma e em como o campo discursivo está estruturado.O segundo artigo, ‘Como os partidos de esquerda se posicionam em relação ao governo Lula?’, de Pedro Gustavo de Sousa Silva, objetiva sistematizar as posições assumidas pelos partidos de esquerda em relação ao governo Lula (2003-2006). Segundo o autor, os partidos de esquerda dividiram-se em dois blocos diante do governo Lula: 1) um deles apoiou a gestão, mesmo tendo conflitos com o governo; 2) o outro assumiu a postura de oposição, acusando o governo de traidor. A partir dos discursos externados por integrantes do campo político da esquerda, o autor busca explicar porque uma parte das esquerdas apoio o governo e outra parte não, assim como as razões dessa ruptura.No próximo artigo, ‘A análise neo-institucional da corrupção: corrupção e reformas’, Luis Fernando Miranda sugere melhores formas de gestão da máquina pública, de modo a combater a corrupção de forma mais eficiente através de reformas. Baseado principalmente no trabalho de Susan Rose-Ackerman, o autor mostra que as propinas são o elo entre quem corrompe e quem é corrompido e que esta, funciona como uma espécie de serviço prestado. Sua conclusão é que a longo prazo a corrupção gera um ambiente de incerteza, seja para os negócios, seja para a política. Por fim, ele argumenta que as reformas podem ser um mecanismo eficiente no combate à corrupção, e apresentada seis tipos de reforma que podem avançar nesse sentido.Em ‘As Mulheres Dirigentes do Partido dos Trabalhadores: Perfil e Desafios à Representação Substantiva’, Tássia Rabelo de Pinho analisa a participação política das mulheres no interior do Partido dos Trabalhadores, primeiro partido da América Latina a adotar cotas de gênero e a aprovar a paridade na composição das suas direções. Empregando uma série de técnicas de pesquisa diferentes na produção de dados, a autora conclui que mecanismos intrapartidários de reserva de vagas impactam de maneira rápida e assertiva a composição das direções partidárias, mas isolados não resolvem o problema da representação substantiva, pois há elementos de natureza simbólica e relacionados à divisão sexual do trabalho, que atuam como barreiras à atuação política das mulheres.Espraiando-se pela linha de estudos sobre diferenças e discriminação, Bruno Gontyjo de Couto publica ‘O debate sobre meio e raça na geração intelectual de 1870: a construção de um projeto de civilização para o Brasil’. Nesse texto, ele analisa desestruturas materiais e simbólicas erigidas no contexto do império do Brasil e a concomitante emersão da chamada geração intelectual de 1870 que assume a missão de formular análises e perspectivas sobre o país com intuito de se desenhar um caminho que constituiria o Brasil como um país civilizado. Em suas análises, esse grupo intelectual, encabeçado por Tobias Barreto, professor da escola de direito do Recife, descobre o “problema” da indefinição racial e da falta de integração nacional como obstáculos a serem superados nesse sentido, propondo uma série de projetos de intervenção.Escrito a quatro mãos, ‘Transexualidades: os rostos do estigma e da exclusão social’, resulta da pesquisa elabora por Jaime Alonso Caravaca Morera e Maria Itayra Padilha. Os autores fazem uma análise das diferentes manifestações do estigma e da exclusão social entre a população transexual. Munidos da noção de controle heterocisnormativo de orientação no patriacarcalismo, expõe os estigmas e exclusão no âmbito transexual derivados de aspectos pessoais, cognitivos, emocionais, estruturais e comportamentais que emergem como consequência direta da implantação da ideologia psiquiatrizante e patologizante da condição transexual e das outras manifestações da corporeidade e sexualidade relativas à concepção ontológica dos sujeitos.Em um texto originalmente enviado para o dossiê sobre o ensino da sociologia publicado na última edição da Em Tese, Erika Kulessa de Souza, agracia os leitores com ‘Linguagem e ensino de sociologia: reflexões sobre a apropriação da linguagem’. Nesta produção, a autora propõe uma reflexão sobre o aprendizado da sociologia no ensino médio, considerando aspectos da dimensão linguística como pedra de toque para o desenvolvimento de um olhar sociológico. Ancorando-se em Wittgenstein e Vigotsky, estabelece relações entre o pensamento linguagem e conhecimento, que, mesmo ante oposições epistemológicas em ambos autores, é possível o vislumbre de perspectivas sobre a apropriação da linguagem sociológica.Na mesma linha da sociologia da educação, em ‘O que se entende por educação: as abordagens da sociologia clássica de Durkheim, Weber e Marx’, Fabiane Medina Cruz evidencia a educação como temática chave do processo de consolidação da assim chamada ‘tirania’ de colonização e controle hegemônico desfraldado através da modernidade. Ao servir-se dos sociólogos clássicos – Marx, Durkheim e Weber – a autora reflete sobre paradigmas acerca de temas recorrentes e cotidianos, tal como cidadania, desenvolvimento econômico e identidade nacional, entre outros. Ora, visando fugir de padrões normativos engendrados pela educação, a autora, através das teorias sociológicas clássicas, apresenta possibilidades autônomas para se pensar projetos educacionais.Jorge Botelho Moniz traz uma discussão sobre secularização. Marcadamente situado no campo da Sociologia da Religião, o texto intitulado como ‘A secularização na ultramodernidade católica europeia: uma proposta de análise contextual e multidimensional do fenômeno da secularização’; permite a análise plural sobre a noção de secularização num contexto europeu. Notadamente uma construção teórico-conceitual, o artigo permite a compreensão do deslocamento e recomposição do fenômeno do religioso em países do continente europeu compreendido através das dimensões sociocultural, político-histórica e jurídica; colocadas como critérios de pesquisa em vista da reflexão mais acurada acerca dos contornos modernos que a religião vem desenhando na Europa na atualidadeEm sua segunda contribuição para este periódico, Jeferson Bertolini traz ‘A racionalização da notícia: uma consequência não premeditada da internet’. Neste artigo, o conceito de racionalização em Max Weber é mobilizado para se pensar a produção da notícia na internet. Como efeito da racionalização das esferas sociais, no campo do jornalismo, os valores da tradição e o ideal de informar opõem-se a critérios de eficiência do mundo capitalista, superado pela produção de conteúdo em escala industrial. Nestes termos, a notícia, além de convertida à condição de mercadoria, o processo de racionalização impacta nas rotinas do jornalista no que tange sua relação com as fontes e o conteúdo produzido.Nesta edição, Flávio de Lima Queiroz publica a resenha da obra ‘As raízes da corrupção no Brasil’, lançado pela Editora Fórum em 2015. A obra, escrita pelo professor de Direito Lucas Rocha Furtado e também subprocurador-geral do Ministério Público do Tribunal de Contas da União. A partir de um estudo sobre os casos escandalosos de corrupção na recente história da política brasileira, como a exemplo do caso “PC Farias” e do “Mensalão”, Furtado (2015) defende a tese de que as razões para o surgimento de comportamentos tidos como corruptos pelos agentes públicos estariam na deficiência das instituições políticas do Estado, vem como na impunidade dos agentes praticantes de corrupção, por assim dizer. O autor opõe-se à tese defendida por Sergio Buarque de Holanda, quando atribui à cultura patrimonialista a causa geradora de falhas na condução do Estado pelos agentes públicos. Para Furtado (2015), as lacunas legais contidas e regras institucionais frouxas estariam como causa para corrupção, mais do que fatores histórico-culturais.A edição encerra com uma entrevista do professor e pesquisador Francisco Cabral Alambert Júnior do Departamento de História da Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Em uma interessante conversa com o doutorando em sociologia política da UFSC, Josnei Di Carlo, suas falas versam sobre elementos analíticos que permitem a triangulação crítica entre história, política e o campo das artes. Tendo como importante eixo A história da das bienais em São Paulo, professor Alambert dialoga com abordagens políticas que vieram pari passu tangenciando o espectro da modernidade no Brasil. Orbitando sobre diferentes temáticas no campo das artes, cultura e literatura, a entrevista permite uma reflexão hodierna inaugural acerca da imprensa enquanto fonte e tema de pesquisa além das artes e suas articulações com a política.

Do we eat what we are, or are we what we eat? Do we eat or are we eaten? In less cryptic terms, in eating, do we confirm our identities, or are our identities reforged, and refracted by what and how we eat? In posing these questions, I want to shift the terms of current debates about identity. I want to signal that the study of identity may take on new insights when we look at how we are or want to be in terms of what, how, and with whom we eat. If the analysis of identity has by and large been conducted through the optic of sex, it may well be that in western societies we are witnessing a shift away from sex as the sovereign signifier, or to put it more finely, the question of what we are is a constantly morphing one that mixes up bodies, appetites, classes, genders and ethnicities. It must be said that the question of identity and subjectivity has been so well trodden in the last several decades that the possibility of any virgin territory is slim. Bombarded by critiques of identity politics, any cultural critic still interested in why and how individuals fabricate themselves must either cringe before accusations of sociological do-gooding (and defend the importance of the categories of race, class, sex, gender and so forth), or face the endless clichés that seemingly support the investigation of identity. The momentum of my investigation is carried by a weak wager, by which I mean that the areas and examples I study cannot be overdetermined by a sole axis of investigation. My point of departure is basic: what if we were to think identities in another dimension, through the optic of eating and its associated qualities: hunger, greed, shame, disgust, pleasure, etc? While the connections suggested by eating are diverse and illuminating, interrogating identity through this angle brings its own load of assumptions and preconceptions. One of the more onerous aspects of 'writing about food' is the weight of previous studies. The field of food is a well traversed one, staked out by influential authors concerned with proper anthropological, historical and sociological questions. They are by and large attracted to food for its role in securing social categories and classifications. They have left a legacy of truisms, such as Lévi-Strauss's oft-stated maxim that food is good to think with1, or Brillat-Savarin's aphorism, 'tell me what you eat: I will tell you what you are' (13). In turn, scientific idioms meet up with the buzzing clichés that hover about food. These can be primarily grouped around the notion that food is fundamental, that we all eat, and so on. Indeed, buffeted by the winds of postmodernism that have permeated public debates, it seems that there is a popular acceptance of the fact that identities are henceforth difficult, fragmented, temporary, unhinged by massive changes to modes of employment and the economy, re-formations of family, and the changes in the gender and sexual order. Living with and through these changes on a daily basis, it is no wonder that food and eating has been popularly reclaimed as a 'fundamental' issue, as the last bastion of authenticity in our lives. To put it another way, and in the terms that guide me, eating is seen as immediate -- it is something we all have to do; and it is a powerful mode of mediation, of joining us with others. What, how, and where we eat has emerged as a site of considerable social concern: from the fact that most do not eat en famille, that we increasingly eat out and through drive-in fast food outlets (in the US, 50% of the food budget is spent on eating outside the home), to the worries about genetically altered food and horror food -- mad cows, sick chickens, square tomatoes. Eating performs different connections and disconnections. Increasingly the attention to what we eat is seen as immediately connecting us, our bodies, to large social questions. At a broad level, this can be as diffuse as the winds that some argue spread genetically modified seed stock from one region to another. Or it can be as individually focussed as the knowledge that others are starving as we eat. This connection has long haunted children told 'to eat up everything on your plate because little children are starving in Africa', and in more evolved terms has served as a staple of forms of vegetarianism and other ethical forms of eating. From the pictures of starving children staring from magazine pages, the spectre of hunger is now broadcast by the Internet, exemplified in the Hunger Site where 'users are met by a map of the world and every 3.6 seconds, a country flashes black signifying a death due to hunger'. Here eating is the subject of a double articulation: the recognition of hunger is presumed to be a fundamental capacity of individuals, and our feelings are then galvanised into painless action: each time a user clicks on the 'hunger' button one of the sponsors donates a cup and a half of food. As the site explains, 'our sponsors pay for the donations as a form of advertising and public relations'. Here, the logic is that hunger is visceral, that it is a basic human feeling, which is to say that it is understood as immediate, and that it connects us in a basic way to other humans. That advertising companies know that it can also be a profitable form of meditation, transforming 'humans' into consumers is but one example of how eating connects us in complex ways to other people, to products, to new formulations of identity, and in this case altruism (the site has been called 'the altruistic mouse')2. Eating continually interweaves individual needs, desires and aspirations within global economies of identities. Of course the interlocking of the global and the local has been the subject of much debate over the last decade. For instance, in his recent book on globalisation, John Tomlinson uses 'global food and local identity' as a site through which to problematise these terms. It is clear that changes in food processing and transportation technologies have altered our sense of connection to the near and the far away, allowing us to routinely find in our supermarkets and eat products that previously would have been the food stuff of the élite. These institutional and technological changes rework the connections individuals have to their local, to the regions and nations in which they live. As Tomlinson argues, 'globalisation, from its early impact, does clearly undermine a close material relationship between the provenance of food and locality' (123). As he further states, the effects have been good (availability and variety), and bad (disrupting 'the subtle connection between climate, season, locality and cultural practice'). In terms of what we can now eat, Tomlinson points out that 'the very cultural stereotypes that identify food with, say, national culture become weakened' (124). Defusing the whiff of moralism that accompanies so much writing about food, Tomlinson argues that these changes to how we eat are not 'typically experienced as simply cultural loss or estrangement but as a complex and ambiguous blend: of familiarity and difference, expansion of cultural horizons and increased perceptions of vulnerability, access to the "world out there" accompanied by penetration of our own private worlds, new opportunities and new risks' (128). For the sake of my own argument his attention to the increased sense of vulnerability is particularly important. To put it more strongly, I'd argue that eating is of interest for the ways in which it can be a mundane exposition of the visceral nature of our connectedness, or distance from each other, from ourselves, and our social environment: it throws into relief the heartfelt, the painful, playful or pleasurable articulations of identity. To put it more clearly, I want to use eating and its associations in order to think about how the most ordinary of activities can be used to help us reflect on how we are connected to others, and to large and small social issues. This is again to attend to the immediacy of eating, and the ways in which that immediacy is communicated, mediated and can be put to use in thinking about culture. The adjective 'visceral' comes to mind: 'of the viscera', the inner organs. Could something as ordinary as eating contain the seeds of an extraordinary reflection, a visceral reaction to who and what we are becoming? In mining eating and its qualities might we glimpse gut reactions to the histories and present of the cultures within which we live? As Emily Jenkins writes in her account of 'adventures in physical culture', what if we were to go 'into things tongue first. To see how they taste' (5). In this sense, I want to plunder the visceral, gut levels revealed by that most boring and fascinating of topics: food and eating. In turn, I want to think about what bodies are and do when they eat. To take up the terms with which I started, eating both confirms what and who we are, to ourselves and to others, and can reveal new ways of thinking about those relations. To take the most basic of facts: food goes in, and then broken down it comes out of the body, and every time this happens our bodies are affected. While in the usual course of things we may not dwell upon this process, that basic ingestion allows us to think of our bodies as complex assemblages connected to a wide range of other assemblages. In eating, the diverse nature of where and how different parts of ourselves attach to different aspects of the social becomes clear, just as it scrambles preconceptions about alimentary identities. Of course, we eat according to social rules, in fact we ingest them. 'Feed the man meat', the ads proclaim following the line of masculinity inwards; while others draw a line outwards from biology and femininity into 'Eat lean beef'. The body that eats has been theorised in ways that seek to draw out the sociological equations about who we are in terms of class and gender. But rather than taking the body as known, as already and always ordered in advance by what and how it eats, we can turn such hypotheses on their head. In the act of ingestion, strict divisions get blurred. The most basic fact of eating reveals some of the strangeness of the body's workings. Consequently it becomes harder to capture the body within categories, to order stable identities. This then forcefully reminds us that we still do not know what a body is capable of, to take up a refrain that has a long heritage (from Spinoza to Deleuze to feminist investigations of the body). As Moira Gatens and Genevieve Lloyd argue in terms of this idea, 'each body exists in relations of interdependence with other bodies and these relations form a "world" in which individuals of all kinds exchange their constitutive parts -- leading to the enrichment of some and the demise of others (e.g. eating involves the destruction of one body at the same time as it involves the enhancement of the other)' (101). I am particularly interested in how individuals replay equations between eating and identity. But that phrase sounds impossibly abstracted from the minute instances I have in mind. From the lofty heights, I follow the injunction to 'look down, look way down', to lead, as it were, with the stomach. In this vein, I begin to note petty details, like the fact of recently discovering breakfast. From a diet of coffee (now with a milk called 'Life') and cigarettes, I dutifully munch on fortified cereal that provides large amounts of folate should I be pregnant (and as I eat it I wonder am I, should I be?3). Spurred on by articles sprinkled with dire warnings about what happens to women in Western societies, I search out soy, linseed and other ingredients that will help me mimic the high phytoestrogen diet of Japanese women. Eating cereal, I am told, will stave off depression, especially with the addition of bananas. Washed down with yoghurt 'enhanced' with acidophilius and bifidus to give me 'friendly' bacteria that will fight against nasty heliobacter pylori, I am assured that I will even lose weight by eating breakfast. It's all a bit much first thing in the morning when the promise of a long life seems like a threat. The myriad of printed promises of the intricate world of alimentary programming serve as an interesting counterpoint to the straightforward statements on cigarette packages. 'Smoking kills' versus the weak promises that eating so much of such and such a cereal 'is a good source of soy phytoestrogenes (isolfavones) that are believed to be very beneficial'. Apart from the unpronounceable ingredients (do you really want to eat something that you can't say?), the terms of the contract between me and the cereal makers is thin: that such and such is 'believed to be beneficial'? While what in fact they may benefit is nebulous, it gets scarier when they specify that 'a diet rich in folate may reduce the risk of birth defects such as spina bifida'. The conditional tense wavers as I ponder the way spina bifida is produced as a real possibility. There is of course a long history to the web of nutritional messages that now surrounds us. In her potted teleology of food messages, Sue Thompson, a consultant dietitian, writes that in the 1960s, the slogan was 'you are what you eat'. Then in the 1970s and 1980s, the idea was that food was bad for you. In her words, 'it became a time of "Don't eat" and "bad foods". Now, happily, 'we are moving into a time of appreciating the health benefits of food' (Promotional release by the Dairy Farmers, 1997). As the new battle ground for extended enhanced life, eating takes on fortified meaning. Awed by the enthusiasm, I am also somewhat shocked by the intimacy of detail. I can handle descriptions of sex, but the idea of discussing the ways in which you 'are reducing the bacterial toxins produced from small bowel overgrowth' (Thompson), is just too much. Gut level intimacy indeed. However, eating is intimate. But strangely enough except for the effusive health gurus, and the gossip about the eating habits of celebrities, normally in terms of not-eating, we tend not to publicly air the fact that we all operate as 'mouth machines' (to take Noëlle Châtelet's term). To be blunt about it, 'to eat, is to connect ... the mouth and the anus' (Châtelet 34). We would, with good reason, rather not think about this; it is an area of conversation reserved for our intimates. For instance, in relationships the moment of broaching the subject of one's gut may mark the beginning of the end. So let us stay for the moment at the level of the mouth machine, and the ways it brings together the physical fact of what goes in, and the symbolic production of what comes out: meanings, statements, ideas. To sanitise it further, I want to think of the mouth machine as a metonym4 for the operations of a term that has been central to cultural studies: 'articulation'. Stuart Hall's now classic definition states that 'articulation refers to the complex set of historical practices by which we struggle to produce identity or structural unity out of, on top of, complexity, difference, contradiction' (qtd. in Grossberg, "History" 64). While the term has tended to be used rather indiscriminately -- theorists wildly 'articulate' this or that -- its precise terms are useful. Basically it refers to how individuals relate themselves to their social contexts and histories. While we are all in some sense the repositories of past practices, through our actions we 'articulate', bridge and connect ourselves to practices and contexts in ways that are new to us. In other terms, we continually shuttle between practices and meanings that are already constituted and 'the real conditions' in which we find ourselves. As Lawrence Grossberg argues, this offers 'a nonessentialist theory of agency ... a fragmented, decentered human agent, an agent who is both "subject-ed" by power and capable of acting against power' ("History" 65). Elsewhere Grossberg elaborates on the term, arguing that 'articulation is the production of identity on top of difference, of unities out of fragments, of structures across practices' (We Gotta Get Out 54). We are then 'articulated' subjects, the product of being integrated into past practices and structures, but we are also always 'articulating' subjects: through our enactment of practices we reforge new meanings, new identities for ourselves. This then reveals a view of the subject as a fluctuating entity, neither totally voluntaristic, nor overdetermined. In more down to earth terms, just because we are informed by practices not of our own making, 'that doesn't mean we swallow our lessons without protest' (Jenkins 5). The mouth machine takes in but it also spits out. In these actions the individual is constantly connecting, disconnecting and reconnecting. Grossberg joins the theory of articulation to Deleuze and Guattari's notion of rhizomes. In real and theoretical terms, a rhizome is a wonderful entity: it is a type of plant, such as a potato plant or an orchid, that instead of having tap roots spreads its shoots outwards, where new roots can sprout off old. Used as a figure to map out social relations, the rhizome allows us to think about other types of connection. Beyond the arboreal, tap root logic of, say, the family tree which ties me in lineage to my forefathers, the rhizome allows me to spread laterally and horizontally: as Deleuze puts it, the rhizome is antigenealogical, 'it always has multiple entryways' compelling us to think of how we are connected diversely, to obvious and sometimes not so obvious entities (35). For Grossberg the appeal of joining a theory of articulation with one inspired by rhizomes is that it combines the 'vertical complexity' of culture and context, with the 'wild realism' of the horizontal possibilities that connect us outward. To use another metaphor dear to Deleuze and Guattari, this is to think about the spread of rhizomatic roots, the 'lines of flight' that break open seemingly closed structures, including those we call ourselves: 'lines of flight disarticulate, open up the assemblage to its exterior, cutting across and dismantling unity, identity, centers and hierarchies' (qtd. in Grossberg, We Gotta Get Out 58). In this way, bodies can be seen as assemblages: bits of past and present practice, openings, attachments to parts of the social, closings and aversion to other parts. The tongue as it ventures out to taste something new may bring back fond memories, or it may cause us to recoil in disgust. As Jenkins writes, this produces a fascinating 'contradiction -- how the body is both a prison and a vehicle for adventure' (4). It highlights the fact that the 'body is not the same from day to day. Not even from minute to minute ... . Sometimes it seems like home, sometimes more like a cheap motel near Pittsburgh' (7). As we ingest we mutate, we expand and contract, we change, sometimes subtly, sometimes violently. The openings and closings of our bodies constantly rearranges our dealings with others, as Jenkins writes, the body's 'distortions, anxieties, ecstasies and discomforts all influence a person's interaction with the people who service it'. In more theoretical terms, this produces the body as 'an articulated plane whose organisation defines its own relations of power and sites of struggle', which 'points to the existence of another politics, a politics of feeling' (Grossberg, "History" 72). These theoretical considerations illuminate the interest and the complexity of bodies that eat. The mouth machine registers experiences, and then articulates them -- utters them. In eating, we may munch into whole chains of previously established connotations, just as we may disrupt them. For instance, an email arrives, leaving traces of its rhizomatic passage zapping from one part of the world to another, and then to me. Unsolicited, it sets out a statement from a Dr. Johannes Van Vugt in San Francisco who on October 11, 1999, National Coming Out Day in the US, began an ongoing 'Fast for Equal Rights for persons who are gay, lesbian and other sexual orientation minorities'. Yoking his fast with the teachings of Ghandi and Martin Luther King, Dr. Van Vugt says he is fasting to 'call on you to choose love, not fear, and to do something about it'. The statement also reveals that he previously fasted 'to raise awareness and funds for African famine relief for which he received a Congressional commendation'. While personally I don't give much for his chances of getting a second commendation, this is an example of how the mouth machine closed still operates to articulate identities and politics to wildly diverging sites. While there is something of an arboreal logic to fasting for awareness of famine, the connection between not eating and anti-homophobic politics is decidedly rhizomatic. Whether or not it succeeds in its aim, and one of the tenets of a rhizomatic logic is that the points of connection cannot be guaranteed in advance, it does join the mouth with sex with the mouth with homophobic statements that it utters. There is then a sort of 'wild realism' at work here that endeavours to set up new assemblages of bodies, mouths and politics. From fasting to writing, what of the body that writes of the body that eats? In Grossberg's argument, the move to a rhizomatic field of analysis promises to return cultural theory to a consideration of 'the real'. He argues that such a theory must be 'concerned with particular configurations of practices, how they produce effects and how such effects are organized and deployed' (We Gotta Get Out 45). However, it is crucial to remember that these practices do not exist in a pure state in culture, divorced from their representations or those of the body that analyses them. The type of 'wild realism' that Grossberg calls for, as in Deleuze's 'new empiricism' is both a way of seeing the world, and offers it anew, illuminates otherly its structures and individuals' interaction with them. Following the line of the rhizome means that we must 'forcibly work both on semiotic flows, material flows, and social flows', Guattari goes on to argue that 'there is no tripartition between a field of reality, the world, a field of representation, the book, and a field of subjectivity, the author. But an arrangement places in connection certain multiplicities taken from each of these orders' (qtd. in Grossberg, We Gotta Get Out 48). In terms of the possibilities offered by eating, these theoretical and conceptual arguments direct us to other ways of thinking about identity as both digestion and as indigestible. Bodies eat into culture. The mouth machine is central to the articulation of different orders, but so too is the tongue that sticks out, that draws in food, objects and people. Analysed along multiple alimentary lines of flight, in eating we constantly take in, chew up and spit out identities. Footnotes 1. As Barbara Santich has recently pointed out, Lévi-Strauss's point was made in relation to taboos on eating totem animals in traditional societies and wasn't a general comment on the connection between eating and thinking (4). 2. The sponsors of the Hunger Site include 0-0.com, a search engine, Proflowers.com, and an assortment of other examples of this new form of altruism (such as GreaterGood.com which advertises itself as a 'shop to benefit your favorite cause'), and 'World-Wide Recipes', which features a 'virtual restaurant'. 3. The pregnant body is of course one of the most policed entities in our culture, and pregnant friends report on the anxieties that are produced about what will go into the future child's body. 4. While Châtelet writes that thinking about the eating body 'throws her into full metaphor ... joining, for example the nutritional mouth and the lover's mouth' (8), I have tried to avoid the tug of metaphor. Of course, the seduction of metaphor is great, and there are copious examples of the metaphorisation of eating in regards to consumption, ingestion, reading and writing. However, as I've argued elsewhere (Probyn, Outside Belongings), I prefer to focus on the 'work' (or as Le Doeuff would say, 'le faire des images') that Deleuze and Guattari's terms accomplish as ways of modelling the social. This is a particularly crucial (if here underdeveloped) point in terms of my present project, where I seek to analyse the ways in which eating may reproduce an awareness of the visceral nature of social relations. That said, and as my valued colleague Melissa Hardie has often pointed out, my text is littered with metaphor. References Brillat-Savarin, Jean-Anthelme. The Physiology of Taste. Trans. Anne Drayton. Penguin, 1974. Châtelet, Noëlle. Le Corps a Corps Culinaire. Paris: Seuil, 1977. Deleuze, Gilles. "Rhizome versus Trees." The Deleuze Reader. Ed. Constantin V. Boundas. New York: Columbia UP, 1993. Foucault, Michel. The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences. New York: Vintage, 1973. Gatens, Moira, and Genevieve Lloyd. Collective Imaginings: Spinoza, Past and Present. New York and London: Routledge, 1999. Grossberg, Lawrence. "History, Politics and Postmodernism: Stuart Hall and Cultural Studies." Journal of Communication Inquiry 10.2 (1986): 61-77. ---. We Gotta Get Out of This Place: Popular Conservatism and Postmodern Culture. New York and London: Routledge,1992. Le Doeuff, Michèle. L'Étude et le Rouet. Paris: Seuil, 1989. Jenkins, Emily. Tongue First: Adventures in Physical Culture. London: Virago, 1999. Probyn, Elspeth. Outside Belongings. New York and London: Routledge, 1996. ---. Sexing the Self. Gendered Positions in Cultural Studies. New York and London: Routledge, 1993. Santich, Barbara. "Research Notes." The Centre for the History of Food and Drink Newsletter. The University of Adelaide, September 1999. Thompson, Sue. Promotional pamphlet for the Dairy Farmers' Association. 1997. Tomlinson, John. Globalization and Culture. Oxford: Polity Press, 1999. Citation reference for this article MLA style: Elspeth Probyn. "The Indigestion of Identities." M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 2.7 (1999). [your date of access] <http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/9910/indigestion.php>. Chicago style: Elspeth Probyn, "The Indigestion of Identities," M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 2, no. 7 (1999), <http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/9910/indigestion.php> ([your date of access]). APA style: Elspeth Probyn. (1999) The indigestion of identities. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 2(7). <http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/9910/indigestion.php> ([your date of access]).

After the Battle of Murfreesboro, thousands of wounded soldiers flooded hospitals from Chattanooga, Tennessee to Atlanta, Georgia. Makeshift hospitals were set up in all useable buildings like churches. Additionally, after Murfreesboro many men in the Army of Tennessee fell ill with diarrhea. The cause was likely inadequate drainage of camps, contaminated drinking water, and unhealthy foods. Men also suffered from general “fevers” brought on by exposure to the elements. By September 1863, the Army of Tennessee had increased its bed capacity to 7,782 with 32 facilities. Dr. Samuel H. Stout was most responsible for the army’s hospital system. Edward A. Flewellen served as medical director of the army. The battle of Chickamauga resulted in double the injuries than the medical corps had estimated. Consequently, men had to be treated in tents, open fields, and other inadequate locations. Transporting wounded to hospitals was a logistical nightmare as trains had limited space. In the weeks after Chickamauga, thousands became seriously ill. After Chickamauga, Stout had bed capacity increased to 12,000 and organised a reserve medical corps.