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Journal articles on the topic 'Organochlorines pesticides'
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1
Lv, Wu Wen. "Organochlorines in Chinese Women: Determinants of Serum Concentrations." Advanced Materials Research 183-185 (January 2011): 1513–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.183-185.1513.
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People are frequently exposed to various environmental chemicals such as organic pollutants, heavy metals, etc. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to investigate the accumulation level of organochlorines in women from Qiqihaer city in china. Of the 160 people investigated, 113 sujects were detected with different serum levels of organochlorine pesticides (range: 0.042 - 33.072 μg/L). Moreover, the results indicated that there was high serum level of accumulated organochlorines pesticides of women in Chinese, and the serum concentrations of organochlorines pesticides was associated with age.
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Dogheim, Salwa M., Sohair A. Gad Alla, Ashraf M. El-Marsafy, and Safaa M. Fahmy. "Monitoring Pesticide Residues in Egyptian Fruits and Vegetables in 1995." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 82, no. 4 (July 1, 1999): 948–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/82.4.948.
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Abstract Organophosphorus, dithiocarbamates, and some synthetic pyrethroids pesticides, which are commonly used in Egypt for pest control, were monitored, as well as persistent organochlorines, which had been prohibited from use several years ago. Fruit and vegetable samples (397) were collected from 8 local markets and examined for 52 pesticides. Of all analyzed samples, 42.8% contained detectable residues, of which 1.76% exceeded their maximum residue limits (MRLs). The rates of contamination with the different pesticides were 0-86%. However, violation rates among contaminated products were very low, ranging from 0 to 4.6%. In general, organochlorine pesticide residues were not detected in most samples. Dithiocarbamate residues were found in 70.4% of 98 samples analyzed for dithiocarbamates, but only one grape sample had residues exceeding the MRL established by the Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues.
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Edward. "BIOACCUMULATION OF ORGANOCHLORINES PESTICIDES (OCP) COMPOUND IN GREEN MUSSELLS (Perna viridis) IN JAKARTA BAY." Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis 8, no. 1 (November 11, 2016): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jitkt.v8i1.12498.
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ABSTRACTThe green mussel, Perna viridis can be used to determine bioaccumulation levels of organochlorine pesticides in a marine environment. Measurements on pesticide organochlorine concentration in green mussels (Perna viridis) were conducted in March and May 2013. The purpose of this research was to determine the bioaccumulation level of organochlorine pesticides in green mussels which were cultivated in Jakarta Bay. The samples were collected in Jakarta Bay in March and May 2013. The organochlorine pesticides concentration were measured by gas chromatography HP 5890 series II. The results showed that the average concentration of organochlorine pesticides in the small size of green mussells was 12.842 ppb, in the medium size was 27.065 ppb, and in the big size was 108.646 ppb. These concentrations were still lower than safety threshold limit value for seafood stated by EPA (Environment Protection Agency) i.e., 1,500 ppb. The comparation between organochlorine pesticide concentration in seawater and organochlorine pesticide in green mussels (bioaccumulation factor) were 2,140 for small green mussel, 4,510 for medium green mussel, and 18,107 for big green mussels, respectively.Keywords: bioaccumulation, green musselss, organochlorine pesticide, Jakarta Bay
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Monty Abibata, Camara, and Elleingand Fattoh Eric. "OCCURRENCE OF ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES IN SOILS AND FOODS FROM COTTON FIELDS AND RELATED HEALTH RISKS IN THE HAMBOL REGION (COTE DIVOIRE)." International Journal of Advanced Research 8, no. 12 (December 31, 2020): 411–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12164.
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Organochlorine pesticides derived from the chlorination of cyclic and/or aromatic hydrocarbons. But, due to their persistence in the environment and their bioaccumulation in the body leading health problems, they were banned from using.They have been widely used around the world in agriculture and public health in particular in Cote dIvoire. This study was aimed to determine the concentrations of organochlorine pesticides residues in soils and crops from Hambol region (Cote dIvoire) and to evaluate the potential carcinogenic risk based on the concentrations found.Organochlorine pesticides residues were determined in soils and crops in cotton fields by using an HPLC. Soil samples analysed showed the presence of five organochlorine pesticide residues namely DDT (ND - 0.39 µg/kg), lindane (ND - 0.972 µg/kg), α-endosulfan (ND - 0.481 µg/kg), β-endosulfan (ND - 0.435 µg/kg) and sulfate-endosulfan (ND - 0.44 µg/kg). In crop samples, no pesticides were detected. The concentrations of detected organochlorines in soil samples were less than United States and FAO maximum residues limits for agricultural soils. The cancer risk assessment and hazard quotient values are under 10-6 and 1. The risks related to farmer exposure to DDT and lindane from soil via ingestion, inhalation and dermal route is negligible.
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Albero, Beatriz, Consuelo Sánchez-Brunete, and José L. Tadeo. "Multiresidue Determination of Pesticides in Honey by Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion and Gas Chromatography with Electron-Capture Detection." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 84, no. 4 (July 1, 2001): 1165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/84.4.1165.
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Abstract A multiresidue method was developed for the determination of 15 pesticides (organochlorines, organophosphorus compounds, pyrethroids, and other acaricides) in various commercial honeys (eucalyptus, lavender, orange, rosemary, and multifloral). The analytical procedure is based on the matrix solid-phase dispersion of honey in a mixture of Florisil and anhydrous sodium sulfate; the mixture is placed in small plastic columns and extracted with hexane–ethyl acetate (90 + 10, v/v). The pesticide residues are determined by capillary gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. Recoveries with the method at concentrations between 0.15 and 1.5 μg/g ranged from 80 to 113%, and relative standard deviations were <10% for all the pesticides studied. The pesticide detection limits were within the range 0.5–5 mg/kg for organochlorines, around 3 μg/kg for the chlorinated organophosphorus pesticides studied, near 15 μg/kg for fluvalinate, and about 3 μg/kg for the other pyrethroids.
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Chanti-Ketterl, Marianne, Brenda L. Plassman, Christine Parks, Nicholas Herkert, Julie Fleenor, Sharon Zhang, and Heather Stapleton. "VALIDATING SILICONE WRISTBANDS TO MEASURE PESTICIDE EXPOSURES AMONG OLDER ADULTS -- PROOF-OF-CONCEPT STUDY." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.3298.
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Abstract Silicone wristbands have been used to measure exposure to pesticides and other chemicals among children and younger farm workers, but not in older adults. Thus, we aimed to examine exposure to pesticides using silicone wristbands in a small cohort of older adults living on agricultural land, with variable contact with fields and pesticides. We also investigated correlations between pesticide levels on wristbands and urinary pesticide metabolites. Organophosphate (OPH) pesticides and several organochlorines were measured in wristbands worn by 15 males age 70+ (10 farmers using pesticides and 5 non-farmers with no recent pesticide use). Wristbands were worn continuously for 5-days. End-of-day urine samples were collected on days 1-3-5. Spearman correlations and Wilcoxon Scores were calculated. Five pesticides were quantified in the wristbands and detection frequencies ranged from 40-90%. In urine,12 OPH metabolites were quantified, but only 5 were detected in >50% of the samples. None of 5 urinary herbicides were detected. Imputation was performed by dividing minimum-detect by square-root-2. Malathion was only detected in farmers compared to non-farmers. Correlations between OPH urinary metabolites and wristband were examined but only two were significant and were negative in direction. Notably, organochlorine DDE on the wristbands was significantly correlated with 3 OPH metabolites. These unexpected relationships, based on small numbers, suggest a need to replicate this work in a larger study sample to explore potential for confounding or mixtures in future studies of pesticides and health in older farmers.
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Suleiman, F., A. A. Nuhu, K. I. Omoniyi, and Z. I. Yashim. "DETERMINATION OF ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN SOME VEGETABLES AND FRUIT BY QuEChERS TECHNIQUES AND GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY /MASS SPECTROMETRY." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 4, no. 2 (July 3, 2020): 365–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2020-0402-223.
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The concentrations of organochlorine pesticide residues were analysed in some vegetables and fruit (spinach, lettuce, cabbage, tomatoes, carrots and onions) grown at Dagachi farming areas along River Galma of Zaria in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Sample collection and preparation were carried out using standard procedures. The concentrations of all the pesticides in the fruits and vegetables samples were analysed using quick easy cheap effective rugged and safe (QuEChERS) multi- residue extraction and clean up techniques, followed by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC – MS). The most commonly detected organochlorine pesticide residues in the entire samples analysed are lindane, delta – BHC, heptachlor epoxide (B), endosulfan I, dieldrin, and endosulfan II. Furthermore, the results of the study shows that the mean concentration of these organochlorines pesticide detected were higher in onion and spinach with heptachlor epoxide (B) having concentrations 2.303 mg/kg and 2.011 mg/kg respectively. Likewise, endosulfan II (1.433 mg/kg) in lettuce was observed. Heptachlor epoxide (B) detected were also very high in other samples such as carrot, cabbage, and tomatoes and with values 0.600 mg/kg, 0.716 mg/kg, and 0.524 mg/kg respectively. Indeed, these concentrations of all the organochlorine pesticides detected in the fruit and vegetables samples analysed were observed to be at alarming levels, much higher than the maximum residue limits (MRLs) by the Codex 2009 (WHO and FAO) except for lindane with values 0.007 mg/kg and 0.01 mg/kg in carrot and onions respectively
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Tabucanon, M. S., S. Watanabe, C. Siriwong, R. Boonyatumanond, S. Tanabe, H. Iwata, R. Tatsukawa, and S. Ohgaki. "Current Status of Contamination by Persistent Organochlorines in the Lower Chao Phraya River, Thailand." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 11 (June 1, 1992): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0268.
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Water and sediment samples collected from the lower Chao Phraya River and a canal along the river during 1988 - 1991 were analyzed to determine the current status of contamination by organochlorine pesticides, such as HCHs, DDTs, aldrin, dieldrin and chlordanes. Aldrin and dieldrin had high frequencies of occurrence in water samples. The medians of concentrations of these pesticides were approximately one order of magnitude larger than total HCHs and total DDTs. Residue levels of these pesticides varied significantly. Relatively higher levels of aldrin were observed in the upstream; in contrast, residue levels of DDTs were higher in urban area. These phenomena seem to relate to the spraying purpose of these pesticides. Decreasing trends in the residue levels of pesticides during monitoring periods, however, were not observed clearly. Residue levels of organochlorines in the sediment samples were in the order of magnitude of PCBs, DDTs, chlordanes and HCHs.
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Mekonen, Seblework, Mohammedgezali Ibrahim, Higemengist Astatkie, and Aynalem Abreha. "Exposure to organochlorine pesticides as a predictor to breast cancer: A case-control study among Ethiopian women." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 23, 2021): e0257704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257704.
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Breast cancer (BC) is becoming one of the most prevalent non-infectious disease in low and middle income countries. The steady rise of BC incidence may be related to the different risk factors. Among many, rampant presence of environmental pollutants might be one of the risk factors. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate exposure to organochlorine pesticides as a risk factor to breast cancer. A case-control study design was employed among breast cancer patients and non-breast cancer individuals (controls). Blood samples were collected from 100 study participants (50 cases and 50 controls) followed by serum separation, extraction and cleanup using standard analytical procdures. The findings revealed that ten organochlorine pesticides were detected in the serum of the study participants. From the detected organochlorine pesticides, heptachlor was observed at higher concentration for breast cancer patients (6.90±4.37 μg/L) and controls (9.15±3.84 μg/L). Mean serum level of p,p’-DDE, p,p’-DDT, heptachlor, gamma-chlordane, endosulfan, and dibutyl-chlorendate were significantly higher in the serum of breast cancer patients than the controls. From the studied pesticides, p,p’-DDT and gamma-chlordane are significant predictors for BC, while, others are equivocal. A unit increment of the concentration of p,p’-DDT (AOR; 2.03, 95% CI: 1.041–3.969) increased the odds of developing breast cancer by two, while for gamma-chlordane (AOR;3.12, 95% CI; 1.186–8.203) by three. Our study results suggesting that, organochlorines are a risk factors for breast cancer in Ethiopia. Decreasing exposure to such organochlorines might have a significant public health relevance in reducing non-communicable chronic illnesses. Besides, continues monitoring of persistent organic pollutants using body biomarkers is important for disease prevention and device mitigation measures.
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N. OLIVER, MAITERA, HITLER LOUIS, BATA S. YUSUF, ADELEYE T. ADEREMI, AKAKURU U. OZIOMA, and MAGU O. THOMAS. "Comparative Analysis of the Level of Pesticide Residues in Beef, Chevon and Internal Organs of Cows and Goats Slaughtered in Yola Abattoir of Adamawa State, Nigeria." Current World Environment 13, no. 3 (October 20, 2018): 416–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.13.3.14.
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This work examines the presence of pesticides residue levels in beef, chevon, and internal organs obtained from cows and goats slaughtered at Yola Abattoir in Adamawa State.Residues of organochlorines and organophosphorus pesticides were extracted from the meat, chevon and internal organs of the cows and goats using QuEChERS method, and analyzed by GC-MS technique.The residue analysis revealed that beef and chevon samples had no traces of organochlorines whileorganophosphorus (chlorpyrifos, dichlorvos, dichlorpyrifos, diazinon, dimethoate, primifos-methyl, and malathion) pesticide residues detected were below threshold level of 0.01 mg/kg. The result of the animals’ intestine showed the presence of chlorpyrifos (0.034 ± 0.001 vs. 0.031 ± 0.001) and (0.027 ± 0.001 vs.0.023 ± 0.0014) above the standard values, whereas, the dichlorvos level were (0.059 ± 0.0014 vs. 0.050 ± 0.0007), (0.061 ± 0.0007 vs. 0.043 ± 0.0014) and (0.072 ± 0.0014 vs. 0.031 ± 0.001) below the maximum residual value of 1 mg/kg.The kidney residue revealed that dichlorpyrifos, diazinon, dimethoate, primi-methyl and malathion were below the maximum residue limit (0.001 mg/kg) in the cow samples while chlorpyrifos: (0.013 ± 0.001 vs. 0.012 ± 0.001 vs. 0.018 ± 0.001 vs. 0.053 ± 0.001) were above the standard value (0.01 mg/kg). Dichlorvos was detected in the kidney of the goats; (0.069 ± 0.0007 vs. 0.035 ± 0.0014) and (0.052 ± 0.0014) below the maximum residual limit (MRL). Residue analysis in the livers of the cows also showed the presence of chlorpyrifos at (0.011 ± 0.001), (0.014 ± 0.001), (0.08 ± 0.001) above the recommended value, while dichlorvos (1.012 ± 0.001 vs. 0.027 ± 0.001) and (0.029 ± 0.001 vs. 0.037 ± 0.001) were below MRL established by the international health regulation agencies. Residue analysis of all the samples studied shows no trace of organochlorine pesticides. These findings are alarming and are potential threats to the public health.
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Newsome, W. Harvey, and Paul Andrews. "Organochlorine Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyl Congeners in Commercial Fish from the Great Lakes." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 76, no. 4 (July 1, 1993): 707–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/76.4.707.
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Abstract Fillets from 11 species of commercial fish from the Great Lakes were analyzed for residues of 39 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners and 24 other organochlorine compounds. Eel and trout contained the highest amount of PCB (753 and 633 ppb wet weight, respectively) and other organochlorines (607 and 1404 ppb, respectively); perch and carp contained the lowest residues. The pentaand hexachlorinated PCBs were the major congeners in all species except whitefish, in which the tetrachlorinated congeners predominated. Toxaphene was the most abundant organochlorine pesticide in trout; p,p′ -DDE was the major component of this class in eel. Residue concentrations in commercial carp were compared with residues present in carp from a fishery closed to commercial operation. Although both PCB and organochlorine pesticide levels in carp were among the lowest for all commercial fish samples, levels from the contaminated area were among the highest.
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Sergeyev, Oleg, Jane S. Burns, Paige L. Williams, Susan A. Korrick, Mary M. Lee, Boris Revich, and Russ Hauser. "The association of peripubertal serum concentrations of organochlorine chemicals and blood lead with growth and pubertal development in a longitudinal cohort of boys: a review of published results from the Russian Children’s Study." Reviews on Environmental Health 32, no. 1-2 (March 1, 2017): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2016-0052.
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Abstract Organochlorine chemicals and lead are environmental exposures that have endocrine disrupting properties (EDCs) which interfere with many aspects of hormone action. Childhood and adolescence are windows of susceptibility for adverse health effects of EDCs. Our ongoing study, the Russian Children’s Study (RCS), is one of the few longitudinal studies investigating the impact of EDCs on growth and puberty in boys. It is conducted in the historically contaminated city of Chapaevsk, in the Samara region. The study focuses on evaluating the associations of persistent organochlorine chemicals and lead with growth and pubertal timing. At enrollment in 2003–2005, we collected blood from 516 boys at ages 8–9 years to measure dioxins, furans, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), chlorinated pesticides and lead. At enrollment and at annual visits through the ages of 18–19 years, a physician performed physical examinations that included pubertal staging and testicular volume measurements. We review the history of Chapaevsk as a research site and summarize published RCS data on the association of peripubertal serum concentrations of organochlorines and blood lead levels with growth, pubertal onset and sexual maturity. Overall, we found that persistent organochlorines and lead negatively affected growth during puberty. Our results also suggest that total toxic equivalents (TEQs), dioxin-like compounds, organochlorine pesticides and lead may delay, while nondioxin-like-PCBs may advance, the timing of male puberty. These findings promoted remediation programs in Chapaevsk, with improvement in health indicators, resulting in Chapaevsk being designated a member of the World Health Organization (WHO) network “Healthy Cities” in 2015.
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Melanson, Stacy Foran, Elizabeth Lee Lewandrowski, James G. Flood, and Kent B. Lewandrowski. "Measurement of Organochlorines in Commercial Over-the-Counter Fish Oil Preparations: Implications for Dietary and Therapeutic Recommendations for Omega-3 Fatty Acids and a Review of the Literature." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 129, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 74–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2005-129-74-mooico.
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Abstract Context.—The consumption of fish high in omega-3 fatty acids is advocated by the American Heart Association to decrease the risk of coronary artery disease. However, fish contain environmental toxins such as mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides, which may negate the beneficial cardiovascular effects of fish meals. Toxin levels vary depending on both the fish source and the specific toxin, and neither farm-raised nor wild fish are toxin free. Fish oil supplements also prevent the progression of coronary artery disease and reduce cardiovascular mortality. However, only sparse data exist on the level of toxins in fish oil. In a previous study we showed that the amount of mercury in 5 over-the-counter brands of fish oil was negligible. Objective.—To determine the concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls and other organochlorines in 5 over-the-counter preparations of fish oil. Design.—The contents of 5 commercial fish oil brands were sent for organochlorine analysis. Results.—The levels of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorines were all below the detectable limit. Conclusions.—Fish oil supplements are more healthful than the consumption of fish high in organochlorines. Fish oils provide the benefits of omega-3 fatty acids without the risk of toxicity. In addition, fish oil supplements have been helpful in a variety of diseases, including bipolar disorder and depression.
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Koirala, Pramod, Damodar B. Khadka, and Arunananda Mishra. "Pesticide residues as environmental contaminants in foods in Nepal." Journal of Agriculture and Environment 8 (December 26, 2007): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v8i0.733.
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This paper reviews the occurrence of pesticides in foods in Nepal during 1995-2004. A total of one
thousand and thirty four samples of different food commodities were analyzed for detection of
organochlorines (DDT, BHC) and organophosphorus (malathion, parathion, methyl parathion) pesticides.
Among all samples analysed 12% samples were detected with the residues of pesticides which included Malathion (3.9%), BHC (3.1%), Methyl parathion (2.8%), DDT (1.8%) and Parathion (0.3%). Commodity- wise detection of pesticide residues showed the highest level of contamination in root vegetables (11.9%) followed by leaf vegetables (10.9%). Therefore, there is a threat of pesticide residues in foods
and may endanger to public health. Government efforts to control misuse of pesticides is not sufficient, therefore, the concerned stakeholders have the shared responsibility to solve it. There is a good scope of working with appropriate intervention measures in this area for NGOs, INGOs, academic institution to prevent the pesticide pollution in food.
The Journal of AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENTVol. 8, 2007, pp. 96-100
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GARRIDO, M. D., M. JODRAL, and R. POZO. "Organochlorine Pesticides in Spanish Sterilized Milk and Associated Health Risks." Journal of Food Protection 57, no. 3 (March 1, 1994): 249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-57.3.249.
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Organochlorine pesticides (α-HCH, β-HCH, lindane, γ-HCH, aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, clordane, pp'-DDE, op'-DDD, pp'-DDD, op'-DDT, pp'-DDT endrin and methoxychlor) were investigated in Spanish sterilized milks. Ninety percent of the milk samples were found to be contaminated. Thirty-two percent of the samples were contaminated by clordane and showed levels which exceeded the maximum residue limit permitted in the Directive 86/386/EC for organochlorines in milk as calculated on a lipid basis. Aldrin was only found in one sample, while 89.9% of the samples were contaminated by one or more HCH isomers. Mean heptachlor epoxide contamination (0.026 ppm) was approximately 10 times higher than contamination by heptachlor, There is no health risk involved in the consumption of using sterilized milk in Spain.
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Martin, Dan B., and William A. Hartman. "Organochlorine Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Sediment and Fish from Wetlands in the North Central United States." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 68, no. 4 (July 1, 1985): 712–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/68.4.712.
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Abstract Sediment samples collected in 1980-1982 from riverine and pothole wetlands at 17 locations in the north central United States were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides, certain of their metabolites, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Concentrations were above minimum detection levels (5 ng/g of organochlorines and 20 ng/g of PCBs) in less than 4% of the samples taken. Fish samples taken at 9 of these 17 locations, and analyzed for the same compounds, showed a higher frequency of detectable contaminants. The most common compound found in fish was DDE, which was found in 51% of the samples at levels up to 512 ng/g. a-BHC was present at concentrations of 5 to 27 ng/g in 36% of the fish samples, and DDD was found at levels of 5 to 60 ng/g in 14%. Four other compounds, DDT, dieldrin, PCB, and Ira/ts-nonachlor, were detected in fish at relatively low concentrations in less than 10% of the samples. This survey, thus, indicated little contamination by organochlorine pesticides or PCBs in the wetland habitats of this region.
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Inomata, Odete N. K., R. C. Montone, W. H. Lara, R. R. Weber, and H. H. B. Toledo. "Tissue distribution of organochlorine residues – PCBs and pesticides – in Antarctic penguins." Antarctic Science 8, no. 3 (September 1996): 253–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102096000351.
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Antarctic penguins constitute excellent indicators of organic pollutants (PCBs, DDTs and HCHs), which reach the Antarctic either by atmospheric or maritime transport and are concentrated through the food chains. They are found mainly in lipids, both in adipose and other tissues of the organisms. Tissue samples of four gentoo and one Adélie penguins were collected during the summers of 1991, 1992 and 1993. PCBs and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analysed in the adipose tissue, uropygeal gland, blood, brain, muscle, bone and liver. Organochlorines (OCs) were detected in the majority of the samples. The levels found in extractable fat were higher than in other tissues and the concentrations ranged from 42.3–1159.7 ng g−1 (HCB), from not detected to 39.3 ng g−1 (HCHs), from 30.8–972.3 ng g−1 (DDTs) and from 43.2–1583.6 ng g−1 (PCBs).
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Tang, Feng, Yongde Yue, Rimao Hua, Shimei Ge, and Jie Tang. "Development of Methods for Determination of the Residues of 15 Pesticides in Medicinal Herbs Isatis indigotica Fort. by Capillary Gas Chromatography with Electron Capture or Flame Photometric Detection." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 88, no. 3 (May 1, 2005): 720–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/88.3.720.
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Abstract Two multiresidue methods were developed for the determination of 15 pesticides (organochlorines, organphosphorus compounds, pyrethroids, and fungicides) in medicinal herbs Isatis indigotica Fort. and its formulations. The analytical procedure is based on ultrasonic assisted extraction and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE). After solvents were added, the raw material or granule sample was sonicated in an ultrasonic water bath and then centrifuged, filtered, and cleaned up by LLE. The infusion sample was extracted with petroleum ether by LLE. The pesticide residues were determined by capillary gas chromatography with electron-capture or flame photometric detection. Recoveries with the method at concentrations between 0.4 μg/kg and 10 μg/kg ranged from 70.2 to 119.5% for raw material, 73.2 to 105.1% for granule formulation, and 72.8 to 113.3% for infusion formulation. The relative standard deviation values were <20% for all of the pesticides studied. The pesticide detection limits were within the ranges 0.3–0.5 μg/L for endosulfan, 3–7.5 μg/L for pyrethroids, 0.7–32.5 μg/L for organophosphorus pesticides, and 0.1–0.6 μg/L for the other pesticides. The proposed methods are simple and rapid and provide simultaneous determination of pesticide residues in Isatis indigotica Fort. with acceptable recoveries and repeatability and an adequate limit of determination.
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Harding, Anne-Helen, David Fox, Yiqun Chen, Neil Pearce, David Fishwick, and Gillian Frost. "Prospective Investigation of Pesticide Applicators’ Health (PIPAH) study: a cohort study of professional pesticide users in Great Britain." BMJ Open 7, no. 10 (October 2017): e018212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018212.
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PurposeThe purpose of the study is to monitor the exposure and health of workers in Great Britain who use pesticides as a part of their job, and to gain a better understanding of the relationship between long-term exposure to pesticides and health.ParticipantsStudy participants are professional pesticide users who are certified in the safe use of pesticides or who were born before 1965 and apply pesticides under ‘grandfather rights’. Overall response rate was 20%; participants are mostly male (98%) and the average age is 54 years, ranging from 17 to over 80 years.Findings to dateParticipants have completed a baseline general questionnaire and three follow-up questionnaires on the use of pesticides. These data will enable investigations into the relationship between occupational pesticide exposure and health outcomes taking into account non-occupational confounding factors.Future plansThere is no set end date for data collection. Recruitment into the cohort will continue, and for the foreseeable future there will be annual pesticide use questionnaires and five yearly follow-up general questionnaires.The intention is to validate the pesticide use questionnaire, and to develop a crop/job exposure matrix (C/JEM) which can be updated regularly. This C/JEM will be able to look at general categories of pesticide, such as insecticides, structurally related pesticides, such as organochlorines, or individual active ingredients. Data collected on use of personal protective equipment and method of application will provide information on how potential exposure to pesticide during application may have been modified. The study will be able to estimate changes in individual pesticide use over time, and to examine the associations between pesticide use and both baseline and long-term health outcomes.The cohort members will be linked to national databases for notification of hospital episode statistics, cancer incidence and mortality for follow-up of health outcomes.
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Yadav, Saroj, and Geeta Gaba. "Awareness of farm workers regarding health problems and use of protective clothing during pesticide application." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 10, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 540–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v10i2.1732.
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Pesticides are widely used in agricultural production to prevent or control pests, diseases, weeds, and other plant pathogens in an effort to reduce or eliminate yield losses of cotton crop and maintain high product quality. Because of high biological activity, and in some cases, long persistence in the environment, pesticides (pyrethroids, carbamate, oganophosphate, organochlorines) may cause harmful effects to human health and to the environment. Occupational exposure to pesticides often occurs in the case of agricultural workers in open fields and greenhouses. Farmers who perform spray activity are routinely exposed to high levels of pesticides (Monocarbamide dihydrogen sulfate, pyrethroids and carbamates), than the other farm workers such as pesticide loader, evaluator. The dermal and inhalation routes of entry are typically the most common routes of farmers’ exposure to pesticides. Farmers’ exposure to pesticides can be reduced through less use of pesticides and use of the appropriate protective clothing and equipments in all stages of pesticide handling. The present study was conductedon 270 respondents from all nine blocks of Hisar district of Haryana state to create awareness amongst them regarding health problems and use of protective clothing during pesticide application.An educational package in the form of Video CD and Leaflet was used. Pamphlets were distributed; lecture-cum-demonstrations and film shows were organized. Protective clothing and accessories were also exhibited for better impact. It was recorded that respondents succeeded in acquiring awareness at post exposure level, through print and electronic media for each message viz. breathing problems (23.3%), eyes related problems (100%), skin allergy (43.3%), headache (60.3%), fainting due to inhalation of pesticide (64.33%) and stomach related problems (23.56%).
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Eldakroory, SA, DA El Morsi, RH Abdel-Rahman, S. Roshdy, MS Gouida, and EO Khashaba. "Correlation between toxic organochlorine pesticides and breast cancer." Human & Experimental Toxicology 36, no. 12 (January 8, 2017): 1326–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327116685887.
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Organochlorines (OCs) are common environmental pollutants that have been linked to cancer. This work aims to assess the role of OCs as a risk factor for breast cancer and to evaluate the cellular changes induced by exposure to such environmental contaminants. The study included 70 cancer patients subjected to thorough history taking and routine investigations. Samples from tumor and normal adjacent tissue were taken to measure OCs’ levels and to perform molecular analysis (some oncogenic and apoptotic markers) by flow cytometry. There were significantly higher concentrations of methoxychlor, dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT), hexa-chlorobenzene (HCB), and chlordane in tumor tissue samples compared to the surrounding normal tissue. There was a positive statistically significant correlation between G2m and dichloro-diphenyl-dichloroethane, DDT, and methoxychlor. There was also a negative correlation between propidium iodide (PI) and heptachlor as well as between PI, B-cell lymphoma 2, and methoxychlor. Annexin showed a negative correlation with HCB and methoxychlor. In conclusion, the higher level of organochlorine pesticides in the tissue specimens of breast cancer and the resultant molecular dysfunction highlight a possible association. Further research is warranted to elucidate the other possible mechanisms involved in the process of carcinogenesis.
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Galani, Yamdeu Joseph Hubert, Michael Houbraken, Abukari Wumbei, Joseph Fovo Djeugap, Daniel Fotio, Yun Yun Gong, and Pieter Spanoghe. "Contamination of Foods from Cameroon with Residues of 20 Halogenated Pesticides, and Health Risk of Adult Human Dietary Exposure." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9 (May 10, 2021): 5043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18095043.
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(1) Background: Halogenated pesticides are abundantly used in Cameroon, but there is no information on the health risk of consumers from exposure to their residues in foods. (2) Methods: Residues of 20 halogenated pesticides were determined in 11 agricultural products collected in the 3 largest cities of Cameroon using QuEChERS extraction and gas chromatography with electron capture detector (GC-ECD), and health risk from dietary exposure was assessed. (3) Results: Organochlorines pesticides aldrin, p,p’-dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) and β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH) found in 85.0%, 81.9% and 72.5% of samples, respectively, were the most frequently detected. The highest average concentrations of residues were 1.12, 0.74 and 0.39 mg/kg for methoxychlor, alachlor and β-HCH, respectively, found in chilli pepper. Chili pepper (58.9%), cowpea (56.8%), black beans (56.5%) and kidney beans (54.0%) exhibited the highest residue occurrences. Levels above the European Union maximum residue limits (MRLs) were found for all the 20 pesticides, in 40.1% of the positive analyses, and the food samples contained 14 pesticides banned in Cameroon. Chronic, acute, cumulative and carcinogenic risk assessments revealed that lifetime consumption of maize, black beans, kidney beans, groundnuts and chili pepper contaminated with aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, HCB, heptachlor, o,p’-DDT, p,p’-DDD, p,p’-DDT, p,p’-DDE and β-HCH, could pose health risks. (4) Conclusion: These results show that there is an urgent need of pesticide usage regulation, effective application of pesticide bans and management of obsolete pesticide stocks in Cameroon.
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López-Dávila, Edelbis, Michael Houbraken, Jasmine De Rop, Gijs Du Laing, Osvaldo Romero, and Pieter Spanoghe. "Toxicological and ecotoxicological pressure due to pesticide use in Sancti Spíritus, Cuba." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 18, no. 4 (November 17, 2020): e0305. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2020184-15450.
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Aim of study: To quantify the toxicity and ecotoxicological pressure of pesticides in Sancti Spíritus province, Cuba, between 2011 and 2014.Material and methods: A longitudinal descriptive study was designed for the study period, to identify potential risks to the environment and human health associated with the use of pesticides. In order to determine the toxicity and ecotoxicity of pesticide use, ƩSeq (Spread equivalents), POCER (Pesticide Occupational and Environmental Risk) indicator, and the Toxic Load (TL) methodology of the Plant Health Cuban Institute were used.Main results: Corresponding to 62 chemical families, 124 active ingredients were applied in the province during the study period. Organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, inorganic compounds (such as copper), dithiocarbamates, aryloxyphenoxypropionates, neonicotinoids, sulfonylurea, triazoles, and organochlorines predominated due to their frequency of use. Use of toxic-pesticides, lack of personal protection equipment amount others made workers, residents and applicators the toxicological modules with the highest risk of exposure. From the POCER results we found that aquatic organisms, persistence, and groundwater are the modules with the highest ecotoxicological pressure.Research highlights: With the use of the POCER indicator as well as ƩSeq, a more accurate assessment of toxicity and ecotoxicity from certain pesticide can be done instead of the TL equation currently used in Cuba. In addition substitution of the most toxic pesticides by less toxic ones could help to reduce synthetic pesticide pressure on humans and the environment. This study can help to develop policies and management practices to reduce the hazards of synthetic pesticide use in Cuba.
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Adesina, Gabriel Olulakin, Samuel Adelani Babarinde, and Abiodun Oladele Olaniran. "Assessment of Selected Food Products for Pesticide Residue in Major Markets of Oyo State, Nigeria." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 54 (July 2015): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.54.47.
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A study was carried out on the assessment of selected food produce for pesticide residue in Oyo State. With the aid of multi stage sampling technique, 8 selected markets were surveyed in the major constituencies of Oyo State which included Oje and Bodija Market in Ibadan, Arada and Sabo Markets in Ogbomoso, Ajegunle and Araromi Market in Oyo, Owode and Sango Markets in Igboho and Saki respectively in Oke-Ogun. Information on type of pesticide use, reason for choosing the pesticide, method of applying the pesticide and duration of post application storage, were collected. Food produce sampled were yam chips, cowpea, maize and smoked fish for residual analysis. The residual analysis includes extraction of samples, cleaning of extraction and screening of the pesticide using GC-MS to detect any chemical metabolites. The survey reveals that majority (87.5%) of respondents were involved in selling of maize, yam chips and cowpea and the most used pesticide in the market was Aluminium phosphide marketed as phostoxin. Many of respondents applied pesticide by fumigation and the choice of these pesticides was base on customary practices. These food produce are stored for less than a month before being disposed of to consumers. Result from residual analysis shows sample from all the markets contains high percentage of alkane compounds especially the heptadecanes, eicosane, hexadecane and octadecane. Organochlorines were also found in the samples at high percentage. Banned pesticides are still in use in the visited markets and the use of banned pesticide should be prohibited and extension scheme on the use of pesticide on stored produce should be sponsored by government. This will help educate pesticide users on the use of pesticides and its health implications. Consumers are also implored to wash their food very well before consumption so as to remove pesticides that may be present on the seed coat or surface of food produce.
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Silva Mendonça, Gulnar Azevedo e. "Measuring exposure to organochlorinated pesticides." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 14, suppl 3 (1998): S177—S179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x1998000700018.
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Environmental epidemiological investigations in cancer remain, with rare exceptions, inconclusive. The difficulties of establishing patterns of measurements of exposure in the human body is one of the limitations of these studies. The findings of six recent epidemiological studies that analyzed the association between organochlorinated compounds and breast cancer are reviewed in considering the problems of measuring environmental exposure through biological markers. The epidemiological evidence based on these studies do not indicate a risk of breast cancer related to organochlorines. Some aspects that may partially explain this absence of risk are discussed regarding the investigation of environmental carcinogenic agents in populations with low but homogeneously sprayed levels of exposure.
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Turki Kh. Faraj, Turki Kh Faraj. "Determination of Pesticide Residues in Most Commonly Consumed Leafy Vegetables in Riyadh Region (Al-Kharej Province)." journal of King Abdulaziz University - Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture Sciences 28, no. 2 (July 3, 2019): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4197/met.28-2.7.
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A total of 81 samples of various leafy vegetables viz., Rocket (Eruca sativa), Lettuce (Lactuca sativa), Coriander (Coriandrum sativum), Corchorus (Corchorus olitorius), Parsley (Petroselinum crispum), Spinach (Spinacia oleracea), Radish (Raphanus sativus), Dill (Anethum graveolens), Mint (Mentha sachalinensis) and Green onions (Allium cepa) were collected from 20 different areas in Riyadh region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Liquid-Liquid Extraction of extraction partitioning method and confirmation by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer for the presence of various pesticide residues was performed. Pesticide residues were detected in all the collected samples with varying concentrations. A variety of pesticides including organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids, carbamates, herbicides, acaricides and insecticides have been identified in the samples. While the residue levels were low for most pesticides, higher levels of chlorpyrifos (0.123 mg/kg and resmethrin (0.1 mg/kg) were found in Rocket, carbaryl (0.92 mg/kg) in spinach and corchorus (0.116 mg/kg), permethrin (total cis + trans permethrin) inlettuce (0.103 mg/kg) and coriander (0.126 mg/kg), and cypermethrin in parsley (0.126 ppm). The highest maximum residue limit (MRL) values of pesticide residues on leafy vegetables of 0.10 mg/kg were observed for carbaryl in Spinach and Corchorus, whereas in Parsley an MRL of 0.5 mg/kg was found. The current research shows that in some leafy vegetables, higher doses of pesticides were found.
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Office, Editorial. "Die subletale effekte van die organochloriede dieldrien en lindaan op groei en voortplanting van Eudrilus eugeniae en Eisenia fetida (Oligochaeta)." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 13, no. 1 (July 9, 1994): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v13i1.577.
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Experimental exposure of the earthworm species Eudrilus eugeniae to organochlorines showed that dieldrin causes damage to sperm ultrastructure when viewed electronmicroscopically. Worms containing concentrations of 7,27 mg/kg dieldrin and higher showed more than 10% sperm damage. Exposure of Eisenia fetida to sublethal concentrations of lindane did not result in sperm damage but demonstrated an increase in growth and reproductive activity. It is argued that quantification of sperm damage and correlation with pesticide concentration could provide a useful tool for evaluating environmental quality. Furthermore, the effects of sublethal concentrations of pesticides that manifest themselves in increased growth and reproductive activity could affect ecological balances.
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Otitoju, Grace Taiwo, and Olawale Otitoju. "Puplic Health Implications of Pesticide Residues in Irish Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) from Jos Nigeria." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa043_110.
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Abstract Objectives There is a growing public health concern on the indiscriminate use of pesticides in agriculture among farmers from developing countries including Nigeria. The presence of pesticide residues in food samples may pose a deleterious effect on food safety and consequently compromise the health of consumers especially children, elderly, and pregnant women. The estimation of pesticides residues via dietary intake constitutes a vital integral part of regulatory processes that seeks to preserve public health. This study is therefore focused on the estimation of some pesticide residues in samples of Irish potatoes collected from Jos Nigeria. Methods The samples were collected from five different markets in Jos Plateau State Nigeria. All the samples were transported to the Central Research Laboratory, Ilorin, Nigeria. The pesticide residue analysis was carried out using GC/MS after sample extraction, filtration and Concentration. After the analysis was carried out, the result obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) statistical software (version 21) after which the Mean, Standard deviations and ANOVA (Analysis of variance) were calculated. Results The result shows that 17 different pesticide residues were identified with ten (10) organochlorines, two (2) organophosphates, one (1) thiocarbamate, one (1) benzamide and two (2) of them were unclassified. The concentration of these pesticides were determined which was then used to determine the estimated daily intake. The ADI and MRL for each pesticide was sought for and the health risk was also evaluated. With the results obtained, it was noticed that most of these pesticides usually exceed their ADI and MRL which then makes them hazardous to the human health. Considering the health risk index of consumers Aldrin, Heptachlor, Mecarbem and Dieldrin proved to be very hazardous (P > 1). Conclusions These pesticides can cause harmful effects on the food commodities which ultimately cause a damaging impact on the health of human. To guarantee food safety, continuous monitoring is recommended for pesticide residues in Irish potatoes. Funding Sources Self-sponsored.
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Patel, Devendra Kumar. "Analysis of Multi-Residue Pesticides in Vegetable Samples Using Solid-Phase Micro-Extraction (SPME) Coupled to Gas Chromatography-Electron-Capture Detector (GC-ECD)." Journal of Analytical, Bioanalytical and Separation Techniques 3, no. 1 (October 24, 2018): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15436/2476-1869.18.1933.
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A fast, simple, solvent less and inexpensive sample preparation method based on Head space solid-phase micro extraction (HS-SPME) coupled to gas chromatography-electron-capture detector (GC-ECD) is proposed for the determination of mix pesticide residues from vegetable samples. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS, 100 μm) fiber was used in this study. The mix pesticides (24 nos.) including organochlorines (15), organophosphates (06) and synthetic pyrethriods (03) were analysed in the vegetable samples (Cabbage, Tomato, Cauliflower, Chilli, Okra, Brinjal, Bottle gourd, Cucumber, Beetroot, Spinach, and Radish) collected from in and around of Lucknow city, India. Present study revealed the presence of HCH, DDT, methylparathion, malathion, chlorpyrifos, monocrotophos, endosulfan, cypermethrin, fenvalerate pesticides. Pesticides residue levels were compared with MRL fixed by Prevention of Food Adulteration Act (PFA), Govt. of India 1954. The method detection limits were in a linearity range of 0.003 - 0.024 mg/kg. A recovery percent varies from 86.1 to 96.4% with relative standard deviation (RSD) of 14%. The outcomes of the present study point towards the crucial need of implementing strict government’s rules related to food safety in order to put check on these kinds of health hazardous food contamination.
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Menouni, Aziza, Radu-Corneliu Duca, Manosij Gosh, Noura Zouine, Ilham Lhilali, Samir El Jaafari, and Lode Godderis. "O1A.5 Emergent role of epigenetic biomarkers of pesticides exposure: a case study among women of childbearing age living in meknes (morocco)." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (April 2019): A4.1—A4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.10.
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Pesticide exposure has been associated with acute and chronic adverse health effects. Current evidence supports that epigenetics may mediate these effects. DNA methylation (DNAm) is one of the broadly investigated epigenetic alteration. Therefore, to date, only limited human data is linking pesticide exposure to global DNAm alterations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize pesticides exposure in women of reproductive age and investigate whether DNA methylation patterns were related to pesticides exposure level.In a pilot study among 100 women from Meknes (Morocco), we measured 45 analytes (parent molecules and their metabolites) from three chemical families of pesticides: Organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids, in urine and hair using HPLC/MS-MS and GC/MS. Commercial kits were used for quantification of 8-OHdG. We used LC/MS for measuring GSH. Pyrosequencing was used to measure Alu and LINE-1 methylation in DNA isolated from whole blood samples.Pesticides are associated with genomic instability, which is proposed to be sensitive to nutritional intake and may also induce epigenetic changes. We evaluated the effect of life style and dietary intake on epigenetic instability in women. Our research prompts a re-thinking of the role of epigenetics on the understanding of the environmental exposure. We will then explore the role of epigenetic changes in the onset of cancer through the oxidative stress and DNA damage pathways.
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Papadopoulou-Mourkidou, Euphemia, John Patsias, and Athena Kotopoulou. "Determination of Pesticides in Soils by Gas Chromatography-Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 80, no. 2 (March 1, 1997): 447–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/80.2.447.
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Abstract A multiresidue method is reported for determination of a variety of chemical classes of pesticides (organochlorines, organophosphates, triazines, phenylureas, acetanilides, pyrethroids, carbamates, and miscellaneous others) in soils. Soil samples are extracted with an acetonitrile-water mixture, and the pesticides are partitioned into petroleum ether-diethyl ether for direct analysis by gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry (GC-ITMS) with the mass spectrometer operated in the electron ionization mode. Recovery values determined for a fortification range of 20–1000 ppb were >80% for most of the pesticides. Detection limits determined in the full-scan mass spectrum mode were in the 1–10 ppb range for most analytes. This simple and rapid multiresidue method for determination of pesticides at trace levels in soils is appropriate for environmental behavior and pollution monitoring studies.
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Teil, M. J., M. Blanchard, and M. Chevreuil. "Atmospheric deposition of organochlorines (PCBs and pesticides) in northern France." Chemosphere 55, no. 4 (April 2004): 501–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.11.064.
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Don Waite, Phillip Bailey,, Lynne Quinnett-Abbott, and Brian D. Ripley. "Residues of DDT and other selected organochlorine pesticides in soils from Saskatchewan, Canada (1999)." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 85, no. 2 (May 1, 2005): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s04-012.
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A study of samples from a broad range of soils across the province of Saskatchewan, Canada, in 1999 has shown evidence that residues of organochlorine pesticides, and in particular DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2- bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane] and related compounds, are present even after several decades since the last application. In particular, residue levels of total DDT {DDTt = DDT + DDD [1,1-dichloro-2,2- bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane] + DDE [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene]} in Prince Albert National Park approach some of the highest levels measured to date at non-agricultural locations with concentrations of 119 to 150 ng g-1. Ratios of DDT:DDD:DDE were relatively consistent even from sites separated by several hundred kilometers and seem to be independent of soil properties and sample moisture levels over the region of study. These DDT:DDD:DDE ratios ranged from 9:1:4 for the Prince Albert Park site to 5:1:2 for Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) Research Centres and privately owned agricultural land. Data collected from AAFC Research Centres showed somewhat elevated levels of lindane [γ-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane] (maximum 14 ng g-1), dieldrin [(1R,4S,4aS,5R,6R,7S,8S,8aR)-1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-=6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro- endo-1,4,-exo-5,8-dimethanonaphthalene] (maximum 27 ng g-1) and chlordane [1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-octachloro-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-4,7-methanoindene] (maximum 10 ng g-1), while samples collected from sites designated as “background” locations demonstrated a minimal effect from long-range atmospheric transport of organochlorines. Key words: Organochlorine residues, soil, Canada, decomposition products, pesticides
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EL-Saeid, M. H., and M. T. Selim. "Multiresidue Analysis of 86 Pesticides Using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry: II-Nonleafy Vegetables." Journal of Chemistry 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/727149.
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A total of 1057 samples of fresh vegetables from import and domestic production were analyzed (cold pepper, egg plant, carrot, cucumber, potato, hot pepper, cultivation tomato, squash, beans, okra, onions, cauliflower, and green house tomato). The aim of this study was to investigate pesticide residues in market foods in Riyadh, which have been collected from Riyadh Development Company (Al-Tamer Vegetables Market). Pesticide residues were determined by gas chromatography with mass selective detector (GC-MSD). A multiresidue method was developed and described for simultaneous determination of 86 pesticides commonly used in crop protection. This method used to determine 86 pesticide residues with a broad range of physicochemical properties in fresh vegetables related to organophosphorus (OPP), organochlorines (OCP), pyrethroids, and carbamates mainly used in agriculture. Sample extract was cleaned up by using AOAC method. Pesticide residues above the maximum residue limits (MRL) were detected in 15.89% of the total samples (168 from 1057 samples), but 83.90% of the total samples (887 from 1057 samples) has no residues or contained pesticide residues at or below MRL. The detected and most frequently found pesticide residues were permethrin (45 times) and endosulfan (34 times) followed by deltamethrin (27 times). The findings of this study pointed to the following recommendations: the need for a monitoring program for pesticide residues in imported food crops.
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Barragán, Blanca Lisseth Guzmán, Manuel Alejandro Gonzalez Rivillas, Manuel Salvador Cuero Villegas, and Jose David Olivar Medina. "Presence of pesticides, mercury and trihalomethanes in the water supply systems of Ibagué, Colombia: threats to human health." Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 15, no. 2 (April 8, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2477.
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Chemical contamination of the water supply system caused by anthropic activities can cause adverse health effects. This study determined the presence of toxic metals, organic substances, pesticides and trihalomethanes in the water supply systems of the urban area of Ibague City. The economic and sanitary activities located in the 25 surface streams of the 32 water supply systems of the municipality were characterized. A total of 25 water samples were taken from the surface streams, and 35 samples in the water network of each drinking water service provider for the identification of pesticides (carbamates, organochlorines, organophosphorus), mercury, arsenic, cyanide, lead, cadmium, antimony, cobalt, selenium, silver, nickel and hydrocarbons. The presence of trihalomethanes was sampled after the treatment process given. A total of 775 economic and sanitary activities were detected in the surface streams of the water supply systems, highlighting the human settlements, agricultural and tourist activities impact on the water sources. Organochlorine pesticides (0.009-0.109 mg/L), mercury (0.001-0.004 mg/L) were identified in the water supply system in concentrations higher than those permitted by local regulation. Concentrations of trihalomethanes (0.064-1.260 mg/L) were detected in 68.7% of the water supply systems with treatment. The presence of chemical contaminants occurs mainly in communities with water supply systems of low complexity with high anthropic affectation. It is necessary to strengthen the assessment of hazards and risk by health surveillance, as well as intersectoral intervention for the protection of water sources and the improvement of water treatment technologies.
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Aziz, Muhammad Abdul, Fahrizal Hazra, Selly Salma, and Dedi Nursyamsi Nursyamsi. "Soil Chemical Characteristics of Organic and Conventional Agriculture." JOURNAL OF TROPICAL SOILS 21, no. 1 (January 3, 2017): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2016.v21i1.19-25.
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Use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides on intensive land of both lowland and upland food crops have been shown to increase agricultural productivity significantly. Research aimed to study soil chemical characteristics and soil pesticide residues at some crops of organic and conventional farms. The research was carried out in Laboratory of Soil Chemistry, Indonesian Soil Research Institute and in Laboratory of Agrochemical Residue, Indonesian Agricultural Environment Research Institute, Bogor from February to July 2015. Soil samples at 0-10 cm depth were taken compositely from broccoli (Brassica oleracea), carrots (Daucus carota), maize (Zea mays), and tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) farms in Bogor Regency as well as from rice field in Tasikmalaya Regency at both organic and conventional farms. Soil chemical characteristics were analyzed include: soil organic-C (Walkey and Black), total-N (Kjeldahl), potential-P (HCl 25%), available-P (Olsen), potential-K (HCl 25%), available-K (NH4OAc 1 N pH 7), CEC (NH4OAc 1 N pH 7), and pH (soil : water = 1: 5), while pesticide residues included levels of organochlorine (lindane, aldrin, heptaklor, dieldrin, DDT, endosulfan); organophosphates (diazinon, fenitrotin, metidation, paration, profenofos); and carbamates (carbofuran, MIPC, BPMC) in the soil by using Gas Chromatography method. Results showed that levels of soil organic-C, total-N, potential and available-P, potential and available-K, CEC, pH at organic farms were higher than those at conventional farms. Some pesticide residues compound (organochlorines, organophosphates, and carbamates) were detected at conventional farm, while those at organic farm were not detected (trace).Keywords: Conventional farm, organic farm, pesticide residues, soil properties. [How to Cite: Muhammad AA, F Hazra, S Salma and D Nursyamsi. 2016. Soil Chemical Characteristics of Organic and Conventional Agriculture. J Trop Soils 21: 19-25. Doi: 10.5400/jts.2016.21.1.19]
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Maigari, A. U., M. B. Sulaiman, M. Buhari, and A. O. Abdullahi. "Pesticide residues in selected vegetables from Gombe markets, Gombe State, Nigeria: assessing the health impact." Ife Journal of Science 23, no. 1 (May 3, 2021): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijs.v23i1.8.
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The study determined the content of pesticide residues in vegetables (cabbage, lettuce, calyces, and tiger nut), obtained from markets in Gombe, Nigeria. Health risk parameters were also determined to evaluate the health risk associated with their consumption. A total of 72 samples (cabbage, lettuce, calyces and tiger nut) were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography with UV/VIS Detector (HPLC-UV/VIS). A total of 18 pesticide residues were detected: nine organochlorines (OCs), five organophosphates (OPs), and four pyrethroids (PYs). The residual contents of nine OCs ranged from 0.00 to 0.098 μg/kg and found in 61.87%, 60.99%, 63.69%, and 63.89% of cabbage, lettuce, calyces and tiger nut samples respectively, five OPs with concentrations ranging from 0.00 to 0.043 μg/kg were found in 22.69%, 21.89%, 19.49% and 22.21% of cabbage, lettuce, calyces and tiger nut samples respectively. In similar order, four PYs with concentrations that ranged from 0.00 to 0.046 μg/kg were found in 15.44%, 17.04%, 16.82% and 13.89% of the vegetables. Themean estimated daily intake of pesticides in the studied samples was lower than that of acceptable daily intakes. The hazard index obtained was less than one, indicating no probable adverse health effect on both children and adult consumers. However, monitoring and continuous stringent regulation should be imposed with regard to the usage of pesticides in vegetables, and other food stuff for public health protection.
Keywords: Hazard Index, Health risk, Nut, Pesticide residues, Vegetables
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Herkert, James R. "Organochlorine Pesticides are not Implicated in the Decline of the Loggerhead Shrike." Condor 106, no. 3 (August 1, 2004): 702–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/106.3.702.
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Abstract I compared pesticide levels in the eggs of Loggerhead Shrikes (Lanius ludovicianus) collected from Illinois in 1995–1996 with those reported for the state in 1971–1972. Pesticides were detected in 19 of 21 (90%) eggs from 1995–1996. DDE was the most frequently detected pesticide, occurring in 17 of 21 eggs. DDT was the second most frequent pesticide detected and was found in nine eggs. Mean DDE levels in shrike eggs from 1995–1996 were 79% lower than in eggs from 1971–1972. Unlike most bird species for which pesticide levels are known to have been reduced (whose populations have tended to increase), Loggerhead Shrike populations have declined during the period in which pesticide levels within their eggs has been reduced. These data suggest that organochlorine pesticides are likely not driving current Loggerhead Shrike declines in Illinois. Los Pesticidas Organoclorados no Están Implicados en la Disminución de Lanius ludovicianus Resumen. Comparé los niveles de pesticidas en huevos de Lanius ludovicianus colectados en Illinois entre 1995 y 1996 con los niveles de pesticidas reportados para el estado entre 1971 y 1972. Se detectaron pesticidas en 19 de 21 huevos (90%) entre 1995 y 1996. El pesticida detectado con mayor frecuencia fue DDE, el cual se detectó en 17 de 21 huevos. DDT fue el insecticida detectado con la segundo mayor frecuencia, y fue encontrado en nueve huevos. Los niveles medios de DDE encontrados en los huevos de 1994– 1996 fueron un 79% más bajos que en huevos de 1971–1972. A diferencia de la mayoría de las especies de aves para las cuales se sabe que los niveles de pesticidas se han reducido (cuyas poblaciones han tendido a aumentar), las poblaciones de L. ludovicianus han disminuido durante el período en que los niveles de pesticidas hallados dentro de sus huevos han sido reducidos. Estos datos sugieren que probablemente los pesticidas organoclorados no están causando la disminución actual de las poblaciones de L. ludovicianus.
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M. A., Abbassy, Abdel-Halim K. Y., and El-Meseiry M. A. "Bioaccumulation of Pesticides in Aquatic System of Edku Lake, Egypt: An Approach for Risk Associated With Fish Consumption." Academic Journal of Life Sciences, no. 59 (September 20, 2019): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/ajls.59.61.69.
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Monitoring of some organochlorines (OCs) and organophosphorus (OP) pesticide residues in Edku Lake during 2015-2016 have been determined in water, sediment and Tilapia fish to find out the extent of pesticides contamination and bioaccumulation into the lake. Pesticide residues were determined using gas chromatography equipped with appropriate detectors. The mean residues of ∑BHC, ∑DDT, total OCs, and OPs in water samples were 68.43, 14.17, 118.3 and 138.46 ppb, respectively. The corresponding residues in sediments were 8343.26, 5307.59, 21402.83 and 267.66 ppb, respectively. In fish muscles, the mean residues of ∑BHC, ∑DDT, methoxychlor and total OCs were 2513.56, 1916.85, 46175.05, and 57592.40 ppb, respectively. The corresponding values in fish gills were 3565.44, 16014.96, 13182.44, 35645.15 and 3318.10 ppb, respectively. Sum of BHC and DDT were the mostly detected in muscle samples accounting for 1593.60 and 916.53 ppb, respectively. Regarding bioaccumulation of examined pesticides, bioconcentration factor (BCF) was estimated to be in range 7.96-40701.50 for water/muscle ratio of OCs. In case of BCF for water/gills, the values ranged from 16.72 to 237090.17. BCF values obtained from ratio sediment/muscle or sediment/gills not exceeded than 100. These concepts indicate that OCs induced bioaccumulation in fish tissues may attributed to predicted risks associated with this kind of consumption. All findings represent concept that, Edku Lake represents reservoir of all pollutants coming from north governorates e.g. El-Behira.
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Wong, Siu-Kay, and Wai-On Lee. "Survey of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Milk in Hong Kong (1993–1995)." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 80, no. 6 (November 1, 1997): 1332–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/80.6.1332.
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Abstract A survey was conducted from 1993 through 1995 to monitor organochlorine pesticides and their metabolite residues in milk available in local Hong Kong markets. Of 252 samples analyzed, including pasteurized milk, fresh milk, and raw milk, 42 contained organochloride pesticide residues at levels exceeding the Extraneous Maximum Residue Limits of the Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues. DDE and HCH isomer levels were substantially higher than those found in a 1984–1987 survey, probably because the source of cow’s milk has shifted from local dairy industries to mainland China over the past decade. Although organochlorine pesticides such as DDT and HCH have been banned in China since 1983, residues of such compounds may still persist in the environment and cause contamination through the food chain.
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Indraningsih, Indraningsih, Yulvian Sani, and Raphaella Widiastuti. "EVALUATION OF FARMERS APPRECIATION IN REDUCING PESTICIDE BY ORGANIC FARMING PRACTICE." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science 6, no. 2 (October 25, 2016): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/ijas.v6n2.2005.59-68.
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Vegetables and dairy milk are important commodities in Pangalengan and Lembang, West Java. However, agrochemicals are used intensively and excessively in production system. Therefore, pesticide residues and contamination commonly occurred in agricultural products and environments. The study aimed to assess farmers’ attitudes on pesticide toxicity and reducing pesticide residues in animal and food crops products, and investigate the attitude changes of farmers on pesticide use. It was an on-farm research and farmers were directly involved in the study. The attitude change was analyzed on questionnaire and interview base for over 99 respondents in Pangalengan and Lembang between 2001 and 2003. Samples of soils, weeds, cabbages and milk were collected for pesticide residue analysis. Results showed that farmers did not aware on toxicity effects of pesticides in both animal and human health. There was misinterpretation among the farmers where pesticides were regarded as drugs rather than toxic compound to increase productivity. The organochlorines/OCs (lindane and heptachlor) were common pesticide contaminants found in soils of 7.9- 11.4 ppb, but no organophospates (OPs) were detected. Both OCs and OPs were also detected in soils of Lembang at a range of 11.53-65.63 ppb and 0.6-2.6 ppb, respectively. There were pesticide residues detected in weeds collected from Pangalengan (8.93 ppb lindane, 2.05 ppb heptachlor, and 33.27 ppb chlorpyriphos methyl/CPM and Lembang (6.45 ppb lindane, 2.65 ppb endosulfan, 6.85 ppb diazinon, and 0.5 ppb CPM). Only endosulfan with least residue level (0.1 ppb) was detected in organic cabbages, whereas lindane was detected much higher (3.7 ppb) in non-organic cabbages. Pesticide residues were not detected in milk of dairy cattle fed on by-products of organic cabbages, but lindane was still present in milk of dairy cattle fed on non-organic cabbages for 7 days subsequently. The present study indicates that the organic farming practice may reduce pesticide residues in animal and agricultural products. Farmers appreciated that pesticides may cause residual effects on their products (95.2%) and affected public health and environment (92.9%). Therefore, they were willing to convert their agricultural practices to organic farming (69.1%).
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Indraningsih, Indraningsih, Yulvian Sani, and Raphaella Widiastuti. "EVALUATION OF FARMERS APPRECIATION IN REDUCING PESTICIDE BY ORGANIC FARMING PRACTICE." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science 6, no. 2 (October 25, 2016): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/ijas.v6n2.2005.p59-68.
Full textAbstract:
Vegetables and dairy milk are important commodities in Pangalengan and Lembang, West Java. However, agrochemicals are used intensively and excessively in production system. Therefore, pesticide residues and contamination commonly occurred in agricultural products and environments. The study aimed to assess farmers’ attitudes on pesticide toxicity and reducing pesticide residues in animal and food crops products, and investigate the attitude changes of farmers on pesticide use. It was an on-farm research and farmers were directly involved in the study. The attitude change was analyzed on questionnaire and interview base for over 99 respondents in Pangalengan and Lembang between 2001 and 2003. Samples of soils, weeds, cabbages and milk were collected for pesticide residue analysis. Results showed that farmers did not aware on toxicity effects of pesticides in both animal and human health. There was misinterpretation among the farmers where pesticides were regarded as drugs rather than toxic compound to increase productivity. The organochlorines/OCs (lindane and heptachlor) were common pesticide contaminants found in soils of 7.9- 11.4 ppb, but no organophospates (OPs) were detected. Both OCs and OPs were also detected in soils of Lembang at a range of 11.53-65.63 ppb and 0.6-2.6 ppb, respectively. There were pesticide residues detected in weeds collected from Pangalengan (8.93 ppb lindane, 2.05 ppb heptachlor, and 33.27 ppb chlorpyriphos methyl/CPM and Lembang (6.45 ppb lindane, 2.65 ppb endosulfan, 6.85 ppb diazinon, and 0.5 ppb CPM). Only endosulfan with least residue level (0.1 ppb) was detected in organic cabbages, whereas lindane was detected much higher (3.7 ppb) in non-organic cabbages. Pesticide residues were not detected in milk of dairy cattle fed on by-products of organic cabbages, but lindane was still present in milk of dairy cattle fed on non-organic cabbages for 7 days subsequently. The present study indicates that the organic farming practice may reduce pesticide residues in animal and agricultural products. Farmers appreciated that pesticides may cause residual effects on their products (95.2%) and affected public health and environment (92.9%). Therefore, they were willing to convert their agricultural practices to organic farming (69.1%).
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Moussa, Diarra, Kouadio David Léonce, Aboua Kouassi Narcisse, Soro Donafologo Baba, Kouadio Antoine, Traore Karim Sory, Mamadou Koné, and Dembélé Ardjouma. "Niveau De Contamination Du Poivron (Capsicum L., 1753) Par Les Pesticides." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 6 (February 28, 2018): 432. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n6p432.
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The study was done on two species of peppers capsicumannuum and capsicum fructescens. It concerned ninety samples of these two species, collected during three countrysides in two localities of Côte d’Ivoire (Bouake and Dabou). These samples were handled by means of a liquid-phase leading chromatograph SHIMADZU with the aim of determining the residues of pesticides. The observed results revealed a contamination of both species : capsicum annuum and capsicum fructescens, indeed, six residues of pesticides (chlorothalonil, chlorpyrifos, carbendazim, maneb, dimethoate and lambdacyaholothrine) were detected in these two species distributed in four families of pesticides (organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates and pyrethrinoïds). The analysis showed that pyrethrinoïdes with respective proportions of 76,17% and 75,95% in capsicum annuum and capsicum fructescens were the most important ; followed organophosphate with respective proportions of 10,93% and 20,04% in capsicum annuum and capsicum fructescens.The study also showed that the concentrations of residues of pesticides detected in the edible part (pericarp ) peppers are appreciably equal those found in the part inedible(pulp). However, the residues of pesticides detected in peppers of both localities have all average concentrations lower than the standards established by the Codex Alimentarius.
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Rai, Satyajeet, Madhuri Devi Gullapalli, Anshuman Srivastava, Hussain Shaik, Mohammed Haris Siddiqui, and Mohana Krishna Reddy Mudiam. "A Rapid Method for the Quantitative Determination of 34 Pesticides in Nonalcoholic Carbonated Beverages Using Liquid–Liquid Extraction Coupled to Dispersive Solid-Phase Cleanup Followed by Gas Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 100, no. 3 (May 1, 2017): 624–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.17-0064.
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Abstract An economical, rapid, and sensitive multiresidue method using liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) coupledwith dispersive SPE (dSPE) cleanup was developed for the quantitative determination of 34 multiclass multiresidue (MCMR) pesticides (14 organochlorines, eight organophosphates, 10 synthetic pyrethroids, and two herbicides) in nonalcoholic carbonated beverages (cola, orange, lemon-lime, and citra) using GC with tandem MS. The procedure mainly involved LLE by dichloromethane and dSPE cleanup in the presence of magnesium sulfate, primary secondary amine, and C18. The RSD of the developed method was found to be less than 14%. The LOD andLOQ values for all the analyzed pesticides were found in the ranges of 0.001–0.027 μg/L and 0.004–0.088 μg/L, respectively. The LOQ levels of the pesticides analyzed were found to be well below the recommended limit by the European Union (0.1 μg/L in water). The mean recoveries of pesticides indifferent nonalcoholic carbonated beverages (cola, orange, lemon-lime, and citra) were found to be in the range of 79–111%, with RSDs less than 11%. The validation data prove that the method can be acceptable to regulatory agencies for the routine analysis of MCMR pesticides in nonalcoholic carbonated beverages.
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Dari, Linda, Ahmad ADDO, and Komla Agbeko DZISI. "Determination of Pesticide Residuals in Soil and Tomato Fruits from Two Tomato Production Areas in northern Ghana." Ghana Journal of Science, Technology and Development 6, no. 2 (March 1, 2020): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.47881/167.967x.
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Tomato fruit (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) is an important vegetable commodity in Ghana, as it is consumed daily in many households either heat-treated or without any form of heat treatments. Tomato production is a major source of income for many smallholder producers in Northern Ghana especially through dry season farming when the major supply of tomatoes from Southern Ghana is exhausted. Research conducted for the past decade confirmed the presence of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables such as cabbage, onion, cucumber, lettuce, tomatoes, okra and pepper. The objective of this study was to identify and estimate pesticide residual levels in the soil and tomato fruits in comparison with the maximum allowable residual limits. The research was carried out in two production communities namely Doba where the “Burkina” variety is mostly grown in the Kassena Nankana East District of the Upper East Region and Bunglung where the “Wosowoso” variety is cultivated in the Savelugu/Nanton Municipality of Northern Region. Soil samples were collected for residue determination before transplanting of tomato seedlings. Matured and ripe tomato fruits were also collected for the determination of the presence and amount of pesticide residues. All soil and plant samples were analysed using high performance liquid chromatography to determine the presence of twenty-four organochlorines and thirteen organophosphate pesticide residues. From the analysis, pesticide residues were present in different variations which ranged from 0.002 – 0.033 and 0.003 – 0.022 (soils) and 0.330 – 1.187 and 0.002 – 0.088 (fruits) for organochlorines and organophosphates respectively for both communities. Levels of pesticide residues were generally above the acceptable maximum residue limits as farmer practices produced fruits with more pesticide residues since the land areas could have been predisposed with residues from previous seasons for other food crops, which could be translocated into the tomato plant and through into the fruits. The presence of pesticide residues could also be attributed to the influence of run-off and drift from other cultivated lands. For effective determination of pesticides residues in the tomato plants, it is essential to use uncontaminated soil and water to facilitate the efficient estimation of pesticide residues in tomatoes and plants in general.
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Amelung, Wulf, Alexander Nikolakis, and Volker Laabs. "Multiresidue Determination of Pesticides in Acid-Clay Soils from Thailand." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 90, no. 6 (November 1, 2007): 1659–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/90.6.1659.
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Abstract Tropical and temperate soils differ with respect to their chemical conditions and mineral composition. Consequently, assessment of the contamination of tropical soils with pesticides requires methods that provide exhaustive extraction from the specific soil matrix and reliable quantification. Our objective was to optimize the simultaneous extraction and determination of 32 representative pesticides (organophosphates, organochlorines, synthetic pyrethroids, triazines, acetamides, carbamates, diphenyl ethers, acylalanines, oxadiazoles, thiadiazoles, and phenoxy compounds) frequently used in Thailand. The compounds were added to a clayey Ultisol-topsoil (45 clay) from the Yom Region in Northern Thailand. Ten different solvent mixtures were tested; the use of a shake extraction with acetoneethyl acetatewater (3 + 1 + 1, v/v/v) was most effective in providing exhaustive and reproducible extraction of pesticides both from freshly fortified soil and from fortified soil after incubation for 1428 days. The pesticides were separated and quantified by using gas chromatography with mass selective detection. Except for methamidophos, which was almost completely lost during sample workup, the recoveries of all pesticides from soil ranged from 68.6 to 104 (mean standard error, 2.8) for freshly spiked samples and from 45.9 to 107 (mean standard error, 2.3) for spiked samples incubated for 14 days. The use of internal standards compensated for the losses of most pesticides during workup and increased the mean recovery of the pesticides from freshly fortified soil to 96. The method was successfully applied to the determination of environmental concentrations of pesticides in a range of Thai agricultural soils.
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Castagna Cezimbra Weis, Grazielle, Audrei De Oliveira Alves, Charles Elias Assmann, Beatriz Da Silva Rosa Bonadiman, and Ijoni Hilda Costabeber. "Pesticides: classifications, exposure and risks to human health." Archives in Biosciences & Health 1, no. 1 (June 28, 2019): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18593/abh.17454.
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Pesticides are used in the control and prevention of pests, improving the productivity and the quality of agricultural production. The adoption of the Brazilian agricultural model, which uses pesticides on a large scale and indiscriminately, has been worrying public authorities about their impacts on human health and environmental sustainability. Thus, studies that contribute to a better understanding of agrochemicals and their effects on ecosystems and human health are timely. The aim was to investigate the history of the production and use of pesticides, their classifications, sources of exposure and their risks to human health. The research was carried out through literature review in databases to verify scientific information about the history of pesticides, structural and toxicological classifications, sources of exposure and their risks to human health. The use of pesticides dates back many years. During the nineteenth century until the mid-twentieth century, some chemicals nowadays used was pesticides were used for public health or for war purposes. About the classification of pesticides, due to the different biological targets, the agrochemicals market is segmented into different action targets (herbicides, fungicides and insecticides). Pesticides can be classified as contact, ingestion or systemic according to the mode of action. As for the chemical structure, the main classes of pesticides are organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids and carbamates. The toxicity of pesticides ranges from low toxic to extremely toxic. Exposure to pesticides can occur directly through occupational exposure, or indirectly, through environmental exposure and food. The impacts on human health are divided into acute and chronic form. The prolonged human exposure to pesticides may result in neurological, reproductive, teratogenic and immunological disorders. The results presented in this literature review contribute to a better understanding of agrochemicals and their effects on human health.
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El Hag, Fatima Abu Baker Hamad Ahamed. "Serum Organochlorines Pesticides Level, Cyp1a1, Cyp1b1 Genetic Polymorphism and Risk of Breast Cancer." QScience Proceedings 2012, no. 3 (May 14, 2012): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5339/qproc.2012.mutagens.3.37.
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Raina, Renata, and Patricia Hall. "Comparison of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Electron Ionization and Negative-Ion Chemical Ionization for Analyses of Pesticides at Trace Levels in Atmospheric Samples." Analytical Chemistry Insights 3 (January 2008): ACI.S1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/aci.s1005.
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A comparison of detection limits of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in selected ion monitoring (SIM) with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode with both electron ionization (EI) and negative-ion chemical ionization (NCI) are presented for over 50 pesticides ranging from organochlorines (OCs), organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) and pre-emergent herbicides used in the Canadian prairies (triallate, trifluralin, ethalfluralin). The developed GC-EI/SIM, GC-NCI/SIM, and GC-NCI/SRM are suitable for the determination of pesticides in air sample extracts at concentrations <100 pg µL-1 (< 100 pg m-3 in air). No one method could be used to analyze the range of pre-emergent herbicides, OPs, and OCs investigated. In general GC-NCI/SIM provided the lowest method detection limits (MDLs commonly 2.5-10 pg µL-1) along with best confirmation (<25% RSD of ion ratio), while GC-NCI/SRM is recommended for use where added selectivity or confirmation is required (such as parathion-ethyl, tokuthion, carbofenothion). GC-EI/SRM at concentration < 100 pg µL-1 was not suitable for most pesticides. GC-EI/SIM was more prone to interference issues than NCI methods, but gave good sensitivity (MDLs 1-10 pg µL-1) for pesticides with poor NCI response (OPs: sulfotep, phorate, aspon, ethion, and OCs: alachlor, aldrin, perthane, and DDE, DDD, DDT).
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Sene, Andressa Mendes, Daniel Melo Rosa, Silvia Maria Millan Gutierre, and Paulo Santos Pompeu. "Freshwater mollusks as proxies for assessing agrochemicals hazards in Volta Grande Reservoir, Brazil." Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 16, no. 3 (May 17, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2681.
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Brazil has experienced a rise in the use of agrochemicals in recent years, representing a potential threat to nearby ecosystems. The Volta Grande Reservoir (Minas Gerais/São Paulo, Brazil) has about 87% of its area surrounded by agricultural systems, and many compounds used in agriculture end up being carried into nearby water bodies. Given the potential ecological risk, our purpose was to assess pesticides in the reservoir. We collected specimens of two bivalves and three gastropods using bottom dredging and visual investigation in three different sites within the reservoir. The sampling sites were classified according to their distance from the dam, and all were close to agricultural lands. The samples were processed and frozen for qualitative toxicological analysis using mass spectrophotometry. Eight pesticides were identified, including four organochlorines (Aldrin, p,p’-DDE, Heptachlor epoxide, and Endrin) and organophosphates (Disulfoton, Malathion, Parathion- methyl, and Parathion-ethyl). All five studied species (Limnoperna fortunei, Corbicula fluminea, Melanoides tuberculata, Aylacostoma tenuilabris, and Pomacea aff. canaliculata) presented traces of pesticides in their bodies. Of the eight pesticides found in our analysis, six are illegal in Brazil, raising awareness about the continuous use of forbidden pesticides, and also the ecological risk in the Volta Grande Reservoir area. Our results suggest stricter control by environmental agencies regarding the use and commercialization of these illegal toxic compounds.