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1
Grenier, Fernand. "Agriculture et réforme agraire en Bolivie." Cahiers de géographie du Québec 9, no. 17 (2005): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/020525ar.
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One of the major impacts of the Bolivian revolution of 1952 was felt in the rural areas of this country where the campesinos still represent two thirds of the total population. In the first part of this article the various agricultural regions of Bolivia are presented with their main characteristics : the altiplano, the yungas and the lowlands of the Oriente. The effects of the agrarian reform undertaken in January 1953 are then examined. During the first years of the reform the subdivision of properties contributed to extend a subsistence economy and there were movements of résistance from the major landowners as well as from the traditional Indian communities known as the ayllus. Colonization of the fertile Oriente, mainly in the region of Santa Cruz, was an alternative which had some interesting results. Despite its limited success the experience of agrarian reform has led the Government to undertake in 1962 a new ten-year plan whose objectives are the continuation of the agrarian reform together with expansion of agricultural productions and colonization.
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Tola, Miriam. "Between Pachamama and Mother Earth: Gender, Political Ontology and the Rights of Nature in Contemporary Bolivia." Feminist Review 118, no. 1 (2018): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41305-018-0100-4.
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Focusing on contemporary Bolivia, this article examines promises and pitfalls of political and legal initiatives that have turned Pachamama into a subject of rights. The conferral of rights on the indigenous earth being had the potential to unsettle the Western ontological distinction between active human subjects who engage in politics and passive natural resources. This essay, however, highlights some paradoxical effects of the rights of nature in Bolivia, where Evo Morales’ model of development relies on the intensification of the export-oriented extractive economy. Through the analysis of a range of texts, including paintings, legal documents, political speeches and activist interventions, I consider the equivocation between the normatively gendered Mother Earth that the state recognises as the subject of rights, and the figure of Pachamama evoked by feminist and indigenous activists. Pachamama, I suggest, has been incorporated into the Bolivian state as a being whose generative capacities have been translated into a rigid gender binary. As a gendered subject of rights, Pachamama/Mother Earth is exposed to governmental strategies that ultimately increase its subordination to state power. The concluding remarks foreground the import of feminist perspectives in yielding insights concerning political ontological conflicts.
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Cook, Simon J., Ioannis Kougkoulos, Laura A. Edwards, Jason Dortch, and Dirk Hoffmann. "Glacier change and glacial lake outburst flood risk in the Bolivian Andes." Cryosphere 10, no. 5 (2016): 2399–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2399-2016.
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Abstract. Glaciers of the Bolivian Andes represent an important water resource for Andean cities and mountain communities, yet relatively little work has assessed changes in their extent over recent decades. In many mountain regions, glacier recession has been accompanied by the development of proglacial lakes, which can pose a glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) hazard. However, no studies have assessed the development of such lakes in Bolivia despite recent GLOF incidents here. Our mapping from satellite imagery reveals an overall areal shrinkage of 228.1 ± 22.8 km2 (43.1 %) across the Bolivian Cordillera Oriental between 1986 and 2014. Shrinkage was greatest in the Tres Cruces region (47.3 %), followed by the Cordillera Apolobamba (43.1 %) and Cordillera Real (41.9 %). A growing number of proglacial lakes have developed as glaciers have receded, in accordance with trends in most other deglaciating mountain ranges, although the number of ice-contact lakes has decreased. The reasons for this are unclear, but the pattern of lake change has varied significantly throughout the study period, suggesting that monitoring of future lake development is required as ice continues to recede. Ultimately, we use our 2014 database of proglacial lakes to assess GLOF risk across the Bolivian Andes. We identify 25 lakes that pose a potential GLOF threat to downstream communities and infrastructure. We suggest that further studies of potential GLOF impacts are urgently required.
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Lowrey, Kathleen. "Incommensurability and new economic strategies among indigenous and traditional peoples." Journal of Political Ecology 15, no. 1 (2008): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v15i1.21688.
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This article takes as a central problem why both a tiny laboratory and an enormous national park were almost simultaneously established in a remote tropical Bolivian indigenous community (Isoso) in the mid-1990s. Both projects – laboratory and the park – were oriented to non-economic values: the laboratory to those of traditional medicine and culture and the park to those of unspoiled nature. However, Isoseño people were particularly attentive to the projects' economic value, exploring the ways these might act as wellsprings of money revenue. The analysis presented here suggests that the tension among divergent orders of value that characterizes the contemporary global situation can present special opportunities, and not just challenges, to indigenous and traditional peoples living in places like Isoso. The essay brings together discussions of "incommensurability" made separately in recent cultural anthropological and ecological economic literature in order to show how and why this is so.Key words: indigenous peoples, economic strategies, traditional medicine, incommensurability, Bolivia, national park
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Fabricant, Nicole, and Bret Gustafson. "The Political Economy of Gas, Soy and Lithium in Morales’s Bolivia." Bolivian Studies Journal/Revista de Estudios Bolivianos 25 (May 11, 2020): 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/bsj.2019.220.
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Bolivia has accomplished some of its goals since Evo Morales was elected president in 2006. It has made advances in expanding inclusion for indigenous peoples and reducing levels of poverty. They have expanded services and infrastructure for the poor and prioritized long-abandoned rural areas. Middle class has grown by more than 10% and both government and the economy have tripled in size. Yet Bolivia remains deeply embedded in extractivist economics. This piece looks at the relationship to global trade and the political paradoxes that gas drilling, soy production and mineral extraction create for the country. Export-oriented dependency have had predictable effects on labor relations, policy planning, and most significantly the lives of people on the ground.
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Canedo Vásquez, Gabriela. "Bolivia and Its Transformations in the Light of “Seven Erroneous Theses about Latin America”." Latin American Perspectives 45, no. 2 (2018): 142–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094582x17747612.
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Bolivia has become a plurinational state, and as such it seeks to dismantle the deeply ingrained internal colonialism that runs through the state and the society. Thus it recognizes self-determination by indigenous people, autonomous territories, plural economy and justice, communal democracy, and suma qamaña (living well) and identifies the indigenous as the main actors in the transformation process, sidelining both the working and the middle classes. Some of the contradictions at its core include views of development that range from extractivism to environmentalism and living well. The government claims to be oriented toward communitarian socialism, but developmentalism will entail the destruction of indigenous modes of survival that are considered culturally rich but backward from a Western perspective. The central indigenous actor of current government discourse has been pushed aside. The Bolivian process presents a way of building a more equal state and a society that offers greater opportunities provided that these structural contradictions are resolved. Bolivia se funda como Estado Plurinacional, y como tal pretende desmontar el colonia-lismo interno que atraviesa el Estado y la sociedad. De esta manera reconoce la autodeterminación de los pueblos indígenas, las autonomías, la economía y justicia plural, la democracia comunitaria, y el suma qamaña (vivir bien). Por tanto plantea que el actor central de las transformaciones son los indígenas, y con esto constatamos que ni el sujeto obrero ni la clase media son actores centrales. Algunas de las contradicciones que se encuentran en su seno incluyen visiones de desarrollo que oscila entre el extractivismo y la conservación de la Madre Tierra y el vivir bien. El gobierno dice orientarse hacia el socialismo comunitario, pero el desarrollismo implicará la destrucción de los modos de sobrevivencia de la población nativa, indígena, consideradas ricas en cultura pero “arcaicas” desde la perspectiva occidental-industrialista. El actor central indígena que le da carne al discurso del gobierno ha sido arremetido. El proceso boliviano presenta la posibilidad de construir un Estado y una sociedad con mayores oportunidades e igualdad de condiciones, siempre y cuando resuelva estas contradicciones estructurales.
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Coca - Morante, M. "Estado actual de la producción de papa (Solanum tuberosum L.) en la región andina boliviana." Revista Latinoamericana de la Papa 19, no. 1 (2016): 59–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37066/ralap.v19i1.226.
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El cultivo de la papa (Solanum tuberosum L.) es uno de los más importantes en la región Andina boliviana, tanto por su valor como cultivo de seguridad alimentaria y por su condición de centro de domesticación de una diversidad de papas nativas. Los diferentes procesos sociales, económicos y políticos de los últimos años vienen promoviendo un nuevo panorama de la tendencia de la producción de la papa en Bolivia. La imagen tradicional de país con agricultura eminentemente Andina e Interandina, con la ampliación de la frontera agrícola hacia zonas no tradicionales como los Valles Mesotérmicos, el oriente y chaco boliviano se encuentra configurando una nueva cultura del cultivo y consumo de la papa en Bolivia. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue describir el estado actual de la producción de papa en la región Andina boliviana a partir de la información existente. Se revisaron documentos, informes locales y publicaciones internacionales. Desde 1950, la introducción de tecnología para el mejoramiento de la producción de la papa en los Andes de Bolivia, comenzó apuntando a mejorar la calidad de la semilla de papa a partir de la evaluación y selección de variedades de papas nativas. Después de más de 60 años, en la actualidad, Bolivia, mantiene un sistema de producción y abastecimiento de semilla de papa de calidad certificada. Este sistema desde 1987 a la fecha ha promovido la producción de un número reducido de variedades de papas, entre ellas, la Desirée (Solanum tubersosum subsp. tuberosum) y Waych’a (Solanum tubersosum subsp. andigena). Este esquema junto a los patrones de consumo actual se encuentra modificando la realidad de la producción de la papa en Bolivia, cuyos efectos podrían causar impactos negativos en la conservación de la diversidad de las papas nativas y en la cultura de la papa en la región Andina.
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Lombardo, Umberto, and Heinz Veit. "The origin of oriented lakes: Evidence from the Bolivian Amazon." Geomorphology 204 (January 2014): 502–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.08.029.
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Marston, Andrea, and Amy Kennemore. "Extraction, Revolution, Plurinationalism: Rethinking Extractivism from Bolivia." Latin American Perspectives 46, no. 2 (2018): 141–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094582x18781347.
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With the ratification of its new constitution in 2009, Bolivia was transformed into a “plurinational state” associated with ecologically oriented values, yet resource extraction has expanded ever since. Fieldwork conducted in communities in highland Bolivia shows how resource extraction sustains and is sustained by “revolutionary narratives” in which the state—led by President Evo Morales—is configured as the protagonist of the plurinational era. Examination of the challenges presented by Bolivia’s indigenous communities and mining cooperatives to this revolutionary narrative during the 2014 adoption of new mining legislation suggests that shifting critical focus away from revolutionary change toward what David Scott calls the “politics of the present” might be a more fruitful way to think about the relationship between resource extraction and Bolivia’s plurinationalism. Al ratificar su nueva constitución en 2009, Bolivia se transformó en un “estado plurinacional” asociado con valores ecológicos; sin embargo, la extracción de recursos se ha expandido desde entonces. Investigaciones llevado a cabo en comunidades de las tierras altas de Bolivia muestran cómo la extracción de recursos sostiene y se sustenta en las “narrativas revolucionarias” en las que el estado, encabezado por el presidente Evo Morales, se configura como el protagonista de la era plurinacional. Examinar como las comunidades indígenas y las cooperativas mineras de Bolivia cuestionaron esta narrativa revolucionaria durante la adopción de la nueva legislación minera en 2014 sugiere que virar el enfoque crítico desde el cambio revolucionario hacia lo que David Scott llama la “política del presente” podría ser una forma más fructífera pensar en la relación entre la extracción de recursos y el plurinacionalismo boliviano.
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Paredes, Julieta. "Plan de las Mujeres: marco conceptual y metodología para el Buen Vivir." Bolivian Studies Journal/Revista de Estudios Bolivianos 15 (January 15, 2011): 191–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/bsj.2010.9.
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This article analyzes the impact that neoliberal policies have on women and sets out the epistemological fracture that communitarian feminism produces in Western feminism. We discuss the circumstances in which, for the first time in the history of Bolivian public policies for women, a Plan de las Mujeres emerges from within women’s social organizations. This article also offers the conceptual frame that guides such a Plan, which relies on five categories or fields of direct action that help us in defending ourselves from a market that has put our very lives on sale. These categories are our bodies, our space, our time, our memory, and the movements that we are able to articulate.Este trabajo analiza el impacto de las políticas neoliberales en la vida de las mujeres y expone el rompimiento epistemológico que el feminismo comunitario produce en el feminismo occidental. Se discuten las circunstancias en las que, por primera vez en la historia de las políticas públicas para las mujeres en Bolivia, surge un Plan desde la base y las experiencias de las organizaciones sociales de mujeres. El trabajo presenta el marco conceptual que orienta este Plan de las Mujeres y que descansa en cinco categorías o campos de acción directa que nos ayudan a defendernos de un mercado que puso en venta nuestras propias vidas. Estas categorías son: nuestros cuerpos, nuestro espacio, nuestro tiempo, nuestra memoria y los movimientos que articulamos.
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Roncal Vattuone, Ximena, and Cristian Calderón Collazos. "Reflexiones sobre la despatriarcalización en Bolivia." Estudios Latinoamericanos, no. 43 (May 27, 2019): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/cela.24484946e.2019.43.72804.
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<p>En la última década del siglo XXI, el Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia viene desarrollando cambios importantes en la sociedad boliviana con el objetivo de desmontar las estructuras patriarcales a partir de una visión de vida incluyente. En el marco del Vivir Bien, el Estado se reestructura y la despatriarcalización se constituye en uno de los principales retos de este nuevo horizonte económico y social que pretende visibilizar a las mujeres como las protagonistas de esta<br />alternativa política civilizatoria. En este artículo se hace una revisión y análisis documental de textos oficiales de gobierno: la nueva Constitución Política del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, el Plan Nacional para la Igualdad de Oportunidades “Mujeres Construyendo la Nueva Bolivia para Vivir Bien”, así como un conjunto de leyes que se orientan a desmantelar el patriarcado.<br />Se presentan algunas reflexiones sobre los avances y los desafíos pendientes desde un Estado que se resiste a transformar las relaciones de poder que todavía subsumen a las mujeres bolivianas.</p>
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Ostria, Cécile. "La végétation d'une vallée alto-andine (Hichu Kkota, Cordillère orientale, Bolivie). I—Données générales." Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France. Lettres Botaniques 134, no. 4-5 (1987): 385–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01811797.1987.10824769.
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Montoya Rojas, Rodrigo. "Visiones del Perú en la Antropología peruana (1941-2015)." Investigaciones Sociales 20, no. 37 (2017): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/is.v20i37.13423.
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Se orienta una reflexión sobre el papel de la antropología en el país. Luego de un largo recorrido de investigación de la realidad pe-ruana en los Andes, la Amazonía, Lima y Villa el Salvador, y los varios períodos de trabajo de campo en México, Ecuador y Bolivia. Descubriendo, el proceso político de los zapatistas en Chiapas y de los movimientos políticos indígenas en Ecuador y Bolivia, en los que se cuestiona el orden establecido y, se ofrece nuevos horizontes, no solo para los pueblos indígenas y nuestros países, sino también para el mundo entero, se presenta a continuación, la visión del Perú desde una reflexión antropológica que bien se puede extender a todas las Ciencias Sociales y las Humanidades. Es ubicar el proceso, las tendencias y los cambios que sobre el país se expresa desde la antropología.
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Perry, H., N. Robison, D. Chavez, et al. "The Census-Based, Impact-Oriented Approach: Its Effectiveness in Promoting Child Health in Bolivia." Health Policy and Planning 13, no. 2 (1998): 140–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/13.2.140.
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Fjeldså, J. "The avifauna of thePolylepiswoodlands of the Andean highlands: the efficiency of basing conservation priorities on patterns of endemism." Bird Conservation International 3, no. 1 (1993): 37–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270900000770.
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SummaryThe Andean páramo and puna zones may once have been densely dotted by woodlands, mainly ofPolylepis, but human impact has now led to a highly disjunct distribution of this habitat. Because of the habitat fragmentation, many specialized woodland birds now show relictual distributions. Speciations to thePolylepiszone took place in Peru and Bolivia during cold/arid climatic periods, asPolylepis-dominated woodland refuges were isolated away from the humid cis-Andean zone and the pre-Andean scrub-forest in Bolivia. An efficient protection of biodiversity in a minimum of well-managed areas could be achieved, if efforts were concentrated in highlands near the proposed Pleistocene woodland refuges: 55% of all endemic and 67% of all threatened and near-threatened landbirds of the high Andean zone of Peru and Bolivia were recorded within three 10 x 10 km study plots near Cochabamba in Bolivia and east of Abancay and on the east slope of Cordillera Blanca in Peru. The biological basis for the efficiency of this approach is discussed.Los páramos y punas Andinas pueden haber estado densamente poblados de bosques, principalmente dePolylepis, pero el impacto humano ha causado una distribución muy esparcida de este habitat. Debido a la fragmentatión del habitat, muchos pájaros especializados al bosque, ahora muestran distribuciones rudimentales. La diferenciación de las espeties en la zona dePolylepisse dió en Perú y Bolivia durante períodos climáticos fríos/aridos, al igual que los refúgios de bosques dominados porPolylepisfueron aislados de la zona húmeda cis-Andina y de la zone chaqueña en Bolivia. Se podría lograr una protección efitiente de la biodiversidad en un mínimo de áreas bien manejadas, si se concentrasen los esfuerzos en las sierras cerca de los refúgios propuestos de bosque Pleistocenico. Así es, que un 55% de los pájaros endémicos y 67% de todos los especies en peligro de extintión de la zona alto-Andina de Perú y Bolivia fueron registrados dentro de tres áreas de estudio de 10 × 10 km, cerca de Cochabamba en Bolivia, y al sureste de Abancay y en la vertiente oriental de la Cordillera Blanca en Perú. El artículo diserta los processos básicos.
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He, Yifan, Juan Pablo Baldiviezo, Arun Agrawal, Vicente Candaguira, and Ivette Perfecto. "Guardians of the Forests: How Should an Indigenous Community in Eastern Bolivia Defend Their Land and Forests under Increasing Political and Economic Pressures?" Case Studies in the Environment 3, no. 1 (2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cse.2019.sc.946307.
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Many indigenous communities across Latin America depend on forests for livelihood. In eastern Bolivia, indigenous communities face increasing challenges in forest management due to insecure land tenure, lack of capacity, and state policies that favor extractivism and export-oriented agriculture. This case study examines the dilemma of forest management in the Guarayos Indigenous Territory, with a particular focus on the influence of conflictive policies under Evo Morales administration. Using a combination of literature reviews, semi-structured interviews, and land use/land cover analysis, we investigated the drivers behind the challenges that the Guarayos indigenous community is facing in the forest and land governance and explore potential solutions. We found that deforestation within the Guarayos Indigenous Territory from 2000 to 2017 was primarily driven by agricultural commodity production. Despite its promises on protecting nature and the indigenous peoples, the government weakened the Guarayos indigenous people’s governance capacity through failure of forest law enforcement, prioritization of extractivism and export-oriented agriculture, and support for land titling of external entities. We presented these findings through a case narrative featuring the president of Guarayos indigenous government as the decision-maker. This case study provides an illustrative example of the challenges and management strategies in indigenous land and forest governance in the Latin American context. A Spanish version of this case study is available at https://www.learngala.com/cases/bolivia-forests-esp.
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Sánchez, Teresa M. "Additional Mollusca (Bivalvia and Rostroconchia) from the Suri Formation, Early Ordovician (Arenig), western Argentina." Journal of Paleontology 71, no. 6 (1997): 1046–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000036027.
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The bivalve molluscs Colpomya? sp. and Goniophorina (Cosmogoniophorina)? tenuicostata Harrington are recorded for the first time in the Arenigian Suri Formation (Famatina Range, western Argentina), and the new taxa Suria ovalis new genus and new species, and Redonia riojana new species are proposed. Additionally, the rostroconchid Ribeiria spinosa Babin and Branisa is also described. Some taxa shared with the Acoite Formation (Cordillera Oriental, Northwestern Argentina) and the Sella Formation (Cordillera Oriental, Bolivia) suggest that the Suri Formation was geographically related to these basins, and consequently, it could likewise be considered as a peri-Gondwanan area.
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Jacobshagen, Volker, Joachim Müller, Klaus Wemmer, Hans Ahrendt, and Emmanuil Manutsoglu. "Hercynian deformation and metamorphism in the Cordillera Oriental of Southern Bolivia, Central Andes." Tectonophysics 345, no. 1-4 (2002): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-1951(01)00209-8.
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Scheffrahn, Rudolf H. "First records of the termite, Termes hispaniolae (Banks, 1918) (Isoptera, Termitidae, Termitinae), from Bolivia and new Caribbean Basin records." Check List 16, no. 2 (2020): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/16.2.271.
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The genus Termes Linnaeus, 1758 occurs in the Neotropical, Ethiopian, and Oriental regions and is notable for the long, narrow, and nearly symmetrical mandibles of the soldier caste. &nbsp;I report the presence of T. hispaniolae (Banks, 1918) in Bolivia and provide many additional new geographic records throughout the Caribbean Basin. &nbsp;Termes hispaniolae is common in much of its range, and workers are characterized by a diagnostic enteric valve armature that is described here for the first time.
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Makaran-Kubis, Gaya. "El nacionalismo étnico en los Andes. El caso de los aymaras bolivianos." Latinoamérica. Revista de Estudios Latinoamericanos, no. 49 (June 18, 2009): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/cialc.24486914e.2009.49.57425.
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El siguiente artículo tiene como objetivo mostrar el fenómeno delnacionalismo aymara en Bolivia actual. Se presenta un corto esbozo del debate intelectual acerca del concepto de nación, destacando su dimensiónétnica. Se compara el proceso de formación nacional de los pueblos de Europa Central-Oriental con la trayectoria aymara, subrayando los momentosclave en su constitución como nación étnica. El texto expone la ideologíaetnonacionalista aymara, así como la historia, corrientes y acciones de suportavoz político, el katarismo. Se presentan también las recientes iniciativa
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McLeod, Niall M. H., Marcelo L. Arana Urioste, and Nadeem R. Saeed. "Birth Prevalence of Cleft Lip and Palate in Sucre, Bolivia." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 41, no. 2 (2004): 195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/02-116.
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Objective To determine the birth prevalence of cleft lip and palate (CL ± P) in the municipality of Sucre, Bolivia. To ascertain whether the birth prevalence in this region differs significantly from birth prevalence reported in similar populations and other racial groups. Results Twenty-eight clefts were identified among 22,746 live births between the years 1995 and 2001 in three maternity hospitals in the city. The total birth prevalence of CL ± P was 1.23/1000 live births per year. There were 12 clefts of the lip alone (birth prevalence 0.53/1000 per year), 15 cleft lip and palate (0.66/1000 per year), and one cleft palate only (0.04/1000 per year). Conclusions The birth prevalence was not significantly different from birth prevalence published previously in South American populations, although it is lower than previously published data from Bolivia. The birth prevalence of CL ± P in this South American population was similar to published data in white subjects and between those found in black and oriental groups. The sex ratio and birth prevalence of simultaneous congenital malformations also did not differ from previously published figures.
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Restrepo Botero, Darío Indalecio. "Neoliberales y empresarios en la emergencia de la descentralización en la Bolivia de los 90." HiSTOReLo. Revista de Historia Regional y Local 7, no. 14 (2015): 320–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/historelo.v7n14.48629.
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<p>El gobierno de Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada (1993-1997) lideró un audaz proceso de descentralización en Bolivia en alianza con el primer vicepresidente aymara, Víctor Hugo Cárdenas. El próspero empresario minero, y conductor político del ajuste estructural de 1986, ofreció superar la época de los sufrimientos mediante la creación de cientos de municipios dotados de recursos a los que podrían acceder representantes indígenas y campesinos, hasta ahora carentes de derechos cívicos y políticos. “El gobierno del Gony y del indio” realizó a la vez una enorme privatización de cinco de los seis grandes monopolios estatales bajo el nombre de capitalizaciones. La hipótesis aquí defendida es que la descentralización y el reconocimiento indígena no fueron meras monedas de cambio para legitimar la segunda fase del ajuste macroeconómico neoliberal. Por el contrario, la arquitectura descentralizada del Estado hizo parte también del ideario programático institucional de los neoliberales, a la vez que era exigencia de los prósperos empresarios del Oriente que la necesitaban para ejercer un control estratégico sobre sus territorios.</p>
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CARDIEL, JOSÉ MARÍA, IRIS MONTERO MUÑOZ, and IRENE SANCHO GARCÍA. "Three new species of Acalypha (Euphorbiaceae, Acalyphoideae) from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil and Paraguay." Phytotaxa 356, no. 2 (2018): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.356.2.5.
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Acalypha chaquensis, A. inselbergensis, and A. pedemontana (Euphorbiaceae: Acalyphoideae) are described as new species, and illustrated with line drawings. A. chaquensis is found in northwestern Paraguay and northern Argentina; A. inselbergensis grows on granitic rock outcrops in Pernambuco State, in Brazil, and A. pedemontana is found in the eastern slope of the Cordillera Oriental of the Bolivian Andes. These species belong to subgenus Acalypha, sections Communes (A. chaquensis and A. pedemontana) and Cuspidatae (A. inselbergensis). Comments on the systematics of the morphologically related species are included.
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Kley, Jonas. "Transition from basement-involved to thin-skinned thrusting in the Cordillera Oriental of southern Bolivia." Tectonics 15, no. 4 (1996): 763–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95tc03868.
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Rios, Fernando. "Las Kantutas and Música Oriental: Folkloric Music, Mass Media, and State Politics in 1940s Bolivia." Resonancias: Revista de investigación musical, no. 41 (November 2017): 57–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.7764/res.2017.41.4.
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Block, David. "Cruz y arado, fusiles y discursos: La construcción de Los Orientes en el Perú y Bolivia, 1820–1940." Hispanic American Historical Review 85, no. 2 (2005): 354–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-85-2-354.
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Radding, Cynthia. "Naturalizing Borderlands in Time and Space: Imperial Frontiers and Historical Indigeneities in the America." Habitus 15, no. 1 (2017): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.18224/hab.v15i1.5897.
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Resumo: o artigo integra os conceitos de áreas de fronteiras ecológicas e culturais com os de fronteiras imperiais, bem como a criação e a emergência de identidades étnicas por meio de processos históricos de colonialismo e resiliência. As ideias apresentadas aqui fluem das experiências da autora em suas investigações nos ambientes áridos do noroeste do México e nas terras baixas subtropicais do Oriente da Bolívia, completadas por um resumo da literatura histórica e antropológica do Norte e Sul da América.
 
 Palavras-chave: Fronteiras. Inidanidade. Ambiente. Paisagens produzidas por humanos.
 
 Abstract: this article brings together the concepts of ecological and cultural borderlands with imperial frontiers and the emergence of ethnic identities through historical processes of colonialism and resilience. The discussion flows from the author’s own research experiences in the arid lands of northwestern Mexico and the subtropical lowlands of eastern Bolivia and a review of the literature for both North and South America. 
 
 Keywords: Borderlands. Indigeneity. Environment. Humanly crafted landscapes.
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Becerra Camargo, Claudia Yolanda. "Twin Texts: a Possibility to Involve Children in Inquiry-oriented Processes." Colombian Applied Linguistics Journal, no. 8 (June 2, 2016): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.14483/22487085.10515.
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This article reports on the experience I lived while implementing the instructional design of my Masterthesis. The research proposal I am currently carrying out is primarily concerned about conflict resolutionand cooperative learning in the English classroom. The proposal was developed in a public primaryschool in Ciudad Bolivar, Bogotá, Colombia. Besides, my participants were a group of fourth graders. Themethodology used during the implementation had to do with: cooperative learning, in which learning impliesco-construction. The authoring cycle that is an option for involving students in inquiry processes, and twintexts, understood as the use of two books (one fictional & one non-fictional) related to the same topic butfrom different perspectives. The three elements described above were interwoven along the process. Toconclude, this experience helped me to recognize certain aspects regarding my professional practices: first,the importance of innovation. Second, the value of other teacher-researchers’ experiences and insights.Third, to recognize our students as owners of their learning process. Fourth, how the authoring cyclepromoted cooperative learning and decreased conflicts. Finally and foremost, the value of literature as apowerful language learning resource.Key words: inquiry-oriented curriculum,
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Kennan, L., S. Lamb, and C. Rundle. "K-Ar dates from the Altiplano and Cordillera Oriental of Bolivia: implications for Cenozoic stratigraphy and tectonics." Journal of South American Earth Sciences 8, no. 2 (1995): 163–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0895-9811(95)00003-x.
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ACLE-KREYSING, ANDREA. "Shattered Dreams of Anti-Fascist Unity: German Speaking Exiles in Mexico, Argentina and Bolivia, 1937–1945." Contemporary European History 25, no. 4 (2016): 667–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777316000436.
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Between the late 1930s and early 1940s Mexico City and Buenos Aires became the centres of activity for the two most relevant anti-fascist organisations of German-speaking exiles in Latin America: the communist-inspired Free German Movement (Bewegung Freies Deutschland;BFD) and the social-democratic oriented The Other Germany (Das Andere Deutschland;DAD). Both organisations envisaged the creation of an anti-fascist front within Latin America, one which would allow for greater unity of action, and thus carried out extensive congresses at Mexico City and Montevideo in 1943. Due to crucial ideological and tactical differences, this dream of anti-fascist unity led to a power struggle between BFD and DAD, well illustrated in the impact it had on Bolivia. This article seeks a new perspective on how, thanks to the establishment of transnational networks, a continental debate on the meaning and methods of anti-fascism then took place, while also shedding light on the influence the Latin American context had in shaping the exiles’ plans for a new Germany.
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Claros Coca, Zenia, and Eliana Claros Coca. "Producción del área de Ciencias de la Salud - SciELO Bolivia, gestión 2009-2017." Gaceta Medica Boliviana 41, no. 1 (2020): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.47993/gmb.v41i1.144.
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Objetivo: evaluar la producción de la materia de Ciencias de la Salud en SciELO Bolivia durante las gestiones 2009 a 2017.
 Métodos: estudio bibliométrico descriptivo, la muestra estuvo conformada por tres revistas vigentes de la materia Ciencias de la Salud: Gaceta Médica Boliviana, Revista Científica Ciencia Médica y Revista Médica La Paz. Se estudió las variables de periodicidad, tipos de artículos además de número de autores y referencias, país de origen, filiación universitaria y lugar de realización de los artículos originales, casos clínicos y artículos de revisión. Los datos se procesaron y analizaron en Excel®.
 Resultados: se publicó un total de 841 artículos, resalta que 34,2% fueron artículos originales, 20,2% casos clínicos y 9% artículos de revisión. En el análisis conjunto de artículos originales, casos clínicos y artículos de revisión se tuvo un total de 533 publicaciones, 452 fueron de origen boliviano, 305 fueron elaborados en servicios de salud, y en 228 se mencionó en la filiación una universidad pública. Artículos originales y casos clínicos estuvo conformado mayormente por dos a cuatro autores con 10 a 15 referencias, artículos de revisión de uno a dos autores con más de 20 referencias. 
 Conclusiones: las revistas de la materia de Ciencias de la Salud se orientan hacia los objetivos de SciELO Bolivia, el mismo que llegará a alcanzarse principalmente con el trabajo conjunto de autores, universidades y hospitales.
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Breilh, Jaime. "Hacia una universidad soberana, de excelencia y crítica: los principios y caminos de su responsabilidad social / Headin g for critical excellence at University : princi ples and ways of its social responsabilities." Revista Pedagógica 14, no. 28 (2013): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.22196/rp.v14i28.1370.
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Un análisis del papel de la universidad en la sociedad se inicia con una visión histórica de las relaciones de las universidades con el poder y los cambios correspondientes de los paradigmas del conocimiento. Se establecen algunas líneas estratégicas y categorías para un juicio crítico del papel de la universidad pública que busca integrar la excelencia académica con la responsabilidad social. En ese marco se explora un marco para el análisis de la gestión científica universitaria. El trabajo termina con una reflexión acerca de la categoría “buen vivir” – cuya entrada en la mesa de trabajo de las ciencias sociales se da a partir de su incorporación al derecho constitucional de países como Ecuador y Bolivia – como criterio para orientar el quehacer universitario.
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Barclay, Frederica. "Pilar García Jordán. Cruz y Arado, Fusiles y Discursos. La construcción de los Orientes en el Perú y Bolivia, 1820-1940." Bulletin de l’Institut français d’études andines, no. 31 (1) (April 1, 2002): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/bifea.6981.
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Iño Daza, Weimar Giovanni. "Una mirada a las reformas educativas y la formación de la ciudadanía en Bolivia (Siglo XX y XXI)." Alteridad 12, no. 2 (2017): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.17163/alt.v12n2.2017.01.
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<p>El artículo realiza una mirada histórica a las reformas educativas aplicadas en Bolivia con referencia a la formación de la ciudadanía. Para ello se recurrió a la investigación histórica y se utilizó la revisión bibliográfica para recopilar, describir y analizar las fuentes escritas. Esto con el fin de comprender la relación entre Estado, educación y ciudadanía, en la que se identifica dos vertientes que orientan las políticas educativas y la formación de la ciudadanía. Como también el dilucidar los tipos de ciudadano que proyectaron estas reformas educativas en Bolivia durante el siglo XX: la liberal (1899-1920), la nacionalista (1954-1964) y la neoliberal (1994-2004); y en el siglo XXI, la sociocomunitaria. En cada una de estas reformas existen características comunes, por un lado, se tiene la centralización de la educación pública a manos del Estado; por otro lado, el rol otorgado a la educación para la formación cívica y la construcción de la identidad nacional, en este caso la bolivianidad; por ejemplo, para la mayoría indígena fue su asimilación a la cultura nacional y homogeneización, mediante la educación. Asimismo, cada reforma buscó la formación de una ciudadanía; por ejemplo, en la liberal se planteó la identidad boliviana; la nacionalista apunto hacia el mestizaje como ideal ciudadano, la neoliberal por la construcción de una ciudadanía pluricultural y plurilingüe; y la sociocomunitaria hacia una ciudadanía intercultural y descolonizada. </p>
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A. Drake, Lawrence, and Estela Minaya Ramos. "The propagation of Love and Rayleigh waves in the Andean Region." Geofísica Internacional 35, no. 3 (1996): 273–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/igeof.00167169p.1996.35.3.462.
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El patrón distintivo desde la fuente sísmica de un campo irradiado de ondas sísmicas se modifica profundamente al pasar por una región irregular como la Cordillera de los Andes de América del Sur. La onda Lg guiada por la corteza útil en la discriminación de fuentes sísmicas, pero, aun para una sola fuente, las amplitudes de ondas de periódo corto como Lg pueden variar significativamente. La Cordillera de los Andes de Bolivia forma una parte de la cadea de los Andes, que se originó en los dos principales ciclos orogénicos del Fanerozoico, un Ciclo Preandino Precámbrico-Paleozoico Superior y el Ciclo Andino Mesozoico-Cenozoico. Durante el último Ciclo, cuatro sistemas del arco magmático se desarrollaron sucesivamente hacie el este: un arco Jurásico-Cretácico Temprano en la Cordillera Costera de Chile, un arco Cretácico Medio en el Valle Longitudinal de Chle, un arco Cretácico Tardío-Paleogénico en la Precordillera Chilena y el arco Mioceno-Holoceno en la Cordillera Occidental (Omarini et al., 1991; Dorbath et al., 1993; Scheuber et al., 1994). En la región del Cabalgamiento Andino Principal entre la Cordillera Oriental (o Real) y las Sierras Subandinas en Bolivia septentrional, hay superposición de aproximadamente 230 km de edad Neogena (Roeder, 1988). Las areniscas cloríticas Permicas marinas cerca de Copacabana sobre el Lago Titicaa y las diamicititas, areniscas, cuarcitas y lutitas Ordovícico.Silúricas apretadamente plegadas, expuestas abundantemente en los cortes del camino entre Cochabamba y Caracollo, se encuetran a elevaciones desde 3800 m a 4500 m sobre el nivel del mar. El sistema de fallas de la Cordillera Real, en el borde sudoccidental, marca un límite subvertical, con buzamiento al sudoeste, que separa dos unidades de velocidad contrastante hasta una profundidad de 140 km. La profundiad de Moho debajo del Altiplano fue encontrada por Dorbath et al. (1993) aproximadamente a 60 km y, debajo de la Cordillera Real, aproximadamente a 50 km. Más al sur, a través del Sur de Bolivia y Norte de la Argentina, Wigger et al. (1994) encontraton que la profundidad al Moho debajo del Altiplano es aproximadamente de 72 km y, debajo de la Cordillera Real aproximadamente a 65 km. La propagación de las ondas de Love y de Rayleigh de periódo corto, a lo largo de un perfil que atraviesa estas unidades del Altiplano y de la Cordillera Real de Bolivia septentrional, ha sido analizada por el método de elementos finitos. Un resultado preliminar es que, sin tener en cuenta la absorción, a un periódo de 2 s, 91.69% de la energía del modo fundamental de la onda Love y 98.60% de la energía del modo fundamental de la onda Rayleigh son transmitidos.
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CHAMORRO, MARIA LOURDES, and RALPH W. HOLZENTHAL. "Taxonomy and phylogeny of New World Polyplectropus Ulmer, 1905 (Trichoptera: Psychomyioidea: Polycentropodidae) with the description of 39 new species." Zootaxa 2582, no. 1 (2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2582.1.1.
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The taxonomy of the New World species of Polyplectropus (Ulmer, 1905a) is revised to include detailed male and female diagnoses, descriptions, illustrations, distribution records, and keys to males of all species and species groups. A phylogenetic analysis based on 59 morphological characters, 89 of 92 (97%) New World Polyplectropus species, and 2 outgroup taxa was inferred using parsimony and Bayesian methods, which resulted in minor topological differences. Conflicting estimates of relationship among and within most species groups led to a less resolved Bayesian tree (vs. parsimony tree) due to high variation in rates of change among characters and an overall low number of characters. A new classification for New World Polyplectropus is proposed with revised characterization of 10 recognized species groups, 6 newly established. Four species remain unassigned to species group. A key to genera of New World Polycentropodidae, including a redescription of Polyplectropus is provided. The homology of the male genitalia of Polyplectropus is discussed. Ninety-two species are treated. The following 39 new species are described: Polyplectropus adamsae (Peru), P. alatespinus (Brazil), P. amazonicus (Brazil), P. andinensis (Argentina, Bolivia), P. blahniki (Venezuela), P. bolivianus (Bolivia), P. brasilensis (Brazil), P. brborichorum (Ecuador), P. cressae (Venezuela), P. colombianus (Colombia), P. corniculatus (Peru), P. cuzcoensis (Peru), P. ecuadoriensis (Ecuador), P. flintorum (Venezuela), P. gaesum (Brazil), P. guyanae (Guyana, Venezuela), P. hollyae (Brazil), P. hystricosus (Brazil), P. insularis (Panama), P. juliae (Brazil), P. kanukarum (Guyana), P. maculatus (Venezuela), P. manuensis (Peru), P. matatlanticus (Brazil), P. minensium (Brazil), P. novafriburgensis (Brazil), P. peruvianus (Peru), P. petrae (Brazil), P. pratherae (Brazil), P. puyoensis (Ecuador), P. robertsonae (Bolivia), P. rodmani (Brazil), P. rondoniensis (Brazil), P. tragularius (Brazil), P. tripunctatum (Peru), P. venezolanus (Venezuela), P. woldai (Panama), P. zamoranoensis (Honduras), and P. zuliae (Venezuela). Polyplectropus buchwaldi (Ulmer, 1911) is designated as a nomen dubium.Key words: phylogeny, taxonomy, Neotropics, Nearctric, Bayesian methods, parsimony, classification, cladistics, morphology, Trichoptera, Polycentropodidae, Polyplectropus, new speciesThe polycentropodid caddisfly genus Polyplectropus Ulmer contains 219 species found primarily in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world, with 125 species recorded from the Oriental biogeographic region, 53 from the Neotropical region (6 species extending their ranges into the Nearctic region), 37 from the
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Fernández-Sola, Cayetano, José Granero-Molina, Judith Mollinedo-Mallea, María Hilda Peredo de Gonzales, Gabriel Aguilera-Manrique, and Mara Luna Ponce. "Desarrollo y validación de un instrumento para la evaluación inicial de enfermeira." Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP 46, no. 6 (2012): 1415–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0080-62342012000600019.
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Este estudio, desarrollado de abril a julio de 2008, objetiva desarrollar y validar un instrumento para orientar la evaluación de enfermería en parámetros asistenciales y docentes en Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Participaron doce enfermeras bolivianas y se utilizaron el análisis de documentos y técnicas de consenso para definir las categorías y criterios a ser incluidas en el instrumento. Estas categorías son: la evaluación física y los 11 Patrones Funcionales de Salud de Gordon. El instrumento se caracteriza por ser breve, de sencilla comprensión y por centrarse en el enfermero. No incluye elementos de evaluación física avanzada, pero sí criterios de estilos de vida y autonomía del paciente. El desarrollo de estos instrumentos contribuye a la calidad de los registros, favorece el juicio clínico y la aplicación del proceso a la enfermería, refuerza el papel del enfermero, favoreciendo la sistematización de su práctica.
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de Muizon, Christian, and Larry G. Marshall. "Alcidedorbignya inopinata (Mammalia: Pantodonta) from the Early Paleocene of Bolivia: phylogenetic and paleobiogeographic implications." Journal of Paleontology 66, no. 3 (1992): 499–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002233600003403x.
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Alcidedorbignya inopinata Muizon and Marshall is a primitive pantodont from the Early Paleocene of Tiupampa, Department of Cochabamba, in the “Cordillera Oriental” of south-central Bolivia. It is known by almost complete upper and lower dentitions, which are described in detail. The occurrence of abundant juvenile specimens allows a study of tooth replacement. The molars of Alcidedorbignya inopinata are primitive for a pantodont but they show the characteristic synapomorphy of the group, which is the presence of a V-shaped ectoloph of P3-4. However, the paracone and the metacone of A. inopinata are separated at their bases, a feature absent in the Bemalambdidae and Harpyodus, which have connate to semi-connate paracone and metacone. Because of this character, A. inopinata, although the oldest, is not the most primitive pantodont. However, A. inopinata, as in bemalambdids and Harpyodus, does not have a mesostyle on M1-2/ or a strongly V-shaped centrocrista, which are found in all other pantodonts. For this reason, Alcidedorbignya inopinata is removed from the Pantolambdidae (which are too specialized) and referred to the new monotypic family Alcidedorbignyidae. The family Wangliidae Van Valen, 1988, is not accepted here and the genus Wanglia is regarded as a junior synonym of Harpyodus; the latter includes the two species H. euros and H. decorus. Analysis of pantodont origins leads to the conclusion that didelphodontines constitute the best potential sister-group; however, no synapomorphy could be found to substantiate this hypothesis. Alcidedorbignya inopinata is the first pantodont known from a southern continent and, being the oldest, it raises a discussion on the paleobiogeographic history of the group.
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Kley, Jonas, Alfredo H. Gangui, and Detlef Krüger. "Basement-involved blind thrusting in the eastern Cordillera Oriental, southern Bolivia: evidence from cross-sectional balancing, gravimetric and magnetotelluric data." Tectonophysics 259, no. 1-3 (1996): 171–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(95)00067-4.
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Muñoz Valenzuela, José Miguel. "Fronteras y contrabando: etnografía del comercio de mercancías-imitaciones en la Espacialidad Fronteriza de Atacama-Lípez (EFAL) (Chile y Bolivia)." Horizontes Antropológicos 26, no. 56 (2020): 225–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-71832020000100010.
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Resumen El texto tiene por objeto visibilizar formas y procesos contemporáneos relativos a la circulación de personas y cosas que participan del comercio y contrabando de mercancías-imitaciones provenientes de Asia Oriental en la EFAL (Chile y Bolivia). Históricamente, tales dinámicas se vinculan con el ascenso e incorporación económica de grupos sociales marginados debido a la impronta colonial del capitalismo, mercado y estado en nuestra Región, siendo sancionadas simultáneamente con un carácter difuso y/o criminal por evadir la fiscalidad estatal y las leyes internacionales de copyright. Se observa que tales prácticas [re]producen nuevas geografías a partir de las articulaciones entre las economías asiáticas y Suramérica desde 1970, permitiendo, por una parte, que las poblaciones locales intervengan en parte del control de los símbolos asociados a las cosas que se movilizan por ésta; y una serie de transformaciones y reordenamientos espaciales, sociopolíticos, cognitivos y culturales multiescalares, por la otra.
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Puch Tórrez, Fabiola Beatriz. "Programa educativo de orientación vocacional profesiográfica para estudiantes de 5.º y 6.º de secundaria." Revista Ecuatoriana de Psicología 3, no. 7 (2020): 145–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33996/repsi.v3i7.41.
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La elección de la carrera es la decisión de mayor trascendencia que deben realizar los estudiantes que culminan su enseñanza secundaria para incorporarse a la educación de nivel superior; si esta decisión no es orientada correctamente el estudiante tomará disposiciones inadecuadas lo que puede ocasionar futuros problemas de deserción. Este artículo consiste en la propuesta de un programa educativo de Orientación Vocacional Profesiográfica (OVP) para atender las necesidades de orientación vocacional de los estudiantes de 5.º y 6.º de secundaria del Colegio Católico Particular Franciscano de la ciudad de Potosí en Bolivia. Fue una investigación proyectiva y el diseño es de campo. Las técnicas de recolección de datos fueron la encuesta y la entrevista y los instrumentos para diagnosticar la OVP fueron dos cuestionarios y un guion de entrevista semiestructurado. Se concluyó primeramente que los docentes no poseen las competencias para orientar la vocación profesional de los estudiantes de 5.º y 6.º de secundaria.
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Wanderley, Fernanda, Horacio Vera Cossio, and Jean Paul Benavides. "Las paradojas del desarrollo andino-amazónico en el siglo XXI: crecimiento extractivista, logros sociales y pérdida de patrimonio ambiental." Estudios Críticos del Desarrollo 9, no. 17 (2019): 197–242. http://dx.doi.org/10.35533/ecd.0917.fw.hvc.jpb.
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El artículo analiza los resultados sociales, ambientales y económicos en Bolivia, Colombia, Perú y Ecuador durante las dos primeras décadas del siglo XXI. Estos países comparten una biozona megadiversa con un excepcional patrimonio ambiental; no obstante, no han logrado superar la dependencia de la explotación de minerales, hidrocarburos y alimentos desde tiempos coloniales hasta la actualidad. Enfrentan grandes dilemas: bajo crecimiento económico en el largo plazo, la persistencia de niveles altos de desigualdad y exclusión social, y la aceleración de la depredación de sus ecosistemas. Lo anterior se deriva de su persistencia como economías primario-exportadoras subordinadas a los ciclos globales de demanda y precios de las materias primas. Al respecto, las movilizaciones ciudadanas exigen respuestas al dilema de desarrollo sostenible. Asimismo, con el fin de la bonanza económica, se renueva el debate latinoamericano sobre la superación del patrón de crecimiento extractivista basado en la explotación de recursos naturales en gran volumen y alta intensidad, el cual se orienta principalmente a la exportación de materia prima con bajo valor agregado. Cabe resaltar que esta discusión se ha enriquecido con la incorporación de nuevas dimensiones y temáticas (ecofeminismo, perspectiva eco-territorial, indigenismo, Buen Vivir o Vivir Bien, ecología política).
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Perry, Henry, Nathan Robison, Dardo Chavez, et al. "Attaining health for all through community partnerships: principles of the census-based, impact-oriented (CBIO) approach to primary health care developed in Bolivia, South America." Social Science & Medicine 48, no. 8 (1999): 1053–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(98)00406-7.
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Simmons, Erica S. "Market Reforms and Water Wars." World Politics 68, no. 1 (2015): 37–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887115000337.
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Responses to the imposition of market-oriented economic policies have varied. This article asks two questions: (1) How can we better understand when marketization will or will not prompt resistance? And (2) when people do mobilize, why are some movements broad-based while others draw on particular segments of society? The author argues that these questions can best be answered by focusing not only on the political contexts and resources available to potential social movements, but also on what is perceived to be at stake during marketization. These perceptions influence mobilization processes and the kinds of groups available for mobilization. When people understand markets as threatening to material wellbeing, as well as to widely shared community relationships, understandings, and commitments, heightened feelings of group belonging can contribute to broad-based mobilization. The author develops this argument through analysis of the broad-based, widespread movement that emerged to protest water privatization in Cochabamba, Bolivia, in 1999 and 2000. In the context of a history of agriculture, irrigation, drought, and conflict, water helped to produce and reproduce imagined communities of nation, region, and ethnic group, as well as quotidian communities revolving around the routine production and consumption of water. These meanings help to explain the dynamics of the resistance that emerged.
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Carvalho Neto, Antonio, Fernanda Versiani, Kelly Pellizari, Carolina Mota-Santos, and Gustavo Abreu. "LATIN AMERICAN, AFRICAN AND ASIAN IMMIGRANTS WORKING IN BRAZILIAN ORGANIZATIONS: FACING THE LANGUAGE BARRIER." Revista Economia & Gestão 20, no. 55 (2020): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5752/p.1984-6606.2020v20n55p87-101.
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Since 2010 around half a million immigrants entered Brazil. This paper aims to describe their experience facing the Portuguese language barrier in the Brazilian labor market. Language here is understood as spoken, written and body language. The South-to-South approach here proposed differs from most of the literature, based mainly on studies South-to-North oriented. During six field visits the research group observed the arrival in Brazil, the hiring process and the experience of 34 immigrants from Haiti, Bolivia, Venezuela, Angola, Nigeria, Togo, Iraq and Yemen working within ten Brazilian firms that hired them. Besides the observation technique, these immigrants, social workers, employers and Brazilian co-workers were interviewed. The employers emphasized the immigrants` enthusiasm, willingness to learn and dedication to work. The immigrants said they were well received and emphasized the use of Google Translator, mimicry and drawings to communicate. The employers said they used these same creative ways to teach the work activities to the immigrants as well as placing the immigrant next to another Brazilian worker who performed the same set of tasks so that the immigrant would learn by looking. Few complaints about lack of patience of Brazilian co-workers and lack of dedication of the immigrants to learn Portuguese were registered.
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Mitchell, Charles, Edsel D. Brussa, and Jörg Maletz. "A mixed isograptid-didymograptid graptolite assemblage from the Middle Ordovician of west Gondwana (NW Bolivia): Implications for graptolite paleoecology." Journal of Paleontology 82, no. 6 (2008): 1114–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000055323.
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Black shales of the Coroico Formation are part of a thick succession of Lower and Middle Ordovician strata that were deposited in the Cordillera Oriental foreland basin along the margin of West Gondwana. The basin was inhabited primarily by a cool-water, Atlantic-type graptolite fauna. Newly discovered material from rocks that crop out near the town of Consata in NW Bolivia include unexpected warm-water or Pacific-type elements such as Parisograptus caduceus and Pseudotrigonograptus within an assemblage dominated by abundant pendent Didymograptus specimens, Cryptograptus schaeferi, and diplograptaceans such as Oelandograptus oelandicus and Hustedograptus bulmani n. sp. Parisograptus caduceus has generally been considered to be restricted to oceanic depths below those of the epipalagic realm that occupied continental shelves, whereas the remainder of the assemblage is more characteristic of relatively shallow water, epicratonic sites. We interpret this mixed assemblage to be the Atlantic Province, West Gondwanan equivalent of the off-shore isograptid biofacies that is much more widely known from low latitude sites around the globe. These results suggest that in this region of West Gondwana, the properties of local water masses (productivity and physical features such as temperature, salinity, or oxygenation) strongly influenced graptolite species distribution and led to biofacies differentiation among coeval assemblages. It also suggests that some isograptids inhabited the epipelagic biotope in mid to high latitude regions. The new species Hustedograptus bulmani is described herein.
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Brohan, Mickaël. "Roux Jean-Claude, La Bolivie orientale. Confins inexplorés, battues aux Indiens et économie de pillage (1825-1992), L’Harmattan, Paris, 2000, 316 p., bibl., ill., cartes, tabl., index." Journal de la société des américanistes 91, no. 91-1 (2005): 242–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/jsa.2923.
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Imhof, S., J. H. May, H. Veit, C. Kull, and M. Grosjean. "Temperature reduction and local last glaciation maximum (LLGM) : the example of the east-Andean Cordillera around Cochabamba, Bolivia (17°S)." Geographica Helvetica 61, no. 2 (2006): 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-61-91-2006.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. This study presents results from a glacier-climate model that reconstructed glacio-climatological conditions during the last local glaciation maximum (LLGM) in the Cordillera to the north of Cochabamba (17°15'S, 66°15'W), Bolivia. Results emphasize the temperature-sensitivity of glaciers on the eastern slope of the Cordillera Oriental. Maximum glacier advances appear to have been caused by a massive cooling of about 6.5°C while annual preeipitation was about 300 mm higher than today (850 mm/yr). Modeling results indicate maximum glacial advances during cold phases such as MIS 2 (25–18 kyr B.P.) and minor advances during late glacial cool events (12–10 kyr B.P.). This chronology is supported by exposure age dating results. Further evidence may be found in the low AAR-values (accumulation area ratio) which indicate low mass balance gradients and therefore cold climate conditions. Modeled basal shear stresses smaller than 1 bar exelude extremely «cold-dry» or «warm-wet» conditions. The spatial pattern of regional paleo-ELA's (equilibrium line altitude). with higher ELAs in the western part of the study area, reflects a strong east-west gradient in paleoprecipitation. Easterly summer preeipitation is suggested to be the reason for this phenomenon. These results are in agreement with other studies of the east-Andean slope, indicating temperature as the driving factor for maximum glacier advances in northwestern Argentina.
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Knudson, Kelly J. "Tiwanaku Influence in the South Central Andes: Strontium Isotope Analysis and Middle Horizon Migration." Latin American Antiquity 19, no. 1 (2008): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s104566350000763x.
Full textAbstract:
Although the presence of Tiwanaku-style material culture throughout southern Peru, northern Chile, and western Bolivia is well documented, the nature of Tiwanaku influence during the Middle horizon (A.D. 500–1100) is variously attributed to imperial expansion or economic and/or religious relationships. Strontium isotope data from archaeological human remains from Tiwanaku-affiliated sites identified first-generation immigrants from the Lake Titicaca basin outside of the Tiwanaku heartland at the Peruvian site of Chen Chen. These data provide an important component to studies that demonstrated close biological relationships during the Middle horizon but could not demonstrate the direction of population movement. However, no immigrants from the Lake Titicaca basin were identified at the San Pedro de Atacama cemeteries of Coyo Oriental, Coyo-3, and Solcor-3. At the sites of Tiwanaku, Tilata, Iwawe, and Kirawi, strontium isotope ratios were also variable, and demonstrate movement within the Lake Titicaca basin. This demonstrates that Tiwanaku influence involved direct colonization in the Moquegua Valley but that in other regions, like San Pedro de Atacama, local inhabitants adopted Tiwanaku-style material culture. This elucidates the complex and highly variable relationships between the Tiwanaku heartland and peripheral sites during the Middle horizon.
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Toalombo Vargas, Paula Alexandra, Francisco Javier Navas González, Vincenzo Landi, José Manuel León Jurado, and Juan Vicente Delgado Bermejo. "Sexual Dimorphism and Breed Characterization of Creole Hens through Biometric Canonical Discriminant Analysis across Ecuadorian Agroecological Areas." Animals 10, no. 1 (2019): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10010032.
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Despite Ecuador having a wide biodiversity of zootechnical species, characterization studies of these genetic resources are scarce. The objective of this research was to perform the biometric characterization of the Creole hen population through 14 quantitative zoometric measures. We evaluated 207 hens and 37 roosters from Ecuador’s three agro-ecological regions: the Sierra (highlands) region (Bolivar, Chimborazo, Tungurahua and Cotopaxi provinces); the Costa (coastal) region (Guayas); and the Oriente Amazonian region (Morona Santiago). Sexual dimorphism was assessed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Body dimensions were generally significantly higher for males (p < 0.05), especially for length of head, beak, neck, dorsum, tarsus, thigh, leg, and middle finger. Then, individuals were biometrically clustered into populations after a stepwise canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) computing interpopulation Mahalanobis distances. Agroecologically-based structured populations were identified when zoometrical criteria were used to classify the animals. Cotopaxi and Tungurahua provinces were reported to be the most distant from the rest, with a slight differentiation of the Morona Santiago province population from those in Guayas, Chimborazo and Bolívar. Conclusively, Ecuadorian Creole hens were higher than longer contrasting light hen breeds, which favors their dual-purpose aptitude. Hence, the development of selection programs aimed at Ecuadorian differentiated entity of production of eggs and meat across agro-ecological areas is feasible.