Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Orge'
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Abed, Amina. "Exploration des approches pangénomiques en amélioration variétale chez l'orge à six rangs dans l'Est du Canada." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37563.
Full textDans le cadre du troisième volet, nous avons étudié l’impact de trois facteurs sur la justesse de la sélection génomique : (1) la performance de différents modèles statistiques (incluant ou non l’épistasie), (2) le nombre de marqueurs employés ainsi que (3) leur localisation (génique/nongénique). Le modèle qui intègre les effets additifs et épistatiques a montré les meilleures performances même si les différences entre les modèles étaient modestes. Jusqu’à 2K SNP, la justesse de la sélection génomique est restée comparable à celle basée sur le catalogue entier (35K), mais une diminution significative été observée à 500 SNP. Dans la plupart des cas, l’utilisation de SNP présents dans les régions géniques, voire codantes, n’a pas apporté une amélioration significative. Enfin, dans le quatrième volet, nous avons exploré la sélection génomique et la sélection des croisements. En premier lieu, nous avons constitué une population de référence pour bâtir un modèle de sélection génomique et prédire les performances de 350 descendants développés dans un programme d’amélioration. A partir des prédictions, 35 lignées ont été sélectionnées et testées au champ afin d’examiner la corrélation entre les performances prédites et observées. Les corrélations étaient satisfaisantes pour la résistance à la fusariose et le rendement. Ensuite, sur la base de ce modèle, nous avons prédit la moyenne (μ) ela variance génétique (Vg) de chacune des descendances simulées issues de tous les croisements possibles (30 000). La validation de ces prédictions a été réalisée rétrospectivement sur un sous-ensemble de croisements précédemment réalisés, en examinant leur persistance dans le processus de sélection. Tel qu’attendu les croisements les plus persistants (>F9) ont présenté des μ supérieures, mais des Vg modérées. Même si la résistance à la fusariose et le rendement sont corrélés défavorablement, nous avons pu identifier des croisements (650) où cette corrélation était rompue. Parmi ces croisements, certains (40) auraient un réel potentiel avec des performances égales ou supérieures à des lignées témoins performantes. Au terme de ce projet, nous avons démontré l'efficacité d'une procédure GWAS combinant des approches uni- et multi-locus à disséquer des caractères complexes et à détecter des QTL clés utilisables en SAM. Nous avons aussi démontré que la prédiction génomique peut être optimisée et efficacement intégrée en sélection génétique chez l’orge à six rangs pour identifier les meilleurs descendants, mais surtout pour identifier des croisements prometteurs.
Finally, in the fourth part, we explored genomic selection and genomic mating in a breeding program. First, we established a training population to build a genomic selection model and to predict the performance of 350 progeny developed in a breeding program. Based on these predictions, 35 lines were selected and tested in the field to examine the correlation between predicted and observed performances. The correlations were satisfactory for Fusarium head blight (FHB) resistance and yield. Then, based on this model, we predicted the mean (μ) and the genetic variance (VG) of each simulated progeny from all possible crosses (n = 30,000) between lines of the training population. The validation of these predictions was carried out retrospectively on a subset of previously performed crosses by examining their persistence in the selection process. As expected, the most persistent crosses (> F9) displayed high μ but moderate VG. Although resistance to FHB and yield are unfavorably correlated, we could identify crosses (650) where this correlation was weakened. Among these crosses, some (40) are predicted to offer equal or better performance than current checks. Through this project, we demonstrated the efficiency of a GWAS procedure combining single- and multi-locus approaches to dissect complex characters and to detect key QTLs that can be used in MAS. We also demonstrated that genomic prediction can be optimized and efficiently integrated in genetic improvement of six-row barley to identify the best progeny but also to identify promising crosses.
The emergence of high-throughput genotyping and the development of statistical methods linking genotype to phenotype have led to pangenomic approaches, performed on a genome-wide scale, exploitable in plant breeding. First, these approaches were used to examine the association between genotype and phenotype in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in order to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) useful in marker-assisted selection (MAS). More recently, these approaches have been explored in genomic prediction which aims, on the one hand, to identify the most promising crosses (genomic mating), and on the other hand, to identify the most promising lines within a set of progeny (genomic selection). In both cases, these predictions are based on a statistical model linking genotype to phenotype in a training population. These genome-wide approaches offer great potential but are still emerging and many questions remain unanswered in barley. Our study focuses on some of these questions and is divided into four areas of research. Genome-wide approaches require a large number of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Thus, in the first part of this project, we optimized the protocol of genotyping by sequencing (GBS). This part details the entire process, from the preparation of GBS libraries until the production of a high-quality SNP catalog. As an illustration, we generated a catalog of 30,000 SNPs with a broad chromosome distribution and high genotype accuracy. In the second part, using phenotypic and genotypic data from a breeding population, we compared the effectiveness of three GWAS approaches (Single-SNP, Multi-SNP and Haplotype-based) to detect QTLs for important agronomic traits. The Multi-SNP and Haplotype-based approaches identified more QTLs than the Single-SNP approach. The overlap between the approaches was limited, as each approach uncovered a different subset of previously validated QTLs. In the third part we studied the impact of three factors on the accuracy of genomic selection: (1) the performance of different statistical models (including epistasis or not), (2) the number of SNP markers included in the model as well as (3) their localization (genic/non-genic regions). The model that incorporates both the additive and epistatic effects of SNPs showed the best performance even though the differences between the models were modest. With as few as 2K SNP, the accuracy of genomic selection remained comparable to that based on the entire catalog (35K), while a significant decrease in accuracy was observed at 500 SNPs. In most cases, the use of SNPs located in genic regions, even coding regions, did not provide a significant improvement.
Bélanger, Sébastien. "Caractérisation génomique et transcriptomique de la microspore embryogénique chez l'orge." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33304.
Full textAndrogenesis is a plant biotechnology used to fix the genetic background of plants in a single generation. This is based on the ability of an immature pollen grain, the microspore, to restore its totipotency, to dedifferentiate and then to engage in the path of embryogenesis. However, it is observed that the ability of the microspore to engage in embryogenesis is genetically variable. Despite the many desirable attributes of androgenesis, an undesirable side - effect is the segregation distortion (SD) encountered in populations resulting from this biotechnology. My thesis focuses on (i) the study of the transcriptome of microspores undergoing a developmental transition from the pollen - grain pathway towards embryogenesis and (ii) to identify when SD arises in the process and in which genomic regions it occurs. I used barley as a model species for my studies. Transcriptomic analysis was performed on microspores isolated from anthers at three stages corresponding to the microspore before (day 0) and immediately after (days 2 and 5) the application of a stress treatment aimed at inducing embryogenesis. I was interested in two categories of genes: those expressed exclusively at a specific stage of microspore development and those that were differentially expressed during the initiation of androgenesis. I was able to identify genes expressed exclusively in the microspore on day 0 (11), 2 (34) or 5 (367). On day 5, I found the induction of many genes encoding transcription factors (T Fs) in addition to genes involved in the synthesis or signal transduction of many growth regulators. The analysis of differentially expressed genes allowed me to identify certain metabolic processes that were activated/repressed during microspore development from day 0 to 2 and from day 2 to 5. Genes expressed exclusively at a specific stage of development could serve as molecular markers indicative of the performance in androgenesis to optimize isolated microspore culture protocols. Then, SD was studied using a whole - genome genotyping approach. I first developed an innovative, reproducible and accurate genotypic analysis methodology to determine allelic frequency on pooled samples. This method was then used to estimate allelic frequencies in samples of microspores (before and after the application of stress), embryos and regenerated plants. I showed that SD arises during both the development of embryos and the regeneration of plants. No SD was observed in samples of microspores. My results show that the selective forces promoting SD act during in vitro culture. Still using the same genotyping method performed on pooled samples, I identified and compared the frequency and extent of SD in 12 populations of doubled haploid lines (DH). A greater number of DH (12) populations were characterized in my study alone than the sum of all previous studies in barley. I showed that segregation distortion regions greatly differ in their position, extent, and magnitude in different DH populations. Knowledge of these alleles would be useful to predict the androgenic potential of a genotype in a breeding program. My dissertation has allowed research into barley microspores, or more widely androgenesis, to enter into the “omics” era. On an unprecedented scale, my transcriptomic study explores and describes the gene expression changes that occur during the developmental transition that the microspore undergoes in the course of androgenesis. My genomic study identifies when the selection (producing SD) arises in this system and describes which chromosomal regions are affected by this distortion. In light of my findings, in the final chapter I propose some lines of research to further study the molecular mechanisms driving the developmental transition from microspores to embryos and to develop genotyping tools to use SD as a genetic improvement tool.
Kovacevic, Dragan. "Phototransformation de la protochlorophyllide en chlorophyllide et les effets des facteurs externes chez des feuilles d'orge étiolées /." Montréal : Université du Québec à Montréal, 2005. http://accesbib.uqam.ca/cgi-bin/bduqam/transit.pl?&noMan=24249680.
Full textArabi, Mohamad Imad Eddin. "Amélioration de la résistance génétique de l'orge à Drechslera teres (Sacc. ) Shoem. Par hybridation et mutation." Toulouse, INPT, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991INPT003A.
Full textCregut, Mickaël Benizri Emile Piutti Séverine. "Caractérisation de la communauté bactérienne impliquée dans la minéralisation du soufre organique dans les rhizosphères de colza et d'orge." S. l. : S. n, 2009. http://www.scd.inpl-nancy.fr/theses/2009_CREGUT_M.pdf.
Full textMoniod, Olivier. "Etude d'une étape du maltage des grains d'orge conduisant à leur germination : la trempe, son influence sur les activités amylasiques et la présence de composés de type phénolamidique." Dijon, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987DIJOS013.
Full textNguyen, Van Cuong. "Exploration de la cartographie par analyse d'association («Association Mapping») chez l'orge (Hordeum vulgare L.)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29300/29300.pdf.
Full textEsteves, Patricio. "Optimisation de la culture de microspores isolées chez les orges de printemps à six rangs." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30476/30476.pdf.
Full textDoubled haploid (DH) plants are completely homozygous individuals that can be generated via in vitro androgenesis. DHs are useful as research tools both for genetic studies and in plant breeding. Isolated microspore culture (IMC) is the most efficient way to produce DHs. Unfortunately, six-row spring barley genotypes, the main type produced in Eastern Canada, are considered recalcitrant because of a low embryogenesis and a high rate of albinism. Our objective was to develop an IMC protocol more suitable to this type of barley. We carried out exploratory work on four barley cultivars: ACCA and Léger (six-row, spring), Gobernadora (two-row, spring) and Igri (two-row, winter). In a first phase, we explored four factors. First, we found that a 2-4-fold increase in the yield of embryogenic microspores is possible by optimizing the harvest stage for each genotype. Second, two pretreatments (0.3M mannitol for 2 days or a combination of cold and heat over 15 days) both performed significantly better than the commonly used cold pretreatment (28 days at 4°C). Third, an induction medium containing mannitol doubled green plant regeneration. Fourth, we observed a marked effect of microspore plating density on the number of green plants obtained, with 106 microspores/ml yielding the best results. In a second phase we explored the use of alternative growth regulators both in the induction medium (thidiazuron and dicamba) and in the regeneration medium (meta-topoline). Compared to control media containing 6-benzyl-aminopurine, our improved induction medium lead to a 5.1-fold increase in green plant production, mainly achieved by reducing albinism. Similarly, our regeneration medium yielded 2.9-fold more green plants than the control. Finally, these results were successfully validated using F1 genotypes from a breeding program. On the whole, we have succeeded in substantially improving the efficiency of IMC in this type of recalcitrant barley.
Barrault, Gérard. "L'helminthosporiose de l'orge causée par Dreschlera teres." Toulouse, INPT, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989INPT010A.
Full textEl, Id Zibo. "Nouvelle méthode de détection de l'Helminthosporium Teres Sacc. Sur semences d'orge et ses applications." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990INPL108N.
Full textAjandouz, El Hassan. "Mode d'action des alpha-amylases d'orge et de pancréas de porc sur les substrats nitrophényles. Détermination des énergies de fixation des résidus de glucose aux sous-sites du centre actif." Aix-Marseille 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993AIX30059.
Full textSanvicente, Patricia. "Incidence de l'adjonction d'imazaquine à des substances de croissance sur la morphogenèse et la nutrition azotée de l'orge d'hiver (Hordeum Vulgare L. ) : conséquences sur la production et la qualité des grains." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999INPL035N.
Full textHanifi, Leïla. "Contribution à l'étude de l'hétérosis et de l'interêt des F1, F2 et lignées haploïdes doublées chez l'orge." Lille 1, 1999. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1999/50376-1999-465.pdf.
Full textRibot, Pascale. "Déterminisme physiologique et génétique de la protéogénèse en vue de la sélection d'orges de qualité (Hordeum vulgare L. )." Toulouse, INPT, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990INPT017A.
Full textSangaré, Mahamadou. "Optimisation de la culture d'anthères chez l'orge de printemps à six rangs (Hordeum vulgare)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25691/25691.pdf.
Full textEight hormonal regimes were compared in anther culture on two genotypes of six-row spring barley. Observations were made on four parameters: the number of calli, embryos, green plants and albinos. An analysis of variance showed that the genotype (G), the treatment (T), the harvest rank of the spike (R) and the R X G interaction all had significant impacts on the studied parameters. Altona proved much more productive in anther culture than C97-21-38-3 (19.6 vs 1.3 green plants per 100 anthers). Treatments 3 (0.1 mg/L BAP; 0.1mg/L 2,4-D) and 6 (0.3 mg/L BAP; 0.3 mg/L 2,4-D) yielded between 2 and 3-fold more green plants than the control treatments. Finally, whereas the second and third spikes produced significantly more green plants than the first spike with Altona, no such difference was observed with C97-21-38-3.
Mille, Bruno. "La rhynchosporiose de l'orge à Rhynchosporium secalis (Oud. ) DAVIS : élaboration de nouvelles stratégies de lutte, importance relative des différentes sources d'inoculum." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112110.
Full textNew cultural practices against barley scald disease were proposed and some epidemiological characteristics of the fungal pathogen Rhynchosporium secalis (Oud. ) Davis, especially importance of seeds, assessed both directly showing its presence and indirectly by field trials. The first analysis method, a "classical" one, associated barley seeds disinfection with ethanol, sodium hypochlorite and bactericidal and fungicidal solution, before placing them on the elective ("barley") and selective medium (terramycine + iprodione + procymidone + 2,4 D). But the experiments were not adequatly successful. The second method, immunofluorescence, allowed routine analysis of seeds samples. Moreover, a higher specificity of immunsera was obtained by complex immunization procedures including different antigenic forms. The chemical treatments of seeds and sprayings of fungicides on the soil that were tested allowed estimation of the comparative importance of "seeds" and "soil" inoculum. They also demonstrated that such applications can be useful as cultural techniques. Lastly, varietal mixtures can be used as a strategy to limit disease spreading in the crop
Chain, Florian. "Caractérisation et analyse de la durabilité de la résistance de deux lignées de blé au virus PAV de la jaunisse nanissante de l'orge." Rennes, Agrocampus, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ENSARC79.
Full textBarley yellow dwarf disease (BYDD) is an important cereal disease caused by a complex of viruses (B/CYDV, Luteoviridae) aphid-transmitted in a persisten manner. The BYDV-PAV species based on aphicid treatments two resistance genes deriving fro mThinopyrum intermedium have been itrogressed in wheat to produce Zhong ZH and TC14 lines. Those lines have been evaluated for their ability to limit the infection progression of BYDV-PAV isolates by monitoring viral infection. Both lines show partial resistance properties and could interfere with mechanisms of viral particles in plant. In other respects, durabilities of resistance of these lines have been analysed in laboratory conditions. A hundred serial passages enables a forced replication of one BYDV-PAV isolate in each line. Isolates resulting from passages on resistant hosts overcame partial resistance at passge 5 and induced increased damages when compared to reference isolates, both on susceptible and resistant hosts. These isolates have then been tested in natural conditions to assess the stability of these propoerties. Resuslts from a three-year field trial indicate that isolates issued from passages on Zhong ZH or on TC14 induce more severe yield losses than reference isolates. As a conclusion both resistance genes may be overcome. However their use in wheat breeding against BYDD may be pursued. Indeed, ecological conditions encountered by the virus in nature (obligatory host change) differ from those on the laboratory and could prevent the overcoming. Finally the association of both genes in one line could enable to obtaining of a stronger and more durable resistance than those they individually provide
Kandil, Mostafa. "Hérédité épigénique de vitro-variants obtenus par haplodiploïdisation chez l'Orge (Hordeum Vulgare) : analyse des croisements diallèles et de leurs descendances par autofécondation." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990INPL058N.
Full textDesseaux, Véronique. "Structure et fonction des [alpha]-amylases de porc et d'orge : étude par protéolyse limitée et action des anticorps polyclonaux." Aix-Marseille 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991AIX30036.
Full textCaredda, Stéphane. "Androgénèse et Albinisme chez l'Orge (Hordeum vulgare L. )." Reims, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000REIMS008.
Full textSchalk, Catherine. "Mise en évidence de nouveaux marqueurs de qualité de l'orge brassicole par électrophorèse bidimensionnelle des protéines." Strasbourg 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005STR13228.
Full textIn order to reveal malting quality markers for barley, a two-dimensional electrophoresis comparative study has been carried out on 25 cultivars. The electrophoretical patterns of barley and malt have been compared on two levels: between cultivars of good and bad malting quality and between cross breeding related cultivars. This study has also integrated the analysis of barley malted in the presence of phytohormones. Finally, considering all comparisons together, 276 spots have shown variations in their intensities and 89 among them are strongly recurrent. On the basis of these electrophoretical patterns and of litteratural and brewing knowledges, four proteins and three protein families have been selected in order to confirm their link with quality using an immunological screening of a new set of 100 cultivars and in planta studies by barley transformation
Robert, Xavier. "Etude cristallographique et fonctionnelle des isoenzymes de l'α-amylase d'orge : leurs structures 3D en action révèlent des modes distincts de reconnaissance des polysaccharides et de nouvelles molécules inhibitrices." Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO10059.
Full textGilabert, Aude. "Caractérisation des populations de Rhopalosiphum padi à deux échelles géographiques : Application à la prévision des risques dus à la Jaunisse Nanissante de l’orge (JNO)." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NSARA066.
Full textSingla, Sabine. "Contribution à l'étude de l'interaction hôte-parasite : Hordeum vulgare L. - Drechslera teres (Sacc.) Shoemaker." Toulouse, INPT, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986INPT015A.
Full textGojon, Alain. "Étude de la contribution des racines à la réduction des nitrates." Montpellier 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON20049.
Full textDevaux, Pierre. "Les plantes haploïdes chez l'orge, avec extension au blé : méthodes d'obtention et relations avec l'organisation de leur génome." Lille 1, 1998. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1998/50376-1998-153.pdf.
Full textBelayachi, Larbi. "Pâtes à papiers chimiques blanchies de plantes annuelles sans chlore ni soufre : cas de l'orge et du sorgho sucrier." Toulouse, INPT, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPT006A.
Full textJamai, Aziz. "Transporteurs membranaires de dipeptides et de glutathion chez les végétaux." Poitiers, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996POIT2318.
Full textJacquard, Cédric Clément Christophe. "Embryogenèse pollinique chez l'orge (Hordeum vulgare L.) : importance du prétraitement." Reims : S.C.D. de l'Université, 2007. http://scdurca.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000737.pdf.
Full textToubia-Rahme, Hala. "Effet de l'environnement chimique sur le développement de Drechslera teres (sacc. ) shoem. , parasite de l'orge." Toulouse, INPT, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992INPT035A.
Full textBendahmane, Boubekeur Seddik. "Contribution à la lutte chimique contre drechslera teres (Sacc. ) shoem. , agent de l'helminthosporiose de l'orge." Toulouse, INPT, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992INPT010A.
Full textMaglione, Rémi. "Étude de l'intégrité du génome chloroplastique de l'orge (Hordeum vulgare) en culture de microspores isolées." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26919.
Full textZwickert-Menteur, Sophie. "Polymorphisme en iso-électrofocalisation et étude génétique des activités d'enzymes-clés du maltage chez l'orge (Hordeum vulgare L. )." Paris 6, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA066446.
Full textDedourge, Odile. "Impact de l'effet rhizosphère du colza et de l'orge sur la dynamique du soufre dans le sol." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INPL010N.
Full textDineley, Merryn. "Barley, malt and ale in the Neolithic /." Oxford : J. and E. Hedges, 2004. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39145126s.
Full textLamara, Mebarek. "Analyse comparative de la diversité génétique et de la structure des populations chez l'orge (Hordeum vulgare L.) à l'aide de marqueurs SSR, DArT et du pedigree." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27341/27341.pdf.
Full textRakotomanga-Rasolonjatovo, Vololonirina. "Incidences des traitements pesticides sur les grains de pollen de Tradescantia et de l'orge : Aspects cellulaires et moléculaires." Toulouse, INPT, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPT019A.
Full textPascal, Marie-France. "Étude de critères morphophysiologiques en vue de création variétale, chez l'orge Hordeum vulgare L." Toulouse, INPT, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985INPT008A.
Full textYoucef, Benkada Mokhtar. "Etude de l'inoculum séminicole de Drechslera teres (Sacc. ) Shoem. Et caractérisation de souches par l'utilisation de profils protéiques et isoenzymatiques." Toulouse, INPT, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPT029A.
Full textNegri, Diana. "Embryogenèse somatique chez l'orge (Hordeum vulgare L. ) : application aux cultures de cellules et de protoplastes." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112300.
Full textL'étude du potentiel de régénération de plantes des cultures de tissus d'orge(Hordeum vulgare L. ) a fait l’objet de la première partie de ce mémoire. L'expérimentation a porté d’une part sur le choix de l'explant (origine développement) et d'autre part sur les conditions de culture (composition du milieu de culture). Des cals présentant un pouvoir élevé de néoformation de plantes ont été obtenus à partir d'embryons immatures. Le potentiel de régénération de plantes dépend du génotype, du milieu de callogénèse ainsi que de la durée de culture in vitro. Une étude histologique à permis de localiser au niveau du scutellum des embryons immatures les centres de prolifération cellulaire et de caractériser le mode de néoformation (embryogenèse somatique et organogenèse). L'étudedes conditions d'établissement de suspensions cellulaires est présentée dans la seconde partie. Les suspensions cellulaires isolées par dissociation et filtration de cals embryogènes se sont révélées non morphogènes. L'utilisation de suspensions cellulaires a permis l'obtention: populations de protoplastes aptes à se diviser. Les conditions isolement de protoplastes influent sur le taux de formation microcolonies. Leur culture a conduit à la formation microcolonies qui se développent jusqu'au stade cal indifférencié. L'utilisation de ces techniques de culture in vitro est discutée dans le cadre des manipulations génétiques telles les transformations dans le contexte des Graminées et notamment, des céréales
Hamdan, Lama. "Caractérisation de la communauté fongique impliquée dans la minéralisation du soufre organique dans les rhizosphères de colza et d'orge." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPL067N/document.
Full textIn Western Europe, sulfur (S) deficiency occurs in certain crops, including crucifers and cereals. Therefore, S becomes limiting for crop production and plants exhaust S mainly from soil organic S. In soil, 95% of S is in organic form that is not readily available for plants. This organic form containing principally ester S requires microbial mineralization to sulfate by arylsulfatase (ARS) enzyme. Our objectives were to characterize the fungal community having the ARS activity in the rhizosphere of rape versus that of barley. Functional fungal community comprised several genera principally belonging to Ascomycota. In different fungal strains, ARS activity was detected in different cellular compartments. The regulation of ARS was mostly dependent on microbial taxa. The density of the functional fungal community was not influenced by rhizospheric compartment.In soils, total and intracellular ARS activities were negatively correlated with soil sulfates whereas soil extracellular ARS activity was independent of sulfates. The overall results suggest that the functional fungal community could play a role in the dynamics of S in agricultural soils. Further approaches should be developed to allow a better understanding of their potential involvement in S nutrition of crops
Martel, Claude. "Étude du caryopse de l'orge au cours du développement, de la maturation et du maltage : évolution des amyloplastes et de l'amidon." Nancy 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NAN10386.
Full textAvila, Ospina Liliana Astrid. "Autophagie, sénescence et remobilisation de l'azote chez l'orge." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112167/document.
Full textBarley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the most important cereals in the world. It was one of the first domesticated crops and was used for centuries for human food. As all plants, barley has a fundamental dependence of inorganic nitrogen and nitrogen remobilization efficiency is very important for grain filling and grain protein content. The aim of this work was then to give a picture of the leaf-senescence metabolism in barley leaves when plants are grown under low or high nitrate conditions. Biochemical, physiological and molecular analyses of barley leaf senescence were performed. Nitrogen management during leaf senescence was monitored measuring changes in the different nitrogen pools during leaf ageing. In addition a large metabolite profiling study was performed in order to determine the metabolic hallmarks of leaf senescence in barley. In parallel enzymes involved in nitrogen remobilization were studied measuring their activity and the transcript levels of their coding genes. There was a special focus on glutamine synthetase and asparagine synthetase enzymes and for autophagy machinery that are known to play a role in nitrogen remobilisation during leaf senescence.From all the sequences data available, cDNA, EST and genomic sequences, we could identified five genes coding for cytosolic glutamine synthetase (GS1), five genes coding for asparagine synthetase (AS) and 19 genes coding for autophagy machinery proteins. Transcript levels of all the genes identified were monitored during leaf senescence and depending on nitrate nutrition. Most of these genes were over-expressed in senescing leaves and differentially expressed depending on nitrate conditions. In addition to the characterization of autophagy, GS1 and ASN genes, phylogenic and gene structures were analysed. All the sequences data provided by this work will be helpful to further translational and genetic association studies
Corre-Hellou, Guénaëlle. "Acquisition de l'azote dans des associations pois - orge (Pisum sativum L. - Hordeum vulgare L. ) en relation avec le fonctionnement du peuplement." Angers, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ANGE0030.
Full textCereal-legume intercrops are gaining increasing interest in Europe in low-input systems. Face with the large variability of performance the aim of this works is to increase knowledge on interactions between species especially for nitrogen in pea-barley intercrops. This work reveals the major role of the competition for soil nitrogen between species and its dynamic interactions with N2 fixation, leaf expansion and aerial growth. Competition for soil nitrogen appears little affected by differences in root growth between species but more by differences in nitrogen demand in relation to soil nitrogen availability. This works also provides methodological tools: simple root methods for assessing root growth of associated species and adaptation of a crop simulation model for pea-barley intercrops
Gauthier, Mélanie. "Le déséquilibre de liaison chez l'orge (Hordeum vulgare L.) : une fenêtre d'observation sur les effets de la sélection." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27330/27330.pdf.
Full textMajdoub, Linda. "Orientation propionique du profil fermentaire ruminal : conséquences sur le métabolisme splanchnique des nutriments énergétiques et sur la fourniture et l'utilisation du glucose par le muscle chez l'agneau recevant du fourrage vert." Rennes, ENSA, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NSARB142.
Full textLefebvre, Eric. "Etude de la variabilité de la teneur en bêta-glucanes de l'orge (Hordeum vulgare L. ) par voies physico-chimique, biochimique et biologique." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20185.
Full textGbongue, Made Anatole. "Contribution à l'étude de l'extraction de l'acide phytique de l'orge et du malt." Nancy 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NAN10269.
Full textBeillouin, Damien. "Conception et évaluation d’idéotypes variétaux et culturaux en orge d’hiver brassicolepour des conduites culturales à bas niveau d’intrants : approche par expérimentation et modélisation." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLA027/document.
Full textFrance is the largest European producer of malting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and the leading exporter of malt worldwide, accounting for 20% of world trade. French barley production has relied heavily on the use of synthetic inputs and has led, as other arable crops, to considerable environmental damage. The aim of this study is to design and evaluate crop and management ideotype adapted to a lower use of synthetic fertilizer. From a multi-environment trial, we conclude that the grain protein content and the calibrated yield (weight of grains >2.5 mm) have to be specifically improved in low-input management systems. We experimentally identified genotypic characteristics adapted to a low grain protein content loss and calibrated yield loss under N stress. With a crop model we adapted to malting barley, we also identified optimal N fertilization strategies allowing to reach high quantitative and qualitative performances whilst minimizing N losses toward the environment. Based on a precise characterization of environments the French barley belt, the best N fertilization strategies were identified for different regions. Finally, we identified new combinations of genotypic characteristics optimizing quantitative and qualitative performances in low management system. We showed that, in silico, a simultaneous adaptation of genotypic characteristics and optimization of N fertilization management allowed to reach similar performances as current genotypes in high-input management systems. We discuss methods to breed genotypes with high performances in low-input systems and the method used for innovative design of new management and barley malting cultivars adapted to low-input systems
Millet, Marie-Odile. "Etude du caractère agrégatif des protéines de l'orge : relations avec la qualité malticole et brassicole." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20087.
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