Academic literature on the topic 'Oriental Region'

Many foreign and indigenous scientists have contributed extensively to our knowledge of Asian caddisflies. At the time of the Trichoptera Symposium in 2012, the number (1,090 spp.) and density (43 spp./Gm2) of Trichoptera species in the East Palearctic Region were the least for any of the Earth’s 7 biogeographic regions as defined by the Trichoptera World Checklist; the number (5,313 spp.) and density (405 spp./Gm2) in the Oriental Region were the greatest. Limnephilidae, Rhyacophilidae, and Leptoceridae are the most speciose families in the East Palearctic Region; Leptoceridae, Hydropsychidae, and Hydroptilidae in the Oriental Region. In the East Palearctic Region, 288 fossil species have been reported, most of which are ichnotaxa, sedimentary impressions of larval cases for which the family is unknown; in the Oriental Region, only two fossil species are known, both from Burmese amber. Based on cosmopolitan species, the distinction between the East Palearctic and Oriental Regions is as great or greater than average; the distinction between the East and West Palearctic Regions is less than average but between the East Palearctic and the Nearctic Region is greater; the fauna of the Oriental Region is conspicuously endemic. Future increases in knowledge of the Asia Trichoptera fauna will result from accelerated collecting in poorly explored regions; increasing the rate of identifying and describing new and poorly known species, especially with use of modern molecular, computational, and networking tools and especially focusing on descriptions of larvae in the Oriental Region; mentoring young Asian Trichoptera scientists for excellence in research quality and productivity; and promoting international collaborations for theoretical and applied science in Asia.

The previously monotypic genus Coryptilus Gibson (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) is revised and two new species are described based on females: Coryptilus circalatus Fusu sp. nov. from the Oriental region and Coryptilus longicervix Kawano & Fusu sp. nov. from both the Oriental and far eastern Palaearctic regions. Coryptilus is known only from females and previously only from the Oriental region. An illustrated key to the three known species is provided.

A new species of Toxoneura Macquart from Vietnam (Lai Châu province, Mt. Emei), T. gavryushini sp. n., is described and illustrated. This is the second species from the Oriental Region and the first species found in its continental part. The new species differs from other Oriental species, Toxoneura striata, in narrow gena and wing pattern. An identification key to the Oriental species is provided.

Species distribution models can help predicting range shifts under climate change. The aim of this study is to investigate the late Quaternary distribution of Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis) and to project future distribution ranges under different climate change scenarios using a combined palaeobotanical, phylogeographic, and modelling approach. Five species distribution modelling algorithms under the R-package `biomod2`were applied to occurrence data of Fagus orientalis to predict distributions under present, past (Last Glacial Maximum, 21 ka, Mid-Holocene, 6 ka), and future climatic conditions with different scenarios obtained from MIROC-ESM and CCSM4 global climate models. Distribution models were compared to palaeobotanical and phylogeographic evidence. Pollen data indicate northern Turkey and the western Caucasus as refugia for Oriental beech during the Last Glacial Maximum. Although pollen records are missing, molecular data point to Last Glacial Maximum refugia in northern Iran. For the mid-Holocene, pollen data support the presence of beech in the study region. Species distribution models predicted present and Last Glacial Maximum distribution of Fagus orientalis moderately well yet underestimated mid-Holocene ranges. Future projections under various climate scenarios indicate northern Iran and the Caucasus region as major refugia for Oriental beech. Combining palaeobotanical, phylogeographic and modelling approaches is useful when making projections about distributions of plants. Palaeobotanical and molecular evidence reject some of the model projections. Nevertheless, the projected range reduction in the Caucasus region and northern Iran highlights their importance as long-term refugia, possibly related to higher humidity, stronger environmental and climatic heterogeneity and strong vertical zonation of the forest vegetation.

Information is given on Osmylidae from Taiwan, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia and the Philippines. The regional fauna is dominated by Spilosmylinae, and keys are given to facilitate identification of species of Thaumatosmylus Krüger (5 species, 2 described as new) and Spilosmylus Kolbe (14 species, 3 described as new). A new species of Osmylus Latreille is described from Taiwan.

Economical regional orient has been investigated with considering an economical process forming and organization by the modern period. The role of leading link in this process is played by reproductive structures – regions – but not by industrial ones – enterprises. The very non-commercial structures are leading link in economic sustainable development. Regional oriental- economical system is an element of state, macro regional and global economic spaces that has distinctly expressed hierarchical structure. The development of regional oriental economical system corresponds to cyclic law and undergoes to various influences. The supply of competitiveness of regions influenced by global tendencies supplying oriental unity, sustainability and management is the main challenge in oriental regional development.

The Oriental species of the genus Eridolius Förster, 1869 are reviewed, and a new species, E. xui Reshchikov, sp. nov. is described from Southern China. This is the seventh record of the genus from the Oriental region. The new species can be distinguished from all other Oriental species of the genus by its lower mandibular tooth longer than upper one, face entirely black, and coxae, hind femur and most of metasoma reddish. An illustrated key to the Oriental species of the genus is provided. Eridolius guptai is recorded for the first time from Lao and E. niger is recorded for the first time from Arunachal Pradesh (India).

A new genus, Curiosimusca, and three new species (C. khooi, C. orientalis, C. maefangensis) are described from specimens collected in the Oriental Region (Malaysia, Thailand). Curiosimusca is postulated to be the sister group of Aulacigaster Macquart and for the present is the only other genus included in the family Aulacigastridae (Opomyzoidea). Morphological evidence is presented to document our preliminary hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships.

The euphorine braconid genus Orionis Shaw, 1987 is found to be more diverse in the Old World than had previously been recognised. Orionis was regarded previously as largely Neotropical, with one Oriental species (Orionis orientalis Shimbori & Shaw, 2016) known from Thailand, but we recognise an additional three species from the Oriental and Palaearctic regions. Three species of Euphorinae are transferred to Orionis Shaw, 1987 and are new combinations: Orionis coxator (Belokobylskij, 1995), comb. nov., Orionis erratus (Chen & van Achterberg, 1997), comb. nov., and Orionis flavifacies (Belokobylskij, 2000), comb. nov. Previously known from the Far Eastern Palaearctic, O. coxator has surprisingly been found in Europe, in Belgium, England and the Netherlands. The inclusion of these species in Orionis, whereas most previous species have been described from the Neotropics, is justified by Bayesian analysis of the D2 region of 28S, Cytochrome Oxidase I barcode sequences, and morphology.

L'evolution structuro-sedimentaire du secteur de taza est etudiee au lias et au paleozoique. Les mineralisations bpg montrent une zonalite horizontale et verticale. Leur age est discute sans solution par manque d'arguments tranchants

The Maestrat basin was one of the most subsident basins of the Iberian Rift System, which experienced two main rifting events: Late Permian-Late Triassic and Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous. Its inversion during the Cenozoic Alpine orogeny generated the E-W-trending, N-verging Portalrubio–Vandellòs fold-and-thrust belt in the Linking Zone between the NW-SE-trending Iberian Chain, and the NE-SW-trending Catalan Coastal Chain, detached in the Triassic evaporites, while southwards it also involved the Variscan Basement. The study area is located in the central part of the fold-and-thrust belt. The objectives of this thesis are to characterize the structures developed during the different deformation events, as well as to characterize the transition from thin to thick-skinned areas. Finally, it aims to propose a kinematic evolutionary model for the northern margin of the basin based on the interpretation of subsurface data and new field data. During the first stage of extensional activity a high angle normal fault system developed, which fragmented the Variscan Basement into a system of horsts, grabens and half-grabens. Those faults were active during the deposition of the Buntsandstein facies and lasted until the lower part of the Middle Muschelkalk facies was deposited, filling the system of horsts and grabens and generating depositional thickness variations. The fault system was overstepped by the upper part of the Middle Muschelkalk, indicating a decrease in the extensional activity that lasted until the carbonates of the Upper Muschelkalk facies were deposited, as they present nearly constant thickness. During the Keuper facies deposition, the extensional activity of some normal faults in the acoustic basement resumed, triggering the Middle Muschelkalk salt flow, which developed salt anticlines and welds, increasing the thickness variations of this facies. The age of the salt flow is deduced from the Keuper facies reflectors lapping on the folded Upper Muschelkalk above the salt accumulations. Growth-strata above some Upper Muschelkalk forced folds are also recognized, developed above some reactivated normal faults in the basement. During the second stage of extensional activity, a system of segmented listric normal faults, connected by relay ramps developed bounding the different sub-basins. The Maestrat basin filling (Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous) broadly becomes thinner towards the north, towards the northern boundary of the basin, although locally it becomes thicker northwards, towards the hanging wall of the S-dipping main normal faults. Major extension occurred during the Barremian, as units of this age display bigger thickness variations, while the Aptian units show more constant thicknesses. During the Cenozoic Alpine orogeny, the Maestrat basin was inverted. The E-W-trending, N-verging Maestrat Basement Thrust developed, traversing the entire basin, as a result of the inversion of the Mesozoic fault system within the basement. As this thrust reached the Mesozoic cover, it propagated across the Middle Muschelkalk detachment level, transporting the supra-salt cover, and the normal fault segments within it, about 12km towards the North. The basement thrust is deduced to have a ramp-flat geometry, with a low-dip ramp which reaches about 8km depth, rooted in the upper crust. The displacement of the basement in the hanging wall of this ramp generated a 40km-wide uplifted area, in the N-S direction, bounded to the N by the Calders monocline, interpreted as a fault-bend-fold adapted to the ramp to flat transition in the basement thrust. It also indicates the transition from a thick-skinned style of deformation in the S, to a thin-skinned style to the N. The superficial shortening accumulated in the northern margin of the basin, containing the thinnest Mesozoic cover, developing the Portalrubio-Vandellòs fold-and-thrust belt.
La Conca del Maestrat va ser una de les més subsidents del Sistema de Rift Ibèric Mesozoic, el qual va experimentar dos episodis de rift principals: el primer durant el Permià superior-Triàsic i el segon durant el Juràssic superior-Cretaci inferior. La conca del Maestrat es va formar durant el segon episodi de rift, per un sistema de falles normals lístriques que la van dividir en sub-conques. Es va invertir durant l’Orogènia Alpina Cenozoica, formant la Zona d’Enllaç entre la Serralada Ibèrica, d’orientació NW-SE, i la Cadena Costanera Catalana, d’orientació NE-SW. Durant la inversió es va formar, en el marge nord de la conca, el cinturó de plecs i encavalcaments de Portalrubio-Vandellòs, d’orientació predominant E-W i vergència cap al N, desenganxat a les evaporites Triàsiques, però que cap al S passa a involucrar el sòcol Varisc. La zona d’estudi es situa al marge nord de la Conca del Maestrat, a la part central del cinturó de plecs i encavalcaments de Portalrubio-Vandellòs, i inclou la zona de trànsit d’un estil de deformació de pell fina (N) a un de pell gruixuda (S). Els principals objectius d'aquesta tesi s6n caracteritzar les estructures formades durant l'extensi6 Mesozoica i durant la contracci6 Cenozoica, i la influencia de les primeres en la formació de les darreres, així com caracteritzar com es produeix el trànsit d’una zona amb deformació de pell fina a una de pell gruixuda. Finalment, preten proposar un model d'evoluci6 cinematica del marge nord de la conca i una reconstrucció de la geometria de l’Encavalcament de Sòcol del Maestrat. Aquest estudi està basat en la interpretació de dades de subsòl (sísmica 2D i sondeigs d’exploració) i dades noves de camp. Pel que fa a l’estructura Mesozoica, durant la primera etapa de rift (Permià superior-Triàsic superior) es va formar un sistema de falles normals d’alt angle que va fragmentar el sòcol Varisc en un sistema de horsts, grabens i semi-grabens. Aquestes falles foren actives durant el depòsit de la fàcies Buntsandstein, fins que es va dipositar la part inferior de la facies Muschelkalk mitja, reomplint el sistema de horst i grabens i donant lloc a diferències de gruix deposicionals en aquesta unitat evaporítica. La part alta del Muschelkalk mitjà va sobrepassar i cobrir el sistema de falles, indicant una disminució de l’activitat extensiva, que va durar fins que es van dipositar els carbonats de la facies Muschelkalk superior, que presenta un gruix quasi constant a tota la conca. Mentre es dipositava la fàcies Keuper es va reactivar l'activitat extensiva d'algunes falles normals del socol acustic o infra-salf, desencadenant el flux de la sal del Muschelkalk mitjà, que va formar anticlinals de sal i welds, incrementant les diferències de gruix d'aquesta facies. L'edat del flux de sal es dedueix a partir dels reflectors sfsmics del Keuper, que es disposen en onlap a sobre del Muschelkalk superior plegat sobre les acumulacions de sal. Alguns ventalls de capes també es poden reconèixer sobre plecs forçats del Muschelkalk superior a sobre d’algunes falles normals reactivades en el sòcol acústic. La càrrega diferencial exercida pel Keuper hauria incrementat o afavorit el flux de sal. Durant el segon episodi de rift (Juràssic superior- Cretaci inferior) es va formar un sistema de falles normals lístriques segmentades i connectades per rampes de relleu, que separaven les diferents sub- conques, tal i com suggereix la distribució de les roques del Cretaci inferior i de les estructures extensives en la zona d’estudi, que presenten diverses orientacions. El rebliment de la conca del Maestrat a grans trets s’aprima cap al Nord, cap al marge de la conca. Tot i això, el Cretaci inferior de la sub-conca de la Selzedella – la més extensa de la conca del Maestrat – presenta una geometria de tascó que s’engruixeix progressivament cap al Nord, de 350m a 1100m, cap al bloc superior del sistema de falles normals inclinades cap al S. Durant el Barremià, l’activitat extensiva va ser major que durant l’Aptià, ja que les unitats barremianes presenten variacions de gruix més acusades, mentre que les aptianes presenten gruixos més constants. Durant l’orogènia alpina cenozoica, la conca del Maestrat es va invertir. La inversió del sistema de falles normals Mesozoiques, en el seu segment a través del sòcol acústic, va generar l’Encavalcament de Sòcol del Maestrat, d’orientació aproximadament E-W i vergència cap al N, que travessa tota la conca. Al rerepaís de la Zona d’Enllaç es pot observar una extensa zona elevada, d’uns 40km d’amplada en direcció N-S, que conté roques del Cretaci superior i del Cenozoic poc deformades i sub-horitzontals, que es situen a cotes entre 1400 i 2000m. A la zona d’estudi, aquesta zona elevada està limitada al nord pel Monoclinal de Calders, d'orientaci6 E-W i vergencia cap al N, que te un flanc basculat cap al N uns 5º amb una amplada màxima d’uns 13km a la part central, i que genera un esglaó tectònic vertical de 800-1200m. Aquest monoclinal s’interpreta com un plec d’adaptació, a partir del qual se’n dedueix una geometria de replà-rampa-replà per a l’Encavalcament de Sòcol del Maestrat. La xarnera sinforme septentrional del Monoclinal de Calders coincideix a grans trets amb el pas d’un estil de deformació de pell gruixuda al Sud, a un estil de deformaci6 de pell fina al Nord. El baix angle del flanc inclinat del Monoclinal de Calders, i la gran extensi6 de la zona aixecada suggereixen un baix angle per a l’encavalcament basal en el sòcol, que estaria arrelat a l’escorça superior. Aquest encavalcament tindria una rampa de baix angle (~9º), que es propagaria més de 40km cap al S, arribant a una profunditat d’uns 7.5km sota el nivell del mar. Quan aquest encavalcament va arribar a la cobertora Mesozoica cap a l’avant-país, es va propagar a través del nivell de desenganxament del Muschelkalk mitjà salí, generant un short-cut quasi horitzontal que va transportar la cobertora supra- salina i els segments de les falles normals a través d’aquesta uns 12km cap al NNE. El desplaçament del sòcol en el bloc superior de la rampa de baix-angle va generar l’extensa zona aixecada, d’uns 40km d'amplada, mentre que l'escur,:ament en superffcie es va acumular a la zona externa de la conca, situada al N, que conté la cobertora Mesozoica més prima, formant el cinturó de plecs i encavalcament de Portalrubio-Vandellòs. L’estructura del cinturó de plecs i encavalcament de Portalrubio-Vandellòs presenta, a la zona d’estudi, una geometria arquejada, convexa cap a l’avantpaís, cap al NNE, en el sentit del transport. La formació d’aquesta geometría es pot atribuir a diversos factors: a la presència d’un nivell de desenganxament salí (Muschelkalk mitjà) que acaba lateralment, cap a l’Oest; a un alt de basament (Anticlinal de Montalbán) que hauria interactuat amb la propagació cap al Nord del front d’encavalcaments d’orientació E-O, a l’oest de la zona estudiada, i per últim a l’herència de l’orientació de les falles normals Mesozoiques.
La Cuenca del Maestrat fue una de las más subsidentes del Sistema de Rift Ibérico mesozoico, el cual experimentó dos episodios de rift principales: el primero durante el Pérmico superior-Triásico y el segundo durante el Jurásico superior-Cretácico inferior. La Cuenca del Maestrat se formó durante el segundo episodio de rift, por un sistema de fallas normales lístricas que la dividieron en sub-cuencas. Se invirtió durante la Orogenia Alpina cenozoica, formando la Zona de Enlace entre la Cadena Ibérica, de orientación NW-SE, y la Cadena Costera Catalana, de orientación NE-SW. Durante la inversión, se formó en el margen norte de la cuenca el cinturón de pliegues y cabalgamientos de Portalrubio-Vandellòs, de orientación predominante E-W y vergencia hacia el N, despegado en las evaporitas triásicas, que hacia el S pasa a involucrar el zócalo varisco. La zona de estudio se sitúa en el margen norte de la cuenca del Maestrat, en la parte central del cinturón de pliegues y cabalgamientos de Portalrubio-Vandellòs, e incluye la zona de tránsito de un estilo de deformaci6n de piel fina (N) a piel gruesa (S). Los principales objetivos de esta tesis son caracterizar las estructuras formadas durante la extensión mesozoica y durante la contracción cenozoica, y la influencia de las primeras en la formaci6n de las segundas, asf como caracterizar c6mo se produce el transito de una zona con deformaci6n de piel fina a una de piel gruesa. Finalmente, se pretende proponer un modelo de evolución cinemática del margen norte de la cuenca y una reconstrucción de la geometría del Cabalgamiento de Zócalo del Maestrat. Este estudio está basado en la interpretación de datos de subsuelo (sísmica 2D y sondeos de exploración) y de nuevos datos de campo. En cuanto a la estructura Mesozoica, durante la primera etapa de rift (Pérmico superior-Triásico superior) se formó un sistema de fallas normales de alto ángulo que fragmentaron el zócalo varisco en un sistema de horsts, grabens y semi-grabens. Estas fallas fueron activas durante el depósito de la facies Buntsandstein, hasta que se depositó la parte inferior de la facies Muschelkalk medio, rellenando el sistema de horsts y grabens, y dando lugar a diferencias de espesor deposicionales en esta unidad evaporítica. La parte superior de la facies Muschelkalk medio sobrepasó y cubrió el sistema de fallas, indicando una disminución de la actividad extensiva, que duró hasta que se depositaron los carbonatos de la facies Muschelkalk superior, que presentan una potencia casi constante en toda la cuenca. Mientras se depositaba la facies Keuper, se reactivó la actividad extensiva de algunas fallas normales en el zócalo acustico o infra-salino, desencadenando el flujo de la sal del Muschelkalk medio, que form6 anticlinales de sal y welds, incrementando las diferencias de espesor de esta facies. La edad del flujo de sal se deduce a partir de los reflectores sfsmicos del Keuper, que se disponen en onlap sobre el Muschelkalk superior plegado sobre las acumulaciones de sal. Algunos abanicos de capas también pueden reconocerse sobre pliegues forzados del Muschelkalk superior sobre algunas fallas normales reactivadas en el zócalo acustico. La carga diferencial ejercida por el Keuper habrfa incrementado o favorecido el flujo de sal. Durante el segundo episodio de rift (Jurásico superior-Cretácico inferior) se formó un sistema de fallas normales lístricas segmentadas y conectadas por rampas de relevo, que separaban las diferentes sub-cuencas, tal y como sugiere la distribución de las rocas del Cretácico inferior y de las estructuras extensivas en la zona de estudio, que presentan diversas orientaciones. El relleno de la cuenca del Maestrat, a grandes rasgos se adelgaza hacia el norte, hacia el margen de la cuenca. Aun así, el Cretácico inferior de la sub-cuenca de la Salzedella – la más extensa de la cuenca del Maestrat – presenta una geometría de cuña que se engrosa progresivamente hacia el norte, de 350m a 1100m, hacia el bloque superior del sistema de fallas normales inclinadas hacia el S. Durante el Barremiense la actividad extensiva fue mayor que durante el Aptiense, ya que las unidades barremienses presentan variaciones de espesor más acentuadas, mientras que las aptienses presentan espesores más constantes. Durante la Orogenia Alpina cenozoica la cuenca del Maestrat se invirtió. La inversión del sistema de fallas normales mesozoicas, en su segmento a través del zócalo acústico, generó el Cabalgamiento de Zócalo del Maestrat, de orientación aproximadamente E-W y vergencia hacia el N, que atraviesa toda la cuenca. En el postpaís de la Zona de Enlace se puede observar una extensa zona elevada, de unos 40km de anchura en dirección N-S, que contiene rocas del Cretácico superior y del Cenozoico podo deformadas y sub-horizontales, que se sitúan en cotas entre 1400 y 2000m. En la zona de estudio, esta zona elevada está limitada al norte por el Monoclinal de Calders, de orientación E-W y vergencia hacia el N, que tiene un flanco inclinado hacia el N unos SQ, con una anchura maxima de unos 13km en su parte central, y que genera un escalón tectónico vertical de 800-1200m. Este monoclinal se interpreta como un pliegue de adaptación, a partir del que se deduce una geometría de rellano-rampa-rellano del Cabalgamiento de Zócalo del Maestrat. La charnela sinforme septentrional del Monoclinal de Calders coincide, a grandes rasgos, con el paso de un estilo de deformación de piel gruesa al Sur, a un estilo de deformación de piel fina al Norte. El bajo angulo del flanco inclinado del Monoclinal de Calders, y la gran extensi6n de la zona levantada sugieren un bajo ángulo para el cabalgamiento basal en el zócalo, que estaría enraizado en la corteza superior. Este cabalgamiento tendría una rampa de bajo ángulo (~9º), que se propagaría más de 40km hacia el S, alcanzando una profundidad de unos 7,5km bajo el nivel del mar. Cuando este cabalgamiento llegó a la cobertera mesozoica hacia el antepaís, se propagó a través del nivel de despegue del Muschelkalk medio salino, generando un short-cut casi horizontal, que transportó la cobertera supra-salina y los segmentos de las fallas normales a través de ésta unos 12km hacia el NNE. El desplazamiento del zócalo en el bloque superior de la rampa de bajo ángulo generó la extensa zona elevada, de unos 40km de ancho, mientras que el acortamiento en superficie se acumul6 en la zona externa de la cuenca, situada al N, que contiene la cobertera mesozoica más delgada, formando el cinturón de pliegues y cabalgamientos de Portalrubio-Vandellòs. La estructura del cinturón de pliegues y cabalgamientos de Portalrubio-Vandellòs presenta, en la zona de estudio, una geometría arqueada, convexa hacia el antepaís, hacia el NNE, en el sentido del transporte. La formación de esta geometría se puede atribuir a varios factores: a la presencia de un nivel de despegue salino (Muschelkalk medio) que termina lateralmente, hacia el Oeste; a un alto de basamento (Anticlinal de Montalbán) que habría interactuado con la propagación hacia el norte del frente de cabalgamientos E-W, al oeste de la zona estudiada, y por último a la herencia de la orientación de las fallas normales mesozoicas.

Au viseo-namurien, en domaine intracontinental orogenise, se declenche en des secteurs disperses sur l'ensemble du maroc oriental, une intense activite volcanique diversifiee et soumise a un controle structural permanent. Celle-ci conduit a la formation de stratovolcans lineaires plurikilometriques dissymetriques par rapport a l'axe d'allongement, et a des events fissuraux multiples. Le magmatisme est typiquement bimodal. La signature geochimique (elements traces) dominante des magmas basiques atteste d'un processus de genese en contexte de subduction, par sous-charriage de croute de composition moyenne ou basique dans le manteau sous-continental. S'y adjoint simultanement dans le tazekka un processus de genese de type intraplaque continental ou la source mantellique atteste d'une legere et probable metasomatose liee au voisinage du contexte de subduction. Une etude des clinopyroxenes de chaque type de contexte demontre l'evolution thermodynamique separee des magmas apres leur formation. Les magmas basiques, primitifs et originellement riches en fluides, sont emis principalement sous forme de laves, voire d'ignimbrites associees a d'enormes volumes de projections (mekam). Le magma rhyolitique est issu d'une fusion partielle de croute continentale moyenne sous l'effet de l'ascension des magmas basiques. L'epanchement par debordement brutal a partir de fissures profondes de nuees pyroclastiques riches en phenoclastes et en xenolithes, est la forme habituelle des eruptions. L'initialisation de la poncification par convection et cristallisation se ferait a grande profondeur, au niveau du stock liquide cree par fusion partielle. Les melanges magmatiques par brassage mecanique intime entre differents magmas basiques ou entre un magma basique et le magma acide sont frequents et concernent des volumes importants de liquides en debut de cristallisation. Sur ces bases et a partir de l'analyse comparative de la petrogenese et de la repartition spatio-temporelle des volcanites et des plutonites en maroc oriental, la subduction continentale pourrait etre provoquee par un ecaillage intralithospherique multiple. Le schema geodynamique propose pour cette periode tardi-paleozoique apporte une vision nouvelle de la structuration et du fonctionnement de la plaque marocaine au front du craton africain

A composição econômico-produtiva, social e da força de trabalho numa área de abastecimento do mercado interno no sul do Brasil, entre 1828 e 1858, constituem-se como os eixos analíticos desta dissertação. A pesquisa desenvolveu-se, principalmente, por meio do exame serial-quantitativo de inventários post-mortem e de registros de batismos. A distribuição desigual dos recursos e a diversidade produtiva, social e nos arranjos laborais marcaram as experiências dos atores sociais. O universo agrário caracterizou-se pelo predomínio de estabelecimentos onde desenvolviam-se diversos processos produtivos: pecuária bovina, muar e agricultura. Os produtos oriundos destas atividades abasteciam os circuitos comerciais que passavam pela região. Além dos povoadores luso-brasileiros, a presença de guaranis e mestiços foi significativa, muitos não se evadiram, conseguindo inserir-se em esferas da sociedade envolvente. A população escrava era predominantemente crioula devido à reprodução natural. O trabalho familiar, o assalariado e o sistema de produção em comunidades dos guaranis compuseram a dinâmica econômico-produtiva de tal área. Num contexto marcado pelas frequentes contendas bélicas e pela oferta instável de trabalhadores livres, o trabalho escravo esteve disseminado pelo tecido social, desfrutando de ampla legitimidade por todos os estratos econômicos, e configurando-se como a forma de mão-de-obra estável mais segura e funcional para os produtores.
The economic-productive, social and workforce union at a supply area of Brazil‟s south internal market, between 1828 and 1858, are established as the analytical axes of this dissertation. The research was mainly developed through quantitative and sequential exam of post-mortem inventories and baptism records. The unequal resource distribution and productive, social and working arrangement diversity delimited the social actors experience. The agricultural universe was characterized by establishment preponderance where there was developed a lot of productive processes: cattle raising, mules and agriculture. The products arising from these activities provided the commercial circuits that passed by the region. Besides the luso-brazilian colonizers, the presence of guaranis and mixed races was meaningful. Many didn‟t evade and were able to introduce themselves in circles of the surrounding society. The slave population were predominantly creole due to natural reproduction. The family work, wage-earner and the production system in guarani communities composed the economic-productive dynamics of such area. In a context marked by frequent military conflicts and by the instable offer of free workers, the slave work have been disseminated through social fabric, delighting ample legitimacy by all the economic layers and configuring as the most safe and functional form of stable workmanship for the producers.

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Because they are artificial ecosystems, reservoirs cause unforeseeable events on the water cycle, determining a continuous reorganization of communities, causing an evolution does not happen according to balanced patterns, compromising the productivity of the ecosystem. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the seasonal structure (rain and dry) and temporal (between years) of the fish assemblage of the Santa Cruz reservoir, Brazilian semiarid and verify that the rainfall and reservoir level factors influence the structure of fish assemblage. The samples were collected quarterly from February 2010 and November 2013 in eight points of the reservoir, with gillnets and mesh between 12 and 70mm, exposed by 12h00min in the water at night. The abundance of species, has been transformed into Catch per Unit Effort by numbers (CPUEn). A similarity matrix was constructed with data from CPUE, using similarity coefficient of Bray-Curtis, presented in graphics of non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (n-MDS) between rainy season (february and may) and dry (august and november) and for years. Permutational Multivariate Analysis of Variance (PERMANOVA) two-away was used to test statistical differences in the temporal structure of the fish assemblage. In the statistical difference between the years, the Similarity Percentage analysis in catches (SIMPER) was used to identify the species that contributed most to the similarity between the years. The fish assemblages of the reservoir was characterized using the following descriptors: i) species richness (S); ii) diversity index of Shannon-Wiener (H'); and iii) abundance (CPUE). Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to check whether there was a difference over the period studied between the values of S, H' and CPUE. Pearson correlation was made to verify the relationship between the S data, H' and CPUE with rainfall and reservoir level. All analyzes were performed using R version 3.1.2 soft. and a significance level of p<0.05. The 9,442 individuals were captured 3 orders, 11 families and 21 species, of which four belonged to introduced species. The order Characiformes was the most representative in number of captured families and individuals, the family Cichlidae was the most representative in number of species. The n-MDS ordination plot showed a separation of fish assemblages and the PERMANOVA indicated significant differences in the structure of assemblages between years and seasons (rain and dry), no significant interaction between factors. ANOVA indicated no differences in the data of richness (5.75 min. and 9.38 max.), diversity (1.47 min. and 2.30 max.) and CPUE (0.97 min. and 7.45 max.), however, the Pearson correlation showed a negative relationship between rainfall and reservoir level with the diversity index and positive relationship between reservoir level and CPUE. We conclude that the structure of the fish assemblage of the Santa Cruz reservoir varied seasonally and temporally and rainfall and reservoir level factors were important in structuring the assemblage
Por serem ecossistemas artificiais, os reservatórios ocasionam acontecimentos não previsíveis no ciclo da água, determinando uma reorganização contínua das comunidades, fazendo com que não aconteça uma evolução de acordo com padrões equilibrados, comprometendo a produtividade do ecossistema. Com isso, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a estrutura sazonal (chuva e seca) e temporal (entre os anos) da assembléia de peixes do reservatório de Santa Cruz, semiárido brasileiro e verificar se os fatores pluviosidade e nível do reservatório influenciaram na estrutura da assembleia de peixes. As coletas ocorreram trimestralmente entre fevereiro de 2010 e novembro de 2013 em oito pontos do reservatório, com rede de espera e malhas entre 12 e 70mm, expostas por 12h00min na água no período noturno. A abundância das espécies, foi transformada em Captura Por Unidade de Esforço em número (CPUEn). Uma matriz de similaridade foi construída com os dados de CPUE, usando coeficiente de similaridade de Bray-Curtis, apresentados em gráficos de ordenação de escalonamento multidimensional não-métrico (n-MDS) entre período de chuva (fevereiro e maio) e seca (agosto e novembro) e por anos. Análise Permutacional Multivariada de Variância (PERMANOVA) two-away foi usada para testar diferença estatística na estrutura temporal da assembléia de peixes. Na diferença estatística entre os anos, a Análise de Porcentagem de Similaridade nas Capturas (SIMPER) foi utilizada para identificar as espécies que mais contribuiram para a similaridade entre os anos. A assembléia de peixes do reservatório foi caracterizada usando os seguintes descritores: i) riqueza de espécies (S); ii) índice de diversidade de Shannon-Wiener; e iii) abundância (CPUE). Análise de Variância (ANOVA) foi usada para verificar se existiu diferença ao longo do período estudado entre os valores de H , S e CPUE. Correlação de Pearson foi feita para verificar relação entre os dados de S, H e CPUE com a pluviosidade e o nível do reservatório. Todas as análises foram realizadas no soft R versão 3.1.2. e com nível de significância de p<0,05. Foram capturados 9.442 indivíduos de 3 ordens, 11 famílias e 21 espécies, sendo quatro espécies introduzidas. A ordem Characiformes foi a mais representativa em número de famílias e individuos capturados, a família Cichlidae foi a mais representativa em número de espécies. O gráfico de ordenação da n-MDS mostrou uma separação das assembléias de peixes e a PERMANOVA indicou diferenças significativas na estrutura das assembleias entre os anos e estações (chuva e seca), sem significância na interação entre os fatores. ANOVA não indicou diferenças nos dados de riqueza (5,75 mín. e 9,38 máx.), diversidade (1,47 mín. e 2,30 máx.) e CPUE (0,97 mín. e 7,45 máx.), no entanto, a correlação de Pearson mostrou relação negativa entre pluviosidade e nível do reservatório com o indice de diversidade e relação positiva entre nível do reservatório e CPUE. Concluímos que a estrutura da assembleia de peixes do reservatório de Santa Cruz variou sazonalmente e temporalmente e os fatores pluviosidade e nível do reservatório foram importantes na estruturação da assembleia

Abstract The role of policing within western democratic countries has become increasingly clouded. This nebulous role of policing has been impacted upon by such issues as, the diversity and complexity of social change, the advances achieved within the technology field and the increasing amount of legislation that has been passed in an endeavour to accommodate such changes. Over the decades these developments have required policing organisations to shift their focus from the original crime prevention in conjunction with community collaboration to one which is predominantly incident driven and enforcement focused. Through the adoption of various strategies utilising technology, beginning with the motor vehicle, the police organisation has also progressively widened the gap between itself and the community being policed. With the widening of this gap such traits as trust, familiarity, co-operation and information exchange between the two parties has declined. This appears to have a domino effect on the fear of crime and social disorder within the community, thus impacting on the quality of life of community members. Within recent decades some of the traditional policing practices - including random preventive patrol, rapid response and the need for additional police because of increasing crime - have been questioned and researched. The findings of these research projects have not supported the effectiveness of such policing strategies. The role of policing, thus comes into question and a return to the historical role of policing espoused when Sir Robert Peel established the London Metropolitan Police and drafted the Principles of Policing, which was issued to each newly appointed constable, is being revisited. This has been promoted in the form of the 'community policing' concept. This community policing concept is stated as consisting of three core components - personalised policing through a police officer being stationed within a set geographic area; police-community partnership and problem-solving. However, in order to establish and maintain a viable partnership, both parties must participate and be aware of what the partnership entails. Similarly, with problem-solving both the community and police must identify and prioritise the local community problems. Both of these core components are bonded together through the appointment of a police officer within the community providing personalised policing. This shift in policing focus would necessitate changes both within the police organisation and the community itself. It must be remembered that the reactive, incident driven model of policing has been in existence for several decades and changing such a model will require some time. Thus, the effective implementation of community policing requires an agreement as to what community policing means and then a marketing and training program so that at the outset both parties are on an equal footing. As for the problem solving component of community policing, the parties to the partnership need to accommodate the differing foci of the opposite party. From the policing perspective, this requires accepting input from the community rather than maintaining a controlling demeanour. The police therefore, need to adopt an approach espoused by Wilson and Kelling (1982) in their article titled, 'Broken Windows: The Police and Neighbourhood Safety' which has been discussed in several literary works dealing with the community policing concept [Edwards 2001; Kenney (ed) 1989; Trojanowicz & Bucqueroux 1994]. The community also needs to be involved and this can be achieved initially, by maintaining support and enthusiasm for the community policing activities initiated. The success of implementing community policing relies on the adoption of the core components. The two community policing components, police-community partnership and problem-solving are impacted on by the third core component of personalised policing within a particular area. The personalised policing component is the need to have stable and reasonably enduring police personnel deployed to respective community locales. By adding this factor to the community policing components there is provided a degree of continuity and thus both parties develop a degree of familiarity which can lead to trust and confidence. The implementation of community policing to this extent needs to be holistically addressed through the police organisational dimensions, namely the philosophical, the strategic and the programmatic. Through these dimensions a comprehensive development of the community policing concept can be undertaken.

As a response to meet climate targets, transit-oriented development is seen as a tool in Swedish regional development to decrease car dependency. By national infrastructural investments in new train stations, small municipalities are expected to continue the transit-oriented development by plan dense areas with housing in connection to the new train stations. Previous research has shown that sustainable development plans are hard to implement, and that there is a lack of research about the processual dimension of implementing transit-oriented development plans, especially in rural areas. The aim of the thesis is to scrutinise the conditions in which these plans are supposed to be put into place at a municipal level, and in what way municipal interest affect to the implementation. The research question is asking how sustainable development is enacted in practice from the example of transit-oriented developmentin rural areas close to bigger cities. The chosen case studies are two neighbouring municipalities in Västra Götaland region that got new train stations in 2012, according to the planning norm of TOD and due to being located in a designated transport corridor. The empirical data consist of five comprehensive plans and interviews with six municipal politicians. By using a theoretical framework of governmentality studies the rationalities and underlying assumptions that makes the certain enactment of the plans intelligible are analysed. The result show that there are different logics behind the implementation of transit-oriented development plans at the regional and at the municipal level. The rationalities to implement the municipal plans conflict with the stated aim of the plans. When striving for a bigger tax base, the municipalities build housing that attract middle class families, which are the opposite of the dense development close to the train stations that are the goal of the regional plans. Because of interurban competition for a certain population, a sustainable development though transitoriented development can be hard to implement.

The Norandino pipeline, build between 1998 and 1999, begins at the town of Pichanal nearby Orán in Argentina where it is connected to Argentinean Gas Transport System, It runs towards west crossing the Yunga in Salta province, climbs the Sierras Subandinas and the Cordillera Oriental through highly erosive environment, descends to Humahuaca city in Jujuy Province, crosses the Altiplano plateau, and reaches Chile through Paso de Jama then climbs up to 4.980 mas, crosses the Atacama desert to finally arrives at Tocopilla, Mejillones and Coloso cities. With 1070 km long and 20″ diameter, it’s capable to carry 4,6 million cubic meters per day expandable up to 8. The most hazardous part of the alignment is the Sierras Subandinas area, due mainly to geology and heavy rains. The east slope of the Cordillera Oriental, where the risk arises from the intense geodynamic and strong erosions in river crossings and landslides because of heavy rains that reach 1.500mm in four month, from December to March. In Cuesta de Mal Paso site, in front of San Andrés village in Salta Province, the pipeline should be laid along the hillside on a slope formed by the anticline limb, whose exposure to heavy erosion of the San Andres river at the base of the slope, the bedding to the river and seismic conditions of the region, constitute a geological and geotechnical risk to the pipeline integrity. The evaluation of deformation measurements of the slope, measured along several years, provided the necessary arguments to undertake the construction of tunnel in rock of 750 meters long and 2.5 meters wide and high, allowing the pipeline to pass below the main slip surface and therefore protecting it from a possible slide of the superficial layers of the slope. This paper describes the geological conditions, the geostructural situation of Cuesta de Mal Paso, the deformation monitoring system, the evaluation of the auscultation measurements, the design of the tunnel, the meaningful geological and geotechnical aspects of the tunnel construction and, finally, criteria for definition the auscultation system to monitoring the behavior of the tunnel and the Cuesta de Mal Paso slope.

The Keller Lake map area contains three glacial terrains. First, ridged and fluted till cover the northeast region above 300 m elevation. Second, streamlined till, including mega-scale glacial lineations, and till plain with an extensive organic cover, dominate a low-lying basin in the north-central and central regions. Third, till blanket, ridged till, and undifferentiated till cover the highlands at 375 to 575 m elevation in the southeast, south, and west. A dominant regional northwestward ice flow first crossed the map area. Subsequently, an ice stream developed late during deglaciation, creating northwesterly oriented mega-scale glacial lineations in north-central regions. Late shifts in ice flow in the northeastern highlands also resulted in west-northwestward flutings superimposed on older northwestward-trending drumlinoids. Retreating remnant ice deposited minor moraines and other ridges over fluted till. In the extreme southeast, glacial Lake McConnell inundated lowlands to 275 m elevation, following retreat of southwesterly flowing ice. Meltwater corridors and glaciofluvial sediments are more prevalent in western regions and record variable flow directions.

This study aims to connect the literature strand on the geography of sustainability transitions with knowledge bases in regions. Thecontributions are threefold. First, the study investigates the recombination of knowledge bases in the regional knowledge transfer between academic and non-academic actors. This extends Strambach’s (2017) transnational approach to a regional level. Second, the study extends the empirical insights into universities, providing regionally relevant knowledge and accelerators for sustainability-oriented innovations that enable transformation processes (Pflitsch and Radinger-Peer 2018). Third, the case study presents exploratory insights with a dynamic perspective to examine the knowledge transfer of the EUSD and three affiliated regional intermediary organizations in the period between 1992, the year the Eberswalde University was founded, and 2020.

Changes in climate and extreme weather are already increasing challenges for agriculture nationally and globally, and many of these impacts will continue into the future. This technical bulletin contains information and resources designed to help agricultural producers, service providers, and educators in the Midwest and Northeast regions of the United States integrate climate change considerations and action-oriented decisions into existing farm and conservation plans. An Adaptation Workbook provides producers a flexible, structured process to identify and assess climate change impacts, challenges, opportunities, and farm-level adaptation tactics and continuously evaluate adaptation actions for improving responses to extreme and uncertain conditions. A synthesis of Adaptation Strategies and Approaches serves as a “menu” of potential responses organized to provide a clear rationale for making decisions by connecting planned actions to broad adaptation concepts. Responses address both short- and long-range timeframes and extend from incremental adjustments of existing practices to major alterations that transform the entire farm operation. Example adaptation tactics—prescriptive actions for agricultural production systems common in the region—for each approach guide producers, service providers, and educators to develop appropriate responses for their farms and location. Four Adaptation Examples demonstrate how these adaptation process resources are used.

El estudio examina el desempeño de la producción ganadera en Bolivia y Colombia. Se trata de dos ganaderías con diferente trayectoria, madurez tecnológica, y desempeño productivo, y que tienen en común la existencia de “frontera agrícola”, es decir, cambios de uso del suelo que permiten incorporar tierras de pastoreo a la ganadería, a partir de bosques. En el caso de Bolivia, el estudio se limitó a la región oriental, compuesta por los departamentos de Beni y Santa Cruz, que concentra la mayor parte del inventario ganadero del país. Beni, el departamento tradicionalmente ganadero, muestra estancamiento en el período, en lo que respecta al inventario ganadero y la productividad. No han existido inversiones ni cambio técnico importantes en materia de alimentación y manejo del ganado. En Santa Cruz se ha producido un incremento importante de la producción en la primera mitad del período, con aumentos de productividad basados en el cambio técnico. Este cambio técnico se asocia a la implantación de pasturas, a partir de cambios en el uso del suelo. El crecimiento observado en Santa Cruz, en la primera mitad del período (hasta 2012) se detiene a partir de ese año, y la productividad de los factores decrece, dando como resultado un aumento de productividad casi nulo en el total del período analizado. El cambio técnico operado, basado en un modelo de cambio de uso del suelo con siembra de pastos, en competencia por la tierra con soja y otros cultivos, mostró su potencial de generar crecimiento, pero no fue capaz de sostenerlo. La ganadería colombiana muestra un importante incremento de producción en el período analizado. Puesto que los factores de producción (básicamente tierra e inventario ganadero), se incrementan en menor proporción, se verifica un considerable incremento en la productividad de los factores. Existe heterogeneidad en el desempeño entre rubros y regiones. La ganadería de leche es muy importante en Colombia, y predomina en regiones de trópico alto, relativamente maduras en tecnología. Al analizar la evolución de la productividad de los factores, sin embargo, la tasa de crecimiento es mayor en las regiones en que predomina la ganadería de carne. Incluso se verifica cierta sustitución entre rubros, con avance de la producción de carne en todas las regiones. El crecimiento se asocia a mejoras en nutrición del ganado, por siembra de pastos, y en menor medida suministro de suplementos. El diferente comportamiento de los rubros se refleja en su diferente capacidad de competir ante la producción importada, en la medida que la protección se reduce en el marco de los acuerdos comerciales suscritos por el país. La producción ganadera pastoril tiene a su vez implicancias ambientales Los análisis realizados en este estudio, muestran que una variable determinante de la intensidad de emisiones es la productividad de los factores. Debido a esto, la ganadería colombiana presenta menores intensidades de emisión, y con reducción a tasas mayores que las del oriente boliviano. Otro aspecto decisivo en el balance de GEI está dado por los cambios en uso del suelo asociados a la ganadería. Si la producción ganadera que reemplaza bosques no lo hace con alta productividad, el balance resultante afectará en mayor medida el desempeño ambiental de la ganadería de los países.

We investigate the effect of domestic armed violence brought about by political instability on the geography of distance frictions in freight mobility and the resulting differential access of regions to global markets. The Colombian transportation system has been found to be impeded by deficiencies in landside transport infrastructure and institutions, and by fragmented political environments. The micro-level analysis of U.S.-bounded export shipping records corroborates that export freight shipping from inland regions is re-routed to avoid exposures to domestic armed violence despite greatly extended landside and maritime shipping distances. We exploit the trajectories of freight shipping from Colombian regions and spatial patterns of violent armed conflicts to see how unstable geopolitical environments are detrimental to freight shipping mobility and market openness. The discrete choice model shows that the shipping flow is greatly curbed by the extended re-routing due to domestic armed violence and that inland regions have restricted access to the global market. The perception of risk and re-routing behavior is found heterogeneous across shipments and conditional to shipment characteristics, such as commodity type, freight value and shipper sizes. The results highlight that political stability must be accommodated for improved freight mobility and export-oriented economic development in the global South.