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Journal articles on the topic 'Organocatalysis'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 May 2025

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1

Sahoo, Biswa Mohan, and Bimal Krishna Banik. "Organocatalysis: Trends of Drug Synthesis in Medicinal Chemistry." Current Organocatalysis 6, no. 2 (June 24, 2019): 92–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2213337206666190405144423.

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Background:The continuous increase in challenges associated with the effective treatment of life threatening diseases influences the development of drug therapies with suitable physicochemical properties, efficiency and selectivity. So, organocatalysis is a potential synthetic tool which is accelerating the development of new drug molecules.Methods:Organocatalysis reactions can be carried out at lower temperatures and in milder pH conditions as compared to metal based catalysed reactions. Due to ready availability of catalysts, stability, purity, low toxicity and easy in handling of the chemical reactions, it has become an attractive technique to synthesise complex molecules with diverse structures. Here, the impact of various catalysts in organic synthesis with methods is discussed.Results:Organic catalysts are used widely in various chemical reactions such as Michael Addition, aldol reaction, Diels-Alder reactions and Knoevenagal reactions. It was observed that the use of organocatalyst results in the formation of stereo active molecules with diverse biological activities.Conclusion:This review also focuses on the various scopes and limitations of organocatalytic reactions in the production of medicinally useful drug molecules. Organocatalysts possess several advantages over traditional metal catalysts because they are non-toxic, readily available, stable, efficient, and easy to handle which involves environmentally friendly reaction.

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2

Shaikh, Isak Rajjak. "Organocatalysis: Key Trends in Green Synthetic Chemistry, Challenges, Scope towards Heterogenization, and Importance from Research and Industrial Point of View." Journal of Catalysts 2014 (March 26, 2014): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/402860.

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This paper purports to review catalysis, particularly the organocatalysis and its origin, key trends, challenges, examples, scope, and importance. The definition of organocatalyst corresponds to a low molecular weight organic molecule which in stoichiometric amounts catalyzes a chemical reaction. In this review, the use of the term heterogenized organocatalyst will be exclusively confined to a catalytic system containing an organic molecule immobilized onto some sort of support material and is responsible for accelerating a chemical reaction. Firstly, a brief description of the field is provided putting it in a green and sustainable perspective of chemistry. Next, research findings on the use of organocatalysts on various inorganic supports including nano(porous)materials, nanoparticles, silica, and zeolite/zeolitic materials are scrutinized in brief. Then future scope, research directions, and academic and industrial applications will be outlined. A succinct account will summarize some of the research and developments in the field. This review tries to bring many outstanding researches together and shows the vitality of the organocatalysis through several aspects.

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3

Noraishah Abdullah, Zurina Shaameri, Ahmad Sazali Hamzah, and Mohd Fazli Mohammat. "Synthesis of Trans-4-Hydroxyprolineamide and 3-Ketoproline Ethyl Ester for Green Asymmetric Organocatalysts." Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology 38, no. 1 (January 24, 2024): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/araset.38.1.97108.

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Organocatalysts have become one of the three pillars in asymmetric reactions, along with metal catalysis and enzyme catalysis. Organocatalysis is widely acknowledged in both academia and industry as a practical and advantageous synthetic method owing to its operational ease, readily available catalyst, environmentally friendly, and minimal toxicity. Much attention has been focused on the organocatalyst for its superior properties as an efficient and clean catalyst. In this work, a series of green organocatalysts of trans-4-hydroxyprolineamide were efficiently obtained in a two-step reaction utilizing EDC.HCl and HOBT as coupling reagents via a condensation reaction. The yield furnished in 93% to 97% yields. These organocatalysts have big potential in asymmetric reactions such as aldol and Michael addition reactions.

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4

Sánchez-Antonio, Omar, Kevin A. Romero-Sedglach, Erika C. Vázquez-Orta, and Eusebio Juaristi. "New Mesoporous Silica-Supported Organocatalysts Based on (2S)-(1,2,4-Triazol-3-yl)-Proline: Efficient, Reusable, and Heterogeneous Catalysts for the Asymmetric Aldol Reaction." Molecules 25, no. 19 (October 3, 2020): 4532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194532.

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Novel organocatalytic systems based on the recently developed (S)-proline derivative (2S)-[5-(benzylthio)-4-phenyl-(1,2,4-triazol)-3-yl]-pyrrolidine supported on mesoporous silica were prepared and their efficiency was assessed in the asymmetric aldol reaction. These materials were fully characterized by FT-IR, MS, XRD, and SEM microscopy, gathering relevant information regarding composition, morphology, and organocatalyst distribution in the doped silica. Careful optimization of the reaction conditions required for their application as catalysts in asymmetric aldol reactions between ketones and aldehydes afforded the anticipated aldol products with excellent yields and moderate diastereo- and enantioselectivities. The recommended experimental protocol is simple, fast, and efficient providing the enantioenriched aldol product, usually without the need of a special work-up or purification protocol. This approach constitutes a remarkable improvement in the field of heterogeneous (S)-proline-based organocatalysis; in particular, the solid-phase silica-bonded catalytic systems described herein allow for a substantial reduction in solvent usage. Furthermore, the supported system described here can be recovered, reactivated, and reused several times with limited loss in catalytic efficiency relative to freshly synthesized organocatalysts.

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5

Wojaczyńska, Elżbieta, Franz Steppeler, Dominika Iwan, Marie-Christine Scherrmann, and Alberto Marra. "Synthesis and Applications of Carbohydrate-Based Organocatalysts." Molecules 26, no. 23 (November 30, 2021): 7291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26237291.

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Organocatalysis is a very useful tool for the asymmetric synthesis of biologically or pharmacologically active compounds because it avoids the use of noxious metals, which are difficult to eliminate from the target products. Moreover, in many cases, the organocatalysed reactions can be performed in benign solvents and do not require anhydrous conditions. It is well-known that most of the above-mentioned reactions are promoted by a simple aminoacid, l-proline, or, to a lesser extent, by the more complex cinchona alkaloids. However, during the past three decades, other enantiopure natural compounds, the carbohydrates, have been employed as organocatalysts. In the present exhaustive review, the detailed preparation of all the sugar-based organocatalysts as well as their catalytic properties are described.

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6

Martelli, Lorena S. R., Ingrid V. Machado, Jhonathan R. N. dos Santos, and Arlene G. Corrêa. "Recent Advances in Greener Asymmetric Organocatalysis Using Bio-Based Solvents." Catalysts 13, no. 3 (March 9, 2023): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13030553.

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Efficient synthetic methods that avoid the extensive use of hazardous reagents and solvents, as well as harsh reaction conditions, have become paramount in the field of organic synthesis. Organocatalysis is notably one of the best tools in building chemical bonds between carbons and carbon-heteroatoms; however, most examples still employ toxic volatile organic solvents. Although a portfolio of greener solvents is now commercially available, only ethyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, supercritical carbon dioxide, ethyl lactate, and diethyl carbonate have been explored with chiral organocatalysts. In this review, the application of these bio-based solvents in asymmetric organocatalytic methods reported in the last decade is discussed, highlighting the proposed mechanism pathway for the transformations.

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7

Sinibaldi, Arianna, Valeria Nori, Andrea Baschieri, Francesco Fini, Antonio Arcadi, and Armando Carlone. "Organocatalysis and Beyond: Activating Reactions with Two Catalytic Species." Catalysts 9, no. 11 (November 6, 2019): 928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9110928.

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Since the beginning of the millennium, organocatalysis has been gaining a predominant role in asymmetric synthesis and it is, nowadays, a foundation of catalysis. Synergistic catalysis, combining two or more different catalytic cycles acting in concert, exploits the vast knowledge acquired in organocatalysis and other fields to perform reactions that would be otherwise impossible. Merging organocatalysis with photo-, metallo- and organocatalysis itself, researchers have ingeniously devised a range of activations. This feature review, focusing on selected synergistic catalytic approaches, aims to provide a flavor of the creativity and innovation in the area, showing ground-breaking examples of organocatalysts, such as proline derivatives, hydrogen bond-mediated, Cinchona alkaloids or phosphoric acids catalysts, which work cooperatively with different catalytic partners.

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8

Reyes, Efraim, Liher Prieto, and Andrea Milelli. "Asymmetric Organocatalysis: A Survival Guide to Medicinal Chemists." Molecules 28, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28010271.

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Majority of drugs act by interacting with chiral counterparts, e.g., proteins, and we are, unfortunately, well-aware of how chirality can negatively impact the outcome of a therapeutic regime. The number of chiral, non-racemic drugs on the market is increasing, and it is becoming ever more important to prepare these compounds in a safe, economic, and environmentally sustainable fashion. Asymmetric organocatalysis has a long history, but it began its renaissance era only during the first years of the millennium. Since then, this field has reached an extraordinary level, as confirmed by the awarding of the 2021 Chemistry Nobel Prize. In the present review, we wish to highlight the application of organocatalysis in the synthesis of enantio-enriched molecules that may be of interest to the pharmaceutical industry and the medicinal chemistry community. We aim to discuss the different activation modes observed for organocatalysts, examining, for each of them, the generally accepted mechanisms and the most important and developed reactions, that may be useful to medicinal chemists. For each of these types of organocatalytic activations, select examples from academic and industrial applications will be disclosed during the synthesis of drugs and natural products.

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9

Kalek, Marcin, Manoj Ghosh, and Adam Rajkiewicz. "Organocatalytic Group Transfer Reactions with Hypervalent Iodine Reagents." Synthesis 51, no. 02 (November 8, 2018): 359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1609639.

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In recent years, a plethora of synthetic methods that employ hypervalent iodine compounds donating an atom or a group of atoms to an acceptor molecule have been developed. Several of these transformations utilize organocatalysis, which complements well the economic and environmental advantages offered by iodine reagents. This short review provides a systematic survey of the organocatalytic approaches that have been used to promote group transfer from hypervalent iodine species. It covers both the reactions in which an organocatalyst is applied to activate the acceptor, as well as those that exploit the organocatalytic activation of the hypervalent iodine reagent itself.1 Introduction2 Organocatalytic Activation of Acceptor2.1 Amine Catalysis via Enamine and Unsaturated Iminium Formation2.2 NHC Catalysis via Acyl Anion Equivalent and Enolate Formation2.3 Chiral Cation Directed Catalysis and Brønsted Base Catalysis via Pairing with Stabilized Enolates3 Organocatalytic Activation of Hypervalent Iodine Reagent3.1 Brønsted and Lewis Acid Catalysis3.2 Lewis Base Catalysis3.3 Radical Reactions with Organic Promoters and Catalysts4 Summary and Outlook

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10

K, Gayathiri. "A Survey on Brain Tumor Segmentation Using Deep Learning for MRI Images." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 13, no. 2 (February 28, 2025): 120–25. https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2025.66771.

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The synthesis of aminobenzylnaphthols by organocatalysis has generated interest due to the mild reaction conditions and environmental benefits. It has been shown that (1,4-diazacyclo[2.2.2]octane) has demonstrated high efficiency as an organocatalyst for the three component condensation reaction. These reactions lead to the synthesis of a novel class of aminobenzylnaphthols under various solvent conditions offering remarkable advantages like: mild reaction conditions, high yields, selectivity and simplicity. This protocol is particularly appealing for the synthesis of complex organic molecules with potential applications in pharmaceuticals and material science. Overall, the use of organocatalysts in aminobenzylnaphthol synthesis presents a versatile approach with potential for the further development maintaining the guidelines of greener chemistry.

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11

Rani, Sushma. "Optimization of Three Components, One Pot Synthesis of Aminobenzylnaphthol Exploiting Electrophilicity of Azomethines under Varying Conditions." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 13, no. 2 (February 28, 2025): 126–36. https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2025.66779.

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The synthesis of aminobenzylnaphthols by organocatalysis has generated interest due to the mild reaction conditions and environmental benefits. It has been shown that (1,4-diazacyclo[2.2.2]octane) has demonstrated high efficiency as an organocatalyst for the three component condensation reaction. These reactions lead to the synthesis of a novel class of aminobenzylnaphthols under various solvent conditions offering remarkable advantages like: mild reaction conditions, high yields, selectivity and simplicity. This protocol is particularly appealing for the synthesis of complex organic molecules with potential applications in pharmaceuticals and material science. Overall, the use of organocatalysts in aminobenzylnaphthol synthesis presents a versatile approach with potential for the further development maintaining the guidelines of greener chemistry.

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12

Laina-Martín, Víctor, Jorge Humbrías-Martín, José A. Fernández-Salas, and José Alemán. "Asymmetric vinylogous Mukaiyama aldol reaction of isatins under bifunctional organocatalysis: enantioselective synthesis of substituted 3-hydroxy-2-oxindoles." Chemical Communications 54, no. 22 (2018): 2781–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cc00759d.

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13

Quintavalla, Arianna, Davide Carboni, and Marco Lombardo. "Recent Advances in Asymmetric Synthesis of Pyrrolidine-Based Organocatalysts and Their Application: A 15-Year Update." Molecules 28, no. 5 (February 27, 2023): 2234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28052234.

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In 1971, chemists from Hoffmann-La Roche and Schering AG independently discovered a new asymmetric intramolecular aldol reaction catalyzed by the natural amino acid proline, a transformation now known as the Hajos–Parrish–Eder–Sauer–Wiechert reaction. These remarkable results remained forgotten until List and Barbas reported in 2000 that L-proline was also able to catalyze intermolecular aldol reactions with non-negligible enantioselectivities. In the same year, MacMillan reported on asymmetric Diels–Alder cycloadditions which were efficiently catalyzed by imidazolidinones deriving from natural amino acids. These two seminal reports marked the birth of modern asymmetric organocatalysis. A further important breakthrough in this field happened in 2005, when Jørgensen and Hayashi independently proposed the use of diarylprolinol silyl ethers for the asymmetric functionalization of aldehydes. During the last 20 years, asymmetric organocatalysis has emerged as a very powerful tool for the facile construction of complex molecular architectures. Along the way, a deeper knowledge of organocatalytic reaction mechanisms has been acquired, allowing for the fine-tuning of the structures of privileged catalysts or proposing completely new molecular entities that are able to efficiently catalyze these transformations. This review highlights the most recent advances in the asymmetric synthesis of organocatalysts deriving from or related to proline, starting from 2008.

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14

Laina-Martín, Víctor, Roberto del Río-Rodríguez, Sergio Díaz-Tendero, Jose A. Fernández-Salas, and José Alemán. "Asymmetric synthesis of Rauhut–Currier-type esters via Mukaiyama–Michael reaction to acylphosphonates under bifunctional catalysis." Chemical Communications 54, no. 99 (2018): 13941–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cc07561a.

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15

Nifant’ev, Ilya, and Pavel Ivchenko. "DFT Modeling of Organocatalytic Ring-Opening Polymerization of Cyclic Esters: A Crucial Role of Proton Exchange and Hydrogen Bonding." Polymers 11, no. 12 (December 12, 2019): 2078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11122078.

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Organocatalysis is highly efficient in the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of cyclic esters. A variety of initiators broaden the areas of organocatalysis in polymerization of different monomers, such as lactones, cyclic carbonates, lactides or gycolides, ethylene phosphates and phosphonates, and others. The mechanisms of organocatalytic ROP are at least as diverse as the mechanisms of coordination ROP; the study of these mechanisms is critical in ensuring the polymer compositions and architectures. The use of density functional theory (DFT) methods for comparative modeling and visualization of organocatalytic ROP pathways, in line with experimental proof of the structures of the reaction intermediates, make it possible to establish these mechanisms. In the present review, which continues and complements our recent manuscript that focused on DFT modeling of coordination ROP, we summarized the results of DFT modeling of organocatalytic ROP of cyclic esters and some related organocatalytic processes, such as polyester transesterification.

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16

Domb, Ido, Danilo M. Lustosa, and Anat Milo. "Secondary-sphere modification in proline catalysis: old friend, new connection." Chemical Communications 58, no. 12 (2022): 1950–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cc05589e.

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Proline catalysis sparked not only the golden age of organocatalysis, but also the design of elaborate proline derivatives; instead, we propose to modify organocatalysts in situ under reaction conditions.

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17

Cruz-Hernández, Carlos, José M. Landeros, and Eusebio Juaristi. "Multifunctional phosphoramide-(S)-prolinamide derivatives as efficient organocatalysts in asymmetric aldol and Michael reactions." New Journal of Chemistry 43, no. 14 (2019): 5455–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nj00300b.

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Knowledge accumulated in the field of organocatalysis led to the design and synthesis of three novel and efficient organocatalysts for the stereoselective aldol and Michael reactions in the presence of water.

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18

Alves, Cláudia, Carla Grosso, Pedro Barrulas, José A. Paixão, Ana L. Cardoso, Anthony J. Burke, Américo Lemos, and Teresa M. V. D. Pinho e Melo. "Asymmetric Neber Reaction in the Synthesis of Chiral 2-(Tetrazol-5-yl)-2H-Azirines." Synlett 31, no. 06 (December 17, 2019): 553–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1691533.

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A successful one-pot methodology for the synthesis of chiral 2-tetrazolyl-2H-azirines has been established, resorting to organocatalysis. The protocol involves the in situ tosylation of β-ketoxime-1H-tetrazoles followed by the Neber reaction, in the presence of chiral organocatalysts. Among the organocatalysts studied a novel thiourea catalyst derived from 6β-aminopenicillanic acid afforded excellent enantioselectivities.

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19

Yu, Song-Chen, Liang Cheng, and Li Liu. "Asymmetric Organocatalysis with Chiral Covalent Organic Frameworks." Organic Materials 03, no. 02 (February 25, 2021): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1400-5581.

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Inspired by Mother Nature, the use of chiral covalent organic frameworks as heterogeneous asymmetric organocatalysts has arisen over the last decade as a new method in enantioselective synthesis. In this Short Review, sophisticated design of these polymeric materials and their application in asymmetric organocatalysis will be discussed.

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20

Srivastava, Vivek. "Ionic liquid mediated recyclable sulphonimide based organocatalysis for aldol reaction." Open Chemistry 8, no. 2 (April 1, 2010): 269–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11532-009-0140-x.

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AbstractSulphonimide based organocatalyst was used to catalyze the aldol reaction in ionic liquid media. On the basis of yield and selectivity the ionic liquid mediated system was found superior in comparison with organic solvents. The added advantages of this ionic liquid mediated organocatalysis are easy recovery of product and the recyclability of the organocatalyst.

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21

Chauhan, Pankaj, and Swapandeep Singh Chimni. "Mechanochemistry assisted asymmetric organocatalysis: A sustainable approach." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 8 (December 6, 2012): 2132–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.8.240.

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Ball-milling and pestle and mortar grinding have emerged as powerful methods for the development of environmentally benign chemical transformations. Recently, the use of these mechanochemical techniques in asymmetric organocatalysis has increased. This review highlights the progress in asymmetric organocatalytic reactions assisted by mechanochemical techniques.

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22

Wang, Ping-An. "Organocatalyzed enantioselective desymmetrization of aziridines and epoxides." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 9 (August 15, 2013): 1677–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.9.192.

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Enantioselective desymmetrization of meso-aziridines and meso-epoxides with various nucleophiles by organocatalysis has emerged as a cutting-edge approach in recent years. This review summarizes the origin and recent developments of enantioselective desymmetrization of meso-aziridines and meso-epoxides in the presence of organocatalysts.

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23

Fang, Xin, and Chun-Jiang Wang. "Recent advances in asymmetric organocatalysis mediated by bifunctional amine–thioureas bearing multiple hydrogen-bonding donors." Chemical Communications 51, no. 7 (2015): 1185–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cc07909d.

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Recent progress in asymmetric organocatalysis, focusing on fine-tunable amine–thiourea catalysis, is described. Design of novel bifunctional amine–thiourea organocatalysts bearing multiple hydrogen-bonding donors and their applications in asymmetric C–C, C–N, and C–S bond-forming reactions under mild conditions are discussed.

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24

Fehér, Zsuzsanna, Dóra Richter, Gyula Dargó, and József Kupai. "Factors influencing the performance of organocatalysts immobilised on solid supports: A review." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 20 (August 26, 2024): 2129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.20.183.

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Organocatalysis has become a powerful tool in synthetic chemistry, providing a cost-effective alternative to traditional catalytic methods. The immobilisation of organocatalysts offers the potential to increase catalyst reusability and efficiency in organic reactions. This article reviews the key parameters that influence the effectiveness of immobilised organocatalysts, including the type of support, immobilisation techniques and the resulting interactions. In addition, the influence of these factors on catalytic activity, selectivity and recyclability is discussed, providing an insight into optimising the performance of immobilised organocatalysts for practical applications in organic chemistry.

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25

Schmid, Stefan P., Leon Schlosser, Frank Glorius, and Kjell Jorner. "Catalysing (organo-)catalysis: Trends in the application of machine learning to enantioselective organocatalysis." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 20 (September 10, 2024): 2280–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.20.196.

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Organocatalysis has established itself as a third pillar of homogeneous catalysis, besides transition metal catalysis and biocatalysis, as its use for enantioselective reactions has gathered significant interest over the last decades. Concurrent to this development, machine learning (ML) has been increasingly applied in the chemical domain to efficiently uncover hidden patterns in data and accelerate scientific discovery. While the uptake of ML in organocatalysis has been comparably slow, the last two decades have showed an increased interest from the community. This review gives an overview of the work in the field of ML in organocatalysis. The review starts by giving a short primer on ML for experimental chemists, before discussing its application for predicting the selectivity of organocatalytic transformations. Subsequently, we review ML employed for privileged catalysts, before focusing on its application for catalyst and reaction design. Concluding, we give our view on current challenges and future directions for this field, drawing inspiration from the application of ML to other scientific domains.

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Song, Jin, Dian-Feng Chen, and Liu-Zhu Gong. "Recent progress in organocatalytic asymmetric total syntheses of complex indole alkaloids." National Science Review 4, no. 3 (March 15, 2017): 381–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwx028.

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Abstract Indole and its structural analogues have been frequently found in numerous alkaloids, pharmaceutical products and related materials. The enantioselective construction of these structures allows efficient total synthesis of optically pure indole alkaloids, and hence has received worldwide interest. In the past decade, asymmetric organocatalysis has been recognized as one of the most powerful strategies to create chiral molecules with high levels of stereoselectivity. In particular, organocatalytic asymmetric cascade reactions often occur with multiple bond-breaking and forming events simultaneously or sequentially, leading to the appearance of various straightforward approaches to access core structures for asymmetric total synthesis. This review will summarize recent applications of asymmetric organocatalysis in the enantioselective synthesis of indole alkaloids.

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Sanchez-Fuente, Miguel, José Lorenzo Alonso-Gómez, Laura M. Salonen, Ruben Mas-Ballesté, and Alicia Moya. "Chiral Porous Organic Frameworks: Synthesis, Chiroptical Properties, and Asymmetric Organocatalytic Applications." Catalysts 13, no. 7 (June 27, 2023): 1042. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13071042.

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Chiral porous organic frameworks have emerged in the last decade as candidates for heterogeneous asymmetric organocatalysis. This review aims to provide a summary of the synthetic strategies towards the design of chiral organic materials, the characterization techniques used to evaluate their chirality, and their applications in asymmetric organocatalysis. We briefly describe the types of porous organic frameworks, including crystalline (covalent organic frameworks, COFs) and amorphous (conjugated microporous polymers, CMPs; covalent triazine frameworks, CTFs and porous aromatic frameworks, PAFs) materials. Furthermore, the strategies reported to incorporate chirality in porous organic materials are presented. We finally focus on the applications of chiral porous organic frameworks in asymmetric organocatalytic reactions, summarizing and categorizing all the available literature in the field.

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Sahoo, Biswa Mohan, and Bimal Krishna Banik. "Baker’s Yeast-Based Organocatalysis: Applications in Organic Synthesis." Current Organocatalysis 6, no. 2 (June 24, 2019): 158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2213337206666181211105304.

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Background: Catalyst speeds up any chemical reaction without changing the point of the equilibrium. Catalysis process plays a key role in organic synthesis to produce new organic compounds. Similarly, organocatalysis is a type of chemical catalysis in which the rate of a reaction is accelerated by organic catalysts. Methods: Organocatalysts have gained significant utility in organic reactions due to their less of sensitivity towards moisture, readily available, economic, large chiral pool and low toxicity as compared to metal catalysts. Organocatalysts work via both formations of covalent bonds such as enamine and iminium catalysis as well as through non-covalent interactions such as in hydrogen bonding. For example, Bakers’ yeast based organocatalysis is widely used in various organic transformations. Results: Baker’s yeast is a fermentation product and used mainly in the preparation of bread dough. It is produced by aerobic fermentation of yeast strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Baker's yeast consists of enzymes which can reduce a carbonyl group into a hydroxyl group with high yield and thereby making it suitable for biotransformations in organic synthesis. Conclusion: Baker's yeast is widely used as a biocatalyst in various organic reactions such as oxidation, reduction, condensation, hydrolysis, cyclization, etc. because it is readily available, inexpensive and easy to handle.

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kaur, Varleen. "Synthesizing Organic Compounds With Asymmetry Using Organocatalysts." International Journal of Applied and Behavioral Sciences 02, no. 01 (January 1, 2025): 58–64. https://doi.org/10.70388/ijabs250107.

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The synthesis of chiral organic compounds with high enantiomeric purity is pivotal in various fields, including pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials science. Organocatalysts have emerged as a sustainable and efficient alternative to traditional metal-based catalysts, offering advantages such as low toxicity, environmental friendliness, and operational simplicity. This paper synthesizes existing secondary data to explore the advancements in asymmetric synthesis using organocatalysts. It delves into the mechanisms, types of organocatalysts, and their applications in creating enantiomerically enriched compounds. Furthermore, the paper discusses the challenges and future prospects of organocatalysis in asymmetric synthesis. By providing a comprehensive literature review, this study underscores the significance of organocatalysts in modern synthetic chemistry and highlights the potential for future innovations in the field.

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30

Wang, Zhonglei. "Advances in the Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Natural Products Using Chiral Secondary Amine Catalyzed Reactions of α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes." Molecules 24, no. 18 (September 19, 2019): 3412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24183412.

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Chirality is one of the most important attributes for its presence in a vast majority of bioactive natural products and pharmaceuticals. Asymmetric organocatalysis methods have emerged as a powerful methodology for the construction of highly enantioenriched structural skeletons of the target molecules. Due to their extensive application of organocatalysis in the total synthesis of bioactive molecules and some of them have been used in the industrial synthesis of drugs have attracted increasing interests from chemists. Among the chiral organocatalysts, chiral secondary amines (MacMillan’s catalyst and Jorgensen’s catalyst) have been especially considered attractive strategies because of their impressive efficiency. Herein, we outline advances in the asymmetric total synthesis of natural products and relevant drugs by using the strategy of chiral secondary amine catalyzed reactions of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes in the last eighteen years.

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31

Szabados, Henrich, and Radovan Šebesta. "Recent advances in organocatalytic atroposelective reactions." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 21 (January 9, 2025): 55–121. https://doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.21.6.

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Axial chirality is present in a variety of naturally occurring compounds, and is becoming increasingly relevant also in medicine. Many axially chiral compounds are important as catalysts in asymmetric catalysis or have chiroptical properties. This review overviews recent progress in the synthesis of axially chiral compounds via asymmetric organocatalysis. Atroposelective organocatalytic reactions are discussed according to the dominant catalyst activation mode. For covalent organocatalysis, the typical enamine and iminium modes are presented, followed by N-heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed reactions. The bulk of the review is devoted to non-covalent activation, where chiral Brønsted acids feature as the most prolific catalytic structure. The last part of the article discusses hydrogen-bond-donating catalysts and other catalyst motifs such as phase-transfer catalysts.

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32

Ahmed A. El-Sayed, Nahid Y. Khaireldin, and Eman A. El-Hefny. "Review for metal and organocatalysis of heterocyclic C-H functionalization." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 9, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 001–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.9.1.0071.

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Over the last few decades, signiﬁcant efforts have been put forth towards the C−H bond group functionalization by transition-metalcatalysis and organocatalysis. Several efficient strategies to convert C-H bond to other groups C-C, C-N, C-O bonds have been implemented. The most attractive C-H bond functionalization was the C-H heterocyclic compounds activation that is practical method in organic synthesis. The new C–C, C–N and C–O bond as formed from the C-H bond activation by two diverse ways metal catalysis and/or organocatalysis. The most important is the synthesis of new bioactive heterocyclic compounds by easy and less expensive materials. In this review, we will cover most of the syntheses of heterocyclic derivatives by the functionalization of C-H bond in metal and organocatalytic reagents.

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33

Bryant, Laura A., Rossana Fanelli, and Alexander J. A. Cobb. "Cupreines and cupreidines: an established class of bifunctional cinchona organocatalysts." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 12 (March 7, 2016): 429–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.12.46.

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Cinchona alkaloids with a free 6'-OH functionality are being increasingly used within asymmetric organocatalysis. This fascinating class of bifunctional catalyst offers a genuine alternative to the more commonly used thiourea systems and because of the different spacing between the functional groups, can control enantioselectivity where other organocatalysts have failed. In the main, this review covers the highlights from the last five years and attempts to show the diversity of reactions that these systems can control. It is hoped that chemists developing asymmetric methodologies will see the value in adding these easily accessible, but underused organocatalysts to their screens.

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34

Oliveira, Vanessa, Mariana Cardoso, and Luana Forezi. "Organocatalysis: A Brief Overview on Its Evolution and Applications." Catalysts 8, no. 12 (December 3, 2018): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal8120605.

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The use of small organic molecules as catalysts has gained increasing importance recently. These substances, the so-called organocatalysts, present a lot of advantages, like being less toxic, less polluting, and more economically viable than the organometallic catalysts that dominate asymmetric synthesis. This work intends to briefly show some classic works and recent publications, explaining the advantages of organocatalysis and the different types of compounds used in this field, as well as their course of action.

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35

Antenucci, Achille, and Stefano Dughera. "Usefulness of the Global E Factor as a Tool to Compare Different Catalytic Strategies: Four Case Studies." Catalysts 13, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13010102.

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The global E factor (EG factor) has recently been introduced, in the context of asymmetric organocatalysis, as a new green chemistry metric to take into consideration the synthesis of the catalyst in the overall economy of the synthetic process of a given chiral molecule in optically pure form. Herein, its further usefulness in comparing diverse catalytic systems, even different from organocatalysts, is shown by the analysis of four case studies.

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36

Ardevines, Sandra, Eugenia Marqués-López, and Raquel P. Herrera. "Horizons in Asymmetric Organocatalysis: En Route to the Sustainability and New Applications." Catalysts 12, no. 1 (January 16, 2022): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12010101.

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Nowadays, the development of new enantioselective processes is highly relevant in chemistry due to the relevance of chiral compounds in biomedicine (mainly drugs) and in other fields, such as agrochemistry, animal feed, and flavorings. Among them, organocatalytic methods have become an efficient and sustainable alternative since List and MacMillan pioneering contributions were published in 2000. These works established the term asymmetric organocatalysis to label this area of research, which has grown exponentially over the last two decades. Since then, the scientific community has attended to the discovery of a plethora of organic reactions and transformations carried out with excellent results in terms of both reactivity and enantioselectivity. Looking back to earlier times, we can find in the literature a few examples where small organic molecules and some natural products could act as effective catalysts. However, with the birth of this type of catalysis, new chemical architectures based on amines, thioureas, squaramides, cinchona alkaloids, quaternary ammonium salts, carbenes, guanidines and phosphoric acids, among many others, have been developed. These organocatalysts have provided a broad range of activation modes that allow privileged interactions between catalysts and substrates for the preparation of compounds with high added value in an enantioselective way. Here, we briefly cover the history of this chemistry, from our point of view, including our beginnings, how the field has evolved during these years of research, and the road ahead.

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37

Ricci, Alfredo. "Asymmetric Organocatalysis at the Service of Medicinal Chemistry." ISRN Organic Chemistry 2014 (March 11, 2014): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/531695.

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The application of the most representative and up-to-date examples of homogeneous asymmetric organocatalysis to the synthesis of molecules of interest in medicinal chemistry is reported. The use of different types of organocatalysts operative via noncovalent and covalent interactions is critically reviewed and the possibility of running some of these reactions on large or industrial scale is described. A comparison between the organo- and metal-catalysed methodologies is offered in several cases, thus highlighting the merits and drawbacks of these two complementary approaches to the obtainment of very popular on market drugs or of related key scaffolds.

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38

Saktura, Maciej, Anna Skrzyńska, Sebastian Frankowski, Sylwia Wódka, and Łukasz Albrecht. "Asymmetric Dearomative (3+2)-Cycloaddition Involving Nitro-Substituted Benzoheteroarenes under H-Bonding Catalysis." Molecules 26, no. 16 (August 18, 2021): 4992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26164992.

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In our studies, the organocatalytic 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between 2-nitrobenzofurans or 2-nitrobenzothiophene and N-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl-substituted isatin imines has been developed. The reaction has been realized by employing bifunctional organocatalysis, with the use of squaramide derivative being crucial for the stereochemical efficiency of the process. The usefulness of the cycloadducts obtained has been confirmed in selected transformations, including aromative and non-aromative removal of the nitro group.

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39

Frontera, Antonio, and Antonio Bauza. "On the Importance of Pnictogen and Chalcogen Bonding Interactions in Supramolecular Catalysis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 22 (November 21, 2021): 12550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212550.

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In this review, several examples of the application of pnictogen (Pn) (group 15) and chalcogen (Ch) bonding (group 16) interactions in organocatalytic processes are gathered, backed up with Molecular Electrostatic Potential surfaces of model systems. Despite the fact that the use of catalysts based on pnictogen and chalcogen bonding interactions is taking its first steps, it should be considered and used by the scientific community as a novel, promising tool in the field of organocatalysis.

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40

Segovia, Claire, Pierre-Antoine Nocquet, Vincent Levacher, Jean-François Brière, and Sylvain Oudeyer. "Organocatalysis: A Tool of Choice for the Enantioselective Nucleophilic Dearomatization of Electron-Deficient Six-Membered Ring Azaarenium Salts." Catalysts 11, no. 10 (October 18, 2021): 1249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11101249.

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Nucleophilic dearomatization of azaarenium salts is a powerful strategy to access 3D scaffolds of interest from easily accessible planar aromatic azaarene compounds. Moreover, this approach yields complex dihydroazaarenes by allowing the functionalization of the scaffold simultaneously to the dearomatization step. On the other side, organocatalysis is nowadays recognized as one of the pillars of the asymmetric catalysis field of research and is well-known to afford a high level of enantioselectivity for a myriad of transformations thanks to well-organized transition states resulting from low-energy interactions (electrostatic and/or H-bonding interactions…). Consequently, in the last fifteen years, organocatalysis has met great success in nucleophilic dearomatization of azaarenium salts. This review summarizes the work achieved up to date in the field of organocatalyzed nucleophilic dearomatization of azaarenium salts (mainly pyridinium, quinolinium, quinolinium and acridinium salts). A classification by organocatalytic mode of activation will be disclosed by shedding light on their related advantages and drawbacks. The versatility of the dearomatization approach will also be demonstrated by discussing several chemical transformations of the resulting dihydroazaarenes towards the synthesis of structurally complex compounds.

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41

List, Benjamin. "Organocatalysis." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 8 (August 23, 2012): 1358–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.8.156.

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42

Jacobsen, E. N., and D. W. C. MacMillan. "Organocatalysis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107, no. 48 (November 30, 2010): 20618–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1016087107.

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43

Buckley, Benjamin R. "Organocatalysis." Annual Reports Section "B" (Organic Chemistry) 105 (2009): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b822051b.

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44

Buckley, Benjamin R., Marc C. Kimber, and Natasha H. Slater. "Organocatalysis." Annual Reports Section "B" (Organic Chemistry) 108 (2012): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2oc90018a.

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45

Buckley, Benjamin R. "Organocatalysis." Annual Reports Section "B" (Organic Chemistry) 109 (2013): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3oc90015k.

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46

Buckley, Benjamin R., and Mohamed M. Farah. "Organocatalysis." Annual Reports Section "B" (Organic Chemistry) 107 (2011): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1oc90020j.

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47

Buckley, Benjamin R. "Organocatalysis." Annual Reports Section "B" (Organic Chemistry) 103 (2007): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b614410c.

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48

Buckley, Benjamin R., and Stephen P. Neary. "Organocatalysis." Annual Reports Section "B" (Organic Chemistry) 106 (2010): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b927086h.

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49

Buckley, Benjamin R. "Organocatalysis." Annual Reports Section "B" (Organic Chemistry) 104 (2008): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b716598f.

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50

Kucherenko, A. S., D. E. Siyutkin, O. V. Maltsev, S. V. Kochetkov, and S. G. Zlotin. "Asymmetric organocatalysis: from proline to highly efficient immobilized organocatalysts." Russian Chemical Bulletin 61, no. 7 (July 2012): 1313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11172-012-0177-4.

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