Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Oriental Region'

L'evolution structuro-sedimentaire du secteur de taza est etudiee au lias et au paleozoique. Les mineralisations bpg montrent une zonalite horizontale et verticale. Leur age est discute sans solution par manque d'arguments tranchants

The Maestrat basin was one of the most subsident basins of the Iberian Rift System, which experienced two main rifting events: Late Permian-Late Triassic and Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous. Its inversion during the Cenozoic Alpine orogeny generated the E-W-trending, N-verging Portalrubio–Vandellòs fold-and-thrust belt in the Linking Zone between the NW-SE-trending Iberian Chain, and the NE-SW-trending Catalan Coastal Chain, detached in the Triassic evaporites, while southwards it also involved the Variscan Basement. The study area is located in the central part of the fold-and-thrust belt. The objectives of this thesis are to characterize the structures developed during the different deformation events, as well as to characterize the transition from thin to thick-skinned areas. Finally, it aims to propose a kinematic evolutionary model for the northern margin of the basin based on the interpretation of subsurface data and new field data. During the first stage of extensional activity a high angle normal fault system developed, which fragmented the Variscan Basement into a system of horsts, grabens and half-grabens. Those faults were active during the deposition of the Buntsandstein facies and lasted until the lower part of the Middle Muschelkalk facies was deposited, filling the system of horsts and grabens and generating depositional thickness variations. The fault system was overstepped by the upper part of the Middle Muschelkalk, indicating a decrease in the extensional activity that lasted until the carbonates of the Upper Muschelkalk facies were deposited, as they present nearly constant thickness. During the Keuper facies deposition, the extensional activity of some normal faults in the acoustic basement resumed, triggering the Middle Muschelkalk salt flow, which developed salt anticlines and welds, increasing the thickness variations of this facies. The age of the salt flow is deduced from the Keuper facies reflectors lapping on the folded Upper Muschelkalk above the salt accumulations. Growth-strata above some Upper Muschelkalk forced folds are also recognized, developed above some reactivated normal faults in the basement. During the second stage of extensional activity, a system of segmented listric normal faults, connected by relay ramps developed bounding the different sub-basins. The Maestrat basin filling (Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous) broadly becomes thinner towards the north, towards the northern boundary of the basin, although locally it becomes thicker northwards, towards the hanging wall of the S-dipping main normal faults. Major extension occurred during the Barremian, as units of this age display bigger thickness variations, while the Aptian units show more constant thicknesses. During the Cenozoic Alpine orogeny, the Maestrat basin was inverted. The E-W-trending, N-verging Maestrat Basement Thrust developed, traversing the entire basin, as a result of the inversion of the Mesozoic fault system within the basement. As this thrust reached the Mesozoic cover, it propagated across the Middle Muschelkalk detachment level, transporting the supra-salt cover, and the normal fault segments within it, about 12km towards the North. The basement thrust is deduced to have a ramp-flat geometry, with a low-dip ramp which reaches about 8km depth, rooted in the upper crust. The displacement of the basement in the hanging wall of this ramp generated a 40km-wide uplifted area, in the N-S direction, bounded to the N by the Calders monocline, interpreted as a fault-bend-fold adapted to the ramp to flat transition in the basement thrust. It also indicates the transition from a thick-skinned style of deformation in the S, to a thin-skinned style to the N. The superficial shortening accumulated in the northern margin of the basin, containing the thinnest Mesozoic cover, developing the Portalrubio-Vandellòs fold-and-thrust belt.
La Conca del Maestrat va ser una de les més subsidents del Sistema de Rift Ibèric Mesozoic, el qual va experimentar dos episodis de rift principals: el primer durant el Permià superior-Triàsic i el segon durant el Juràssic superior-Cretaci inferior. La conca del Maestrat es va formar durant el segon episodi de rift, per un sistema de falles normals lístriques que la van dividir en sub-conques. Es va invertir durant l’Orogènia Alpina Cenozoica, formant la Zona d’Enllaç entre la Serralada Ibèrica, d’orientació NW-SE, i la Cadena Costanera Catalana, d’orientació NE-SW. Durant la inversió es va formar, en el marge nord de la conca, el cinturó de plecs i encavalcaments de Portalrubio-Vandellòs, d’orientació predominant E-W i vergència cap al N, desenganxat a les evaporites Triàsiques, però que cap al S passa a involucrar el sòcol Varisc. La zona d’estudi es situa al marge nord de la Conca del Maestrat, a la part central del cinturó de plecs i encavalcaments de Portalrubio-Vandellòs, i inclou la zona de trànsit d’un estil de deformació de pell fina (N) a un de pell gruixuda (S). Els principals objectius d'aquesta tesi s6n caracteritzar les estructures formades durant l'extensi6 Mesozoica i durant la contracci6 Cenozoica, i la influencia de les primeres en la formació de les darreres, així com caracteritzar com es produeix el trànsit d’una zona amb deformació de pell fina a una de pell gruixuda. Finalment, preten proposar un model d'evoluci6 cinematica del marge nord de la conca i una reconstrucció de la geometria de l’Encavalcament de Sòcol del Maestrat. Aquest estudi està basat en la interpretació de dades de subsòl (sísmica 2D i sondeigs d’exploració) i dades noves de camp. Pel que fa a l’estructura Mesozoica, durant la primera etapa de rift (Permià superior-Triàsic superior) es va formar un sistema de falles normals d’alt angle que va fragmentar el sòcol Varisc en un sistema de horsts, grabens i semi-grabens. Aquestes falles foren actives durant el depòsit de la fàcies Buntsandstein, fins que es va dipositar la part inferior de la facies Muschelkalk mitja, reomplint el sistema de horst i grabens i donant lloc a diferències de gruix deposicionals en aquesta unitat evaporítica. La part alta del Muschelkalk mitjà va sobrepassar i cobrir el sistema de falles, indicant una disminució de l’activitat extensiva, que va durar fins que es van dipositar els carbonats de la facies Muschelkalk superior, que presenta un gruix quasi constant a tota la conca. Mentre es dipositava la fàcies Keuper es va reactivar l'activitat extensiva d'algunes falles normals del socol acustic o infra-salf, desencadenant el flux de la sal del Muschelkalk mitjà, que va formar anticlinals de sal i welds, incrementant les diferències de gruix d'aquesta facies. L'edat del flux de sal es dedueix a partir dels reflectors sfsmics del Keuper, que es disposen en onlap a sobre del Muschelkalk superior plegat sobre les acumulacions de sal. Alguns ventalls de capes també es poden reconèixer sobre plecs forçats del Muschelkalk superior a sobre d’algunes falles normals reactivades en el sòcol acústic. La càrrega diferencial exercida pel Keuper hauria incrementat o afavorit el flux de sal. Durant el segon episodi de rift (Juràssic superior- Cretaci inferior) es va formar un sistema de falles normals lístriques segmentades i connectades per rampes de relleu, que separaven les diferents sub- conques, tal i com suggereix la distribució de les roques del Cretaci inferior i de les estructures extensives en la zona d’estudi, que presenten diverses orientacions. El rebliment de la conca del Maestrat a grans trets s’aprima cap al Nord, cap al marge de la conca. Tot i això, el Cretaci inferior de la sub-conca de la Selzedella – la més extensa de la conca del Maestrat – presenta una geometria de tascó que s’engruixeix progressivament cap al Nord, de 350m a 1100m, cap al bloc superior del sistema de falles normals inclinades cap al S. Durant el Barremià, l’activitat extensiva va ser major que durant l’Aptià, ja que les unitats barremianes presenten variacions de gruix més acusades, mentre que les aptianes presenten gruixos més constants. Durant l’orogènia alpina cenozoica, la conca del Maestrat es va invertir. La inversió del sistema de falles normals Mesozoiques, en el seu segment a través del sòcol acústic, va generar l’Encavalcament de Sòcol del Maestrat, d’orientació aproximadament E-W i vergència cap al N, que travessa tota la conca. Al rerepaís de la Zona d’Enllaç es pot observar una extensa zona elevada, d’uns 40km d’amplada en direcció N-S, que conté roques del Cretaci superior i del Cenozoic poc deformades i sub-horitzontals, que es situen a cotes entre 1400 i 2000m. A la zona d’estudi, aquesta zona elevada està limitada al nord pel Monoclinal de Calders, d'orientaci6 E-W i vergencia cap al N, que te un flanc basculat cap al N uns 5º amb una amplada màxima d’uns 13km a la part central, i que genera un esglaó tectònic vertical de 800-1200m. Aquest monoclinal s’interpreta com un plec d’adaptació, a partir del qual se’n dedueix una geometria de replà-rampa-replà per a l’Encavalcament de Sòcol del Maestrat. La xarnera sinforme septentrional del Monoclinal de Calders coincideix a grans trets amb el pas d’un estil de deformació de pell gruixuda al Sud, a un estil de deformaci6 de pell fina al Nord. El baix angle del flanc inclinat del Monoclinal de Calders, i la gran extensi6 de la zona aixecada suggereixen un baix angle per a l’encavalcament basal en el sòcol, que estaria arrelat a l’escorça superior. Aquest encavalcament tindria una rampa de baix angle (~9º), que es propagaria més de 40km cap al S, arribant a una profunditat d’uns 7.5km sota el nivell del mar. Quan aquest encavalcament va arribar a la cobertora Mesozoica cap a l’avant-país, es va propagar a través del nivell de desenganxament del Muschelkalk mitjà salí, generant un short-cut quasi horitzontal que va transportar la cobertora supra- salina i els segments de les falles normals a través d’aquesta uns 12km cap al NNE. El desplaçament del sòcol en el bloc superior de la rampa de baix-angle va generar l’extensa zona aixecada, d’uns 40km d'amplada, mentre que l'escur,:ament en superffcie es va acumular a la zona externa de la conca, situada al N, que conté la cobertora Mesozoica més prima, formant el cinturó de plecs i encavalcament de Portalrubio-Vandellòs. L’estructura del cinturó de plecs i encavalcament de Portalrubio-Vandellòs presenta, a la zona d’estudi, una geometria arquejada, convexa cap a l’avantpaís, cap al NNE, en el sentit del transport. La formació d’aquesta geometría es pot atribuir a diversos factors: a la presència d’un nivell de desenganxament salí (Muschelkalk mitjà) que acaba lateralment, cap a l’Oest; a un alt de basament (Anticlinal de Montalbán) que hauria interactuat amb la propagació cap al Nord del front d’encavalcaments d’orientació E-O, a l’oest de la zona estudiada, i per últim a l’herència de l’orientació de les falles normals Mesozoiques.
La Cuenca del Maestrat fue una de las más subsidentes del Sistema de Rift Ibérico mesozoico, el cual experimentó dos episodios de rift principales: el primero durante el Pérmico superior-Triásico y el segundo durante el Jurásico superior-Cretácico inferior. La Cuenca del Maestrat se formó durante el segundo episodio de rift, por un sistema de fallas normales lístricas que la dividieron en sub-cuencas. Se invirtió durante la Orogenia Alpina cenozoica, formando la Zona de Enlace entre la Cadena Ibérica, de orientación NW-SE, y la Cadena Costera Catalana, de orientación NE-SW. Durante la inversión, se formó en el margen norte de la cuenca el cinturón de pliegues y cabalgamientos de Portalrubio-Vandellòs, de orientación predominante E-W y vergencia hacia el N, despegado en las evaporitas triásicas, que hacia el S pasa a involucrar el zócalo varisco. La zona de estudio se sitúa en el margen norte de la cuenca del Maestrat, en la parte central del cinturón de pliegues y cabalgamientos de Portalrubio-Vandellòs, e incluye la zona de tránsito de un estilo de deformaci6n de piel fina (N) a piel gruesa (S). Los principales objetivos de esta tesis son caracterizar las estructuras formadas durante la extensión mesozoica y durante la contracción cenozoica, y la influencia de las primeras en la formaci6n de las segundas, asf como caracterizar c6mo se produce el transito de una zona con deformaci6n de piel fina a una de piel gruesa. Finalmente, se pretende proponer un modelo de evolución cinemática del margen norte de la cuenca y una reconstrucción de la geometría del Cabalgamiento de Zócalo del Maestrat. Este estudio está basado en la interpretación de datos de subsuelo (sísmica 2D y sondeos de exploración) y de nuevos datos de campo. En cuanto a la estructura Mesozoica, durante la primera etapa de rift (Pérmico superior-Triásico superior) se formó un sistema de fallas normales de alto ángulo que fragmentaron el zócalo varisco en un sistema de horsts, grabens y semi-grabens. Estas fallas fueron activas durante el depósito de la facies Buntsandstein, hasta que se depositó la parte inferior de la facies Muschelkalk medio, rellenando el sistema de horsts y grabens, y dando lugar a diferencias de espesor deposicionales en esta unidad evaporítica. La parte superior de la facies Muschelkalk medio sobrepasó y cubrió el sistema de fallas, indicando una disminución de la actividad extensiva, que duró hasta que se depositaron los carbonatos de la facies Muschelkalk superior, que presentan una potencia casi constante en toda la cuenca. Mientras se depositaba la facies Keuper, se reactivó la actividad extensiva de algunas fallas normales en el zócalo acustico o infra-salino, desencadenando el flujo de la sal del Muschelkalk medio, que form6 anticlinales de sal y welds, incrementando las diferencias de espesor de esta facies. La edad del flujo de sal se deduce a partir de los reflectores sfsmicos del Keuper, que se disponen en onlap sobre el Muschelkalk superior plegado sobre las acumulaciones de sal. Algunos abanicos de capas también pueden reconocerse sobre pliegues forzados del Muschelkalk superior sobre algunas fallas normales reactivadas en el zócalo acustico. La carga diferencial ejercida por el Keuper habrfa incrementado o favorecido el flujo de sal. Durante el segundo episodio de rift (Jurásico superior-Cretácico inferior) se formó un sistema de fallas normales lístricas segmentadas y conectadas por rampas de relevo, que separaban las diferentes sub-cuencas, tal y como sugiere la distribución de las rocas del Cretácico inferior y de las estructuras extensivas en la zona de estudio, que presentan diversas orientaciones. El relleno de la cuenca del Maestrat, a grandes rasgos se adelgaza hacia el norte, hacia el margen de la cuenca. Aun así, el Cretácico inferior de la sub-cuenca de la Salzedella – la más extensa de la cuenca del Maestrat – presenta una geometría de cuña que se engrosa progresivamente hacia el norte, de 350m a 1100m, hacia el bloque superior del sistema de fallas normales inclinadas hacia el S. Durante el Barremiense la actividad extensiva fue mayor que durante el Aptiense, ya que las unidades barremienses presentan variaciones de espesor más acentuadas, mientras que las aptienses presentan espesores más constantes. Durante la Orogenia Alpina cenozoica la cuenca del Maestrat se invirtió. La inversión del sistema de fallas normales mesozoicas, en su segmento a través del zócalo acústico, generó el Cabalgamiento de Zócalo del Maestrat, de orientación aproximadamente E-W y vergencia hacia el N, que atraviesa toda la cuenca. En el postpaís de la Zona de Enlace se puede observar una extensa zona elevada, de unos 40km de anchura en dirección N-S, que contiene rocas del Cretácico superior y del Cenozoico podo deformadas y sub-horizontales, que se sitúan en cotas entre 1400 y 2000m. En la zona de estudio, esta zona elevada está limitada al norte por el Monoclinal de Calders, de orientación E-W y vergencia hacia el N, que tiene un flanco inclinado hacia el N unos SQ, con una anchura maxima de unos 13km en su parte central, y que genera un escalón tectónico vertical de 800-1200m. Este monoclinal se interpreta como un pliegue de adaptación, a partir del que se deduce una geometría de rellano-rampa-rellano del Cabalgamiento de Zócalo del Maestrat. La charnela sinforme septentrional del Monoclinal de Calders coincide, a grandes rasgos, con el paso de un estilo de deformación de piel gruesa al Sur, a un estilo de deformación de piel fina al Norte. El bajo angulo del flanco inclinado del Monoclinal de Calders, y la gran extensi6n de la zona levantada sugieren un bajo ángulo para el cabalgamiento basal en el zócalo, que estaría enraizado en la corteza superior. Este cabalgamiento tendría una rampa de bajo ángulo (~9º), que se propagaría más de 40km hacia el S, alcanzando una profundidad de unos 7,5km bajo el nivel del mar. Cuando este cabalgamiento llegó a la cobertera mesozoica hacia el antepaís, se propagó a través del nivel de despegue del Muschelkalk medio salino, generando un short-cut casi horizontal, que transportó la cobertera supra-salina y los segmentos de las fallas normales a través de ésta unos 12km hacia el NNE. El desplazamiento del zócalo en el bloque superior de la rampa de bajo ángulo generó la extensa zona elevada, de unos 40km de ancho, mientras que el acortamiento en superficie se acumul6 en la zona externa de la cuenca, situada al N, que contiene la cobertera mesozoica más delgada, formando el cinturón de pliegues y cabalgamientos de Portalrubio-Vandellòs. La estructura del cinturón de pliegues y cabalgamientos de Portalrubio-Vandellòs presenta, en la zona de estudio, una geometría arqueada, convexa hacia el antepaís, hacia el NNE, en el sentido del transporte. La formación de esta geometría se puede atribuir a varios factores: a la presencia de un nivel de despegue salino (Muschelkalk medio) que termina lateralmente, hacia el Oeste; a un alto de basamento (Anticlinal de Montalbán) que habría interactuado con la propagación hacia el norte del frente de cabalgamientos E-W, al oeste de la zona estudiada, y por último a la herencia de la orientación de las fallas normales mesozoicas.

Au viseo-namurien, en domaine intracontinental orogenise, se declenche en des secteurs disperses sur l'ensemble du maroc oriental, une intense activite volcanique diversifiee et soumise a un controle structural permanent. Celle-ci conduit a la formation de stratovolcans lineaires plurikilometriques dissymetriques par rapport a l'axe d'allongement, et a des events fissuraux multiples. Le magmatisme est typiquement bimodal. La signature geochimique (elements traces) dominante des magmas basiques atteste d'un processus de genese en contexte de subduction, par sous-charriage de croute de composition moyenne ou basique dans le manteau sous-continental. S'y adjoint simultanement dans le tazekka un processus de genese de type intraplaque continental ou la source mantellique atteste d'une legere et probable metasomatose liee au voisinage du contexte de subduction. Une etude des clinopyroxenes de chaque type de contexte demontre l'evolution thermodynamique separee des magmas apres leur formation. Les magmas basiques, primitifs et originellement riches en fluides, sont emis principalement sous forme de laves, voire d'ignimbrites associees a d'enormes volumes de projections (mekam). Le magma rhyolitique est issu d'une fusion partielle de croute continentale moyenne sous l'effet de l'ascension des magmas basiques. L'epanchement par debordement brutal a partir de fissures profondes de nuees pyroclastiques riches en phenoclastes et en xenolithes, est la forme habituelle des eruptions. L'initialisation de la poncification par convection et cristallisation se ferait a grande profondeur, au niveau du stock liquide cree par fusion partielle. Les melanges magmatiques par brassage mecanique intime entre differents magmas basiques ou entre un magma basique et le magma acide sont frequents et concernent des volumes importants de liquides en debut de cristallisation. Sur ces bases et a partir de l'analyse comparative de la petrogenese et de la repartition spatio-temporelle des volcanites et des plutonites en maroc oriental, la subduction continentale pourrait etre provoquee par un ecaillage intralithospherique multiple. Le schema geodynamique propose pour cette periode tardi-paleozoique apporte une vision nouvelle de la structuration et du fonctionnement de la plaque marocaine au front du craton africain

A composição econômico-produtiva, social e da força de trabalho numa área de abastecimento do mercado interno no sul do Brasil, entre 1828 e 1858, constituem-se como os eixos analíticos desta dissertação. A pesquisa desenvolveu-se, principalmente, por meio do exame serial-quantitativo de inventários post-mortem e de registros de batismos. A distribuição desigual dos recursos e a diversidade produtiva, social e nos arranjos laborais marcaram as experiências dos atores sociais. O universo agrário caracterizou-se pelo predomínio de estabelecimentos onde desenvolviam-se diversos processos produtivos: pecuária bovina, muar e agricultura. Os produtos oriundos destas atividades abasteciam os circuitos comerciais que passavam pela região. Além dos povoadores luso-brasileiros, a presença de guaranis e mestiços foi significativa, muitos não se evadiram, conseguindo inserir-se em esferas da sociedade envolvente. A população escrava era predominantemente crioula devido à reprodução natural. O trabalho familiar, o assalariado e o sistema de produção em comunidades dos guaranis compuseram a dinâmica econômico-produtiva de tal área. Num contexto marcado pelas frequentes contendas bélicas e pela oferta instável de trabalhadores livres, o trabalho escravo esteve disseminado pelo tecido social, desfrutando de ampla legitimidade por todos os estratos econômicos, e configurando-se como a forma de mão-de-obra estável mais segura e funcional para os produtores.
The economic-productive, social and workforce union at a supply area of Brazil‟s south internal market, between 1828 and 1858, are established as the analytical axes of this dissertation. The research was mainly developed through quantitative and sequential exam of post-mortem inventories and baptism records. The unequal resource distribution and productive, social and working arrangement diversity delimited the social actors experience. The agricultural universe was characterized by establishment preponderance where there was developed a lot of productive processes: cattle raising, mules and agriculture. The products arising from these activities provided the commercial circuits that passed by the region. Besides the luso-brazilian colonizers, the presence of guaranis and mixed races was meaningful. Many didn‟t evade and were able to introduce themselves in circles of the surrounding society. The slave population were predominantly creole due to natural reproduction. The family work, wage-earner and the production system in guarani communities composed the economic-productive dynamics of such area. In a context marked by frequent military conflicts and by the instable offer of free workers, the slave work have been disseminated through social fabric, delighting ample legitimacy by all the economic layers and configuring as the most safe and functional form of stable workmanship for the producers.

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Because they are artificial ecosystems, reservoirs cause unforeseeable events on the water cycle, determining a continuous reorganization of communities, causing an evolution does not happen according to balanced patterns, compromising the productivity of the ecosystem. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the seasonal structure (rain and dry) and temporal (between years) of the fish assemblage of the Santa Cruz reservoir, Brazilian semiarid and verify that the rainfall and reservoir level factors influence the structure of fish assemblage. The samples were collected quarterly from February 2010 and November 2013 in eight points of the reservoir, with gillnets and mesh between 12 and 70mm, exposed by 12h00min in the water at night. The abundance of species, has been transformed into Catch per Unit Effort by numbers (CPUEn). A similarity matrix was constructed with data from CPUE, using similarity coefficient of Bray-Curtis, presented in graphics of non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (n-MDS) between rainy season (february and may) and dry (august and november) and for years. Permutational Multivariate Analysis of Variance (PERMANOVA) two-away was used to test statistical differences in the temporal structure of the fish assemblage. In the statistical difference between the years, the Similarity Percentage analysis in catches (SIMPER) was used to identify the species that contributed most to the similarity between the years. The fish assemblages of the reservoir was characterized using the following descriptors: i) species richness (S); ii) diversity index of Shannon-Wiener (H'); and iii) abundance (CPUE). Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to check whether there was a difference over the period studied between the values of S, H' and CPUE. Pearson correlation was made to verify the relationship between the S data, H' and CPUE with rainfall and reservoir level. All analyzes were performed using R version 3.1.2 soft. and a significance level of p<0.05. The 9,442 individuals were captured 3 orders, 11 families and 21 species, of which four belonged to introduced species. The order Characiformes was the most representative in number of captured families and individuals, the family Cichlidae was the most representative in number of species. The n-MDS ordination plot showed a separation of fish assemblages and the PERMANOVA indicated significant differences in the structure of assemblages between years and seasons (rain and dry), no significant interaction between factors. ANOVA indicated no differences in the data of richness (5.75 min. and 9.38 max.), diversity (1.47 min. and 2.30 max.) and CPUE (0.97 min. and 7.45 max.), however, the Pearson correlation showed a negative relationship between rainfall and reservoir level with the diversity index and positive relationship between reservoir level and CPUE. We conclude that the structure of the fish assemblage of the Santa Cruz reservoir varied seasonally and temporally and rainfall and reservoir level factors were important in structuring the assemblage
Por serem ecossistemas artificiais, os reservatórios ocasionam acontecimentos não previsíveis no ciclo da água, determinando uma reorganização contínua das comunidades, fazendo com que não aconteça uma evolução de acordo com padrões equilibrados, comprometendo a produtividade do ecossistema. Com isso, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a estrutura sazonal (chuva e seca) e temporal (entre os anos) da assembléia de peixes do reservatório de Santa Cruz, semiárido brasileiro e verificar se os fatores pluviosidade e nível do reservatório influenciaram na estrutura da assembleia de peixes. As coletas ocorreram trimestralmente entre fevereiro de 2010 e novembro de 2013 em oito pontos do reservatório, com rede de espera e malhas entre 12 e 70mm, expostas por 12h00min na água no período noturno. A abundância das espécies, foi transformada em Captura Por Unidade de Esforço em número (CPUEn). Uma matriz de similaridade foi construída com os dados de CPUE, usando coeficiente de similaridade de Bray-Curtis, apresentados em gráficos de ordenação de escalonamento multidimensional não-métrico (n-MDS) entre período de chuva (fevereiro e maio) e seca (agosto e novembro) e por anos. Análise Permutacional Multivariada de Variância (PERMANOVA) two-away foi usada para testar diferença estatística na estrutura temporal da assembléia de peixes. Na diferença estatística entre os anos, a Análise de Porcentagem de Similaridade nas Capturas (SIMPER) foi utilizada para identificar as espécies que mais contribuiram para a similaridade entre os anos. A assembléia de peixes do reservatório foi caracterizada usando os seguintes descritores: i) riqueza de espécies (S); ii) índice de diversidade de Shannon-Wiener; e iii) abundância (CPUE). Análise de Variância (ANOVA) foi usada para verificar se existiu diferença ao longo do período estudado entre os valores de H , S e CPUE. Correlação de Pearson foi feita para verificar relação entre os dados de S, H e CPUE com a pluviosidade e o nível do reservatório. Todas as análises foram realizadas no soft R versão 3.1.2. e com nível de significância de p<0,05. Foram capturados 9.442 indivíduos de 3 ordens, 11 famílias e 21 espécies, sendo quatro espécies introduzidas. A ordem Characiformes foi a mais representativa em número de famílias e individuos capturados, a família Cichlidae foi a mais representativa em número de espécies. O gráfico de ordenação da n-MDS mostrou uma separação das assembléias de peixes e a PERMANOVA indicou diferenças significativas na estrutura das assembleias entre os anos e estações (chuva e seca), sem significância na interação entre os fatores. ANOVA não indicou diferenças nos dados de riqueza (5,75 mín. e 9,38 máx.), diversidade (1,47 mín. e 2,30 máx.) e CPUE (0,97 mín. e 7,45 máx.), no entanto, a correlação de Pearson mostrou relação negativa entre pluviosidade e nível do reservatório com o indice de diversidade e relação positiva entre nível do reservatório e CPUE. Concluímos que a estrutura da assembleia de peixes do reservatório de Santa Cruz variou sazonalmente e temporalmente e os fatores pluviosidade e nível do reservatório foram importantes na estruturação da assembleia

Abstract The role of policing within western democratic countries has become increasingly clouded. This nebulous role of policing has been impacted upon by such issues as, the diversity and complexity of social change, the advances achieved within the technology field and the increasing amount of legislation that has been passed in an endeavour to accommodate such changes. Over the decades these developments have required policing organisations to shift their focus from the original crime prevention in conjunction with community collaboration to one which is predominantly incident driven and enforcement focused. Through the adoption of various strategies utilising technology, beginning with the motor vehicle, the police organisation has also progressively widened the gap between itself and the community being policed. With the widening of this gap such traits as trust, familiarity, co-operation and information exchange between the two parties has declined. This appears to have a domino effect on the fear of crime and social disorder within the community, thus impacting on the quality of life of community members. Within recent decades some of the traditional policing practices - including random preventive patrol, rapid response and the need for additional police because of increasing crime - have been questioned and researched. The findings of these research projects have not supported the effectiveness of such policing strategies. The role of policing, thus comes into question and a return to the historical role of policing espoused when Sir Robert Peel established the London Metropolitan Police and drafted the Principles of Policing, which was issued to each newly appointed constable, is being revisited. This has been promoted in the form of the 'community policing' concept. This community policing concept is stated as consisting of three core components - personalised policing through a police officer being stationed within a set geographic area; police-community partnership and problem-solving. However, in order to establish and maintain a viable partnership, both parties must participate and be aware of what the partnership entails. Similarly, with problem-solving both the community and police must identify and prioritise the local community problems. Both of these core components are bonded together through the appointment of a police officer within the community providing personalised policing. This shift in policing focus would necessitate changes both within the police organisation and the community itself. It must be remembered that the reactive, incident driven model of policing has been in existence for several decades and changing such a model will require some time. Thus, the effective implementation of community policing requires an agreement as to what community policing means and then a marketing and training program so that at the outset both parties are on an equal footing. As for the problem solving component of community policing, the parties to the partnership need to accommodate the differing foci of the opposite party. From the policing perspective, this requires accepting input from the community rather than maintaining a controlling demeanour. The police therefore, need to adopt an approach espoused by Wilson and Kelling (1982) in their article titled, 'Broken Windows: The Police and Neighbourhood Safety' which has been discussed in several literary works dealing with the community policing concept [Edwards 2001; Kenney (ed) 1989; Trojanowicz & Bucqueroux 1994]. The community also needs to be involved and this can be achieved initially, by maintaining support and enthusiasm for the community policing activities initiated. The success of implementing community policing relies on the adoption of the core components. The two community policing components, police-community partnership and problem-solving are impacted on by the third core component of personalised policing within a particular area. The personalised policing component is the need to have stable and reasonably enduring police personnel deployed to respective community locales. By adding this factor to the community policing components there is provided a degree of continuity and thus both parties develop a degree of familiarity which can lead to trust and confidence. The implementation of community policing to this extent needs to be holistically addressed through the police organisational dimensions, namely the philosophical, the strategic and the programmatic. Through these dimensions a comprehensive development of the community policing concept can be undertaken.

As a response to meet climate targets, transit-oriented development is seen as a tool in Swedish regional development to decrease car dependency. By national infrastructural investments in new train stations, small municipalities are expected to continue the transit-oriented development by plan dense areas with housing in connection to the new train stations. Previous research has shown that sustainable development plans are hard to implement, and that there is a lack of research about the processual dimension of implementing transit-oriented development plans, especially in rural areas. The aim of the thesis is to scrutinise the conditions in which these plans are supposed to be put into place at a municipal level, and in what way municipal interest affect to the implementation. The research question is asking how sustainable development is enacted in practice from the example of transit-oriented developmentin rural areas close to bigger cities. The chosen case studies are two neighbouring municipalities in Västra Götaland region that got new train stations in 2012, according to the planning norm of TOD and due to being located in a designated transport corridor. The empirical data consist of five comprehensive plans and interviews with six municipal politicians. By using a theoretical framework of governmentality studies the rationalities and underlying assumptions that makes the certain enactment of the plans intelligible are analysed. The result show that there are different logics behind the implementation of transit-oriented development plans at the regional and at the municipal level. The rationalities to implement the municipal plans conflict with the stated aim of the plans. When striving for a bigger tax base, the municipalities build housing that attract middle class families, which are the opposite of the dense development close to the train stations that are the goal of the regional plans. Because of interurban competition for a certain population, a sustainable development though transitoriented development can be hard to implement.

Cette etude traite essentiellement la genese et l'evolution d'une formation volcanique meuble du pied du massif du mont cameroun a bolifamba. Les caracteristiques principales de cette formation pedologique sont: (1) un degre moyen de differenciation et d'evolution en un sol brun sur depots volcaniques holocenes ; (2) un horizon c, ensemble argilo-limoneux ou limono-argileux a structure et texture de sol meuble associe au materiau a structure de la roche ; (3) un horizon b ou (b), ensemble argilo-limoneux a argileux intermediaire a structure et texture de sol, pouvant etre absent ; (4) un horizon a ou ap, ensemble argilo-limoneux superieur a texture de sol, uniquement constitue de materiaux non indures. Les horizons ainsi identifies montrent des microstructures caracteristiques des alterations du basalte pour horizons c et pour horizons sus-jacents b ou (b) et a, des microstructures de type polyedrique anguleux a subanguleux avec des agregats grossiers, moyens et fins et de type grumeleux avec des agregats jointifs, en grappe, a distribution aleatoire. La presence d'oxydes de fer et/ou de manganese dans ces trois ensembles donne une coloration ocre a brun orange dans l'ensemble inferieur (horizon c), jaune brun dans l'ensemble median b ou (b) et brun jaune, brun rouge ou jaune orange dans l'ensemble superieur (horizon ap). L'horizon ap, subdivise en ap1 et ap2, est un horizon qui resulte des processus d'alteration des basaltes plagioclases-olivine sous les conditions de bolifamba avec neoformation des argiles mineralogiques de reseau 1: 1, kaolinite essentiellement et individualisation des sesquioxydes cristallins de fer, titane et manganese. Il s'agit du processus d'alteration ferrallitique ou l'elimination des bases est plus ou moins totale. A un stade plus avance, les processus de reorganisation et du mouvement des argiles et du fer parviennent a leur maximum d'expression donnant naissance aux horizons b. Dans ces horizons, les argiles mineralogiques sont composees essentiellement de kaolinite et d'interstratifies constitues de vermiculite et de smectite. Il y a formation de quelques nodules de fer. Les argiles mineralogiques de l'horizon c sont: (1) la kaolinite dominante ; (2) la vermiculite

Accessibility is the most important concept in transportation planning because it describes the ease of travel to opportunities vital for everyday needs. Theoretically, people locate closer to transit corridors if accessibility improves. One desired benefit from light rail is denser land use patterns in the form of Transit Oriented Development (TOD) that captures population growth. In October 1994, the City of Denver, CO, joined the list of American cities that have implemented light rail within the last 33 years. Since then, five corridors have opened there, and planners are retooling their zoning codes to allow TOD near light rail. The hope is to mitigate road-centric policies that enabled sprawl during the second half of the 20th Century. This thesis investigates light rail in the Denver region in the context of accessibility. It asks the following research question: What land use and transportation conditions must exist to encourage the general population to locate near light rail? Five linear regression models test a range of accessibility variables. Evidence suggests that accessibility to jobs and housing near station areas is important for facilitating population growth near light rail. Specifically, land use policy needs to allow residential and non-residential mixed uses near station areas for population growth to occur. It is too early to draw any definitive conclusions for the Denver region. Anecdotal evidence indicates that planners are achieving land use goals of growth, even though many of the region's TOD-supportive policies were recently adopted.

ABSTRACT GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION OF LIQUIDAMBAR ORIENTALIS MILL. VARIETIES WITH RESPECT TO matK REGION OF CHLOROPLAST GENOME Ö
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#272
LEK, Asli M.S., Department of Biology Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Zeki Kaya August 2007, 87 pages Liquidambar L. genus is represented with mainly 4 species in the world and one of these species, Turkish sweet gum (Liquidambar orientalis Mill.) which is a relictendemic species is naturally found in only southwestern Turkey, mainly in Mugla Province. The limited distribution of species with two disputed varieties (var. integriloba Fiori and var. orientalis) and increased anthropogenic threats to its genetic resources signify the importance of studying genetic diversity in the species to have better conservation and management programs. For this purpose, 18 different populations were sampled throughout the species range and matK region of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) was sequenced to assess the genetic structure of the species. Turkish Liquidambar orientalis populations were evaluated at two categories: variety level and geographic level. Also, two sectors of matK region were examined to assess which part of the region was more variable. All molecular analysis was conducted in this study by using MEGA version 3.1 and Arlequin 2.000 softwares. v Moleculer diversity analysis indicated that the population located in Fethiye- Gü
nlü
kbasi district has the highest number of polymorphic sites. This population is also genetically the most distant from the others (average genetic distance 0.0038). Among the studied varieties, the average genetic distance within var. integriloba (0.0016) which also includes population Fethiye-Gü
nlü
kbasi was the greatest. Among the geographic regions, Mugla-1 including Fethiye-Kö
ycegiz-Aydin district as well as population Fethiye-Gü
nlü
kbasi showed the highest average genetic distances within the region with a value of 0.0015. According to the molecular variance results, among varieties and among geographic regions, there was no significant differentiation, but great amount of total variation was found (~86%) within Turkish sweet gum populations. With respect to the Fst values among varieties, the highest genetic differentiation was observed between var. orientalis and unknown group (0.040). Furthermore, based on the results of phylogenetic analysis, Turkish populations of L. orientalis have genetically closer to USA relative (L. styraciflua L.) than Chinese relatives (L. acalycina H.T Chang and L. formosana Hance). In conclusion, 10 Turkish sweet gum populations were found to be important for conservation issues. Furthermore, eight of these located in Mugla province and sixth of them belong to var. integriloba. Especially Fethiye-Gü
nlü
kbasi, MarmarisÇ
etibeli and Mugla-Kiyra populations should be included in either insitu or exsitu or in both conservation programs in the future.

Geólogo
Aysén corresponde a la región con menor densidad poblacional de Chile con 0.8 hab/km2 en una superficie de 108.494 km2. Debido a esto actualmente existe un vasto territorio que aún se conserva prístino, lo que da cuenta de la impresionante naturaleza biótica y abiótica, haciendo posible reconocer una diversidad geológica única y propia de la región. Por lo antes mencionado, la región de Aysén representa una zona ideal para proteger el patrimonio geológico presente, lo que ha motivado iniciativas como el programa Transferencia para una estrategia de gestión del patrimonio geológico de la región de Aysén , impulsado por la SEREMI de Minería de Aysén, dentro del cual se enmarca este trabajo de Memoria de Título, cuyo objetivo es reconocer, caracterizar y cuantificar zonas de interés geológico, con especial valor científico en las unidades volcánicas e intrusivas en el sector oriental del Lago General Carrera, principalmente en las comunas de Chile Chico y Puerto Ibáñez, de manera que los geositios seleccionados formen parte del inventario regional de geositios, y de la misma forma algunos sean propuestos al inventario nacional de geositios de la Sociedad Geológica de Chile. En una primera etapa, se realizó una minuciosa revisión bibliográfica para la detección de posibles sitios de interés geológico, para luego incluir cada lugar de interés geológico de especial valor científico en una de las Categorías Geológicas Temáticas descritas para la región de Aysén, por el equipo de geopatrimonio de la Seremi de Minería en base a los criterios de representatividad, integridad, rareza y contenido científico. A partir de esta metodología se preseleccionaron un total de 28 potenciales geositios. En base al reconocimiento en terreno y discusiones posteriores 16 fueron seleccionados para la caracterización geológica y patrimonial, incluyendo la creación de una ficha de descripción. Además de la caracterización, los geositios fueron evaluados cuantitativamente con respecto a su valor científico, turístico y riesgo de degradación, permitiendo generar un ranking con respecto a los potenciales usos de cada uno de ellos. Finalmente, se propuso un proyecto con potencial uso educativo y turístico, buscando agrupar los geositios más significativos en una ruta, que sigue un orden geocronológico, además se propone la realización de un mapa interactivo con todos los geositios descritos, el cual permita acceder a la información geológica, ubicación y estado actual del geositio, además de ilustraciones de cada lugar. Ambas propuestas buscan incentivar la realización de programas tanto turísticos como educativos, en los cuales se pueda apreciar el geopatrimonio de manera presencial (ruta) o a la distancia (mapa interactivo).

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Geociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências Aplicadas, 2017.
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O depósito Cu-Mo Pancho Árias localiza-se na Cordilheira Oriental dos Andes Centrais argentinos, é o membro mais antigo do complexo magmático Las Burras-Almagro-El Toro, que constituí um dos corpos ígneos terciários localizados no lineamento Calama-Olacapato-El Toro. A área hospeda quatro membros magmáticos intrusivos em um embasamento metassedimentar neoproterozoico. Esses membros são dois pórfiros andesíticos, um stock de composição quartzo-monzodiorito e um sistema de diques e sills riodacíticos a traqui-andesíticos. Ocorrem corpos de brechas ligados aos pórfiros andesíticos, e ao stock. A localização no depósito, bem como as texturas e composições nos permitiram individualizar seis corpos de brechas, as quais são dos tipos polimíticas e monomíticas, em arranjo que podem ser tanto matriz como fragmento suportado. Em geral, as brechas do setor centro-nordeste hospedam a parte da mineralização em Cu, a qual é formada por cristais de calcopirita parcialmente substituídos por covelita. Porém, a mineralização também se estende às rochas encaixantes aprisionada em vênulas e estruturas stockwork. Nessa situação, o predomínio da mineralização é em Mo e ocorre sob a forma de cristais de molibdenita associados aos veios de quartzo. A alteração hidrotermal registrada é do tipo zonal concêntrica, com o núcleo potássico migrando progressivamente para uma zona distal propilítica. A alteração fílica ocorre associada a falha NW-SE. Essas fases magmáticas são álcali-cálcicas a calcialcalinas, peraluminosas a metaluminosas, com assinatura de magmatismo do tipo I cordilheiriano, alojados em ambiente tectônico de arco vulcânico a intraplaca. Exibem leve fracionamento nos ETR leves em relação aos ETR pesados ([La/Yb]N = 6-12) e discreta anomalia em Eu (Eu/Eu* = 0,2-0,9). O padrão multielementar assemelha-se ao padrão de rochas da crosta superior, com anomalias negativas em Nb-P-Ti e anomalias positivas em Rb-Sm-Tb. As razões 147Sm/144Nd das fases magmáticas indicam valor entre 0,0985 e 0,1115. As razões 143Nd/144Nd estão entre 0,512665 e 0,512738, valores que geram eNd (0) entre 0,52-1,95 e eNd (T) 0,65-2,12, indicando fonte mantélica com algum grau de contaminação crustal. Os valores de TDM (Ga) variam de 0,47-0,53. As razões 87Sr/86Sr estão entre 0,70475- 0,70627, indicando que a fonte dos magmas é o manto litosférico depletado. Dados 40Ar- 39Ar sobre biotitas hidrotermais indicam idades entre 11-14 Ma. O sistema de falhas strike-slip N-S foi o mecanismo responsável pela ascensão do magma de composição granodiorítica, o qual era enriquecido em voláteis. Durante o Mioceno, as fases finais de resfriamento, cristalização e liberação dos voláteis foram responsáveis pela formação das zonas de alteração hidrotermal e pela mineralização, que é associada ao topo dos pórfiros, além de se estenderem para a encaixante e brechas, as quais foram formadas pelo alívio de tensão e pela liberação violenta dos voláteis.
The Pancho Árias Cu-Mo deposit, located in the eastern cordillera of the argentine Central Andes, is the oldest member of the Las Burras-Almagro-El Toro magmatic complex that constitute one of the main Tertiary igneous bodies located in the Calama-Olacapato-El Toro lineament. The area hosts four magmatic intrusive members in a Neoproterozoic metasedimentary basement. These members are two porphyritic andesites, one quartz-monzodioritic stock and a rhyodacitic to trachy-andesitic dike and sill system. Breccia bodies occur related to the porphyry members, and to the stock. The deposit location, as well as the textural and compositional variations, allowed us to individualize six breccia bodies, which vary from polymitic to monomitic types, and matrix suported to fragment suported. In general, the B.n breccias host the part of the Cu mineralization, in which it is formed of chalcopyrite crystals, that occasionally exhibit alteration to covellite. However, the mineralization also extends to the country rocks trapped in venules and stockwork structures. In this situation the Mo mineralization predominate and occurs as molybdenite crystals associated to quartz veins. The registered hydrothermal alteration is of the concentric zonal type, with the potassic core gradually moving to a propylitic distal zone. The phyllic alteration occurs associated to the NW-SE fault. The magmatic phases are alkali-calcic to calc-alkaline and are peraluminous to metaluminous, and the magmatism were classified as cordillerian I-type, formed in a volcanic arc to an intraplate tectonic context. They exhibit a slighly LREE fractionation in relation to HREE ([La/Yb]N = 6-12) and discreet Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.2-0.9). The multielementar patern is similar to upper crust rocks, with Nb-P-Ti negative anomalies and Rb-Sm-Tb positive anomalies. The 147Sm/144Nd ratios of the magmatic phases indicate values of 0.0985-0.1115. The 143Nd/144Nd ratios vary between 0.512665-0.512738, values that generate eNd (0) between 0.52-1.95 and eNd (T) of 0.65- 2.12, indicating a mantle source with some degree of crustal contamination. The TDM (Ga) values vary between 0.47-0.53. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios ranging between 0,70475-0,70627, that indicated depleted lithospheric mantle source from magmas. 40Ar- 39Ar data of hydrothermal biotite indicate ages of 11-14 Ma. The data show that the strike-slip fault system is the responsible mechanism by the rise of granodiorite volatile-rich magma. During the Miocene, the final phases of cooling, crystalization, and release of volatiles processes generated the zoned hydrothermal alteration and the Cu-Mo mineralization, it is associated to the apix part of porphyry bodies, also extending to the country rocks and breccia bodies, which are were formed by stress relief and violent release of volatiles.

Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Cooperação Internacional
A integração económica regional tem crescido desde o começo deste século, muito devido às suas vantagens económicas, sociais e políticas. Este processo tem várias condições, como por exemplo a presença de uma rede de infraestruturas suficientes. A importância desta condição é comprovada através de análise de outras comunidades regionais, onde investimentos foram feitos de forma a melhorar a conetividade entre estados-membros. Em regiões em desenvolvimento existe uma lacuna de infraestruturas, sendo mais aparente em África, o que dificulta o desenvolvimento da integração económica do continente. Esta pesquisa descreve a importância da existência de infraestruturas no processo de integração económica no contexto africano, sendo o estudo de caso a Comunidade da África Oriental. Esta comunidade tem vindo a ganhar preponderância no continente em termos de integração regional e a investir generosamente no desenvolvimento de infraestruturas.
Regional economic integration has been increasing since the beginning of this century, largely because of its economic, social and political advantages. This process has several conditions, for example the presence of a network of enough infrastructures. The importance of this condition is evidenced through analysis of other regional communities, where investments have been made in order to improve connectivity between member states. In developing regions there is a lack of infrastructure, which is more apparent in Africa, that hampers the development of the continent's economic integration. This research describes the importance of infrastructure in the process of economic integration in the African context, the case study being the East African Community. This community has been gaining prominence in the continent in terms of regional integration and investing generously in the development of infrastructures.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

This Creative Writing PhD consists of a novel, The Encyclopaedia of Istanbul, and accompanying critical essays, Ottoman Crossroads: Coffeehouses, Politics, Theatres and Storytelling. The Encyclopaedia of Istanbul is historical in nature, and magically real in temperament. It is an account of fin de siècle Constantinopolis, and contains forgotten fairy tales, remnants of an ancient manuscript culture, Armenian playwrights, Turkish feminists, Greek fortune-tellers and Sephardim cantors. It tells the tale of six intersecting lives in 1876, a time known as “the year of the three Sultans” in Ottoman history. This period was filled with tensions between traditionalism and Westernization, but also new political possibilities forwarded by the Young Ottomans. While the characters in The Encyclopaedia of Istanbul are fictitious, they are inspired by historical events and figures. The second element of my PhD, Ottoman Crossroads, is made up of four individual essays that focus on selected themes from the novel. They scrutinize, in order of presentation, the history of coffeehouse culture, the secretive society of the Young Ottomans and their political thought, the formation of Armenian-Turkish theatre, and the rediscovery of Ottoman fairy tales. Whilst the novel and essays are coherent independently, they also link to each other in ways that are sometimes direct, and at other times subtle.

El turismo es una de las actividades económicas que ha tenido un crecimiento importante en los últimos años, convirtiendo a esta industria atractiva para su desarrollo en países con potencial turístico como el Perú. Es por ello que el turismo se presenta como una alternativa viable para el crecimiento del Perú, optando por el turismo cultural como mejor opción para la región Lambayeque permitiendo conocer destinos turísticos, restaurantes y alojamientos. En el sector turismo de la región Lambayeque se detectó que empleaban demasiado tiempo para consultar destinos turísticos, restaurantes o alojamientos, el nivel de satisfacción de turistas con respecto a la búsqueda de información era bajo, pocos turistas contaban con información útil y la población de turistas que visitaban lugares lambayecanos de acuerdo a sus preferencias era pequeña. Es por ello que se decidió orientar al turista en su estadía por Lambayeque mediante la implementación de una aplicación móvil como guía con el fin de disminuir el tiempo promedio que toma el turista para consultar destinos turísticos, restaurantes y alojamientos; incrementar el nivel de satisfacción de turistas, incrementar el porcentaje de turistas que cuentan con información útil e incrementar el número promedio de lugares que el turista visita de acuerdo a sus preferencias. Para el desarrollo de este proyecto se utilizó filtrado colaborativo como algoritmo de desarrollo para las recomendaciones de lugares a visitar entre turistas, la metodología XP (extreme programming) la cual cuenta con cuatro fases: planeación, diseño, desarrollo y pruebas, herramientas tecnológicas como google maps y gps y Jquery mobile como framework de desarrollo multiplataforma. Como resultado se obtuvo un producto software que disminuyó considerablemente el tiempo promedio que tomaba el turista en consultar destinos turísticos, restaurantes y alojamientos, incrementó el nivel de satisfacción de turistas con respecto a la búsqueda de información, incrementó el porcentaje de turistas que cuentan con información útil e incrementó el número promedio de lugares que el turista visita de acuerdo a sus preferencias.
Tesis

Thesis (MSc (Geography and Environmental Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.
Soil salinization is a world wide environmental problem affecting plant growth and agricultural yields. Remote sensing has been used as a tool to detect and/or manage soil salinity. Object-oriented image analysis is a relatively new image analysis technique which allows analysis at different hierarchical scales, the use of relationships between objects and contextual information in the classification process, and the ability to create a rule based classification procedure. The Lower Orange River in South Africa is a region of successful irrigation farming along the river floodplain but also with the potential risk of soil salinization. This research attempted to detect and map areas of potential high soil salinity using digital aerial photography and digital elevation models. Image orthorectification was conducted on the digital aerial photographs. The radiometric variances between photographs made radiometric calibration of the photographs necessary. Radiometric calibration on the photographs was conducted using Landsat 7 satellite images as radiometric correction values, and image segmentation as the correction units for the photographs. After radiometric calibration, object-oriented analysis could be conducted on one analysis region and the developed rule bases applied to the other regions without the need for adjusting parameters. A rule based hierarchical classification was developed to detect vegetation stress from the photographs as well as salinity potential terrain features from the digital elevation models. These rule bases were applied to all analysis blocks. The detected potential high salinity indicators were analyzed spatially with field collected soil data in order to assess the capability of the classifications to detect actual salinization, as well as to assess which indicators were the best indicators of salinity potential. Vegetation stress was not a good indicator of salinity as many other indicators could also cause vegetation stress. Terrain indicators such as depressions in the landscape at a micro scale were the best indicators of potential soil salinization.

Geólogo
La zona de estudio se ubica en la región contigua a la frontera de Chile con Argentina comprendida entre las nacientes de los ríos Tinguiririca y Teno. El objetivo de este estudio es generar un modelo estructural que caracterice la arquitectura para el borde oriental de la Cuenca Abanico en el sector del Río Teno y la secuencia de deformación. Para alcanzar los objetivos planteados, se ha utilizado los métodos de geología de campo y de construcción de secciones balanceadas. Con esto se construyó una sección estructural regional y de detalle las cuales se utilizaron para caracterizar la geometría y el estilo de deformación las que fueron restauradas a distintos horizontes para validar la posible secuencia de deformación. En la zona de estudio el borde este de la Cuenca de Abanico se encuentra sobreimpuesto a la parte occidental de la faja plegada y fallada de Malargüe (FPFM), la arquitectura del área se caracteriza por dos dominios principales. El dominio oriental corresponde a la porción occidental de la FPFM y se encuentra contiguo a la frontera de Chile-Argentina y se extiende hacia el oeste hasta el estero La Gloria. Está dominado por una tectónica mixta donde existen anticlinales (Nacimiento-Las Zorras y Pellejo) que corresponden a pliegues por propagación de falla de vergencia oriental que involucran tanto al basamento como a la cobertura mesozoica. Además de estos, existen otros dos anticlinales (de Maitenes), menores en tamaño y que responden a una mecánica distinta de deformación, son pliegues por despegue desarrollados en arenas rojas clásticas del Cretácico despegados por sobre la Formación Baños del Flaco. El dominio occidental que preserva el estilo de la Cuenca invertida de Abanico se extiende hacia el oeste, al resto de la zona de estudio. Sus estructuras son principalmente de orientación NE-SW y está caracterizado por suaves pliegues que afectan a las rocas de la Formación Abanico y se encuentra dividido en tres bloques (La Palma, Las Mulas y La Gloria) limitados por fallas, las cuales han sido interpretadas como normales invertidas. Se ha propuesto una deformación polifásica que comprende al menos cuatro eventos. Sobre rocas mesozoicas de geometría horizontal no deformada se desarrolla el primer evento de deformación compresivo de edad cretácica superior-eocena que produjo un pliegue por flexión de falla (anticlinal Chacarillas), el cual genero el relieve necesario para su erosión y el depósito de las Areniscas de Pichuante en su frente. Posteriormente el desplazamiento continúa y transfiere la deformación necesaria a la cobertura cretácica para generar los anticlinales de Maitenes. Un segundo evento de deformación compresivo produce el anticlinal Nacimiento-Las Zorras, el cual se desarrolla “en secuencia normal” hacia el este. Posteriormente, un tercer evento de edad eocena?-oligocena, esta vez de carácter extensional afecta a la zona occidental del área de estudio, sobreponiéndose a la FPFM, fallas normales cortan la estructura compresional previa generando tres hemigrabenes donde se depositaron las rocas de la Formación Abanico. Finalmente un cuarto episodio de deformación compresivo de edad miocena invirtió las fallas normales producidas en el anterior evento exhumando y plegando en amplios anticlinales y sinclinales las potentes secuencias de las Formación Abanico. Además la deformación avanzó hacia el este del borde extensional reactivando la parte más interna de la faja formando el anticlinal Pellejo y dos nuevas fallas inversas. La falla normal maestra invertida más oriental para este sector de la cuenca es la falla La Gloria, esta se caracteriza por limitar los potentes depósitos de Abanico al oeste, de dos sectores con espesor reducido. A pesar que los depósitos terciarios continúan hacia el este de la falla, el límite de estos no coincide con el límite estructural de la cuenca, ya que su potencia (300 m.) es bastante menor que la del sector al oeste de la falla (2500 m.). Esto indica que su depósito estuvo controlado por fallas normales de menor desplazamiento o estos corresponden a sedimentos locales ubicados al oriente del borde. Por lo tanto la falla que representa el borde oriental para este sector de la Cuenca de Abanico es la falla La Gloria y el límite de los depósitos terciarios se encuentra ubicado al este de esta estructura.

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CAPES
A zona de cisalhamento Pernambuco Leste (ZCPE) separa os domínios Central e Pernambuco-Alagoas da Província Borborema. Esta dissertação de mestrado está relacionada a uma pesquisa em detalhe em sua porção oriental, entre os municípios de Jaboatão dos Guararapes e Gravatá (PE). O objetivo foi fazer um levantamento dos seus aspectos litológicos, geométricos, estruturais e magmáticos e, a partir de um perfil de refração sísmica, investigar o comportamento em escala crustal. Para tanto foram visitados 185 afloramentos, estudadas aproximadamente 80 seções delgadas, analisadas 35 amostras para elementos maiores, traços e terras raras, e realizado um perfil de refração sísmica com cerca de 150 km de comprimento na direção NW-SE, entre Vertentes e Sirinhanhém (PE), que cortou a transversalmente a ZCPE. A área estudada consiste de um embasamento ortognáissico granítico, com variedades dioríticas a quartzo sieníticas; rochas supracrustais representadas por metassedimentos gnáissicos, xistosos e quartzíticos; granitos sin- a tardi-tectônicos; milonitos diversos; e uma ocorrência de basalto pós-tectônico. A foliação nas rochas regionais apresenta mergulhos moderados a altos devido à influência da ZCPE. Dobramentos relacionados com a dinâmica da ZCPE também são observados. Na área estudada, a ZCPE é segmentada em dois cinturões miloníticos, com geometria de recobrimento à direita, separados de aproximadamente 3 km. O processo deformacional gerou proto- a ultramilonitos e um gradiente deformacional, com rochas mais deformadas na porção central das faixas miloníticas. A foliação milonítica tem direção ENE e mergulho forte para SE, com lineações mineral e de estiramento associadas com caimento baixo entre ENE e ESSE. Critérios de cisalhamento em várias escalas de observação indicam uma cinemática dextral. As rochas foram classificas geoquimicamente em dois grupos: graníticas e pobres em SiO2. As rochas graníticas são sub-alcalinas e peraluminosas e as mais máficas são subalcalinas a alcalinas, metaluminosas e caem no limite entre os campos cálcio-alcalino e toleítico. As características das amostras graníticas, tanto de ortognaisses quanto de plútons, sugerem uma afinidade com granitos do tipo-A. Não são observadas diferenças significativas entre a geoquímica de rochas miloníticas e seus protólitos, sugerindo que a deformação cisalhante não promoveu mobilidade de elementos. O perfil de refração sísmica possibilitou uma modelagem simples, com a verificação apenas de uma interface importante: descontinuidade de Mohorovicic, variando entre 32,5 e 36 km de profundidade, com espessamento crustal para sudeste. Três camadas foram reconhecidas na crosta superior, sem marcar estruturalmente ZCPE como uma estrutura que separa domínios tectônicos.
The East Pernambuco Shear Zone (EPSZ) separates the Central and Pernambuco-Alagoas domains of the Borborema Province. In this dissertation a detailed research was conducted in it oriental portion, between the cities of Jaboatão dos Guararapes and Gravatá (PE). The objective was to characterize the geometry, structure, lithology and associated magmatism, and, from a seismic refraction profile, investigate its behavior at the crustal scale. 185 outcrops were visited, about 80 thin sections studied, analyzed 35 samples for major, trace and rare earth, and performed a seismic refraction profile about 150 km long in NW-SE direction, between the cities of Vertentes and Sirinhanhém (state of PernambucoPE), which cuts across the EPSZ. The study area consists of a granitic gneiss basement, with dioritic to quartz syenitic varieties; supracrustal rocks represented by metasedimentary rocks (paragneiss, schist and quartzite), syn- to late-tectonic granitic plutons, mylonites, and an post-tectonic basalt. The regional foliation has moderate to high dips due to the influence of ZCPE. Folds related to the dynamics of the ZCPE are also observed. In the study area, the ZCPE is divided into two mylonitic belts with right step geometry, approximately 3 km apart. The deformation process generated proto- to ultramylonites and a deformation gradient, with more deformed rocks in the central portion of the mylonitic bands. The mylonitic foliation is steeply dipping to SSE, with associated mineral and stretching lineations plungling gently between ENE and ESE. Shear criteria at various scales of observation indicate dextral kinematics. The rocks are geochemically classified into two groups: granitic and silica-poor. The granitic rocks are sub-alkaline and peraluminous; intermediate rocks are subalkaline to alkaline, metaluminous and fall between the tholeiitic and calc-alkaline fields. The characteristics of the granitic samples from both plutons and orthogneisses suggest an affinity with the A-type granites. There are no significant differences between the geochemistry of the mylonitic rocks and their protoliths, suggesting that shearing did not promote mobility of elements. The seismic refraction profile enabled the modeling of only one important interface: the Mohorovicic discontinuity, ranging between 32.5 and 36 km deep, with crustal thickening to the southeast. Three layers were recognized in the upper crust, without marking the EPSZ as a structure that separates tectonic domains.

Le developpement des systemes d'information de sante est largement conditionne par les choix du modele d'information. Apres un etude comparative des differents modeles utilises, un modele matriciel est propose pour permettre une integration forte du systeme d'information de sante. Le modele est base sur la definition des modules d'information denommes micro-bases de donnees et organises en un reseau a trois dimensions. Il permet de prendre en compte les caracteristiques multi-couches et hierarchiques du systeme de sante ; afin de valider le modele, un logiciel de visualisation des composants du modele matriciel a ete realise. Le travail a ete applique dans le contexte de l'informatisation de l'hopital de l'universite de brasilia. Son extension est egalement discutee dans le cadre du systeme global de sante de la region de brasilia.

Magíster en Ciencias, Mención Geología
El estudio geológico sobre peligros sísmicos es de interés científico debido al impacto que tienen sobre la población. En Chile, la expresión de la interacción entre las placas de Nazca y Sudamericana, en partes someras de la corteza, es representada por la ocurrencia de sismos superficiales. Al respecto, estudios recientes sobre la evolución neotectónica de la Falla San Ramón, determinaron peligro sísmico para la ciudad de Santiago. Hacia el norte es posible prolongar el rumbo de esta falla hasta la Zona de Falla Pocuro y el borde oriental de la Depresión Los Andes San Felipe, lo que justificó un estudio en detalle de esta zona. Las últimas investigaciones han limitado la actividad principal de la Zona de Falla Pocuro para períodos premiocénicos. Sin embargo, nuevos estudios en el borde oriental de la Depresión Los Andes - San Felipe, muestran evidencia de deformación reciente en el sector, sobre esta zona de falla. Por lo anterior, con el objetivo de precisar el comportamiento de esta estructura, se estableció la historia geomorfológica del sector y su relación con la actividad tectónica reciente. Para esto se usaron diversas metodologías, como campañas de terreno para la descripción morfológica y estructural del área estudiada, revisión e interpretación de fotos aéreas -con el objeto de identificar unidades y marcadores geomorfológicos- y elaboración de mapas que reunieran los hallazgos. También se llevó a cabo un análisis morfométrico de la red de drenaje de la cuenca del río Aconcagua, y un estudio morfológico de las terrazas entre su salida al valle y el cerro Tapihue. Se trabajó, además, con datos y perfiles de las quebradas del borde oriental de la depresión, obtenidos mediante GPS diferencial y RiverTools, con el objeto de determinar knickzones que evidenciarían la traza de una falla en el sector. Los resultados de esta investigación indican actividad cuaternaria en la zona, pues existe una falla inversa, la Falla Cariño Botado, la cual bascula depósitos aluviales y monta rocas de la Formación Abanico sobre ellos. Además, existen knickzones alineados sobre la traza de la Zona de Falla Pocuro, y un extenso escarpe de falla que coincide con la falla inversa mencionada. Por otro lado, existe un antiforme sobre el pedimento de la Pampa Bypass, que indicaría actividad tectónica posterior a la pedimentación. Y por último, un sector de bajo índice de sinuosidad (IS) en el thalweg del río Aconcagua evidenciaría una deformación alineada con la Zona de Falla Pocuro. Esta perturbación es la más reciente y es posterior a la formación de las terrazas fluviales, lo que implicaría actividad durante el Cuaternario. Dado que la Zona de Falla Pocuro ha sido descrita como una falla normal y que la Falla Cariño Botado es una falla inversa con vergencia al oeste, se concluye que ambas estructuras son distintas. La Falla Cariño Botado, se emplaza sobre la Zona de Falla Pocuro, utilizando sectores debilitados por su actividad premiocénica. Es por lo tanto una falla activa que formaría parte de un sistema imbricado de vergencia oeste, donde una falla más al oeste, la Falla San Esteban, deformaría la depresión Los Andes - San Felipe, generando depresiones tectónicas. En definitiva, el borde oriental de la Depresión Los Andes - San Felipe, es un frente tectónicamente activo, con evidencia de actividad cuaternaria de la Falla Cariño Botado, cuyos eventos sísmicos se estiman del orden de Mw ~ 6,0 a 6,5.

Titel: Ett akut förbättringsarbete - En utvärderingsstudie av förändringsprocessen Akuten till Primärvården i Region Jönköpings län Kurs: Kandidatuppsats Civilekonomprogrammet, Controller 15 hp (2FE24E) Lärosäte: Linnéuniversitetet Växjö Författare: Cajsa Gollwitzer, Madeleine Hentzel & Klara Olsson Handledare: Pia Nylinder Examinator: Elin Funck Bakgrund: Dagens hälso- och sjukvård står inför en rad olika utmaningar, där den största utmaningen är den långsiktiga finansieringen. Ett stort problem som återfinns i dagens hälso- och sjukvård är att befolkningen i alltför hög utsträckning söker fel vårdnivå och akutmottagningarna överbelastas med patienter utan akuta besvär. Det är ett problem som inte är långsiktigt hållbart i Sverige då sjukhusens akutsjukvård är betydligt dyrare än primärvård. I Region Jönköpings län startade 2016 en förändringsprocess för att lösa problemet genom att omfördela patientströmmar från akutmottagningen till primärvården. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att genomföra en processinriktad utvärdering av förändringsprocessen för delprojektet Akuten till primärvården. Genom att kartlägga arbetssättet ska vi identifiera styrkor och svagheter som sedan ska ligga till grund för att utforma förbättringsförslag på hur förändringsprocessen kan utvecklas för att uppnå målsättningen. Metod: Forskningen grundar sig i en kvalitativ enfallsstudie med inriktning på utvärderingsstudie. Semistrukturerade intervjuer tillsammans med insamlade dokument har legat till grund för det empiriska materialet. Slutsats: Förändringsprocessen för delprojektet Akuten till primärvården är uppdelad i tre delar; planering, genomförande och uppföljning. En utsedd projektgrupp arbetar med förändringsarbetet med hjälp av olika verktyg. För att utveckla förändringsarbetet måste projektgruppen utforma ett standardiserat arbetssätt som är accepterat av samtliga enheter som medverkar i processen. Rekommendationer för ett bättre förändringsarbete är att införa fler kommunikationskanaler, erbjuda utökat stöd samt öka kunskapen hos de som arbetar inom processen. Marknadsföring av primärvårdens kompetenser kan medföra en effektivare fördelning av patienströmmarna.
Title: An emergency improvement - An evaluation study of the improvement process ER to primary care in Region Jönköping County Course: Bachelor Thesis in Business Administration, Controller 15 hp (2FE24E) Institution: Linnaeus University Växjö Authors: Cajsa Gollwitzer, Madeleine Hentzel & Klara Olsson Tutor: Pia Nylinder Examiner: Elin Funck Context: Today's healthcare is facing a lot of challenges where the biggest challenge is the issue of the long term funding. A big problem with the system today is that many non-acute patients are looking for help in the emergency rooms instead of getting proper help at the primary care. This does not benefit the financial state for Swedish hospitals where emergency care is significantly more expensive than primary care. In 2016, Region Jönköping took an initiative to improve the process by redistributing the non-acute patients from the emergency room back to primary care. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to implement a process-based evaluation of the improvement process ER to primary care. By charting their work, we will try to identify the strengths and weaknesses to provide suggestions of improvements in order to achieve the objectives of the project. Method: The research is based on a qualitative single case study focusing on evaluation studies. Empirical data has been collected through semi-structured interviews and documents. Conclusion: The improvement process ER to primary care is divided into three steps; planning, implementation and monitoring. A chosen team for the project use various tools in the work for improvement. In order to develop and improve this process, the project team has to design a standardized approach that is accepted by all the entities involved in it. Recommendations for such an improved process is to introduce multiple communication channels, provide increased support and expand the knowledge of those working in the process. By marketing the competence within the primary care, the distribution of the patients can get more efficient.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
In theNovo Orienteregion, located approximately 400 km from Fortaleza-CE, metamaficand metaultramafic rocks occur in different contexts in the southwestern portion of the Cearà Central Domain ofBorborema Province. The metamafic rocks occurintercaleted with metapelitic and metapsamitic rocks in the form of lenses and tabular layers, with varied thickness, from centimeter to a few tens of meters, consistent with the N-S foliation and metamorphosed under greenschistand amphibolitefacies conditions. The geochemical data indicate a tholeiitic basaltic composition with signature of type MORB basalts, seafloor basalts, calc-alkaline and intra-plate basalts. The main occurrence of ultramafic rocks is associated with a thrust sheetpreserved on a topographic high known as Pereiras Hill. In that location, metaultramafic rocks intensely tectonized, serpentinized, steatizated and silicified, comprising serpentinites (sheared or isotropic), chloritites, actinolitites, tremolitites, talc-chlorite schists,serpentine-talc schists, talc-rich siliceous rocks and listwÃnitesoutcrop in situ. Petrographic studies of thin/polished sections underconventional optical microscope and also scanning electron microscope - SEM, confirmed the presenceof several minerals of economic interest, such as Cr-magnetite, ferrichromite and Cr-spinel associatedwith the rocks of the metaultramaficsequence. Geochemical data indicate that the serpentinites cancorrespond to rocks resulting from the alteration of Alpine-type ultramafites (peridotites and dunites)depleted in REE, similar to the pattern presented by subduction-zone serpentinitos generated fromexhumed sub-continental peridotites and hydrated during ocean-continental transition (OCT) rifting. Sm-Nd isotopic analyzes of the two group of rocks show a juvenile paleoproterozoic derivation for most samples with TDMNd age ranging from 2.10 to 2.46 Ga,ɛNd,2.1 between 0.40 and +3 30, and mixing with older sources represented by archeanTDM ages ranging from 2.63 to 3.29 Ga and ɛNd,2.1 slightly negative (-0.15 to -0.22). The data suggest that the metamafic and metaultramafic rocks could represent, respectively, the mafic magmatism during the development of a magma-poor passive margin and part of a sub-continental lithospheric mantle exhumed in an ocean-continent transition (OCT.
A regiÃo de Novo Oriente, localizada a aproximadamente 400 km de Fortaleza-CE, à conhecida porocorrÃncias de rochas metamÃficas e metaultramÃficas asquais afloram em diferentes contextos na porÃÃo sudoeste do DomÃnio Cearà Central da ProvÃnciaBorborema. As rochas metamÃficas afloram intercaladas comrochas metapelÃticas e metapsamÃticas sob a forma de lentes e estratos tabulares concordantes,com espessura variada, desde centimÃtrica a algumas dezenas de metros, concordantes com a foliaÃÃo N-S e metamorfisadas sob condiÃÃes do facies xisto verde a anfibolito. Os dados geoquÃmicos apontam para uma composiÃÃo basÃltica toleÃtica com assinatura geoquÃmica debasaltos tipo MORB, de fundo oceÃnico, basaltos cÃlcio-alcalinos eintra-placa.A principal ocorrÃncia de carÃter ultramÃfico està associada a uma lasca tectÃnicapreservada em um alto topogrÃfico conhecido como Morro dos Pereiras. Na referida localidade,rochas metaultramÃficas intensamente tectonizadas, serpentinizadas, esteatizadas e silicificadas, quecompreendem serpentinito (cisalhados ou isotrÃpicos), actinolititos, tremolititos, clorititos, talco-clorita xistos, serpentina-talcoxistos (asbestos), rochas talco-silicosas e listwanitos, afloram in situ. Estudos petrogrÃficos de seÃÃes delgadas/polidas, em microscÃpio Ãtico convencional e tambÃm em microscÃpio de varredura eletrÃnica â MEV, confirmaram a presenÃa de diversos minerais de interesse econÃmico tais como cristais de Cr-magnetita, ferricromita e Cr-espinÃlio associados Ãs rochas da sequÃncia metaultramÃfica. Os dados geoquÃmicos indicam que os serpentinito podem corresponder a rochas oriundas da alteraÃÃo de ultramafitos do tipo alpino (peridotitos e dunitos), empobrecidas em ETR, similar ao padrÃo apresentando pelos serpentinitos de zona de subducÃÃo oriundos de peridotitossub-continentais exumados e hidratados durante rifteamento em OCT (ocean-continental transition). AnÃlises isotÃpicas Sm-Nd dos dois grupos de rochas apontam para uma derivaÃÃo juvenil paleoproterozÃica com idades TDM variando de 2,10 a 2,46 Ga, ɛNd,2,1 entre +0,40 e +3,30, e mistura com fontes mais antigas representada pelas amostras com idades TDM arqueanas que variam de 2,63 a 3,29 Ga e ɛNd,2,1 levemente negativo (-0,15 a -0,22). Os dados obtidos sugerem que as rochas metamÃficas e metaultramÃficas poderiam corresponder, respectivamente,o magmatismo maficodurante o desenvolvimento de uma margem passiva pobre em magmase a parte de um manto sub-litosfÃrico continentalexumado em uma zona de transiÃÃo oceano-continente(OCT).

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A presente dissertação explora o tema do comércio internacional de produtos agrícolas, com o objetivo de identificar as forças conflituosas que direcionam o rumo das negociações no âmbito da Organização Mundial de Comércio. Toma-se a dicotomia Norte-Sul como ponto de partida. Tendo em vista que o estudo se concentra na história, percebe-se que, aos menos nas primeiras cinco décadas de operação do GATT, outras conformações antagônicas detêm maior influência sobre o regime do comércio internacional de produtos agrícolas. O embate entre Estados Unidos e Comunidade Européia na década de oitenta é fundamental para entender a sistemática do Acordo Agrícola em vigência. Com o aumento do interesse de países em desenvolvimento, o cenário muda nas negociações da Rodada Doha. O uso mais freqüente de elementos como tratamento preferencial, não reciprocidade e discriminação positiva em benefício de países de baixa renda torna o diálogo Norte-Sul mais relevante ao se analisar o regime do comércio internacional de produtos agrícolas. No entanto, reconhece-se que a tensão entre economias centrais continua exercendo um papel fundamental nesse tocante.

Orientador: Humberto Miranda do Nascimento
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
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Resumo: A presente dissertação tem como objetivo geral analisar a centralidade da cidade de Araguaína, no estado de Tocantins, na borda oriental da Amazônia. A análise concentra-se nas transformações produtivas regionais, por meio da expansão da fronteira do capital. Para tanto, considera-se como hipótese que o processo recente da expansão da fronteira agromineral, entre 2003-2013, realça a importância das cidades intermediárias como catalizadoras dos principais processos econômicos em curso. Desse modo, a pesquisa articula o papel das cidades de Araguaína (TO), Marabá (PA) e Imperatriz (MA) com as formas mais dinâmicas de desenvolvimento capitalista nas áreas de expansão da fronteira nacional, em função do fortalecimento do segmento exportador de commodities, especialmente, a agricultura moderna e a extração mineral. Além de apresentar a análise de alguns dados estatísticos e fazer uma breve discussão teórica sobre o processo de transformação produtiva da fronteira na borda oriental da Amazônia, argumenta-se que a centralidade de Araguaína logo emerge com o avanço dessa fronteira, sendo exercida de modo compartilhado com as cidades de Imperatriz e Marabá sobre a região de influência. A partir disso, analisa-se a expansão de alguns setores produtivos, de comercialização, de serviços, das formas de integração com outras regiões, os reflexos Demográficos e a maneira como o Estado operou no incentivo à essa expansão econômica, com rebatimentos importantes sobre Araguaína. Chega-se, portanto, ao entendimento de que, apesar dessas cidades terem passado por uma importante diversificação do setor terciário, com destaque para Araguaína, as bases especializadas de geração de valor impedem um desenvolvimento econômico maior para aquela região
Abstract: This present dissertation has as main objective to analyze the centrality of the city of Araguaína in the state of Tocantins, on the eastern edge of the Amazon forest. The analysis focuses on regional productive transformations through the expansion of the capital frontier. Therefore, it is considered as hypothesis that the recent process of expansion of agromineral frontier, between 2003-2013, emphasize the importance of intermediate cities as catalysts of the main economic processes underway. Thus, the research focuses on the role of cities Araguaína (TO), Marabá (PA) and Imperatriz (MA) with the most dynamic forms of capitalist development in the areas of expansion of the national frontier, due to the strengthening of the exporting sector of commodities especially modern agriculture and mineral extraction. Besides presenting an analysis of some statistical data and make a theoretical discussion of the productive transformation process of the frontier on the eastern edge of the Amazon forest, it is argued that the centrality of Araguaína soon emerges with the frontier advance, being exercised in a partnership with the cities of Imperatriz and Marabá on the area of influence. From this, is analyzed the expansion of some productive sectors, commerce, services, forms of integration with other regions, the demographic consequences and how the state operated in encouraging this economic expansion, with important repercussions on Araguaína . One arrives, therefore, to understand that, despite these cities have gone through a major diversification of the tertiary sector, especially Araguaína, specialized productive bases prevent further economic development to the region
Mestrado
Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente
Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The importance of the cultivation of cactus to the ranchers of the semi-arid northeast is due not only because she was dryland plant and therefore more potential for exploitation, but there is little use of fodder in the form of silage and hay in rainy periods. This forage is the only way to feed the flock in most localities of Paraíba semiarid region. The cochineal carmine (Dactylopius opuntiae) is decimating a large part and some places of the entire contents of this forage important. In view of this, it was necessary to carry out a quantitative diagnosis and / or quality of cultivated areas with traditional and its revitalization palm, with the introduction of new varieties resistant to this pest, in rural Caturité and Boqueirão, both located in micro eastern Paraiba cariri, which is the main objective determination. The territorial clipping understood twenty farms, ten located in the municipality of Caturité (7 25 '20' 'S; 36º01'41''W) and ten in Boqueirão (7º29'75' 'S, 36º07'87''W) being georeferenced using GPS and Google Earth satellite images. The diagnosis was the application of structured and semi-structured interviews and observations on the spot. Data analyzes were performed using statistical distributions of central tendencies measurements, dispersion and frequency. The main results show that the herd feeding is limited basically spineless cactus. The presence of cochineal carmine occurred between mid-2009 and 2010 and the decimation of palmais was very fast. The mealybug infestation levels Carmine are the order of 90% of palmais and Palm revitalization have proved the only alternative. However, in quantitative terms, the revitalized areas are much smaller than those of traditional cultivation. The plantations are recent and, therefore, the new varieties are still in the testing phase. Still, some producers reporting low productivity, while not withstand drought and have very thorn. The age range of respondents over 40 years, 60% have not either primary education and family income is low. Perception is almost unanimous about the importance of palm in the feeding of livestock, although unknown different by-products of palm. Most ranchers have not socioeconomic status and techniques to restore the area planted with traditional palm and therefore has no way to keep the flock and income to ensure a sustainable way their rural enterprise. There is a need to implement public policies to revitalize the cactus resistant cochineal carmine in Caturité and Boqueirão, to ensure the people in the countryside and therefore the dairy region of said micro.
A importância do cultivo da palma forrageira para os agropecuaristas do semiárido nordestino se deve não somente por ser ela uma planta xerófita e, portanto, com maior potencial de exploração, mas por que há pouco aproveitamento de forragens, em forma de silagem e feno, nos períodos chuvosos. Essa forrageira é a única alternativa para alimentar o rebanho na maioria das localidades do semiárido paraibano. A cochonilha do carmim (Dactylopius opuntiae) vem dizimando uma grande parte e, alguns locais, da sua totalidade dessa importante forrageira. Diante disto, houve a necessidade de se efetivar um diagnóstico quantitativo e/ou qualitativo das áreas cultivadas com a palma tradicional e da sua revitalização, com a introdução de novas variedades resistente a essa praga, na zona rural de Caturité e Boqueirão, ambas localizadas na microrregião do cariri oriental da Paraíba, sendo esse o objetivo principal da pesquisa. O recorte territorial compreendeu vinte fazendas, sendo dez localizadas no município de Caturité (7º 25’ 20’’ S; 36º01’41’’W) e dez em Boqueirão (7º29’75’’ S, 36º07’87’’W), sendo georeferenciadas, usando GPS e imagens de satélites Google Earth. O diagnóstico consistiu na aplicação de questionários estruturados e semiestruturados, entrevistas e observações in loco. As análises dos dados foram feitas usando-se distribuições estatísticas de medidas de tendências central, de dispersão e de frequência. Os principais resultados mostram que a alimentação do rebanho limita-se, basicamente, a palma forrageira. A presença da cochonilha do carmim ocorreu entre meados de 2009 e 2010 e a dizimação dos palmais foi muito rápida. Os níveis de infestação da cochonilha do carmim são da ordem de 90% dos palmais e à revitalização da palma têm-se revelado a única alternativa. No entanto, em termos quantitativos, as áreas revitalizadas são bem menores que as de cultivo tradicional. Os plantios são recentes e, por isso, as novas variedades ainda estão em fase de testes. Mesmo assim, alguns produtores relatam baixa produtividade, além de não resistir à seca e ter muito espinho. A faixa etária dos entrevistados é acima de 40 anos, 60% não tem se quer o ensino fundamental e a renda familiar é baixa. A percepção é quase unânime sobre a importância da palma na alimentação dos rebanhos, embora desconheça os diferentes subprodutos da palma. A maioria dos pecuaristas não tem condição socioeconômica e técnicas para recompor a área plantada com a palma tradicional e, portanto, não tem como manter o rebanho e a renda que garantam de forma sustentável o seu empreendimento rural. Há necessidade de pôr em prática as políticas públicas de revitalização da palma forrageira resistente à cochonilha do carmim em Caturité e em Boqueirão, a fim de garantir o homem no campo e, consequentemente, a bacia leiteira da referida microrregião.

Memoria para optar al título de Geólogo
Las ciudades de San Fernando y Pichidegua se encuentran en la Depresión Central, en los 34,5°S aproximadamente. Las zonas de estudio presentan intensa actividad agrícola, que se sustenta por medio de las aguas subterráneas aprovechadas mediante pozos. La presencia de agua y de perforaciones son las que han llevado a la realización de esta memoria cuyo objetivo general es analizar en detalle los acuíferos para evaluar el potencial geotérmico asociado a estas aguas subterráneas. La idea es proporcionar datos y, mostrar potenciales aplicaciones que contribuyan a la difusión del uso directo de la geotermia en las áreas estudiadas. En las zonas de estudio no existe una caracterización de detalle de este recurso, por lo tanto, después de recopilar antecedentes geológicos e hidrogeológicos se realizaron terrenos para medir la temperatura y la conductividad eléctrica del agua subterránea (logs verticales) en pozos disponibles y, la resistividad eléctrica de los sedimentos con técnicas geofísicas (TEM y ERT). A partir del análisis de los perfiles de temperatura medidos, se define un acuífero detrítico cuya influencia externa no desaparece a los 10-15 m como es usual, sino que se observan comportamientos de pozos en los que las temperaturas medidas en invierno y verano se mantienen diferentes a los 40 m indicando que el comportamiento del acuífero es muy variable. Esto se puede relacionar a que los primeros 40 m del acuífero, en ambas zonas de estudio, están sujetos a posibles procesos de recarga durante todo el año. A partir de aproximadamente 5 m de profundidad, la temperatura del acuífero es superior a los 17°C en Pichidegua y superior a los 16°C en San Fernando. Usando estos valores de temperatura y, los caudales otorgados por la DGA, se ha estimado una energía extraíble del acuífero de 279,1 kW, con lo que se puede suplir la potencia energética demandada de 6,5 invernaderos de 150 m² de tomates y 10 invernaderos de lechugas, con las mismas dimensiones. El número de viviendas tipología T2 (peor caso) cuya demanda es factible suplir en Rengo (cercanías de Pichidegua) es de 9,8, mientras que en San Fernando es de 10,6. Con respecto a las viviendas más comunes, se obtuvo que en Rengo-Pichidegua se puede suplir la demanda de 129,2 viviendas T5, y 206,7 viviendas T8 en San Fernando.

No autorizado por el autor para ser publicada a texto completo
El objetivo del presente trabajo de título fue el desarrollo de un plan de negocios para una empresa de reacondicionamiento verde orientado al sector residencial de la región Metropolitana. El proyecto se justifica debido al creciente interés general sobre el cuidado del medioambiente, tanto en el sector residencial como en el sector comercial. Este interés se deja manifiesto en las acciones comerciales de muchas empresas chilenas como Falabella, D&S y otras por demostrar al publico general que son amigables con el medioambiente. Otra importante justificación es el creciente mercado de la construcción verde a nivel de países desarrollados creciendo a un ritmo exponencial desde hace 7 u 8 años. La metodología utilizada para realizar un plan de negocios permite a la empresa lograr sus objetivos en forma coherente, cohesiva y consecuente. Se realiza un análisis estratégico mediante la herramienta PEST para el entorno general, análisis de las fuerzas de Porter para la industria y como síntesis un análisis FODA. Se realiza una investigación de mercado que inicia con un estudio cualitativo para esclarecer la situación general y poder desarrollar de mejor manera un estudio cuantitativo. Se realiza una encuesta orientada al segmento ABC1, segmento de mayor atractivo para el negocio y de acuerdo con la información provista por este segmento se diseña el resto de partes del trabajo. El Plan de Marketing se desarrolla en base a los resultados anteriores, se diseña la estrategia genérica y una estrategia de posicionamiento para luego pasar al marketing táctico. El Plan de Recursos Humanos se realiza en base a las proyecciones de venta, se divide en dos etapas una inicial y otra madura, ambas dependientes de las ventas anuales. El Plan de Operaciones define el modelo de negocio y además las operaciones pertinentes a cada área de la empresa. Finalmente se realiza un análisis financiero obteniendo los principales resultados que permitirán tomar una decisión a un eventual inversionista. Se obtiene como resultado que la estrategia más conveniente, es la de diferenciación. Se logra identificar las características que más valora el segmento objetivo dentro del producto/servicio (ventaja notable respecto de no tenerlo, principalmente ahorro monetario y beneficios hacia el medioambiente, debe ser de fácil adaptación) por lo que el diseño de éste será en base a los hallazgos. Se realizará publicidad orientada en base al modelo de difusión de innovaciones y sus distintas etapas: durante los 4 primeros años se realiza un importante esfuerzo publicitario orientado hacia un sub-segmento innovador, los 3 años siguientes a un segmento un poco más conservador y durante los últimos 3 se dará énfasis a un segmento más conservador que el anterior y con un perfil seguidor más que innovador. Los medios a utilizar son medios tecnológicos y que fomenten el contacto social. La estructura organizacional de la empresa resulta altamente dependiente de las ventas, por lo que un gran aumento de ventas obliga a contratar más personal y generar más inversiones, se finaliza el horizonte de estudio con 23 personas contratadas, en su mayoría arquitectos y auditores. Las operaciones se distribuyen de forma que se realice de mejor manera el trabajo y se obtenga un mejor conocimiento del cliente. La inversión que se debe realizar es de 12.689 UF correspondiente a $266.948.695 pesos actualizado a la UF del 8 de Mayo de 2010. De la inversión, 10.410 UF corresponde a capital de trabajo, que cubre la diferencia de pasivo circulante con el activo circulante durante todos los periodos que esta diferencia resulta negativa. Los indicadores del escenario esperado son alentadores, estos son: VAN al 29% de 16.978 UF correspondiente a $357.158.668, con una TIR de 45,34%. El periodo de recuperación de capital es de 5 años y el indice IVAN de 1,34. Los escenarios pesimistas y optimistas varían la demanda total en 50%. El VAN del escenario pesimista es de -15.876 UF con una TIR de 6,87% su periodo de recuperación de capital ocurre en el año 8 (sin descontar los flujos). El VAN del escenario optimista es de 44.480 UF con una TIR de 56,36% y un periodo de recuperación de capital de 4 años. Estos indicadores muestran que el proyecto tiene una rentabilidad buena a pesar de su alto nivel de riesgo.

Trabajo Terminal de Grado de Maestría
En Querétaro se ha experimentado un incremento importante del número de pequeños productores vinícolas que ofrecen y fomentan el turismo; estos nuevos productores han seguido el modelo de negocio desarrollado por las grandes bodegas de la región, las cuales se han posicionado fuertemente en términos turísticos entre los consumidores. El seguimiento de este modelo, al igual que una oferta de actividades y servicios poco diferenciables entre las bodegas, los ha puesto en desventaja competitiva y ha causado que los recursos de valor y los vinos de calidad que producen resulten desconocidos para los turistas y consumidores. Por lo anterior, el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo diseñar una propuesta de turismo alternativo para pequeñas bodegas de la zona vitivinícola de Querétaro: una contrapropuesta al turismo masificado concentrado en las grandes bodegas productoras de vino. Fueron seleccionadas tres pequeñas bodegas de la región, a las cuales –a partir de herramientas de recolección de información de profundidad– se les realizó un diagnóstico de la oferta actual de actividades y servicios enoturísticos. A través de la metodología de Desempeño enoturístico se determinaron las áreas de oportunidad para el desarrollo de estrategias de mejora y aumento de valor. Se diseñaron estrategias enfocadas al aumento de valor de las actividades enoturísticas ofrecidas a los visitantes y de promoción, basadas en medios digitales, con la finalidad de alcanzar segmentos de mercado más especializados en materia enoturística.
Apoyo como becario Conacyt

Viajar es uno de las actividades que más impacto está teniendo hoy en día. Los turistas que llegan al departamento de Lambayeque necesitan conocer qué tecnologías hay para poder apoyarse y así conocer los lugares que existen a su alrededor, así como conocer alternativas que estén relacionadas estrechamente con sus gustos y preferencias. Sin embargo, ambayeque no ha sido tan acogedor, porque el tiempo de estadía de los turistas es poco, 3 días en promedio. La falta de claridad al recomendar atractivos turísticos, la información confusa de la ciudadanía, la escasa promoción de los atractivos turísticos por parte del gobierno regional son algunos de los problemas que ocasionan que la información brindada al turista sea inexacta, lo que termina desorientándolo, por consecuencia, el nivel de satisfacción del turista es bajo. Frente a ello, se busca orientar al turista nacional y extranjero que lleguen a Lambayeque a través de una aplicación móvil basada en un algoritmo de planificación de un paquete turístico centrado en las preferencias del turista, para que de este modo se planifique un paquete turístico sin necesidad de que el turista contrate a alguna agencia de viaje. Así el turista puede conocer lugares relacionados a sus preferencias, puede recibir recomendaciones de atractivos turísticos cercanos a él y así conocerlos. “Viajar debe ser una experiencia increíble, no un mar de decepciones”.

Cette thèse étudie l'impact des marchés financiers sur la croissance économique dans la région MENA. Le premier chapitre présente la situation économique, démographique et financière de la région. Le deuxième chapitre présente un modèle d'équilibre général à générations imbriquées, qui relie la croissance économique, les marchés financiers et l'évolution démographique. Le modèle est calibré et simulé pour trois pays de la région, présentant des tendances démographiques diverses. Les résultats montrent qu'un secteur financier plus performant conduit à une meilleure performance économique et à des taux d'emploi plus élevés. Par ailleurs, les jeunes sont les premiers bénéficiaires de la réforme du secteur financier. Le troisième chapitre teste empiriquement l'impact du secteur financier sur le secteur réel et la croissance dans 15 pays de la région MENA et constate un impact négatif du développement du secteur financier sur la croissance. Ces résultats soulignent l'inefficacité de secteur financier dans la région et le besoin urgent de cibler des politiques qui améliorent l'efficience du secteur et pas seulement sa taille. Dans le quatrième chapitre, un indicateur de développement des marchés financiers est construit pour les pays de la région. Cet indicateur est basé sur les 3 piliers que sont l'environnement macroéconomique, les institutions financières et les marchés financiers. Il prend en compte les spécificités des pays de la région MENA et permet de classer les pays de la région en fonction de leur performance dans le secteur financier
This thesis studies the impact of the financial markets on economic growth for MENA region. The first chapter presents a general overview of the region, with a focus on economic, demographic and financial market outlook of the region. In the second chapter an overlapping generation model is presented, that links economic development, financial markets and demographic shift. The model is simulated for three countries in the region with different speeds in demographic shift. The results show that a more efficient financial sector leads to better economic performance and higher employment rates, furthermore, youth are the primary beneficiaries of the reform in the financial sector. The third chapter tests empirically the link between the financial sector and the real sector in 15 MENA countries and finds a negative impact of financial sector development on growth. These results underline the expansion of an inefficient financial sector in the region, and the urgent need to focus on policies that target the efficiency of the sector and not solely its size. A comprehensive composite index for the financial sector development is developed in the fourth chapter. This index is based on three pillars that are, macroeconomic environment, financial institutions and financial markets. The index takes into account the specificities of MENA countries and allows us to rank the countries in the region according to their performance in the financial sector

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As estratégias de modernização da Amazônia concebidas pelo Estado nacional tinham em sua proposta as fragilizadas diretrizes geopolíticas de segurança e desenvolvimento regional, voltadas centralmente para a instalação de empreendimentos industriais, dentre elas as indústrias siderúrgicas independentes, sob a noção de que desta atividade passaria para a produção produtos de aço e assim se processaria o desenvolvimento regional. Pela análise das diferenciações das rotas de produção independente, integrada e semi-integrada é possível se compreender como os elementos das plantas industriais se comportam em cada rota e como se inter-relacionam com a socioeconomia regional. O trabalho de pesquisa junto à guseiras permitiu identificar que a instalação de siderúrgicas independentes nos municípios de Açailândia (MA) e Marabá (PA) gerou expectativas frustradas de desenvolvimento local, consolidando-se, portanto, apenas como atividade que possibilitou o crescimento econômico, pois manteve uma rota de produção que articulou a atividade com a socioeconomia regional em bases frágeis e insustentáveis, apoiada, sobretudo na demanda de carvão vegetal. As estruturas de custos e elementos estruturais de cada rota permitiram identificar as diferenças que cada rota apresenta, principalmente na relação mantida com a economia regional, por envolver novos processos, tecnologias e produtos diferenciados. A lógica produtiva das siderúrgicas independentes baseadas na transferência e externalização de custos para a sociedade, relações de trabalho limitadas e na degradação ambiental, sem, contudo, estabelecer processos de inovação, conduziu ao não estabelecimento de processos de desenvolvimento de base local. A perspectiva das rotas de produção siderúrgica integrada e semi-integrada que se instalam na Amazônia tem bases para alterar o cenário regionalmente desenhado e transformar as inter-relações mantidas pela siderurgia independente na Amazônia Oriental, pois articulam elementos que contribuem para a consolidação de efeitos de encadeamento para trás e para frente.
Strategies for upgrading Amazon designed by the national government had in its proposed guidelines the fragile geopolitical security and regional development, focused centrally for the installation of industrial enterprises, among them the independent steel companies, under the notion that this activity going on would for the production of steel products and so it is to be regional development. By analyzing the differences of production routes independent, integrated and semi-integrated is possible to understand how the elements of industrial plants behave in each route and how they interrelate with the regional socioeconomics. The research work with the pig iron has identified that the independent installation of steel and in the towns of Marabá (PA) and Açailândia (MA) generated unfulfilled expectations of local development, strengthening, therefore, only as an activity that allowed for economic growth, it maintained a production route that articulated the activity with the regional socio-economy in fragile and unsustainable foundations, supported mainly on the demand for charcoal. The cost structures and structural elements of each route identified the differences that each route has, especially in the relationship maintained with the regional economy because it involves new processes, technologies and differentiated products. The logic-based independent production of steel in the transfer and externalization of costs to society, labour relations and limited environmental degradation, without, however, establishing innovation processes led to the failure to establish procedures for the development of local base. The prospect of integrated steel production routes and semi-integrated that settle in the Amazon have no basis to change the scenery and regionally designed to transform the relationships maintained by an independent steel industry in the eastern Amazon, since they interconnect elements that contribute to the consolidation effects backward chaining and forward.

Liquidambar L. genus are represented with four species in the world and one of these species, Turkish sweet gum (Liquidambar orientalis Miller) is naturally found only in southwestern Turkey with limited distribution in Mugla Province. The presence of increasing threats to its genetic resources signifies the importance of studying the phylogenetic relationships and genetic diversity in this relict endemic species. In this study, 18 different populations were sampled throughout the species range and noncoding transfer ribonucleic acid (trn) region of chloroplast DNA was studied to asses the phylogenetic relationships and genetic diversity. Experimental studies included the extraction of DNA, amplification and sequencing of the trn region of the chloroplast DNA. Molecular evolutionary analysis was done by using MEGA version 3.1 and Arlequin 2.000 softwares. Sequences from six other species of Liquidambar (L. styraciflua from USA, L. macrophylla from Mexico, L. formosana from Vietnam, L. acalycina from China, L. formosana from China and L. acalycina from USA) in the database were also included in the analysis. Moleculer diversity results show that population located in Mugla-Yatagan district has the highest number of polymorphic sites among the other populations of Turkish sweet gum. Population located in Marmaris-Gü
nnü
cek has an average genetic distance value of 0.0032 within population, being the highest within the studied populations of Turkish sweet gum. The average genetic distance within variety orientalis (0.0011) was the greatest among all the varieties, but the most separated or divergent populations were members of variety integriloba. For both varieties and geographic groups, average diversity within was found to be the greatest portion (greater than 80%) of the total sequence diversity. The geographic groups located in Denizli and Mugla-Yatagan showed the highest average genetic distances within location, with a value of 0.0014. The genetic distance between the closest neighbor of Turkish sweet gum, American L. styraciflua was 0.0002, whereas the genetic distance between the most distant neighbors (Vietnamese L. formosana, Chinese L. acalycina and L. formosana) was 0.0051. Based on the molecular diversity analysis, seven populations were found to be important for conservation issues and two of them located in Marmaris have the highest priority. The most variant geographic groups are located in Denizli and Mugla-Yatagan districts. These populations could be considered as good candidates for future in-situ or ex-situ conservation programs

Esta dissertação de mestrado propõe um algoritmo adaptativo que é capaz de dinamicamente definir partições tile para quadros intra- e inter-preditos com o objetivo de reduzir o impacto na eficiência de codificação. Tiles são novas ferramentas orientadas ao paralelismo que integram o padrão de codificação de vídeos de alta eficiência (HEVC – High Efficiency Video Coding standard), as quais dividem o quadro em regiões retangulares independentes que podem ser processadas paralelamente. Para viabilizar o paralelismo, os tiles quebram as dependências de codificação através de suas bordas, gerando impactos na eficiência de codificação. Este impacto pode ser ainda maior caso os limites dos tiles dividam regiões altamente correlacionadas do quadro, porque a maior parte das ferramentas de codificação usam informações de contexto durante o processo de codificação. Assim, o algoritmo proposto agrupa as regiões do quadro que são altamente correlacionadas dentro de um mesmo tile para reduzir o impacto na eficiência de codificação que é inerente ao uso de tiles. Para localizar as regiões altamente correlacionadas do quadro de uma maneira inteligente, as características da imagem e também as informações de codificação são analisadas, gerando mapas de particionamento que servem como parâmetro de entrada para o algoritmo. Baseado nesses mapas, o algoritmo localiza as quebras naturais de contexto presentes nos quadros do vídeo e define os limites dos tiles nessas regiões. Dessa maneira, as quebras de dependência causadas pelas bordas dos tiles coincidem com as quebras de contexto naturais do quadro, minimizando as perdas na eficiência de codificação causadas pelo uso dos tiles. O algoritmo proposto é capaz de reduzir mais de 0.4% e mais de 0.5% o impacto na eficiência de codificação causado pelos tiles em quadros intra-preditos e inter-preditos, respectivamente, quando comparado com tiles uniformes.
This Master Thesis proposes an adaptive algorithm that is able to dynamically choose suitable tile partitions for intra- and inter-predicted frames in order to reduce the impact on coding efficiency arising from such partitioning. Tiles are novel parallelismoriented tools that integrate the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard, which divide the frame into independent rectangular regions that can be processed in parallel. To enable the parallelism, tiles break the coding dependencies across their boundaries leading to coding efficiency impacts. These impacts can be even higher if tile boundaries split highly correlated picture regions, because most of the coding tools use context information during the encoding process. Hence, the proposed algorithm clusters the highly correlated picture regions inside the same tile to reduce the inherent coding efficiency impact of using tiles. To wisely locate the highly correlated picture regions, image characteristics and encoding information are analyzed, generating partitioning maps that serve as the algorithm input. Based on these maps, the algorithm locates the natural context break of the picture and defines the tile boundaries on these key regions. This way, the dependency breaks caused by the tile boundaries match the natural context breaks of a picture, then minimizing the coding efficiency losses caused by the use of tiles. The proposed adaptive tiling algorithm, in some cases, provides over 0.4% and over 0.5% of BD-rate savings for intra- and inter-predicted frames respectively, when compared to uniform-spaced tiles, an approach which does not consider the picture context to define the tile partitions.

This study examines various transformations in the practice of veiling which have involved changes in its meaning for Indonesian Muslims. It concentrates on a forty-year period from the New Order to the Reform Era. In particular, it focuses on the interplay between the practice of wearing the veil and the changing social and political constellation in Indonesia, and relates these to the presence of both contestation and consensus regarding veiling among Indonesian Muslims. After conducting one year’s fieldwork in some regions of Indonesia, I found significant changes in how Muslims negotiate their daily lives in connection with the idea of veiling. While a ‘relaxed’ form of veiling has long been practiced by santri (devout) Muslims, veiling has assumed an absolute meaning for other Muslims, especially since the increasing Islamisation of various social classes. The practice of veiling has become pervasive among Muslims: at the same time, it is intertwined with fashion trends, commercialisation and the expression of personal and religious identity.¶ Although some Modernist Muslims continue to contest the Islamist discourse regarding veiling, there is a growing trend to make veiling mandatory in certain parts of Indonesia. Veiling became oppressive rather than liberating in the areas where it has been imposed in the public domain. The appearance of the veil also changed: from a modest and traditional practice (kerudung), it was turned into the mandatory jilbab, which covers the head, neck and chest much more strictly. The veil transformed again in some parts of Indonesia, to become a fashion item: this made it a promising product for industry and marketing, due to the growing number of Muslim consumers. At the same time, in some places it has continued to be imposed by local Islam-oriented regimes which tend to want to control public behaviour according to their interpretation. In the light of these changes, I argue that the changing social and political conditions in contemporary Indonesia have impelled Muslims to search for an “Indonesian Islam”: what form that indigenous version of Islam will take is still being negotiated.

Includes bibliographical references
Urban growth in the last 30 to 40 years has experienced and unprecedented increase. This is mostly due to the growth of developing countries and the expansion of their urban environments. With more people flowing into urban areas, in search for better opportunities, many growing urban centers have been struggling to keep up. This document looks to address growing cities specifically through the perspective of mobility and accessibility. Assessing the ways in which mobility can foster more efficient and equitable development in growing cities. The focus of the project is on the Cape Town Metropolitan Area and the Bellville CBD area (and surrounds) in particular. The fragmented spatial configuration of this area gives a perfect opportunity to test some of the most fundamental ideas around mobility and accessibility. Thus, the project uses Transit Oriented Development as a means to assess how transit can be used to influence and stimulate development. Through the use of case studies, from around the world, a spatial intervention is proposed to take advantage of the opportunities available in Bellville in terms of improving mobility and urban growth through Transit Oriented Development. To conclude, it is found that Transit Oriented Development can be used extensively in the Bellville Area, given the proximity of high mobility routes and an urban form that allows for in-fill development, thus addressing issues of sprawl and underutilize land that are common in the area.

Trois essais sur la région MENA et l'économie informelle
Informality is a social and economical phenomenon that has huge implications on societies. Over $3.1 trillion annually is lost to tax evasion worldwide (see The Tax Justice Network report). Informality means different things to different people. Sometimes this term is used to describe tax evasion and sometimes to refer to noncompliance with labor or regulations. Whatever definition is used, informality can be a serious problem in some countries, stifling investment, undermining the overall competetiveness of the whole economy and impeding growth. It could also be an important remedy in other countries playing a role as a mechanism of economic adjustment and source of livelihood for the poor and unemployed. Hart [1973] was the first anthropologist to observe, study and coin the word "informal economy" in his research in Accra and today’s literature is largely based on his work. Societies started acknowledging the importance of informality and then eventually economists, sociologists and anthropologists started analyzing its characteristics worldwide. […]

Abstract Station-nearness principles as we will discuss in this paper, deals with the coordination of urban functions with the public transportation network. When we talk about functions, we mean residences, workplaces, commercial services, entertainment venues, places of culture, etc. These functions should be high density, there should be a mix of them and they should be pedestrian friendly in nature. Effective integration of functions around train stations brings many benefits and is one of the best means by which you can increase public transport use and increase the accessibility for people in a region. More and more, cities in North America, Europe and other places, are exploring the idea of how this concept can be applied. The Copenhagen region as we will discuss, has placed station-nearness principles at the forefront of their finger plan. Since the Copenhagen region has applied these principles, they have seen clear results with increased public transit ridership, as well on the overall, an increase in the standard of living. As many places are exploring the concept, not everyplace has been able to make the concept work. When we look at Scania, the concept is under utilized to a degree. There continues to be many populated and dense areas in Scania where the coordination of urban functions with public transit is lacking. The automobile is also gaining stronger competition over public transportation; this is a concern in terms of the sustainable future and quality of life for the region. It is not always the solution to simply expand the public transportation network, rather it can be significant to explore more upon the concept of station-nearness principles so that the existing public transit network can be made more effective. It is important to compare places, see in our case study how the concept has worked in the Copenhagen region and look into why the concept is lacking in Scania, as well, what can be done to implement it more in Scania. It is also important how the Öresund region as whole, can play a role with developing the concept, as well, how the concept can benefit the Öresund region vice versa.

This research investigates the development of early medieval identities in the South West, and how various factors caused continuity and change in the insular material culture, the settlements, and ultimately in social identity. These cycles of change, brought about by influences both within and outside the region, appear to reoccur throughout the study period, and are evidenced through a regional (macro-scale) and micro-regional (site-specific) scale assessment of the evidence. An overriding sense of long-term continuity is perceived in the ability of these insular identities to retain former traditions and develop their material culture, despite the apparent political domination by far-reaching and overarching social groups in the Anglo-Saxon and Norrnan periods. These traditions include the ceramics, where an examination of developments in form and fabric have created a chronological framework that is more sympathetic to the archaeology of the region than the accepted broad periods of Early, Middle and Late Saxon, and which perhaps reflects a more accurate picture of social changes through time. Furthermore, the retention of both prehistoric and Late Roman practices, in particular the former, is seen throughout all aspects of the archaeological evidence and is examined here through the themes of settlement hierarchies, exchange mechanisms and identity, and their spatial differentiation, and with geographical determinism a deciding factor in the form and nature of communities. It is significant that prehistoric, Byzantine and Late Antique practices prevailed in the fifth to eighth centuries where Roman traditions did not, together with an introduction of Continental cultural indicators. and whilst insular traditions show similarities with those of other Atlantic regions. including Ireland. Scotland and Wales. The thesis also explores the development of Late Roman societies in an assessment of the impact of geographical determinism on identity, and the potential development of Atlantic and maritime identities within society as a whole.

The genus Picea is located from temperate to Taiga (boreal) regions of northern hemisphere from subtropical to high altitude with 34 species. Picea orientalis is endemic to Eastern Black Sea Mountainous region of Turkey and Western Caucasus. To determine the genetic relatedness within Picea orientalis populations, as well as the relationship between other Pinaceae species from database, populations were sampled from 15 different locations within the natural range of species and grouped into 5 depending on several criteria. In order to evaluate the genetic structure of the taxon, non-coding trn and matK regions of choloroplast DNA (cpDNA) were sequenced. According to genetic diversity analysis of 15 Picea orientalis populations with respect to trn and matK regions, there is not much variation among populations. Among 3 non-coding trn and the matK region, there is only one variable site which was parsimony informative. The results indicated that the populations from Artvin had the highest divergence. In this study, the genetic divergence of Picea orientalis from other Pinaceae species were also observed. According to the results obtained from trnV region the studied Picea orientalis observed to display a close relationship with Larix and distinct from other Pinaceae especially Pinus genus. This result is unrepresentative due to the results of other studies. Moreover, as a result of analysis with trncd-ef region, the studied Picea orientalis populations possessed close relationship with species from clade Picea. Moreover, based on molecular clock estimations the studied Picea orientalis populations had close relationships with the species form Asia. Finally, the relationship of Picea orientalis with other Picea species were analyzed with respect to matK region. The result is consistent with the results of trncd-ef region and also with other studies.

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O Programa de Interioriza??o da Ind?stria T?xtil (PR?-SERT?O) ? uma pol?tica p?blica de responsabilidade do Governo do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte que objetiva a interioriza??o da produ??o t?xtil por meio de incentivos fiscais e cria??o de aportes necess?rios para o desenvolvimento da cadeia produtiva t?xtil. O objeto desta disserta??o ? analisar se a terceiriza??o das ?ind?strias ?ncoras? para as ?fac??es de costura? que emergem e/ou se situam no contexto dessa pol?tica foram ou n?o respons?veis por precarizar o trabalho existente no Serid? Potiguar. O marco te?rico que sustentou o presente estudo foi pautado nos conceitos de Terceiriza??o, Precariza??o do Trabalho e Arranjos Institucionais. A partir da?, realizou-se, uma pesquisa qualitativa de natureza indutiva pautada em estudos bibliogr?ficos e documentais, bem como pesquisa de campo, por meio de visitas in loco ?s fac??es de costura, onde, ainda, fez-se aplica??o de question?rios e realiza??o de entrevistas que serviram de base para uma sistematiza??o entre teoria proposta e a pr?tica observada. A abordagem de pesquisa utilizada foi um estudo de caso, junto aos munic?pios de Acari e de Cruzeta, situados no territ?rio do Serid? Oriental Potiguar, estado do Rio Grade do Norte (RN), no per?odo 2013 a 2016. Os resultados obtidos apontam para a exist?ncia de uma precariza??o das rela??es trabalhistas nas fac??es de costura. Estas, apesar de absorverem parte da popula??o desocupada e fazerem a m?quina econ?mica ?ziguezaguear?, tiveram timidamente ou nunca tiveram propuls?o do PR?-SERT?O. Pois, mesmo com toda envergadura sugerida pelo discurso oficial, ainda se trata de um programa que tem dificuldades de implementa??o no territ?rio seridoense. O estudo concluiu que a precariza??o das rela??es trabalhistas nas fac??es dos territ?rios estudados ocorreu com relativa facilidade porque ocorreu num territ?rio marcado pela vulnerabilidade social, tendo em vista a exist?ncia de um n?mero reduzido de postos de trabalhos - formais e informais, at? a implanta??o das fac??es -, e, ainda, de altos ?ndices de desocupa??o que permitiram a pr?tica da subcontrata??o pelas empresas.
The Textile Industry Interiorization Program (PR?-SERT?O) is a Public Politics of responsibility for the Government of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, which aims at the interiorization of textile production through fiscal incentives and creation of resources necessary for the development of the textile production chain. The objective of this dissertation is to analyze if this outsourcing of the "anchor industries" to the "sewing factions" hat emerge and / or fall within the context of this policy were responsible for precarious work in the Serid? Potiguar region. The theoretical milestone that claimed this study was based on concepts of Outsourcing, Precarious Employment and Institutional Tinkering. From then on, a qualitative research of an inductive nature was carried out based on bibliographical and documentary studies, as well as field research through visits to the sites of the sewing factions, where the application of questionnaires and interview was made that served as a basis for a systematization between the proposed theory and the observed practice. The research approach used in the case study with the municipalities of Acari and Cruzeta, located in the territory of Serid? Oriental Potiguar, state of Rio Grande do Norte, from 2013 to 2016. The results obtained point to the precariousness of labor relations in the sewing factions. Although these factions absorb part of the population, they have never propulsion of PR?-SERT?O. For, even with all the investments suggested by the official speeches, it is still a program that has difficulty implementing in the Serido territory. The study concluded that the precarious employment of labor relations in the factories of the territories studied occurred with relative ease because it occurred in a territory marked by social vulnerability, with a view the existence of a reduced number of jobs ? formal and informal until the creation of the factions -, and still of high rates of unemployment which allow the practice of subcontracting by companies.

Cette thèse exploite une nouvelle source de données longitudinales sur les niveaux et les conditions de vie des ménages marocains en vue d’éclaircir les liens existants entre santé, protection sociale, et pauvreté, dans le cas du Maroc. Dans un premier temps, nous évaluons l’impact d’un programme national de gratuité des soins sur le recours aux soins et le poids financier des dépenses liées à la santé. En deuxième lieu, nous examinons comment les chocs de santé se répercutent sur la répartition de l’offre de santé au sein du ménage. Enfin, nous analysons les déterminants du sentiment de pauvreté au sein de la population marocaine, avec une attention particulière portée aux effets de comparaison. Les principaux résultats de ce travail sont que le programme de gratuité des soins a eu un impact positif de taille modérée sur l’accès aux soins en milieu rural, mais pas d’effet décelable en milieu urbain, ni sur les dépenses de santé. Nous montrons que les ménages marocains utilisent une gamme variée de mécanismes informels pour se protéger contre le risque financier lié à la santé ; en particulier, l’offre de travail féminine en milieu urbain réagit positivement à la maladie du chef de ménage. Enfin, nous trouvons que le sentiment de pauvreté est lié au niveau de vie moyen du groupe de référence du ménage, mais que cet effet varie en fonction de l’échelle géographique de ce groupe : le revenu moyen des voisins proches est lié négativement au sentiment de propre pauvreté, tandis que celui de la province de résidence est lié positivement à la pauvreté subjective
This dissertation exploits a new nationally representative panel survey of household conditions in order to investigate different aspects of the health-social protection-poverty nexus in present-day Morocco. First, we assess the impact of a policy of `free health care' on access to public hospitals and health-related expenditures. Second, we investigate how shocks related to ill health are related to various coping mechanisms, in particular to the reallocation of labor within the household. Third, we analyze the determinants of the feeling of being poor in the Moroccan population, with a focus on comparison effects. We find that the free health care policy had a moderate, but positive, impact on access to health care among rural households, but a limited impact on health expenditures and no impact on consultation rates for urban household. Moroccan families use a variety of coping mechanisms to cover themselves against the financial shocks linked to illness; in particular, we show that in urban areas, female labor supply reacts positively to illness of the household head, which suggests that low female labor force participation is driven by supply-side reasons. Finally, we find that the feelings of being poor is influenced by the income of various comparison groups, albeit in different directions according to the geographical scale: the income of the comparison group at the neighborhood or village level is negatively associated with the feeling of poverty, while the income at the province level is positively correlated with one's own poverty perception

La reapertura de Japón y la transformación del período Meiji tuvieron implicaciones regionales que llevaron al reforzamiento de los vínculos con las colonias asiáticas del imperio español durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. En el marco de las relaciones iniciadas con el proyecto para la firma del tratado hispano-japonés de 1868, destacaron tres procesos históricos. El primero fue la incorporación del gobierno español al sistema de “tratados desiguales” vigente en Japón. En segundo lugar, el papel de las islas Filipinas, Marianas y Carolinas en la nanshin-ron 南進論 o “teorías del avance hacia el sur” a la hora de fomentar la penetración de los intereses japoneses en el Nanyō 南洋o región de los “mares del sur”. Finalmente, destacó la intensificación de las relaciones entre los archipiélagos japonés y filipino durante la última década de este siglo. El análisis de estos procesos permite observar cómo el declive de un imperio español que trataba de conservar sus colonias asiáticas, discurrió paralelamente al ascenso de Japón como una nueva potencia que exploraba las posibilidades de expandir sus intereses en la región donde estaban localizadas dichas colonias.
The reopening of Japan and the transformation during the Meiji period had regional implications linked to the intensification of the relationship with the Asian colonies of the Spanish empire during the second half of the 19th century. In the context of the relationships initiated with the project for the Japanese-Spanish treaty of 1868, it is possible to highlight three historic processes. First is the Spanish project to join the unequal treaty system established in Japan. Secondly is the role of the Philippine, Marianas and Caroline islands within the nanshin-ron 南進論 or “theories of the advance towards the South Seas” to promote the penetration of the Japanese interest in the Nanyō 南洋 or “South Seas”. Lastly is the process of strengthening linkages between Japan and the Philippines during the last decade of this century. The analysis of these processes allows us to observe how the decline of a Spanish empire trying to maintain its Asian colonies was parallel to the rise of Japan as a new power, which explored new possibilities to expand its interests in the region where these colonies were located.

As urbanisation trends continues and increases across the world, urban trends have seen urban growth take place horizontally, leading to undesired urban sprawl. With the global introduction of the automobile in the 1960's, urban sprawl has been exacerbated with the automobile allowing for the decentralisation of employment, residential, commercial and leisure opportunities away from the Central Business Districts of the city. Due to a multitude of negative social, environmental and economic effects associated with urban sprawl, spatial planning practices have been aimed at reversing this trend and ultimately creating a more compact urban form. In addition to undesired urban sprawl, the use of private vehicles as the dominant mode of transport has also been problematic. In an attempt to address these issues simultaneously, Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) has recently been adopted as a tool with which to achieve transformation of urban forms. This study aims to explore TOD has a tool by assisting to (i) provide a theoretical base and historical perspective of TOD; (ii) provide insight regarding the principles and benefits of TOD that has promoted the use of TOD as a transformative tool; (iii) understand the role of land use and transport planning in providing a platform for the implementation of TOD strategies; (iv) identify cases where TOD has been adopted successfully; (v) understand the role of the legal environment in South Africa with regards to the implementation of TOD strategies; (vi) depicting how the ideal TOD environment could look and function in Cape Town; (vii) understanding how South Africa's legal environment promotes TOD at local level of government in Cape Town and; (viii) what key issues and challenges currently hinder the successful implementation of TOD strategies in Cape Town. This study makes use of a literature review, as well as an empirical study where existing documents (such as spatial development frameworks and integrated transport network plans) are analysed and qualitative and quantitative data is used to explore a number of case studies. From the case studies and additional research it was evident that there is a need for a sound legislative platform which promotes and supports the adoption of TOD at all spheres of government. It was further found that several issues and challenges are made mention of in municipal plans and policies, but that these issues and challenges continue to negatively influence the implementation and success of TOD in Cape Town. Existing legal tools and instruments are not necessarily capable of creating a platform for the implementation of TOD and would thus need to be amended or integrated with other local level strategies. If Cape Town is to successfully use TOD as a tool with which to rectify spatial issues, the legal environment needs to better promote the integration of land use and transport planning in order to encourage densification and to ensure that public transport becomes a viable means of transport in the city. Only once the above mentioned are addressed, can the spatial form of the city be transformed through TOD and future development can contribute to the sustainability of Cape Town.