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1
Taha Mohamed, Mohamed. "Is up always good and down always bad?" Pragmatics and Cognition 25, no. 2 (2018): 203–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.18006.tah.
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Abstract The current study investigates Arabic orientational metaphors in Modern Standard Arabic. Specifically, it is a corpus-based study that tries to retrieve conceptual orientational metaphors of up-down, front-back, right-left, and central-peripheral spatial orientation. The study assumes that every orientation can be described using a set of different lexemes, and these lexemes express different linguistic orientational metaphors with different levels of usage frequency. It is hypothesized that studying the relationships between these lexemes, their etymologies, and frequency can provide a detailed, integrative account of metaphorical aspects and conceptual systems related to each spatial orientation. A bottom-up methodology to identify metaphorical usages of spatial lexemes was applied to the Stanford Arabic Corpus. The results list the spatial linguistic metaphors comprising conceptual metaphors and show for each orientation that mapping orientations onto conceptual metaphors is a complicated process, which integrates linguistic and cognitive levels. The cognitive-perceptual and cultural implications of these findings are discussed.
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Hamilton, Jonnette Watson. "Metaphors of Lawyers' Professionalism." Alberta Law Review 33, no. 4 (1995): 833. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr1121.
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This article examines three common metaphors in several professional codes of legal conduct and supporting documents. The metaphors are the "metaphoric networks" based on the military, gentility and Christianity. Numerous examples of all three metaphoric networks are given. Metaphors are non-arbitrary. The three metaphoric networks examined here are consistent with one of the most common orientation metaphors in the English language, the metaphor expressing relationships in bodily terms of "up" and "down." These metaphoric networks evoke a hierarchy of society based on a strictly male, ethnocentric British-Canadian world. The lawyer reading the codes of conduct that contain these metaphors would see the image of the lawyer created according to the lawyer's own inclusion within or exclusion from that ideal. Also, this social elitism may contribute to the public's lack of respect for the legal profession.
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Portuese, Ludovico. "Under His Majesty’s Protection." Eikon / Imago 9 (July 3, 2020): 551–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/eiko.73350.
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In Orientational Conceptual Metaphor, a system of ideas is organized in the relation and interaction in space like up-down, in-out, front-back, on-off, deep-shallow, central-peripheral. Lakoff and Johnson (1980) called this group of metaphors “Orientational,” because they give a concept a spatial orientation: in the example, “happy is up,” the concept happy is oriented up leading to English expressions like “I’m feeling up today.” Such metaphorical orientations have a basis in our physical and cultural experience, thus they vary from culture to culture. Drawing on this theoretical and methodological framework, this paper argues for the existence of Orientational Metaphors in Neo-Assyrian sources, which are largely attested in textual and visual references concerning the relationships between king and subjects.
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Reza, Muhammad. "Metaphor in Mark Forster's Album LIEBE S/W." Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences 4, no. 2 (2021): 1998–2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birci.v4i2.1888.
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This study is a cognitive semantic analysis of the conceptual metaphor of the song lyrics in Mark Forster's album Liebe S/W. The method used is descriptive qualitative. The theories used are the conceptual metaphor theory (CMT) by Lakoff&Johnson (2003) as the main theory and image schema theory by Croft & Cruse (2004). The data sources in this study were taken from the lyrics of 14 German songs from the album Liebe S/W (2019) by Mark Forster. This study was carried out for the purpose of describing the characteristics of the metaphors, the types of conceptual metaphors and image schemes contained in the song lyrics in the album. Mark Forster's cognition as a singer-songwriter on the album can be seen with this study through a conceptual metaphor approach. Based on the results of the research, it is found as many as 52 data containing metaphorical expressions. Based on the analysis in accordance with Saeed's theory as a metaphor characteristic theory, it shows that there are 13 data with abstraction,15 data with conventionality, 9 data with systematicity, and 15 data with asymmetry. The ontological metaphors is the most dominant in the album. Data analysis using the Lakoff&Johnson theory shows that the conceptual metaphors are found as many as 32 ontological metaphors, 15 orientational metaphors, and 5 structural metaphors. The image schemes found are 20 containers, 4 multiplicities, 4 existences, 5 identites, 12 spaces and 1 scale. Some patterns were found based on theories, 1) metaphors with the characteristics of abstraction and asymmetry have ontological, orientational and structural conceptual metaphors with all types of image schemes. 2) metaphors with conventional characteristics only have ontological conceptual metaphor type with some image schemes, except multiplicity. 3) metaphors with systematic characteristics have ontological and orientation conceptual metaphors with image schemes, except identity and scale.
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Połowniak-Wawrzonek, Dorota. "Metaphor in Cognitive Approach." Respectus Philologicus 26, no. 31 (2014): 166–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/respectus.2014.26.31.13.
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The article presents issues relevant to the cognitive theory of metaphor developed by G. Lakoff and M. Johnson. The researchers suggest that metaphors are common. They are rooted in the experience, important in the perception of the world, thinking, acting, as revealed in the language. The metaphor of language is a reflection of a conceptual metaphor. Lakoff and Johnson point out that the metaphor of language occurs in the texts of various types, from the colloquial language to the specialist language. A metaphor carries out two important functions: explaining and facilitating understanding. It enables a partial understanding of some kind of experience in terms of another type of beings and experiences. Some issues such as the concept of love, metaphysical issues, become possible to understand only through metaphor. Thus, the thesis, which treats about necessity of metaphor, is significant. In the process of metaphorical cognition, there is a projection, which takes the source domain to the target domain. A thesis about invariant is important here. Metaphorical mapping is partial. At the root metaphor is structural similarity between domains or their correlations in our experience. Conceptual metaphors can create complex structural relationships. In the case of metaphor the thesis of one-way metaphorical mappings is as important as the thesis about her creative potential. Prominent semantics of conceptual metaphor cannot give full meaning in the literal paraphrase. Among the conceptual metaphors structural metaphors, orientation and ontological metaphors are characterized.
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Miranda, Maíra Avelar, and Paulo Henrique Aguiar Mendes. "THE ROLE OF GESTURES IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF MULTIMODAL METAPHORS: analysis of a political-electoral debate." Revista Brasileira de Linguística Aplicada 15, no. 2 (2015): 343–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1984-639820156105.
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This paper intends to analyze the role of gestures in the construction of multimodal metaphors in the "political-electoral debate" genre. Theoretically, we considered that metaphoric gestures can be analyzed as expressions of conceptual metaphors. We mainly approached and illustrated the importance of spatial orientation in the emergence of the metaphors in the political discourse. Methodologically, we have selected four sequences of a second-tour debate. Starting from the operational concept of gesture excursion, we specifically observed the multimodal metaphoricity in speech and gesture compounds. After analyzing the metaphors found in the debate sequences, we established a continuumbetween metaphors of a conventional nature and those of a new nature. We also tried to establish a comparative relation between the metaphors used by the two candidates, Dilma Rousseff (from the Labor Party) and José Serra (from the Social Democratic Party).
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Rachmawati, Dita. "Metafora Tangan dalam Idiom Bahasa Jepang Berdasarkan Teori Metafora Konseptual." LITE: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Budaya 15, no. 1 (2019): 31–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33633/lite.v15i1.2393.
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This thesis is a conceptual metaphor research which analyse the element te ‘hand’ in the Japanese idioms. The purpose of this research is to know the te 'hands' image scheme in Japanese idioms and analyze it based on the conceptual metaphors. The data source in this research were taken from the dictionary of idiom “iitai naiyou kara gyakuhiki dekiru reikai kanyouku jiten†by Inoue Muneo. The amount of the data found and analysed were 59 and the amount of data presented were 15. The results of data analysis describe the idiom with the main element of the hand are filled with metaphorical expressions because the hand is the most used body part for activities. The results of the analysis also show eight concepts of hand, which are : HAND as ACTIVITIES/JOB, POSSESSION, LINK, ATTITUDE, TACTICS, CAPABILITY/SKILLS, SUPPORT, and EXPERTISE.To understand the concept of hand, it is useful to not only use ontological metaphors analysis, but in terms of the hand that has a spatial orientation, it must be analyse with orientational metaphors.
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Yu, Yating, and Dennis Tay. "A mixed-method analysis of image-schematic metaphors in describing anger, anxiety, and depression." Metaphor in Mental Healthcare 10, no. 2 (2020): 253–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/msw.00006.yu.
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Abstract The importance of metaphor in psychotherapy and counseling has been shown by a growing number of studies. Image-schematic metaphors, which derive from experience of sensory processes and space, are potential resources for conceptualizing major themes like anger, anxiety, and depression in therapeutic discourse. To test the potential correlation between image-schematic metaphors and the themes of anger, anxiety, and depression, this study employs a mixed-method approach, integrating corpus linguistics techniques, discourse analysis, and statistical analysis, to examine a specialized corpus of therapeutic transcripts which contains approximately three million words. The findings show that containment, force, path, and vertical orientation are the most frequent types of image-schematic metaphors for describing the therapeutic themes of anger, anxiety, and depression in the corpus, and there is a significant correlation between the two variables (i.e., “types” and “themes”). This study has implications for how image-schematic metaphors can be used to facilitate the descriptions of anger, anxiety, and depression in therapeutic conversations.
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Trčková, Dita. "Representations of Ebola and its victims in liberal American newspapers." Topics in Linguistics 16, no. 1 (2015): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/topling-2015-0009.
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Abstract Combining critical discourse analysis and the cognitive theory of metaphor, the study analyses hard news on Ebola from two American newspapers of a liberal political orientation, The New York Times and The New York Daily News, to investigate metaphoric representations of the disease and portrayals of its victims. It is revealed that both newspapers heavily rely on a single conceptual metaphor of EBOLA AS WAR, with only two alternative metaphors of EBOLA AS AN ANIMATE/HUMAN BEING and EBOLA AS A NATURAL CATASTROPHE employed. All three metaphoric themes assign the role of a culprit solely to the virus, which stands in contrast to non-metaphoric discursive allocations of blame for the situation in Africa, assigning responsibility mainly to man-made factors. African victims tend to be impersonalized and portrayed as voiceless and agentless, rarely occupying the role of a “fighter” in the military metaphoric representation of the disease, which runs counter to the findings of recent studies detecting a change towards a more positive image of Africa in the media. Both newspapers fail to represent infected ordinary Africans as sovereign agents, hindering readers from reflexively identifying with them.
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Gonçalves, Oscar F., and Michael H. Craine. "The Use of Metaphors in Cognitive Therapy." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 4, no. 2 (1990): 135–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.4.2.135.
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Recently, cognitive approaches to therapy have been facing an increasingly constructivist orientation, in which persons are viewed as actively constructing their own reality from their deep/tacit/unconscious knowledge representation. This paper begins with the presentation of the main assumptions of the constructive movement in cognitive therapy on the nature and change of cognitive representations. It is asserted that at the deep/tacit/unconscious levels, knowledge is represented in analogical and metaphorical ways. The use of metaphors is suggested as a therapeutic tool to access and change tacit/unconscious levels of cognitive representation. A cognitive adaptation of the multiple-embedded-metaphor strategy is presented and illustrated.
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Rakhilina, E., T. Reznikova, and D. Ryzhova. "The metaphors of falling." Acta Linguistica Petropolitana XVI, no. 1 (2020): 64–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.30842/alp2306573716102.
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The paper discusses the metaphorical extensions of FALLING verbs, identified on a sample of 20 languages, including, besides several Standard Average European languages, Mandarin Chinese, Japanese, Aghul, Adyghe, Basque, and some other languages from different language families. The verbs under study are characterized by a wide range of figurative meanings, which are shown to be recurrent across languages, cf. the well-known pattern LESS IS DOWN, as well as the semantics of the onset of a season, transformation, surrender, lagging behind a group, and many others. The study is conducted within the frame-based methodology: figurative meanings of the verbs with initial semantics of falling are revealed from dictionaries and corpus data, as well as via elicitation with the help of a context-based questionnaire specifically designed for these purposes. The revealed metaphorical usages of FALLING verbs in different languages are reported mostly in the corresponding papers of the present volume. This paper gives an overview of the attested figurative meanings of the verbs denoting uncontrolled downward motion and offers a typological analysis of the detected patterns. Based on the typological data, we argue that the derived meanings should be traced back not to the idea of falling in general, but to a particular frame of falling, i.e. to a certain type of uncontrolled downward motion: falling from above (from an upper surface), loss of vertical orientation, destruction, or detachment. Thus, the onset of the time period goes back to falling from an upper surface, transformation is derived from loss of vertical orientation, surrender from destruction, and lagging behind a group from detachment.
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Schlesinger, Mark, and Richard R. Lau. "The Meaning and Measure of Policy Metaphors." American Political Science Review 94, no. 3 (2000): 611–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2585834.
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The apparent ability of the American public to form coherent assessments of policy options—while being largely ignorant of political institutions, actors, and ideology—remains a persistent puzzle for political science. We develop a theory of political decision making that helps resolve this puzzle. We postulate that both the public and political elites comprehend complex policies in part through “reasoning by policy metaphor,” which involves comparisons between proposed alternative policies and more readily understood social institutions. Using data from 169 intensive interviews, we test claims about metaphorical reasoning for a particularly complex policy domain: health care reform. We demonstrate that our hypothesized policy metaphors are coherent to both elites and the general public, including the least sophisticated members of the public. We further show that elites and the public share a common understanding of the relevant policy metaphors, that metaphorical reasoning differs from other forms of analogic reasoning, and that metaphorical cognition is distinct from ideological orientation.
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Bokus, Barbara, and Tomasz Garstka. "Toward a Shared Metaphoric Meaning in Children's Discourse: The Role of Argumentation." Polish Psychological Bulletin 40, no. 4 (2009): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s10059-009-0014-2.
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Toward a Shared Metaphoric Meaning in Children's Discourse: The Role of Argumentation The text deals with the phenomenon of understanding and interpreting metaphoric expressions in children. Of the many metaphoric figures, one type was selected: the ‘so-called’ psychological-physical metaphors that illuminate a psychological experience by appealing to an event in the physical domain. The data consist of children's discussions in pairs, in which they make a joint interpretation of metaphors including a dual-function adjective, e.g., a hard person, a sweet person, an empty person. A hundred and forty-four dialogues between peer dyads were recorded from three age groups (48 dialogues from each group): 6;6-7;6, 8;6-9;6, and 10;6-11;6. The children's task was to prepare an interpretation of metaphorical expressions for two television quiz shows, one for peers and one for young preschoolers. The research design was balanced for age, gender, and order of metaphoric interpretation in the two experimental variants. Following Quignard's model (2005), we analyzed children's argumentation as a particular case of dialogical problem solving, whereby children had to understand the metaphoric meaning and convey it to the potential addressee. The results show an interesting dynamic in the argumentative orientation of the pro and the contra type, depending on the age of interlocutors. The frequency of metaphoric interpretations in opposition to those presented by the partner decreases with the children's age, but the frequency of compound proposals with the use of the partner's contribution increases. For the younger addressee, children most frequently interpret metaphors as descriptions of magical situations.
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Shih, Heloisa Martins, and Ravindra S. Goonetilleke. "Effectiveness of Menu Orientation in Chinese." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 40, no. 4 (1998): 569–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/001872098779649373.
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Graphical user interface guidelines have been developed predominantly in English-speaking countries, but aspects related to culture (e.g., local metaphors, symbols, color, and flow) are not universal and have received little or no attention. Even though the reading and writing flow of languages such as English, Japanese, and Chinese differ widely, most software interfaces do not take account of this. In this paper we investigate the effectiveness of menu flow or menu orientation in both the Chinese and English languages for Chinese users. The experimental results indicate that for the Chinese population, a horizontal menu in either language is more effective than the vertical orientation. Thus item differentiation in menus is best performed when the natural flow of the user's native language is broken through a transformation process similar to a matrix transpose. Even though we did not investigate search strategies explicitly, we hypothesize that the primary reason for the difference lies in the scanning patterns adopted by the Chinese population in search tasks so that there is no mismatch in the reading metaphors. Applications of this research include the design of culturally and linguistically adapted human-computer interfaces for Chinese users.
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Irwan, Irwan, and Muhammad Pujiono. "Perubahan Klasifikasi Metafora Pada Novel Laskar Pelangi Karya Andrea Hirata Versi Bahasa Jepang Berdasarkan Fungsi Kognitifnya." KIRYOKU 3, no. 3 (2019): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/kiryoku.v3i3.107-125.
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(The Changes of Metaphor Classification in Laskar Pelangi Novelby Andrea Hirata Japanese Language Version BasedonTheir Cognitive Functions) This article analyzed the changes in the classification of metaphorical expressions contained in the Laskar Pelangi novel based on their cognitive functions after being translated into the Japanese version. The theory used in this research is the classification theory of metaphor based on its cognitive function proposed by Kovecses (2010). This study uses a qualitative research approach with a descriptive type of research, while the method and data analysis uses interactive data analysis models from Miles, Huberman and Saldana (2014). The results of the data analysis showed that of 505 data found, there were 15 classifications of metaphor changes based on their cognitive functions, they are structural metaphors changed to structural metaphors consist of 95 data (18.8%), ontological metaphors to ontological metaphors consist of 151 data (29.9%), orientational metaphors to orientational metaphors consist of 5 data (1.0%), structural metaphor became ontological metaphor consist of 11 data (2.2%), structural metaphor became orientational metaphor consist of 2 data (0.4%), structural metaphor became simile consist of 2 data (0, 4%), structural metaphor becomes non-metaphoric consist of 67 data (13.3%), structural metaphor that was not translated consist of 4 data (0.8%), ontological metaphor became structural metaphors consist of 21 data (4.2%), ontological metaphor became orientational metaphor consist of 5 data (1,0%), ontological metaphor became simile consist of 10 data (2.0%), ontological metaphor became non metaphoric expression consist of 102 data (20.2%), untranslated ontological metaphor consist of 21 data (4.2%), orientational metaphor became non-metaphorical consist of 8 data (1.6%), and orientational metaphor became simile consist of 1 data (0.2%).
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Sorokoumova, E. A., D. S. Fadeev, and S. L. Kiyashchenko. "Understanding of a Metaphor as a Way of External Representation of the Meanings of Individual’s Value Orientations." Психологическая наука и образование 26, no. 4 (2021): 104–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/pse.2021260409.
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The work is aimed at studying the use of metaphor as a psychological tool for rep- resenting the understanding of subjective personal meanings of value orientation. The materials of two empirical studies are obtained through a sample of part-time students of the Department of Labor Psychology and Psychological Counseling of the Moscow Pedagogical State University (N=50), 40% males and 60% fe- males, aged 19 to 32 years, the average age is 25 years, the average deviation in the sample is 3.2. Study 1 included measurements of indicators of personal value orientations. We used the techniques by O. I. Motkov and T.A. Ogneva “Value orientations of the individual (Version 2)”. Study 2 included individual conversations with participants during which they were asked to write metaphors for each of the previously ranked internal and external personal values. The results of the study suggest that there is a strong positive relationship between the individual’s emotional attitude to the metaphor of personal values and his/her assessment of the significance of value orientations. The data summarized in the study and the recommendations provided on their basis can be successfully applied in the educational process, as well as when dealing with value orientations of the individual in psychological counseling and psychotherapy. The materials of the study can also be used in the training/advanced training of psychologists and educators.
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Sobol-Kwapinska, Malgorzata, and Czeslaw Nosal. "How does one conceive time? Measurement by means of Time Metaphors Questionnaire." Polish Psychological Bulletin 40, no. 3 (2009): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s10059-009-0026-y.
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How does one conceive time? Measurement by means of Time Metaphors Questionnaire Attitude towards time are usually expressed by means of metaphors. This paper presents phases of construction and validation of the Time Metaphors Questionnaire. This is a method for testing conceiving of time. An exploratory factor analyses yielded seven factor scales: Friendly Time, Hostile Time, Rapid Passage of Time, Significance of the Moment, Subtle Time, Wild Time and Empty Time. Results of correlations between scales of the Time Metaphors Questionnaire and with selected methods (Temporal Orientation Scale AION-2000, NEO-Five Factor Inventory) indicate, among other things, an ambivalence of psychological time and an importance of positive evaluation of current moment.
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Cenita, Lola, and Ely Nurmaily. "METAPHORICAL EXPRESSIONS IN EMILY DICKINSON’S POEMS." Linguistics and Literature Journal 1, no. 2 (2020): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33365/llj.v1i2.311.
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The poem has the role of the media to deliver the author’s opinion, messages, and feeling towards certain phenomena to the readers by using literary language. The idea of those poems needs to be interpreted by the readers and it is dealing with meaning. Problems occur when there is the literary language used by the author since not all the reader can understand the implicit meaning inside the poems which certainly used figurative language, especially metaphor. Thus, the study entitled Metaphorical Expressions in Emily Dickinson’s Poems aimed to find the metaphor inside three poems by Emily Dickinson entitled I Felt a Funeral in My Brain, Because I could Not Stop for Death and I Heard a Fly Buzz – when I Died. This study also aimed to identify the implicit meaning behind those metaphors. In analyzing the data, the researcher used the metaphor theory proposed by Lakoff and Johnson, they are structural metaphor, ontological metaphor, and orientational metaphor. To answer the second research question, the researcher used the theory of meaning by I. A Richard. This study used a descriptive qualitative method and stylistic approach, in which the researcher focuses on the aesthetic function of the language. In this research, the researcher found 17 metaphorical expressions divided into 5 types of metaphor there are: entity metaphor 4 data, structural metaphor 5 data, orientation metaphor 1 data, container metaphor 1data and personification 6 data.
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Reali, Florencia, and Catalina Arciniegas. "Metaphorical conceptualization of emotion in Spanish." Metaphor and the Social World 5, no. 1 (2015): 20–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/msw.5.1.02rea.
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Over the last two decades, accumulating work in cognitive science and cognitive linguistics has provided evidence that language shapes thought. Conceptual metaphor theory proposes that the conceptual structure of emotions emerges through metaphorization from concrete concepts such as spatial orientation and physical containment. Primary metaphors for emotions have been described in a wide range of languages. Here we show, in Study 1, the results of a corpus analysis revealing that certain metaphors such as EMOTIONS ARE FLUIDS and EMOTIONS ARE BOUNDED SPACEs are quite natural in Spanish. Moreover, the corpus data reveal that the bounded space source domain is more frequently mapped onto negative emotions. In Study 2, we consider the question of whether the instantiation of metaphorical framing influences the way we think about emotions. A questionnaire experiment was conducted to explore this question, focusing on the Spanish case of locura (‘madness’). Our results show that when madness was framed as a fluid filling a container (the body), people tended to rate symptoms as less enduring and as more likely to be caused by social and environmental factors, compared with when it was framed as a place in space. Results are discussed in the light of conceptual metaphor theory.
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Panzeri, Francesca, Simona Di Paola, and Filippo Domaneschi. "Does the COVID-19 war metaphor influence reasoning?" PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (2021): e0250651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250651.
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In recent times, many alarm bells have begun to sound: the metaphorical presentation of the COVID-19 emergency as a war might be dangerous, because it could affect the way people conceptualize the pandemic and react to it, leading citizens to endorse authoritarianism and limitations to civil liberties. The idea that conceptual metaphors actually influence reasoning has been corroborated by Thibodeau and Boroditsky, who showed that, when crime is metaphorically presented as a beast, readers become more enforcement-oriented than when crime is metaphorically framed as a virus. Recently, Steen, Reijnierse and Burgers replied that this metaphorical framing effect does not seem to occur and suggested that the question should be rephrased about the conditions under which metaphors do or do not influence reasoning. In this paper, we investigate whether presenting the COVID-19 pandemic as a war affects people’s reasoning about the pandemic. Data collected suggest that the metaphorical framing effect does not occur by default. Rather, socio-political individual variables such as speakers’ political orientation and source of information favor the acceptance of metaphor congruent entailments: right-wing participants and participants relying on independent sources of information are those more conditioned by the COVID-19 war metaphor, thus more inclined to prefer bellicose options.
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Kamalu, Ikenna. "The metaphorical naming of selected dreaded diseases and medical conditions in Igbo language and thought." Topics in Linguistics 21, no. 2 (2020): 28–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/topling-2020-0008.
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Abstract Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT), which forms the theoretical anchor of this study, expresses the role of language and cognition in construing and communicating human experiences. CMT posits that metaphor in discourse is shaped by the ideological orientation and cultural worldview of the speaker or group. Previous studies on Igbo language and culture have used insights from linguistics, anthropology, sociology, cultural studies, religious studies among others to show how the group expresses its social and cultural experiences, but none, to the best of the present researcher’s knowledge, has used the CMT approach to study the group’s construal of dreaded diseases and medical conditions in its environment. Working within the tenets of CMT therefore, this study shows how the group uses metaphors to express ideation and tenor in relation to some dreaded diseases and conditions. The study reveals that the Igbo use different conceptual metaphors such as container, journey, leaf, natural/physical force, heavy burden, etc. to frame their understanding of some dreaded diseases and conditions. The diseases and conditions are named/classified according to the narratives around them; the effects of the disease on the skin of the sufferer; the visual impression of the disease on the distant other; the effects of the disease on the mind/brain of the sufferer; the physical effects of the disease on the body of the sufferer; and the assumed causes/sources of the disease. Descriptive and analytical approaches are used in the discussion of primary data. The language the Igbo of Southeastern Nigeria use to express their understanding of their natural world and social relations is chiefly metaphorical, and the names they ascribe to diseases and medical conditions emanate from their understanding of their cultural and social orientations, bodily actions and experiences.
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Kiš Žuvela, Sanja, and Ana Ostroški Anić. "The embodied and the cultural in the conceptualization of pitch space in Croatian." Jezikoslovlje 20, no. 2 (2019): 199–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.29162/jez.2019.7.
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Most conceptual metaphors that conceptualize musical pitch rely heavily on human perception, images and experience structured through spatial and orientation image schemas such as the schema of verticality. The paper analyses conceptual metaphors that structure pitch relations in terms of vertical space, thickness and size as they appear in the Croatian musical terminology. The image schemas of verticality and size are analysed within the conceptual metaphors pitch relations are relations in vertical space and pitch relations are relations in size in order to define to what extent their motivation is embodied and universal, and what can be attributed to cross-cultural and cross-linguistic influences present in the creation and understanding of music terminology in Croatia.
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Shields, David Light, Christopher D. Funk, and Brenda Light Bredemeier. "The Moral Frameworks and Foundations of Contesting Orientations." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 38, no. 2 (2016): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2015-0139.
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According to contesting theory (Shields & Bredemeier, 2011), people conceptualize competition either through a metaphor of partnership or war. These two alternate metaphors suggest differing sociomoral relationships among the participants. In the current study of intercollegiate athletes (n = 610), we investigated the two approaches to contesting in relation to formalist and consequentialist moral frameworks (Brady & Wheeler, 1996) and individualizing and binding moral foundations (Haidt, 2001). Correlational analysis indicated that the partnership approach correlated significantly with all four moral dimensions, while the war approach correlated with formalist and consequentialist frameworks and binding foundations (i.e., appeals to in-group loyalty, authority, and purity). Multiple regressions demonstrated that the best predictors of a partnership approach were formalist thinking and endorsement of individualizing moral foundations (i.e., appeal to fairness and welfare). Among our primary variables, the best predictors of a war orientation were consequentialist thinking and endorsement of binding foundations.
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Nguyen-Phuong-Mai, Mai. "A critical analysis of cultural metaphors and static cultural frameworks with insight from cultural neuroscience and evolutionary biology." Cross Cultural & Strategic Management 24, no. 4 (2017): 530–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ccsm-07-2016-0144.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to conduct a critical analysis to address cultural metaphors – a much overlooked aspect of cross-cultural studies. Mainstream cultural metaphors (e.g. the iceberg, the software of the mind, the onion, and the distance) are not only limited in number, but are also overwhelmingly based on the static paradigm – as opposed to the dynamic paradigm that is often sidelined in academic discourse. Design/methodology/approach The paper introduces the Diagram of Diversity Pathways – an interdisciplinary framework that sheds some light on how the inherent meaning and heuristic orientation of static cultural metaphors may stand at odds with evidence from the newly emerged field of neurobiology. Findings The implications of these metaphors are called into question, namely, culture is all about differences; values are stable; values guide behaviors; and values are seen as binaries. Research limitations/implications The paper suggests that theorists and practitioners should pay more attention to the contribution and scholarly work of the dynamic paradigm since there appears to be substantial compatibility between them. Originality/value The matching of neurobiology and dynamic paradigm brings into focus alternative metaphors which not only offer insightful perspectives but also may open doors to perceive culture in a new way. Furthermore, cultural metaphors deserve more academic scrutiny because metaphors and theory development can have a symbiotic existence.
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Karelina, Alina. "(In)authentic Tourist Attractions: How Chinese Tourists Perceive Russian “Fakelore”." Sotsiologicheskoe Obozrenie / Russian Sociological Review 20, no. 2 (2021): 138–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1728-192x-2021-2-138-156.
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The study investigates the concept of authenticity empirically as constructed by Chinese tourists when they visit tourist attractions in Russia with distinct ethnic or local attributes. The corpus of tourists’ reviews has been examined, using a corpus-assisted methodology supported by Wmatrix. A linguistic level of authenticity representation appears to be only a source domain for the conceptual construction of authenticity. Chinese tourists reflect on outer ‘objective’ attributes of authenticity to construct an authenticity of another type. These mental constructs are organized based on the primary ontological and spatial experience. Semantic categories serve as a conceptual source domain that organizes a target domain. The findings show a Chinese tourist conceptualizes authenticity through the metaphors of primary experience, including time-space orientation — PLACE IS A FAR DISTANCE, PAST IS BACK, GOOD IS UP and an ontological metaphor — A TOURED OBJECT IS A CONTAINER. The content of a container is qualified and quantified through a conceptual metaphor of AUTHENTICATING IS LEARNING A CONTAINER. A container is qualified as THE SUPERNATURAL IS A MAGIC PERSON and quantified by a conceptual metaphor UNUSUAL IS LESS.
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AKIN, Cüneyt. "Kırgız Atasözlerinde Yönelim Metaforu Kullanımı (The Use of Orientation Metaphors in Kyrgyz Proverbs)." Turk Dunyasi Dergisi, no. 44 (December 25, 2017): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24155/tdk.2017.29.
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Bakker, Niels H., Peter J. Werkhoven, and Peter O. Passenier. "The Effects of Proprioceptive and Visual Feedback on Geographical Orientation in Virtual Environments." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 8, no. 1 (1999): 36–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/105474699566035.
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To effectively use a virtual environment (VE) for applications such as training and design evaluation, a good sense of orientation is needed in the VE. “Natural” human geographical orientation, when moving around in the world, relies on visual as well as proprioceptive feedback. However, the present navigation metaphors that are used to move around in the VE often lack proprioceptive feedback. To investigate the possible consequences this may have, an experiment was conducted on the relative contributions of visual and proprioceptive feedback on path integration in VE. Subjects were immersed in a virtual forest and were asked to turn specific angles under different combinations of visual, vestibular, and kinesthetic feedback (pure visual, visual plus vestibular, visual plus vestibular plus kinesthetic, pure vestibular, and vestibular plus kinesthetic). Furthermore, two visual conditions with different visual flows were tested: normal visual flow and decreased visual flow provided by a 60% zoom. Results show that kinesthetic feedback provides the most reliable and accurate source of information to use for path integration, indicating the benefits of incorporating this kind of feedback in navigation metaphors. Orientation based on visual flow alone is most inaccurate and unreliable. In all conditions, subjects overestimated their turning speed and subsequently didn't turn far enough. Both the absolute errors and the variation in path integration increase with the length of the path.
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Gamez, Patrick. "Metaphysics or Metaphors for the Anthropocene? Scientific Naturalism and the Agency of Things." Open Philosophy 1, no. 1 (2018): 191–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opphil-2018-0014.
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Abstract In this paper, I provide the outlines of an alternative metaphilosophical orientation for Continental philosophy, namely, a form of scientific naturalism that has proximate roots in the work of Bachelard and Althusser. I describe this orientation as an “alternative” insofar as it provides a framework for doing justice to some of the motivations behind the recent revival of metaphysics in Continental philosophy, in particular its ecological-ethical motivations. In the second section of the paper, I demonstrate how ecological-ethical issues motivate new metaphysicians like Bruno Latour, Jane Bennett, Timothy Morton, Ian Bogost, and Graham Harman to impute to objects real features of agency. I also try to show how their commitments lead to deep ambiguities in their metaphysical projects. In the final section, I outline a type of scientific naturalism in Continental philosophy that parallels the sort of naturalism championed by Quine, both conceptually and historically, and suggest that it might serve our ecological-ethical purposes better.
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Budd, Kate, Darren Kelsey, Frank Mueller, and Andrea Whittle. "Metaphor, morality and legitimacy: A critical discourse analysis of the media framing of the payday loan industry." Organization 26, no. 6 (2018): 802–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350508418812569.
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This study examines the metaphors used in the British press to characterize the payday loan industry in order to develop our understanding of organizational delegitimation. Drawing on critical discourse analysis and theories of moral panic, we show how the metaphors used in the press framed the industry as a ‘moral problem’. The study identified four root metaphors that were used to undertake moral problematization: predators and parasites, orientation, warfare and pathology. We show how these metaphors played a key role in the construction of a moral panic through two framing functions: first by constructing images of the damage and danger caused by the firms and second by attributing agency in such a way that moral responsibility was assigned to the organizations. We also extend the discussion of our findings to explore the ideological dimensions of the moral panic. We develop a critical analysis that points to the potential scapegoating role of the discourse, which served as a convenient moral crusade for the government and other neo-liberal supporters to pursue, while detracting attention away from the underlying socio-economic context, including austerity policies, the decline in real wages and the deregulation of the finance sector. From this critical perspective, payday loan companies can be seen as a ‘folk devil’ through which society’s fears about finance capitalism are articulated, creating disproportionate exaggeration and alarm, while the system as a whole can remain intact.
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Hasnawati, Noor, and Muhammad Deddy Huzairin. "GALERI SENI KALIGRAFI ISLAM DI MARTAPURA." LANTING JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE 9, no. 1 (2020): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/lanting.v9i1.539.
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Islamic Calligraphy Art Gallery is a place that accommodates calligraphy artworks to make it easier for people to know, learn, and obtain one of the Islamic Cultural Arts namely Calligraphy. This goal can be achieved by realizing a design that can attract attention and can introduce Islamic calligraphy to the community and is strategically located. Thus, the Islamic Calligraphy Art Gallery that will be designed is a gallery in Martapura that is expressive and educational towards Islamic calligraphy art by applying calligraphy elements into the form, space, and architectural order. The problem is answered using concrete and abstract metaphorical methods. Islamic calligraphy is a single series of letters composed of beautiful compositions. In addition, Islamic Calligraphy also contains a philosophy about the meaning it contains. Islamic calligraphy forms and philosophies are analyzed into spaces, shapes, and architectural settings to create educational and expressive gallery designs. Elements of Islamic calligraphy are depicted in the form of building masses, textures, colors, and facades (concrete metaphors). While the philosophy or meaning of calligraphy is described on mass orientation, achievement, circulation, space, and sequence flow (abstract metaphor).
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Lathrop, William B., and Mary K. Kaiser. "Acquiring Spatial Knowledge While Traveling Simple and Complex Paths with Immersive and Nonimmersive Interfaces." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 14, no. 3 (2005): 249–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/105474605323384627.
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Exploration of virtual environments may be accomplished with different interface metaphors. Previous research suggests that vestibular and proprioceptive information provided by immersive interfaces facilitates spatial orientation on simple path-integration tasks. We examine whether these interface variables impact performance across paths of variable complexity. Our immersive interface provided all users the ability to conduct the search component of our task more efficiently. Our results, however, show that the immersive interface was no more effective than our nonimmersive one for maintaining orientation. In fact, the immersive interface had a negative impact on performance (absolute error) for individuals who had extensive experience with playing video games. When measured in terms of consistency of response, our results suggest that having extensive game-play experience will negatively impact orientation performance with both interfaces. We speculate that this is due to the conflicting nature of the skills that avid game players acquire in game-play versus those required to perform in our task.
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Allen, David. "Proposing change in university entrance examinations: A tale of two metaphors." Shiken 24.2 24, no. 2 (2020): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.37546/jaltsig.teval24.2-2.
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This article describes a recent education reform initiative concerning English education in Japan, specifically the proposed introduction of four-skills tests as part of the university entrance admissions process. The first aim is to summarize, in English, some of the key issues and events concerning the reform. To this end, background information and a timeline of key events since 2016 is provided. The second aim is to contrast proposals made by two academic organizations, the Japan Language Testing Association (JLTA) and the Science Council of Japan: Language and Literature Committee (SCJ). It is shown that, while agreeing on a number of specific issues related to the reform, these two organizations take starkly different positions in terms of their general orientation, which, it is argued, reflects the background of the organizational members and their views on foreign language education in Japan. These contrasting positions are discussed with reference to the metaphor, to throw the baby out with the bathwater. Finally, it is argued that a number of criticisms levelled at the proposed use of private four-skills tests illustrate a reluctance to engage with issues related to the currently used university entrance exams; in other words, these criticisms are made while ignoring the elephant in the room.
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Kao, Danny Tengti, Lei Zhang, Annie Pei-I. Yu, and Pei-Hsun Wu. "Do ad metaphors enhance or dilute the consumers' brand preferences? Exploring the moderating role of goal orientation." Journal of Consumer Behaviour 16, no. 5 (2017): 474–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cb.1657.
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Bort-Mir, Lorena. "Going Up Is Always Good: A Multimodal Analysis of Metaphors in a TV Ad with FILMIP, the Filmic Metaphor Identification Procedure." Complutense Journal of English Studies 28 (September 21, 2020): 177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/cjes.66959.
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Conceptual Metaphor Theory developed by Lakoff & Johnson (1980) suggested that we use metaphors to evaluate and communicate in our various environments. Although metaphors encompass a large variety of taxonomies, orientational metaphors are those that rely on spatial position to map concepts into other ones, referring to a relation of valence and verticality. Stated by Kövecses (2010) conceptual metaphors such orientational ones draw ‘upward’ and ‘downward’ spatial positions in which ‘upward’ is usually referred to as having positive connotations, whereby their opposites, ‘downwards’, are understood as negative. This paper seeks to unveil how the orientational metaphor good is up is employed in a filmic narrative of a language learning application for technological devices named Babbel. The present analysis is developed under the application of FILMIP (Filmic Metaphor Identification Procedure, Bort-Mir 2019). In the analyzed narrative, the orientational metaphor good is up is represented in the Babbel TV commercial (2018) as a tool for persuading customers that the best way of escalating positions at work is by learning new languages. This analysis demonstrates how orientational metaphors in multimodal media emerge as a convenient device for marketing campaigns in the context of social status improvement.
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Lowe, Roger. "Narrative Therapy with Young People: An Introduction to Concepts and Practice." Australian Educational and Developmental Psychologist 14, no. 2 (1997): 2–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0816512200027735.
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ABSTRACTThis paper introduces the major concepts and practices of narrative therapy in work with children and adolescents. Drawing on archaeological and narrative metaphors, the principal concepts of externalizing conversations and reauthoring are explained. These concepts are used to derive the main tools of narrative therapy, the formulation of different types and sequences of questions. Two problem areas are used to provide extended examples of a narrative orientation with young people: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and young people's struggles with parents over issues of adolescence. Prospects for the relationship between narrative therapy and psychology are discussed.
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Haula, Baiq. "METAFORA KONSEPTUAL DALAM JUDUL BERITA KONTAN.CO.ID: KAJIAN LINGUISTIK KOGNITIF." SUAR BETANG 15, no. 1 (2020): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/surbet.v15i1.118.
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The study is titled “Conceptual Metaphor in Kontan.co.id News Titles: A Study of Cognitive Semantics”. The selection of news title diction is not only explicitly delivered, but also implicitly that is by using metaphors. This research is included in qualitative research that is descriptive. The source of metaphoric data comes from online news site Kontan.co.id. The methods used in data collection are in the name of the method of simak with the technique of note as the basic technique and method of data analysis using the method of clay with advanced techniques for direct elements (BUL). The results of the study showed three types of metaphors that were found, namely structural metaphors as much as two data, orientational metaphors as many as two data, and ontological metaphors as many as two data. Based on metaphorical mapping between the source domain and the target domain of the dominant image scheme formed is identity.
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Yaakov Perry. "Metaphors We Write By: Desire’s (Dis)Orientation and the Border in Richard Rodriguez’s Hunger of Memory." MELUS: Multi-Ethnic Literature of the U.S. 34, no. 3 (2009): 155–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mel.0.0035.
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Nuryadin, Trian Ramadhan, and Tajudin Nur. "Metafora Konseptual Bertema Rihlah (Jalan-Jalan) pada Majalah Gontor: Analisis Semantik Kognitif." Diglosia: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya 4, no. 1 (2021): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.30872/diglosia.v4i1.72.
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This research is a cognitive semantic analysis and uses descriptive qualitative methods. The problems discussed in this study are the types of conceptual metaphors, namely (1) structural metaphors, (2) orientational metaphors, (3) metaphors. The theory used is the conceptual metaphor from Lakoff & Johnson (2003) as the main theory and the image scheme from Cruse & Croft (2004) theory. The data is taken from the Gontor magazine with the theme of "rihlah" (traveling). Based on the analysis conducted, 11 conceptual metaphor data were found, with the following details: seven structural metaphors are the concepts of the meaning of decoration, protection, limb, the taste of food, expenditure, nature, and fame; one orientational metaphor with the concept of the meaning of quality; and three ontological metaphors with the concept of well-known meaning, heredity, and quality of goods. The image schemes found were one power/control scheme, two existence/process schemes, two identity/conformity schemes, and six existence/object schemes.
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Liang, Songman. "A Corpus-Based Study on Conceptual Metaphors in the Finance & Economics Column of The Economist." International Journal of English Language Studies 3, no. 8 (2021): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijels.2021.3.8.3.
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Traditional metaphor researches consider metaphors as a rhetoric device for ornamental study. In 1980, Lakoff and Johnson put forward the Conceptual Metaphor Theory, which marks the shift of metaphor study from rhetoric view to cognitive view. Since then, numerous studies at home and abroad on conceptual metaphors have emerged. Economic news has also become a research interest. However, few research concerns about The Economist, let alone Finance & Economics Column inside. Therefore, this study explores the conceptual metaphors in the Finance & Economics Column of the Economist with Conceptual Metaphor Theory as a theoretical foundation. In order to address the above questions, the paper selects articles from October 2019 to December 2019 in The Economist and employs both qualitative and quantitative approaches to analyze conceptual metaphors in the self-constructed corpus. The results show that: firstly, altogether 443 conceptual metaphors are identified in the corpus, covering structural metaphor, ontological metaphor and orientational metaphor. Due to space limitation, only JOURNNEY metaphor, HUMAN BEING metaphor and UP/DOWN metaphor with high frequency is selected to be analyzed in detail. And their frequency varies from each other. Secondly, these three metaphors are identified in the corpus function by mapping from the source domain to the target domain. Finally, the frequency of these three metaphors is different lies in the systematicity, cultural coherence of metaphors and characteristics of economic news. This study enlarges the scope of conceptual metaphor and helps enhance their metaphorical awareness in economic discourses.
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Cariola, Laura A. "“Inside or Outside”." Language and Psychoanalysis 9, no. 2 (2020): 28–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7565/landp.v9i2.5265.
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By relating the exterior-interior model of body boundary awareness to Lakoff & Johnson’s (1999) in-out orientation of container-schematic conceptualisations, this study aims to explore the use of container-schematic imagery in the autobiographical memories of High and Low Barrier Personalities. The results of this study are based on a corpus of everyday autobiographical memories (N =488) and dream memories (N=450). The results demonstrated that, in both memory types, High Barrier personalities used more semantic fields representing concrete and metaphorical container-schematic imagery (Johnson, 1987), suggesting that container metaphors are similar to the Barrier personality construct. The results are discussed also in reference to the social distancing during the Covid-19 pandemic.
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Thi Vu, Viet-Anh, and Thu Nguyen Thi Hong. "Ontological Cognitive Metaphor of Love in English Songs of the Late 20th Century from Cognitive Perspective." International Journal of Language and Literary Studies 2, no. 2 (2020): 30–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.36892/ijlls.v2i2.254.
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The paper provides an overview of the linguistic theory relevant to cognitive metaphor and shed light into ontological metaphors of love in songs. The writer found out typical metaphorical images of love in the famous English love songs of the late 20th century from cognitive prospective. There are 86 cited sentences from 68 love songs used with 16 metaphorical expressions of three types of metaphor: structural metaphors, orientational metaphors and ontological metaphors in which ontological metaphor was focused to analyze. That how these metaphorical images are explored in the songs with the cognitive and rhetorical value can offer a new look into literary and linguistics. In addition, the writer recommends strategies in finding out, comprehending and analyzing this type of metaphor in various contexts as well as suggests some suitable ways for readers to apply metaphor in writing texts more effectively.
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Rodriguez, Alejandro, and Yolanda Rodriguez. "Metaphors for today’s leadership: VUCA world, millennial and “Cloud Leaders”." Journal of Management Development 34, no. 7 (2015): 854–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmd-09-2013-0110.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to evidence the scenarios any leader is currently facing in front of three specific situations: a volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous world (VUCA); a generation that is changing the way to form relationships, work and knowledge transfer;and the possibility for a “Cloud Leadership” to overcome today’s reality of constant change, redirection, new frontiers and formatting. Design/methodology/approach – This paper seeks one theoretical entailment, so that the world today presented by Johansen (2012) from four perspectives needs to be considered from the perspective of leadership. Findings – The paper views leadership as “a Cloud.” It brings new insights to a social and organizational analysis of leaders today. The metaphorical language is creative in the formative accompaniment of the Millennials, it provides and clarifies the orientation in all areas where they interact. Research limitations/implications – Leaders leading Millennials face challenges with specific textures: convergence of traits, processes and outcomes with a leadership enriched by schools and theories immersed in a VUCA world where resiliency is a scarce commodity. Raising, building, taking advantage of the dynamism that each individual possesses, educating from the positive and toward the positive, is a benefit of a “Cloud Leader” in a VUCA world where Millennials have a strong presence. Practical implications – This paper offers a kind of vignette of leadership to illustrate the theories, skills, abilities and different approaches converging within leaders for these coming years: the immersion in a VUCA world, leading a workforce with more Millennial copartners present each day and the metaphors that can help us better understand them, and being a “Cloud Leader.” Social implications – Leadership is going to be a matter of discovering the positive energy in each person, to stimulate the best in every individual and develop the potential of everybody because this “energy” is a small assurance of the future. A leader who attempts to “bring out” the positive in each person, in every context in which he or she is immersed, a leader who seeks the best interventions possible according to his or her capabilities and resources, this is a leader we can call “a leader for the coming future: a Cloud Leader.” Originality/value – In this paper the author uses metaphors as an interesting method to say something with multimodal meanings under the “umbrella concepts” of Millennial generation, and leadership style. It is argued that scientific reasoning does not solely exist in the individual’s head, but emerges in conjunction with the expressed representations.
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Schröder, Ulrike. "Society and culture as container." International Journal of Language and Culture 2, no. 1 (2015): 38–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijolc.2.1.02sch.
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Within the social sciences and humanities, especially in the field of cultural studies, research has increasingly been dealing with the dissolution of cultural and social boundaries. However, the question of how interactants perceive themselves and construct and describe their interaction space in a certain ‘culture’ or ‘society’ can only be answered empirically. In this regard, the methodological framework of cognitive metaphor theory has proven to be facilitative. From a cognitive semantics point of view, metaphors by no means refer to an external world in a descriptive sense, but are important mediators between cognition and language, as well as between the individual and society. On the basis of two research projects — one on the metaphorical construction of society in German and Brazilian written and spoken corpora, and another on filmed intercultural interactions in the context of an ongoing research — it will be revealed how participants in communication use culture-specific metaphorizations when localizing themselves and others. In addition, the role of animated ‘compound image schemas’, such as container, outside-inside and up-down, will be explored at the linguistic as well as the gestural level when functioning as ‘patterns of orientation’ and ‘meaning formulas’. While from a communicative-participative perspective such schemas serve to reduce complexity, they are also highly significant from the participants’ own extracommunicative-reflexive point of view where interpretations regarding divergent behavioral patterns are concerned.
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Szwedek, Aleksander. "The nature of domains and the relationships between them in metaphorization." Review of Cognitive Linguistics 12, no. 2 (2014): 342–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rcl.12.2.04szw.
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In 2011 I proposed a new approach to metaphor analysis and typology, based on the strict distinction between the material and phenomenological worlds. I concluded that the ultimate source domain (experiential basis) is the world of physical objects. The present paper develops these ideas, presenting a more detailed analysis of each of the metaphor types. Thus, I claim that the concrete-to-concrete metaphors are based on metonymy and abstract-to-concrete on the OBJECT schema. Abstract-to-abstract metaphorization falls into two traditional types: structural and orientational metaphors. As to the former, I show that the vague expressions “more concrete domain” or “more abstract domain” can be made clearer by considering the ontological status of the component elements of the domain: the “more concrete” domain has more elements of physical ontology. Orientational metaphors have been found to be only superficially orientational, their true objective being valuation. I conclude that all these metaphor types eventually refer to the world of physical objects for their experiential basis.
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I Gede, Megantara. "THE TRANSLATION OF INDONESIAN CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS FOUND IN THE NOVEL TARIAN BUMI INTO ENGLISH." Lingua Scientia 24, no. 2 (2017): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/ls.v24i2.18806.
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The study concerned on the translation analysis of Indonesian conceptual metaphors found in the novel Tarian Bumi into English as found in its translation novel entitled Earth Dance. The objectives of this study were to identify and analyze the types of Indonesian conceptual metaphor and the translation strategies applied in translating them. The data were the sentences and quotations which belonged to Indonesian conceptual metaphors found in the Indonesian novel Tarian Bumi and their translation products that were found in the novel Earth Dance. This study applied the theoretical framework proposed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) in identifying and analyzing the Indonesian conceptual metaphors. Meanwhile, in revealing the translation strategies used by the translator of the novel, the study applied the theoretical framework proposed by Larson (1998). Based on observation, this study revealed that Tarian Bumi consisted of 102 Indonesian conceptual metaphors in which are divided into three types; 46 data (45%) were identified as structural metaphors, 40 data (39%) were ontological metaphors, and 16 (16%) data were orientational metaphor. Based on the investigation of translation strategy, it was found that the translator applied the strategy of translating metaphor into metaphor by 72 data found (70.6%), metaphor into non-figurative language by 26 data found (25.5%), and metaphor into simile by 4 data found (3.9%).
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Kozlov, A., and P. Kasyanova. "Verbs of falling in Chukchi." Acta Linguistica Petropolitana XVI, no. 1 (2020): 1020–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.30842/alp2306573716132.
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The paper focuses on the lexicalization of falling events in Amguema Chukchi, which is a variety of the eastern dialect of Chukchi, spoken by inland reindeer herders in the tundra around the village of Amguema in the Chukotka Peninsula. The data on which the research is based were collected in course of authors’ own fi eldwork. The research is done in the framework developed by the Moscow Lexical Typology Group: the authors investigate diff erent frames pertaining to the conceptual field of falling, checking whether they can or cannot be lexicalized by several verbs that the language possesses. The system has two main verbs, peqetatək, which denotes falling from a higher level to a lower one, and eretək, which is used to describe toppling down of vertically oriented elongated objects. For example, only the former will be used in a sentence describing a cup falling from a table onto the ground, and only the latter describes falling down of a tree during a windstorm or of a person who has slipped up. This semantic opposition is cross-linguistically recurrent, furthermore, it is the major opposition which structures the field of falling from the typological point of view. The system is further furnished by several verbs which lexicalize narrow classes of situations: atsatək ‘topple down (of non-elongated objects that have a prototypical orientation in space and lose this orientation)’, kuwɬitkuk ‘roll down’, pəɬqetək ‘fall into water, drown’ и ŋərepetək ‘fall into a substance’. Another interesting feature of the Chukchi system is the absence of metaphors with falling as source cognitive domain. This fact is cross-linguistically peculiar, as in general falling events are particularly prone to give rise to metaphors. Finally, the verbs ŋətək ‘break free from a leash, separate oneself from something’ и pirqək ‘bend down to earth’ develop secondary meanings that pertain to the semantic domain of falling, ‘fall out (e.g. of teeth or hair)’ and ‘sink in (e. g. of a tent)’ correspondingly
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Saragih, Doris Yolanda. "An Analysis of Metaphor in Batak Toba Song Lyrics (Mother Love’s Theme)." Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences 4, no. 2 (2021): 2013–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birci.v4i2.1889.
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The aims of this research are to classify Metaphors in Batak Toba Song Lyrics (Mother's Love Theme).This research used Kovecse’s theory (2010) said that there are three types of Metaphor: Structural Metaphors, Ontological Metaphors, and Orientational Metaphors. The method in this research applied qualitative method. The data were collected by downloading eight collection of Batak Toba Song Lyrics (Mother's Love Theme), listening them, transcribing them in English Language, identifying and putting them into table.The data were also analyzed by analyzing the data, classifying the data, deciding the research findings, and drawing the conclusion. The result in this research, there are 21 the data found in eight collection of Batak Toba Song Lyrics (Mother's Love Theme), namely 5 structural (23, 80%), 10 ontological (47,61%), and 6 orientational (28,57%). Therefore, a number of selected Bataknese songs were dominated by ontological metaphor
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Haula, Baiq, and Tajudin Nur. "KONSEPTUALISASI METAFORA DALAM RUBRIK OPINI KOMPAS: KAJIAN SEMANTIK KOGNITIF." RETORIKA: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya 12, no. 1 (2019): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.26858/retorika.v12i1.7375.
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Conceptualization of Metaphors in the 2018 Kompas Opinion Rubric: Cognitive Semantic Studies. This study aims to reveal the types of conceptual metaphors in Kompas opinion writing in 2018. This type of research includes qualitative research that is descriptive analysis. The method used in this study is the Agih method with advanced techniques for Direct Elements. The results showed that the ontology metaphor was dominantly found in writing opinion rubrics compared to structural and orientational metaphors. The author of opinion transfers more of the construction of his abstract ideas into objects that have physical properties. The characteristic of metaphor found that metaphor is associated with nature, such as shipwreck, collapse, storm sweeping, farming, and blowing. Image schemes depicted from the concepts of dominant metaphors represent the concept of existence.
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Pryshchenko, Svitlana Valeriivna. "CREATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN ADVERTISING DESIGN." Creativity Studies 12, no. 1 (2019): 146–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cs.2019.8403.
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The purpose of this article was analyses the existing methodological approaches to art, culture, design, advertising for the further effective designing of advertising products, increasing its positive value orientations and aesthetic level. The research area is the visualization of advertising ideas taking into account of regional specificity and ethno-cultural identification. Scientific study of cultural-aesthetic component in advertising design has the aim to systematize visual means of information and make a complex definition of their functional specifics in contemporary society, which is much wider than thirty years ago. The advertising graphics presented as visual art, visual culture and visual communication. On examples, we considered the creative advertising technologies: metaphors, hyperbole, associations, allegories and metonymies using colour-graphic imaginative means. Orientation of products to regional consumer groups, significant change of market policy presupposed cardinal change in tasks and character of advertising: socio-psychological, cultural and art-aesthetical indices become actual. Definition of imagery as specific tool of creativity on the point of view different aesthetic ideals is a key to understanding the process of art projecting. So, our comprehensive research summarizes stylistics of advertising graphics in the context of cross-cultural communications from posters to new advertisings forms – digital media
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Mc Manus, Fabrizzio, and Agustin Mercado-Reyes. "Constructing publics, preventing diseases and medicalizing bodies: HIV, AIDS, and its visual cultures." Sexualidad, Salud y Sociedad (Rio de Janeiro), no. 24 (December 2016): 69–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1984-6487.sess.2016.24.04.a.
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Abstract: In this paper we analyze the visual cultures surrounding HIV and AIDS; we are especially interested in tracking the actors, discourses and visual cultures involved in AIDS prevention in Mexico for a period of twenty years: from 1985 to 2005. We use media studies to better comprehend how HIV and AIDS further medicalized human bodies by mobilizing specific discourses, metaphors and visual resources that, though promoting a better understanding of how HIV could be acquired and how it could be prevented, also generated new representations of sexuality, bodies and persons living with HIV or AIDS often biased in favor of different systems of value. Moreover, we try to offer a general characterization of the different publics that were targeted and preconceptions involving ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, geography and membership in different sociocultural groups.