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Journal articles on the topic 'Organophosphorus acids'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

SELLA, C., and D. BAUER. "DIPHASIC ACIDO-BASIC PROPERTIES OF ORGANOPHOSPHORUS ACIDS." Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange 6, no. 5 (1988): 819–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07366298808917967.

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2

Verweij, A., Ch E. Kientz, and J. Van Den Berg. "Liquid Chromatography of Organophosphorus Acids." International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 34, no. 3 (1988): 191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03067319808026837.

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3

Kukhar, V. P., and V. A. Solodenko. "Organophosphorus analogs of amino acids and peptides." Theoretical and Experimental Chemistry 27, no. 3 (1991): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01372488.

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4

Liu, Yuhui, Xin Cao, Zhiqi Liu, et al. "Electrochemical detection of organophosphorus pesticides based on amino acids-conjugated P3TAA-modified electrodes." Analyst 145, no. 24 (2020): 8068–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0an01838d.

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5

Arisawa, Mieko. "Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Synthesis of Organophosphorus Compounds Involving P–P Bond Cleavage." Synthesis 52, no. 19 (2020): 2795–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1707890.

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Organophosphorus compounds are used as drugs, pesticides, detergents, food additives, flame retardants, synthetic reagents, and catalysts, and their efficient synthesis is an important task in organic synthesis. To synthesize novel functional organophosphorus compounds, transition-metal-catalyzed methods have been developed, which were previously considered difficult because of the strong bonding that occurs between transition metals and phosphorus. Addition reactions of triphenylphosphine and sulfonic acids to unsaturated compounds in the presence of a rhodium or palladium catalyst lead to ph

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6

Belinskaya, D. A., A. A. Batalova, and N. V. Goncharov. "EFFECTS OF FATTY ACIDS ON BINDING AND ESTERASE ACTIVITY OF ALBUMIN TOWARDS ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS ACCORDING TO MOLECULAR MODELING APPROACH." Toxicological Review, no. 3 (June 28, 2019): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.36946/0869-7922-2019-3-26-32.

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One of the urgent tasks of clinical toxicology is the development of therapy aimed at stoichiometric and/or catalytic detoxification of organophosphorus compounds in the bloodstream, which will prevent the poison’s entering the neuromuscular and neuronal synapses and help to avoid irreversible consequences of poisoning. An auxiliary option for the detoxification of organophosphorus compounds in the bloodstream may be a directed effect on albumin, the main transport protein of the blood, by means of molecules modulating its binding and/or esterase properties. The aim of the present study is to

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7

Gomes, J., A. H. Dawodu, O. Lloyd, D. M. Revitt, and S. V. Anilal. "Hepatic injury and disturbed amino acid metabolism in mice following prolonged exposure to organophosphorus pesticides." Human & Experimental Toxicology 18, no. 1 (1999): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719901800105.

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1 Chronic occupational exposure to organophosphorus and carbamate-type pesticides significantly inhibits acetylcholinesterase activity and causes morbidity. This study on mice was designed to evaluate their amino profile and to identify signs of hepatic dysfunction following their chronic exposure to mixtures of organophosphorus pesticides. 2 Laboratory mice were exposed to a formulated mixture of the six organophosphorus pesticides (Dimethoate, Chlorpyrifos, Profenofos, Pirimiphos methyl, Triazophos and Dimethoate) most commonly used in agriculture in this region of the Middle East. Doses (10

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8

Shumyantseva, V. V., S. V. Meshkov, Yu D. Ivanov, O. V. Alexandrova, V. Yu Uvarov, and A. I. Archakov. "Interaction of organophosphorus analogues of amino acids with P450." Xenobiotica 25, no. 3 (1995): 219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00498259509061846.

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9

Prishchenko, Andrey A., Mikhail V. Livantsov, Ludmila I. Livantsova, et al. "Synthesis of New Functionalized Organophosphorus Acids and their Derivatives." Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements 147, no. 1 (1999): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10426509908053650.

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10

Wils, E. R. J., and A. G. Hulst. "Determination of organophosphorus acids by thermospray liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry." Journal of Chromatography A 454 (January 1988): 261–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(00)88619-7.

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11

Roshchina, O., and S. Fridland. "ACTIVATION BIODEGRADATION OF PHENOL BY USING SALTS OF ORGANOPHOSPHORUS ACIDS." Актуальные направления научных исследований XXI века: теория и практика 2, no. 4 (2014): 469–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/6204.

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12

Afarinkia, Kamyar, Charles W. Rees, and John I. G. Cadogan. "Synthesis of organophosphorus compounds via silyl esters of phosphorous acids." Tetrahedron 46, no. 20 (1990): 7175–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4020(01)87899-6.

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13

Baranof, G. M., V. V. Perekalin, and A. I. Herzen. "Methods of Synthesis of Organophosphorus Nitro-Compounds and Aminoalkylphosphonic Acids." Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements 51, no. 1-4 (1990): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10426509008040817.

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14

Hafez, T. S., M. F. Zayed, A. A. Fahmy, and N. A. Ismail. "ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS REACTION OF THIOPHENOLS AND THIOL ACIDS WITH BENZILMONOANILS." Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements 56, no. 1-4 (1991): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10426509108038089.

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15

Timperley, Christopher M., Michael Bird, Ian Holden, and Robin M. Black. "Organophosphorus chemistry. Part 1. The synthesis of alkyl methylphosphonic acids." Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1, no. 1 (2001): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b007077g.

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16

Travkin, V. F., V. L. Kubasov, Yu M. Glubokov, N. S. Busygina, L. A. Kazanbaev, and P. A. Kozlov. "Extraction of indium(III) from sulfate solutions with organophosphorus acids." Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry 77, no. 10 (2004): 1613–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11167-005-0082-9.

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17

Petkowski, Janusz, William Bains, and Sara Seager. "Natural Products Containing ‘Rare’ Organophosphorus Functional Groups." Molecules 24, no. 5 (2019): 866. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24050866.

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Phosphorous-containing molecules are essential constituents of all living cells. While the phosphate functional group is very common in small molecule natural products, nucleic acids, and as chemical modification in protein and peptides, phosphorous can form P–N (phosphoramidate), P–S (phosphorothioate), and P–C (e.g., phosphonate and phosphinate) linkages. While rare, these moieties play critical roles in many processes and in all forms of life. In this review we thoroughly categorize P–N, P–S, and P–C natural organophosphorus compounds. Information on biological source, biological activity,

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18

Andrade, Laize A. F., та Matheus P. Freitas. "Not all third-row elements experience the fluorine gauche effect: β-fluorinated organophosphorus compounds". New Journal of Chemistry 41, № 20 (2017): 11672–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nj02463k.

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Conformational analyses of β-fluorinated organophosphorus compounds were theoretically carried out to probe the role of a possible fluorine–phosphorus gauche effect in conformer stabilization, specifically using a phosphine, a phosphine oxide, phosphinic and phosphonic acids, and the corresponding anions as model compounds.

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19

Hägele. "Protolysis and Complex Formation of Organophosphorus Compounds—Characterization by NMR-Controlled Titrations." Molecules 24, no. 18 (2019): 3238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24183238.

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Phosphonic acids, aminophosphonic acids, and phosphonocarboxylic acids are characterized by an advanced hyphenated technique, combining potentiometric titration with NMR spectroscopy. Automated measurements involving 13C, 19F and 31P nuclei lead to “pseudo 2D NMR” spectra, where chemical shifts or coupling constants are correlated with analytical parameters. Dissociation constants, stability constants, dynamic and specific chemical shifts are determined. Macroscopic and microscopic dissociation equilibria are discussed.

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20

Keglevich, György, Nóra Zsuzsa Kiss, Réka Henyecz, and Zoltán Mucsi. "Microwave irradiation and catalysis in organophosphorus reactions." Pure and Applied Chemistry 91, no. 1 (2019): 145–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0501.

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AbstractThe usual advantage of microwave (MW) assistance is making organic reactions faster and more efficient. In this article we present reaction types from organophosphorus chemistry, when MW-assisted transformations (e.g. the direct esterification and alkylating esterification of phosphinic acids) may be promoted by suitable catalysts, or vice versa, when a catalytic reaction is enhanced by MW irradiation (e.g. the Arbuzov reaction of aryl halides), and when catalysts may be omitted or simplified under MW irradiation as shown by the alkylation of active methylene containing P=O substrates/

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21

Anićijević, Vladan, Tamara Lazarević-Pašti, Dragana Vasić-Anićijević, and Radovan Karkalić. "Esters of organophosphorus acids: Toxicity, application and removal from the environment." Scientific Technical Review 69, no. 3 (2019): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/str1903015a.

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22

Abdou, Wafaa M., Neven A. F. Ganoub та Mohamed R. Mahran. "ORGANOPHOSPHORUS CHEMISTRY 24.1 WITTIG REACTION OF β-AROYLACRYLIC- AND CINNAMIC ACIDS". Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements 66, № 1-4 (1992): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10426509208038334.

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23

Prishchenko, A. A., M. V. Livantsov, O. N. Novikova, L. I. Livantsova, Ya N. Koval’, and E. V. Grigor’ev. "Synthesis of phosphorus-substituted dialkylamides of organophosphorus acids, containing PCH2NP fragments." Russian Journal of General Chemistry 74, no. 9 (2004): 1317–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11176-005-0003-x.

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24

Gusarova, Nina K., Svetlana N. Arbuzova, and Boris A. Trofimov. "Novel general halogen-free methodology for the synthesis of organophosphorus compounds." Pure and Applied Chemistry 84, no. 3 (2012): 439–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-11-07-11.

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The use of novel general halogen-free methodology for the synthesis of phosphines, phosphine chalcogenides, and phosphinic acids from elemental phosphorus and alkenes and alkynes in the superbase suspensions is described.

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25

Justyna, Katarzyna, Joanna Małolepsza, Damian Kusy, Waldemar Maniukiewicz, and Katarzyna M. Błażewska. "The McKenna reaction – avoiding side reactions in phosphonate deprotection." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 16 (June 23, 2020): 1436–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.16.119.

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The McKenna reaction is a well-known and popular method for the efficient and mild synthesis of organophosphorus acids. Bromotrimethylsilane (BTMS) is the main reagent in this reaction, which transforms dialkyl phosphonate esters into bis(trimethylsilyl)esters, which are then easily converted into the target acids. However, the versatile character of the McKenna reaction is not always used to its full extent, due to formation of side products. Herein, demonstrated by using model examples we have not only analyzed the typical side processes accompanying the McKenna reaction, but also uncovered

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26

Głowińska, Agnieszka, and Andrzej W. Trochimczuk. "Polymer-Supported Phosphoric, Phosphonic and Phosphinic Acids—From Synthesis to Properties and Applications in Separation Processes." Molecules 25, no. 18 (2020): 4236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184236.

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Efficient separation technologies are crucial to the environment and world economy. The challenge posed to scientists is how to engineer selectivity towards a targeted substrate, especially from multicomponent solutions. Polymer-supported reagents have gained a lot of attention in this context, as they eliminate a lot of inconveniences concerning widely used solvent extraction techniques. Nevertheless, the choice of an appropriate ligand for immobilization may be derived from the behavior of soluble compounds under solvent extraction conditions. Organophosphorus compounds play a significant ro

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27

Mingalyov, Pavel G., and Georgii V. Lisichkin. "Chemical modification of oxide surfaces with organophosphorus(V) acids and their esters." Russian Chemical Reviews 75, no. 6 (2006): 541–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/rc2006v075n06abeh002478.

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28

Preston, J. S., and A. C. du Preez. "THE SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF EUROPIUM(II) BY SOME ORGANOPHOSPHORUS AND CARBOXYUC ACIDS." Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange 9, no. 2 (1991): 237–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07366299108918053.

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29

Miralles, N., A. M. Sastre, M. Aguilar, and M. Cox. "SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF ZINC(II) BY ORGANOPHOSPHORUS ACIDS COMPOUNDS FROM PERCHLORATE SOLUTIONS." Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange 10, no. 1 (1992): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07366299208918092.

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30

BARANOF, G. M., and V. V. PEREKALIN. "ChemInform Abstract: Methods of Synthesis of Organophosphorus Nitro Compounds and Aminoalkylphosphonic Acids." ChemInform 22, no. 1 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199101275.

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31

AFARINKIA, K., C. W. REES, and J. I. G. CADOGAN. "ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Organophosphorus Compounds via Silyl Esters of Phosphorous Acids." ChemInform 22, no. 3 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199103243.

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32

HAFEZ, T. S., M. F. ZAYED, A. A. FAHMY, and N. A. ISMAIL. "ChemInform Abstract: Organophosphorus Compounds. Reaction of Thiophenols and Thiol Acids with Benzilmonoanils." ChemInform 22, no. 20 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199120098.

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33

Silveira-Dorta, Gastón, Sergio J. Álvarez-Méndez, Víctor S. Martín та José M. Padrón. "One-pot synthesis of enantiomerically pure N-protected allylic amines from N-protected α-amino esters". Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 12 (12 травня 2016): 957–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.12.94.

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An improved protocol for the synthesis of enantiomerically pure allylic amines is reported. N-Protected α-amino esters derived from natural amino acids were submitted to a one-pot tandem reduction–olefination process. The sequential reduction with DIBAL-H at −78 °C and subsequent in situ addition of organophosphorus reagents yielded the corresponding allylic amines without the need to isolate the intermediate aldehyde. This circumvents the problem of instability of the aldehydes. The method tolerates well both Wittig and Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons organophosphorus reagents. A better Z-(dia)stereo

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34

Hamstra, Daan F. J., Danny C. Lenstra, Tjeu J. Koenders, Floris P. J. T. Rutjes, and Jasmin Mecinović. "Poly(methylhydrosiloxane) as a green reducing agent in organophosphorus-catalysed amide bond formation." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 15, no. 30 (2017): 6426–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ob01510k.

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35

Połeć, Iwona, Anna Kiełczewska, Leszek Konopski, Grażyna Oleksa, Hanna Krukowska, and Jan Legocki. "Alkyl methylphosphonic acids, the degradation products of organophosphorous CWA — preparation and direct quantitative GC-FID analysis." Open Chemistry 8, no. 6 (2010): 1251–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11532-010-0102-3.

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AbstractSeven alkyl methylphosphonic acids, products of hydrolytic degradation of organophosphorus chemical warfare agents, were obtained with a high purity (mostly above 98%), with the aim of being applyed as future certified reference materials. Ethyl (EMPA), isopropyl (IMPA), pinacolyl (PMPA), butyl (BUMPA), isobutyl (IBUMPA), cyclohexyl (CHMPA) and 2-ethylhexyl (EHMPA) monoesters of MPA were synthesized and characterized by MS EI, FTIR and NMR (1H, 13C, 31P), TLC, as well as GC and GC-MS after derivatization. The conditions for a direct quantitative GC FID analysis on CP-FFAP CB column of

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36

Gamino Arroyo, Z., M. Stambouli, D. Pareau, A. Buch, G. Durand, and M. Avila Rodriguez. "Thiosubstituted Organophosphorus Acids as Selective Extractants for Ag(I) from Acidic Thiourea Solutions." Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange 26, no. 2 (2008): 128–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07366290801904855.

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37

Qiu, Lihong, Peng Lv, Cuilian Zhao, et al. "Electrochemical detection of organophosphorus pesticides based on amino acids conjugated nanoenzyme modified electrodes." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 286 (May 2019): 386–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2019.02.007.

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38

Ishiwata, Shigemasa, and Mamoru Kamiya. "Effects of humic acids on the inclusion complexation of cyclodextrins with organophosphorus pesticides." Chemosphere 38, no. 10 (1999): 2219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(98)00440-8.

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39

Garifzyanov, A. R., I. D. Shurygin, and R. A. Cherkasov. "Complexing Properties of Organophosphorus Analogs of Nitrilotriacetic Acid: Aminotris(O-alkyl methylenephosphonic Acids)." Russian Journal of General Chemistry 88, no. 9 (2018): 1860–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1070363218090165.

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40

Bierwisch, Anne, Marianne Koller, Franz Worek, and Stefan Kubik. "Pathways for the Reactions Between Neurotoxic Organophosphorus Compounds and Oximes or Hydroxamic Acids." European Journal of Organic Chemistry 2016, no. 35 (2016): 5831–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejoc.201601053.

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41

Akita, Shigendo, and Hiroshi Takeuchi. "Sorption and separation of divalent metals by a macromolecular resin containing organophosphorus acids." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 37, no. 3 (1992): 303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je00007a007.

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42

Mahran, Mohamed R., Wafaa M. Abdou, Neven A. F. Ganoub та Mahmoud M. Sidky. "ORGANOPHOSPHORUS CHEMISTRY 10. THE BEHAVIOUR OF β-AROYLACRYLIC ACIDS TOWARD NUCLEOPHILIC PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS". Phosphorous and Sulfur and the Related Elements 40, № 1-2 (1988): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03086648808072888.

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43

Jończyk, Jakub, Jędrzej Kukułowicz, Kamil Łątka, et al. "Molecular Modeling Studies on the Multistep Reactivation Process of Organophosphate-Inhibited Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase." Biomolecules 11, no. 2 (2021): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11020169.

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Poisoning with organophosphorus compounds used as pesticides or misused as chemical weapons remains a serious threat to human health and life. Their toxic effects result from irreversible blockade of the enzymes acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase, which causes overstimulation of the cholinergic system and often leads to serious injury or death. Treatment of organophosphorus poisoning involves, among other strategies, the administration of oxime compounds. Oximes reactivate cholinesterases by breaking the covalent bond between the serine residue from the enzyme active site and the p

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44

Kolodiazhnyi, Oleg I. "Phosphorus Compounds of Natural Origin: Prebiotic, Stereochemistry, Application." Symmetry 13, no. 5 (2021): 889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13050889.

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Organophosphorus compounds play a vital role as nucleic acids, nucleotide coenzymes, metabolic intermediates and are involved in many biochemical processes. They are part of DNA, RNA, ATP and a number of important biological elements of living organisms. Synthetic compounds of this class have found practical application as agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, bioregulators, and othrs. In recent years, a large number of phosphorus compounds containing P-O, P-N, P-C bonds have been isolated from natural sources. Many of them have shown interesting biological properties and have become the objects of

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45

Keglevich, György, Nóra Kiss, Alajos Grün, Erika Bálint, and Tamara Kovács. "Advantages of the Microwave Tool in Organophosphorus Syntheses." Synthesis 49, no. 14 (2017): 3069–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1589031.

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The microwave (MW) technique has become an important tool also in the organophosphorus field of organic chemistry. On the one hand, otherwise reluctant reactions, such as the esterification of P-acids, may be enhanced by the effect of MW, while on the other hand, catalysts may be omitted, or catalyst systems may be simplified on MW irradiation. This later group includes the Kabachnik–Fields reactions, alkylation of active methylene-containing compounds, O-alkylations, deoxygenations, as well as the Hirao reaction. It is also the purpose of this review to elucidate the scope and limitations of

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46

Popov, Anatoliy F. "Design of green microorganized systems for decontamination of ecotoxicants." Pure and Applied Chemistry 80, no. 7 (2008): 1381–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200880071381.

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Due to population upsurge, pesticides (derivatives of organophosphorus acids included) find widespread use in agriculture. The toxicity and long-term environmental hazard of such compounds require detailed studies on decomposition mechanisms of the pesticides and development of efficient, readily available, and inexpensive systems for their decontamination. A simple and straightforward method for the decomposition of organophosphorus compounds involves their reactions with nucleophiles. Studies on the reactivity of "normal" and α-nucleophiles toward electron-deficient centers allowed us to sta

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47

Zayed, Salah M. A. D., and Fathya M. Mahdi. "Methylation of Guanine in vivo by the Organophosphorus Insecticide Methamidophos*." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 42, no. 1-2 (1987): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1987-1-204.

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Abstract The methylating capability of methamidophos, assayed by the formation of [7-14C]methylguanine in mouse liver, was investigated using a 14C-insecticide labelled at the O -CH3 group. Following i.p. administration of the toxicant, [7-14C]methylguanine could be isolated from liver nucleic acids of treated mice. The amount of 14C-label reached its maximum 6 h follow ing administration of the insecticide. At maximum 14C-labelling, the amount of 7-methylguanine calculated as fraction of applied dose, was 20-22 × 10-4 and 98 -104 x-4, for DNA and RNA , respectively. The results obtained indic

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48

Chen, Tieqiao, Li-Biao Han, Qihang Tan, Xue Liu, Long Liu, and Tianzeng Huang. "Phosphorylation of Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives with P(O)–H Compounds Forming P(O)–C Bonds." Synthesis 53, no. 01 (2020): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1707286.

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AbstractHerein, we highlight advances in the phosphorylation of readily available carboxylic acids and their derivatives forming synthetically important P(O)–sp3C, P(O)–sp2C, and P(O)–spC bonds, with an emphasis on the results demonstrated since 2010. This review examines the challenges associated with the use of this strategy for the synthesis of organophosphorus compounds and details advances in the design of catalytic systems that suppress these problems thus resulting in notable progress. Mechanistic details are discussed where available.1 Introduction2 Formation of P(O)–sp3C Bonds3 Format

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49

Kamiya, Mamoru, and Katsura Kameyama. "Effects of selected metal ions on photodegradation of organophosphorus pesticides sensitized by humic acids." Chemosphere 45, no. 3 (2001): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(00)00573-7.

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50

Akita, Shigendo, and Hiroshi Takeuchi. "Column Sorption and Separation of Divalent Metals by a Macromolecular Resin Containing Organophosphorus Acids." JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 26, no. 4 (1993): 442–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/jcej.26.442.

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