Academic literature on the topic 'Orifice Flow Meters'
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Journal articles on the topic "Orifice Flow Meters"
1
Oliveira, Natalia M. B., Luiz Gustavo Martins Vieira, and João Jorge Ribeiro Damasceno. "Numerical Methodology for Orifice Meter Calibration." Materials Science Forum 660-661 (October 2010): 531–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.660-661.531.
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Orifice Meters are mechanical devices used to measure gases and liquids flows. Due to manufacturing, installation and operation simplicity, the orifice meters are widely used in the industrial processes in which there is flow of gases or liquids. Moreover, their acquisition and operation costs are smaller than the ones verified for other flow meters (Venturi, flowmeter). However, before the utilization of any calibration orifice meters, they demand an experimental calibration procedure. Thus, in order to suppress this laborious experimental procedure, this work objectified to apply computational fluid dynamics techniques (CFD) to numerically predict the Calibration Coefficient of the orifice meter. The adopted numerical methodology was able to satisfactorily predict the discharge coefficients, presenting an economic alternative when compared to traditional experimental approaches.
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Shen, J. J. S., V. C. Ting, and E. H. Jones. "Application of Sonic Nozzles in Field Calibration of Natural Gas Flows." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 111, no. 4 (1989): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3231425.
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This paper presents Chevron Oil Field Research Company’s operating experience using the sonic nozzle as a proving device for measuring natural gas flows in field tests. The nozzle reference flow rate was used for calibrating orifice, turbine, and vortex meters in three tests with a pipeline quality gas and an unprocessed natural gas as the working fluid. For pipeline gas, the field calibration results show good agreement between the sonic nozzle reference and a turbine meter while the accuracy of orifice metering is size dependent. The 4-in. (102-mm) orifice meter flow rates agree well with the nozzle reference, but the 16-in. (406-mm) orifice flow measurements are up to 2 percent lower. Deviations between the test meters and the sonic nozzles are generally larger for the unprocessed gas. These field projects demonstrate that sonic nozzles can be operated successfully as a prover for processed natural gas, while more work is needed to study the critical flow in nozzles for unprocessed natural gas.
3
Ting, V. C., and J. J. S. Shen. "Field Calibration of Orifice Meters for Natural Gas Flow." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 111, no. 1 (1989): 22–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3231397.
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This paper presents the orifice calibration results for nominal 15.24, 10.16, and 5.08-cm (6, 4, 2-in.) orifice meters conducted at the Chevron’s Sand Hills natural gas flow measurement facility in Crane, Texas. Over 200 test runs were collected in a field environment to study the accuracy of the orifice meters. Data were obtained at beta ratios ranging from 0.12 to 0.74 at the nominal conditions of 4576 kPa and 27°C (650 psig and 80°F) with a 0.57 specific gravity processed, pipeline quality natural gas. A bank of critical flow nozzles was used as the flow rate proving device to calibrate the orifice meters. Orifice discharge coefficients were computed with ANSI/API 2530-1985 (AGA3) and ISO 5167/ASME MFC-3M-1984 equations for every set of data points. The uncertainty of the calibration system was analyzed according to The American National Standard (ANSI/ASME MFC-2M-A1983). The 10.16 and 5.08-cm (4 and 2-in.) orifice discharge coefficients agreed with the ANSI and ISO standards within the estimated uncertainty level. However, the 15.24-cm (6-in.) meter deviated up to − 2 percent at a beta ratio of 0.74. With the orifice bore Reynolds numbers ranging from 1 to 9 million, the Sand Hills calibration data bridge the gap between the Ohio State water data at low Reynolds numbers and Chevron’s high Reynolds number test data taken at a larger test facility in Venice, Louisiana. The test results also successfully demonstrated that orifice meters can be accurately proved with critical flow nozzles under realistic field conditions.
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Manshoor, B., F. C. G. A. Nicolleau, and S. B. M. Beck. "The fractal flow conditioner for orifice plate flow meters." Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 22, no. 3 (2011): 208–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2011.02.003.
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Glebova, E. V., A. T. Volokhina, and E. A. Polikakhina. "Investigation of the Use of Ultrasonic Flow Meters at Oil Refining Process Unit." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 12 (December 2020): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2020-12-7-11.
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It is known that changes in the flow rate of the medium can directly affect the safety of the process of refining oil and petroleum products. Therefore, the use of high-precision flow meters is one of the safety barriers to prevent possible accidents and incidents. Unfortunately, the task of parametric measurement of the consumption of oil and petroleum products before and after their processing in most cases causes certain difficulties. For this reason, each specific measurement task should be approached from a different perspective, offering different means and methods of measurement, allowing to achieve the most reliable and accurate data on the measured flow rate. Operating conditions at the oil refineries place high demands on flow meters. Conventional orifice flow meters, which are often used to measure flow in the oil refineries, have certain disadvantages: they require frequent maintenance, process interruptions during installation, cause pressure losses in the pipe. Based on the experience of foreign companies in replacing insertion flow meters with clamp-on flow meters, it was decided to use non-invasive (non-contact) flow meters for medium measurement. The advantages of these flow meters are that there is no need to cut pipes, which practically eliminates the risk of leaks occurrence during installation. Also, the ultrasonic flow meter does not have direct contact with the measured medium, which allows avoiding contamination of both the flow meter itself and the medium, as a result, increasing the accuracy and durability of flow measurement at the site. Research objectives: substantiation of the possibility of operation of an ultrasonic flow meter at the oil refining site, recommendations for the use of various sensors, as well as selection of the optimal installation site for the device. The flow rate readings matched the previously established readings taken from the orifice meters. As a result, it is concluded that the ultrasonic flow meters can be used to measure the flow rate of stripped oil.
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Lo̸land, Tore, Lars R. Sætran, Robert Olsen, Inge R. Gran, and Reidar Sakariassen. "Fluid Motion in Ultrasonic Flowmeter Cavities." Journal of Fluids Engineering 121, no. 2 (1999): 422–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2822225.
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The ultrasonic flow meter is a newcomer among flow meters for measuring large quantities of natural gas. It has notable advantages compared to traditional meters. The ultrasonic flow meter is much more compact and has a wider dynamic range for flow measurements than the orifice plate meter. When manufactured, the ultrasonic sensors are often set back from the pipe wall in a cavity. When the fluid flows past the cavities, a secondary flow of vortices with characteristic size equal to the cavity width is established inside the cavities. The aim of this study has been to investigate the influence of this secondary flow on the accuracy of the ultrasonic flow meter. Both measurements and numerical simulations of the cavity flow have been conducted. It has been found from the present work, that the influence of the flow in the cavities on the measurements increases nonlinearly with the pipe flow rate.
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Straka, Martin, Christian Koglin, and Thomas Eichler. "Segmental orifice plates and the emulation of the 90°-bend." tm - Technisches Messen 87, no. 1 (2020): 18–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/teme-2019-0120.
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AbstractThe 90 ° - bend represents the most common structural element in piping systems and can have a significant impact on the measuring accuracy of flow meters installed downstream. Within the type-approval procedure of water meters, its impact is emulated by means of a segmental orifice plate with a segment area of 7 % (SOP7). In research and development, coverage rates of 33 % (SOP33) or more are sometimes used as an alternative. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the comparability of the flow conditions and their influence on the measurement deviation of flow meters, which is the basic requirement for using SOPs as a substitute for the 90°- bend. We present laser Doppler measurements downstream of an SOP33 and a 90°- bend and describe the flow development in a distance range from 2 to 30 diameters. Besides a quantitative comparison with performance indicators, the measurements are used to model the response of an ultrasonic and electromagnetic flow meter, including recent investigations of an SOP7. The results demonstrate the consistently poor agreement between the SOP7 and the 90°- bend, whereas the SOP33 provides similar flow conditions starting at a distance of 10 diameters. Further studies are necessary to develop a disturbance generator emulating the near-field range.
8
Tomaszewska-Wach, Barbara, and Mariusz Rzasa. "A Correction Method for Wet Gas Flow Metering Using a Standard Orifice and Slotted Orifices." Sensors 21, no. 7 (2021): 2291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21072291.
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Flow measurements that utilize differential pressure meters are commonly applied in industry. In such conditions, gas flow is often accompanied by liquid condensation. For this reason, errors occur in the metering process that can be attributed to the fluctuations in continuous phase parameters in the flow. Furthermore, the occurrence of a dispersed phase results in flow disturbance and dynamic pressure pulsations. For the above reasons, new methods and tools are sought with the purpose of performing measurements of gas-liquid flows providing measurement results that can be considered as fairly accurate in the cases when flow involves a liquid phase form. The paper reports the results of a study involving measurement of wet gas flow using differential pressure flowmeters. The experiments were conducted for three constant mass air flow rates equal to 0.06, 0.078 and 0.086 kg/s. After stabilization of the air flow rates, water was fed into the pipe with flow rates in the range from 0.01 to 0.16 kg/s. The research involved a standard orifice and three types of slotted orifices with various slot arrangements and geometries. The analysis focused on the effect of orifice geometry on the flow metering results. On the basis of the results, it was found that the slotted orifice generates smaller differential pressure values compared to the standard orifice. The water mass fraction in the gas leads to overestimated results of measurements across the flowmeter. Regardless of the type of the orifice, is necessary to undertake a correction of the results. The paper proposes a method of gas mass flow correction. The results were compared with the common over-reading correction models available in the literature.
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Manshoor, Bukhari, and Amir Khalid. "Numerical Investigation of the Circle Grids Fractal Flow Conditioner for Orifice Plate Flowmeters." Applied Mechanics and Materials 229-231 (November 2012): 700–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.229-231.700.
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Flow rate measurements are among the most important operations in modern industries dealing with increasingly expensive fluids such as petroleum, natural gas and water. The accuracy of flow meters depends mainly on their position in a pipe network and their operating conditions. Pipe fittings such as valves and bends generate turbulence and swirl and distort the flow distribution in the pipe, leading to a substantial amount of measuring error. For accurate flow rate measurements, the standards ISO 5167 specify either a sufficient straight piping lengths or the inclusion of a flow conditioner between the flow distortion and the flow meter. Flow conditioners serve to reduce the developing length between pipe fittings and flow meters and to create fully developed flow condition within short distances. In the present study, numerical modeling of the flow development upstream and downstream of the orifice plate which used circle grid fractal flow conditioner has been made. Computational Flow Dynamics techniques have been used to predict the flow development downstream the flow conditioners.
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Peignelin, G., D. Marque, J. Smid, et al. "Economics of Gas Flow Measurement." Measurement and Control 19, no. 5 (1986): 72–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002029408601900510.
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It seemed very important to have a section on gas flow measurement. The UK's production of natural gas in 1984 was about 35×109 m3 and its consumption about 50×109 m3 with a reserve of about 0.7×1012 m3.* The value of this gas is 0.43 DM/m3† or about £0.12/m3 or about $0.18/m3. Unfortunately we were unable to find anyone able to write a section for this issue in the time available. However, I am grateful to Mr R J Simpson for drawing my attention to a report by Peignelin et al. † The authors have kindly agreed to an edited version of this paper. This paper considers two sizes of metering stations and considers the use of orifice or turbine meters. For these stations it considers investment costs and maintenance costs. It then examines the uncertainty in the energy content determination. The paper concludes that the major uncertainty lies in the flowmeter; that while turbine meter installations seem to be lower in cost than orifice meter installations, reliability must also be taken into account; and the cost of the instrumentation is a small proportion (15–20%) of the total cost of the station — R Baker.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Orifice Flow Meters"
1
Manshoor, Bukhari bin. "Fractal flow conditioners for orifice plate flow meters." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.574554.
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The orifice plate flow meter is the most common form of differential pressure flow meter used in industry. The standard discharge coefficient, which is defined by both British Standard and [SO 5167, is only valid if the flow approaching the meter is perfectly settled and fully developed. However, in practical applications the flow approaching the orifice meter is often disturbed by pipe-fittings and consequently the measurements become inaccurate. Basically, the design of the orifice plate meters that are independent of the upstream disturbances is a main goal for orifice plate metering. Either using a long straight pipe, or a flow conditioner upstream of an orifice plate, usually achieves this goal. In this project the effect of the fractal flow conditioner for both standard and non-standard flow conditions has been investigated in an experimental rig and simulation work. The results of using a combination of the fratal flow conditioner and orifice plate for non-standard flow conditions including swirling flow and asymmetric flow show that this package can preserve the accuracy of metering up to the level required in the Standards. The simulation results also show that the device can be used as a part of a flow metering package that will considerably reduce installation lengths. According to the main idea to introduce a predetermined turbulence flow caused by a flow conditioner for orifice plate flow metering, author was introduced another type of flow conditioner known as a metal foam flow conditioner. Open-cell metal foams with a porosity of 78.8% was formed and fashioned as a flow conditioner. Again the experimental results using the metal foam flow conditioner showed this metal foam flow conditioner demonstrated a good performance in terms of removing swirl and producing a repeatedly same flow profile within a short distance downstream of the flow conditioner. Furthermore, the low pressure drop across the metal foam is another advantage of this flow conditioner where the pressure loss coefficient for this flow conditioner is approximately 2.5.
2
Hollingshead, Colter L. "Discharge Coefficient Performance of Venturi, Standard Concentric Orifice Plate, V-Cone, and Wedge Flow Meters at Small Reynolds Numbers." DigitalCommons@USU, 2011. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/869.
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The relationship between the Reynolds number (Re) and discharge coefficients (C) was investigated through differential pressure flow meters. The focus of the study was directed toward very small Reynolds numbers commonly associated with pipeline transportation of viscous fluids. There is currently a relatively small amount of research that has been performed in this area for the Venturi, standard orifice plate, V-cone, and wedge flow meters. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) program FLUENT© was used to perform the research, while GAMBIT© was used as the preprocessing tool for the flow meter models created. Heavy oil and water were used separately as the two flowing fluids to obtain a wide range of Reynolds numbers with high precision. Multiple models were used with varying characteristics, such as pipe size and meter geometry, to obtain a better understanding of the C vs. Re relationship. All of the simulated numerical models were compared to physical data to determine the accuracy of the models. The study indicates that the various discharge coefficients decrease rapidly as the Reynolds number approaches 1 for each of the flow meters; however, the Reynolds number range in which the discharge coefficients were constant varied with meter design. The standard orifice plate does not follow the general trend in the discharge coefficient curve that the other flow meters do; instead as the Re decreases, the C value increases to a maximum before sharply dropping off. Several graphs demonstrating the varying relationships and outcomes are presented. The primary focus of this research was to obtain further understanding of discharge coefficient performance versus Reynolds number for differential producing flow meters at very small Reynolds numbers.
3
Ilunga, Luc Mwamba. "Performance of a symmetrical converging-diverging tube differential pressure flow meter." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1029.
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Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree
Master of Technology: Civil Engineering
in the Faculty of Engineering
at the CAPE PENINSULA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
2014<br>The current problems of orifice, nozzle and Venturi flow meters are that they are
limited to turbulent flow and the permanent pressure drop produced in the
pipeline. To improve these inadequacies, converging-diverging (C-D) tubes were
manufactured, consisting of symmetrical converging and diverging cones, where
the throat is the annular section between the two cones, with various angles and
diameter ratios to improve the permanent pressure loss and flow measurement
range.
The objective of this study was firstly to evaluate the permanent pressure loss,
secondly to determine the discharge coefficient values for various C-D tubes
and compare them with the existing differential pressure flow meter using
Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, and finally to assess the performance of
these differential pressure flow meters.
The tests were conducted on the multipurpose test rig in the slurry laboratory at
the Cape Peninsula University of Technology. Newtonian and non-Newtonian
fluids were used to conduct experiments in five different C-D tube flow meters
with diameter ratios (β) of 0.5, 0.6 and 0.7, and with angles of the wall to the
axis of the tube (θ) of 15°, 30° and 45°.
The results for each test are presented firstly in the form of static pressure at
different flow rates. It was observed that the permanent pressure loss decreases
with the flow rate and the length of the C-D tube. Secondly, the results are
presented in terms of discharge coefficient versus Reynolds number. It was
found that the Cd values at 15° drop earlier than at 30° and 45°; when viscous
forces become predominant, the Cd increases with increasing beta ratio. The Cd
was found to be independent of the Reynolds number for Re>2000 and also a
function of angle and beta ratio.
Preamble
Performance of a symmetrical converging-diverging tube differential pressure
flow meter
Finally, the error analyses of discharge coefficients were assessed to determine
the performance criteria. The standard variation was found to increase when the
Reynolds number decreases. The average discharge coefficient values and their
uncertainties were determined to select the most promising C-D tube geometry.
An average Cd of 0.96, with an uncertainty of ±0.5 % for a range of Reynolds
numbers greater than 2,000 was found.
The comparison between C-D tubes 0.6(15-15) and classical Venturi flow meters
reveals that C-D 0.6(15-15) performs well in turbulent range and shows only a
slight inaccuracy in laminar.
This thesis provides a simple geometrical differential pressure flow meter with a
constant Cd value over a Reynolds number range of 2000 to 150 000.
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Marko, Đurđević. "Прилог истраживању струјања гаса кроз мерне бленде са вишеотвора". Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Fakultet tehničkih nauka u Novom Sadu, 2020. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=115023&source=NDLTD&language=en.
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Уз растуће цене енергената, данас је од пресудног значаја тачно мерењепротока флуида у индустријским процесима. Због своје једноставности,поузданости и једноставног одржавања, мерне бленде су честораспрострањени мерни инструменти у многим индустријама.Конвенционална мерна бленда са једним отвором (БЈО) је широкозаступљен мерни инструмент на бази диференцијалног притиска, али овајинструмент има и одређене недостатке, који се могу превазићи мерномблендом са више отвора (БВО). Предмет истраживања докторскедисертације је била БВО. За истраживање су се користилеекспериментална и нумеричка метода, а истражили су се однос површинеотвора бленде и површине попречног пресека цеви β, пад притисака,губитак притисака, утицај угла излазне ивице мерне бленде, утицајвлажности гаса и утицај равних деоница испред и иза мерне бленде натачност мерења. Такође поред овога одредио се и губитак снаге којинастаје код различитих мерних бленди, поврат притиска, коефицијентпротока тј. коефицијент пада притиска. Представљени резултати у оквирудокторске дисертације су показали бројне предности БВО у односу на БЈО.<br>Uz rastuće cene energenata, danas je od presudnog značaja tačno merenjeprotoka fluida u industrijskim procesima. Zbog svoje jednostavnosti,pouzdanosti i jednostavnog održavanja, merne blende su čestorasprostranjeni merni instrumenti u mnogim industrijama.Konvencionalna merna blenda sa jednim otvorom (BJO) je širokozastupljen merni instrument na bazi diferencijalnog pritiska, ali ovajinstrument ima i određene nedostatke, koji se mogu prevazići mernomblendom sa više otvora (BVO). Predmet istraživanja doktorskedisertacije je bila BVO. Za istraživanje su se koristileeksperimentalna i numerička metoda, a istražili su se odnos površineotvora blende i površine poprečnog preseka cevi β, pad pritisaka,gubitak pritisaka, uticaj ugla izlazne ivice merne blende, uticajvlažnosti gasa i uticaj ravnih deonica ispred i iza merne blende natačnost merenja. Takođe pored ovoga odredio se i gubitak snage kojinastaje kod različitih mernih blendi, povrat pritiska, koeficijentprotoka tj. koeficijent pada pritiska. Predstavljeni rezultati u okvirudoktorske disertacije su pokazali brojne prednosti BVO u odnosu na BJO.<br>Nowadays, with rising energy prices, accurate flow measurement is playing animportant role in industrial processes. Due to its simplicity, reliability and ease ofmaintenance, orifice flow meters are very common measuring instruments inmany industries. Conventional single-hole orifice (SHO) flow meter is widelyused differential pressure-based instrument, but this instrument has somedisadvantages that can be overcome by multi-hole orifice (MHO) flow meter. Thesubject of the doctoral dissertation research was MHO flow meter. Experimentaland numerical methods were used for the research, whereas the ratio of theorifice area and the cross-sectional pipe area β, pressure drop, pressure loss,angle of bevel influence, gas humidity influence and straight sections upstreamand downstream of the orifice influence on measurement accuracy wereinvestigated. Also, power loss for different orifice flow meters, pressure recovery,discharge coefficient i.e. pressure drop coefficient were determined. Resultspresented within the doctoral dissertation showed numerous advantages ofMHO compared to SHO.
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Shaik, Abdul Qaiyum. "Numerical modeling of two-phase flashing propellant flow inside the twin-orifice system of pressurized metered dose inhalers." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2010. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6161.
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Pressurized metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs) are the most widely-prescribed inhaler devices for therapeutic aerosol delivery in the treatment of lung diseases. In spite of its undoubted therapeutic and commercial success, the propellant flow mechanics and aerosol formation by the pMDIs is poorly understood. The process involves a complex transient cavitating turbulent fluid that flashes into rapidly evaporating droplets, but details remain elusive, partly due to the difficulty of performing experiments at the small length scales and short time scales. The objective of the current work is the development of a numerical model to predict the internal flow conditions (pressure, temperature, velocity, void fraction, quality, etc.) and provide deeper insight into the atomization process and fluid mechanics involved in the twin-orifice of pMDIs. The main focus is propellant metastability, which has been identified by several past authors as a key element that is missing in accounts of pMDI performance. First the flashing propellant flow through single orifice systems (both long and short capillary tubes) was investigated using three different models : homogeneous equilibrium model (HEM), delayed equilibrium model (DEM) and improved delayed equilibrium model (IDEM). Both, the pure propellants and the propellant mixtures were used as working fluid. The numerical results were compared with the experimental data. For long capillary tubes the three models gave reasonable predictions, but the present results showed that DEM predicts the mass flow rate well for pure propellants and IDEM predicts the mass flow rate well for propellant mixtures. For short capillary tubes, the present results showed that DEM predicts the mass flow rate and pressure distribution along the short tube better compared to HEM and IDEM. The geometry of the twin-orifice system of a pMDI is complex and involves several singularities (sudden enlargements and sudden contractions). Various assumptions were made to evaluate their effect on the vaporisation process and to evaluate the flow variables after the shock at the exit of the spray orifice when the flow is choked. Also, three different propellant flow regimes were explored at the inlet of the valve orifice. A specific combination of assumptions, which offers good agreement with the experimental data was selected for further computations. Numerical investigations were carried out using delayed equilibrium model (DEM) with these new assumptions to validate the two-phase metastable flow through twin-orifice systems with continuous flows of various propellants studied previously by Fletcher (1975) and Clark (1991). A new correlation was developed for the coefficient in the relaxation equation. Along with this correlation a constant coefficient was used in the relaxation equation to model the metastability. Both the coefficients showed good agreement against the Fletcher's experimental data. The comparison with the Clark s experimental data showed that the new correlation coefficient predicted the mass flow rate well in compare to that of the constant coefficient, but over predicted the expansion chamber pressure. The DEM with both the coefficients for continuous discharge flows were applied to investigate the quasi-steady flashing flow inside the metered discharge flows at various time instants. The DEM results were compared with the Clark s metered discharge experimental data and the well established homogeneous equilibrium model (HEM). The comparison between the HEM and DEM with Clark s (1991) experimental data showed that the DEM predicted the mass flow well in compare to that of HEM. Moreover, both the models underpredicted the expansion chamber pressure and temperature. The findings of the present thesis have given a better understanding of the role played by the propellant metastability inside the twin-orifice system of pMDIs. Also, these have provided detailed knowledge of thermodynamic state, void fraction and critical velocity of the propellant at the spray orifice exit, which are essential step towards the development of improved atomisation models. Improved understanding of the fluid mechanics of pMDIs will contribute to the development of next-generation pMDI devices with higher treatment efficacy, capable of delivering a wider range of therapeutic agents including novel therapies based around.
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Higman, Chrisopher Adrew Austin. "Swirling flow in helically welded pipes and its effect on orifice flow meters." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/18161.
Full textBooks on the topic "Orifice Flow Meters"
1
McFaddin, S. E. Optimum location of flow conditioners in a 4-inch orifice meter. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1989.
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2
F, Sindt Charles, Lewis Michael A, and National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.), eds. Flow conditioner location effects in orifice flowmeters. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1993.
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3
A, Lewis M., and National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.), eds. Flow conditioner tests for three orifice flowmeter sizes. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1994.
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4
A, Lewis Michael, Brennan James A, and National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.), eds. Orifice meter performance downstream of a tube bundle flow conditioner, elbows, and a tee. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1991.
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5
Measurement of fluid flow using orifice, nozzle, and venturi: October 1988 draft. The Society, 1988.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Orifice Flow Meters"
1
Widden, Martin. "Flow measurement: pitot tube, venturi meter and orifice meter." In Fluid Mechanics. Macmillan Education UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11334-7_5.
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Hasečić, Amra, Siniša Bikić, and Ejub Džaferović. "Numerical Investigation of the Contamination Thickness Influence to the Flow Parameters for Multi-hole Orifice Flow Meter." In New Technologies, Development and Application IV. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75275-0_92.
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"Orifice Plate Meters." In Flow Measurement Handbook. Cambridge University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511471100.007.
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Petryshyn, Igor, and Olexandr Bas. "NATURAL GAS HEAT COMBUSTION DETERMINATION ON MEASURING SYSTEMS WITH DUPLICATE GAS UNITS." In Integration of traditional and innovative scientific researches: global trends and regional aspect. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-001-8-2-8.
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The paper focuses on the need to determine the natural gas heat combustion in order to transition to gas metering in units of energy. The technical organization of gas transportation in the main and distribution pipelines on the territory of Ukraine is shown. A detailed analysis of regulatory and legal support, which regulates the definition and accounting of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of natural gas at gas metering units. The draft Rules for determining the natural gas volume are considered in detail. Specified variants of determining the weighted average value of combustion heat in the case of complex gas supply systems with the use of flow measuring means of gas combustion heat. The necessity and urgency of determining the natural gas heat combustion on measuring systems, which are equipped with duplicate metering units without the installation flow means measuring the heat combustion. Emphasis is placed on the fact that a large number of measuring systems are built on the method of variable pressure drop with the use of standard orifice devices. It is pointed out that this method, according to its physical principle, measures the mass gas flow rate. It is also stipulated that ultrasonic gas meters are often used to complete duplicate metering units. The advantages of ultrasonic meters are given. Attention is drawn to the availability of technical metrological support in Ukraine on the basis calibration prover, which includes two secondary standards gas volume and volume flow rate units. Methods and technical means for determining the natural gas heat combustion are analyzed. The calculation of the gas heat combustion and the Wobbe number based on the density values is shown. It is noted that the value of the gas mass flow rate is related to the value of the gas volume flow rate precisely the value of density. The nonlinear dependence of the gas mass heat combustion for the density, which is associated with a disproportionate change in the percentage of carbon atoms to hydrogen atoms, is shown. The structural scheme of the measuring system with the duplicating metering unit for gas density definition and gas heat combustion calculation is developed. The density calculation and natural gas heat combustion depending on the molar fraction of nitrogen and carbon dioxide in the gas from the minimum to the maximum value is carried out. The linear dependence of the change in the gas heat combustion for the molar fraction of nitrogen is established, on the basis of which the method of controlling the gas heat combustion for measuring systems with a duplicate metering unit is proposed. It is shown that the developed procedure for determining the natural gas heat combustion based on the value of density, which is obtained from the calculation of gas mass flow rate and gas volume flow rate consumption on measuring systems with duplicate metering units exactly satisfies class B and C according to DSTU OIML R 140.
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"Chapter 1 Discharge and Pressure Loss Coefficient Analysis of Non-Newtonian Fluid Flow Through Orifice Meter Using CFD." In Process Modeling, Simulation, and Environmental Applications in Chemical Engineering, edited by A. Tamrakar and S. A. Yadav. Apple Academic Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315366449-2.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Orifice Flow Meters"
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Xu, YiQin, Daniel Coxe, Yulia Peet, and Taewoo Lee. "Computational Modeling of Flow Rate Measurements Using an Orifice Flow Meter." In ASME 2018 5th Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2018-83296.
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This study is concerned with understanding and improvement of mass flow rate measurement uncertainty and errors encountered at low flow rates and start-up in commercially available flow rate measurement devices, such as orifice flow meters. The flow through a typical cylindrical flange-tapped orifice flow meter is modeled computationally so the actual mass flow rate is known a-priori. Empirical predictions from the reading of “virtual” pressure sensors are compared with the actual flow rate and the measurement errors are quantified and analyzed. Commercial code ANSYS-Fluent is compared in this study to the in-house high-fidelity spectral-element solver Nek5000, so that conclusions about the applicability of a commercial code to the calculations of measurement uncertainty in the orifice flow meters can be made.
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Morrison, Gerald, Sahand Pirouzpanah, Muhammet Cevik, and Abhay Patil. "Evaluation of a Close Coupled Slotted Orifice, Electric Impedance, and Swirl Flow Meters for Multiphase Flow." In ASME 2013 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2013-16112.
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The feasibility of a multiphase flow meter utilizing closely coupled slotted orifice and swirl flow meters along with an impedance sensor is investigated. The slotted flow meter has been shown to exhibit well behaved response curves to two phase flow mixtures with the pressure difference monotonically increasing with mixture density and flow rate. It has been determined to have less than 1% uncertainty in determining the flow rate if the density of the fluid is known. Flow visualizations have shown that the slotted orifice is a very good mixing device as well producing a homogenous mixture for several pipe diameters downstream of the plate. This characteristic is utilized to provide a homogeneous mixture at the inlet to the swirl meter. This is possible since the slotted orifice is relatively insensitive to upstream and downstream flow disturbances. The swirl meter has been shown to indicate decreased flow rate as the mixture density increases which is opposite to the slotted orifice making the solution of the two meter outputs to obtain density and flow rate feasible. Additional instrumentation is included. Between the slotted orifice and swirl meter where the flow is homogenous a custom manufactured electrical impedance sensor is installed and monitored. This array of instrumentation will provide three independent measurements which are evaluated to determine which system of equations are robust enough to provide accurate density and flow rate measurement over a wide range of gas volume fractions using a very compact system.
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Buhidma, A., and R. Pal. "Flow Metering Of Two Phase Oil-Water Emulsions Using Wedge Meters And Segmental Orifice Meters." In Technical Meeting / Petroleum Conference of The South Saskatchewan Section. Petroleum Society of Canada, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/95-146.
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Nystrom, James B., and Phillip S. Stacy. "Performance of Nozzle, Venturi, and Orifice Meters Relative to Extrapolation Criteria." In ASME 2008 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2008-60112.
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Flow meter performance is described by the dimensionless numbers of discharge coefficient and Reynolds number. To achieve the best flow measurement uncertainty, meters are tested (calibrated) to determine the discharge coefficient behavior versus Reynolds number (magnitude and slope). Various meter designs have differing Reynolds number dependence. In many cases calibration laboratories can not achieve the Reynolds number at which the flow meter will operate. This deficiency is usually due to fluid properties (density and viscosity) at operating conditions being considerably different than those in a water-based calibration laboratory. Testing using fluids such as natural gas may increase the achievable Reynolds number but it is difficult to achieve the low uncertainty of the discharge coefficient possible in a water calibration due to the additional uncertainty of the expansion factor required with compressible fluids and the problems associated with gravimetric measurements of compressible fluids. In some power industry applications, operating Reynolds numbers may be an order of magnitude higher than can be achieved during calibration. Therefore, calibration data must be used to infer the discharge coefficient at operating conditions (Reynolds number), defining extrapolation. In Code tests, minimum flow measurement uncertainty is the objective and the uncertainty must be estimated. The largest uncertainty component in a flow measurement application usually is the discharge coefficient, which is dependent on the care of fabrication, the calibration data, and the extrapolation process. Measured discharge coefficients of Throat Tap Nozzles, Venturi meters Wall Tap Nozzles, and Orifice Meters are compared to predictive equations.
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Sakariassen, Reidar. "Real Life Experience With Multipath Ultrasonic Gas Flow Meters." In 1996 1st International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc1996-1917.
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Multipath ultrasonic gas flow meters are to be considered as newcomers among flow meters for large, high pressure gas flows. Although the advantages of this type of meters are many and obvious, the metering community is still hesitating to go for it mainly because of lack of experience. The objective of this paper is to present the experience of Statoil after more than six years experience with multipath ultrasonic gas flow meters. Our experience includes laboratory testing and operation in the field for a variety of designs and dimensions. This paper presents the accuracy achieved by such meters including comparison between ultrasonic meters and orifice metering systems in operation, the unique possibilities that this type of meter offers for on-line verification of performance and installation effects. Of particular interest should be noted that in the vicinity of low-noise control valves, such meters could stop functioning completely if no precautions are taken.
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Laribi, Boualem, Pierre Wauters, and Mohamed Aichouni. "Experimental Study of Aerodynamic Behavior Downstream of Three Flow Conditioners." In ASME 2002 Joint U.S.-European Fluids Engineering Division Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2002-31080.
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The present work is concerned a comparative study of the decay of swirling turbulent pipe flow downstream of three flow conditioners, the Etoile, the Tube bundle, and the Laws perforate plate, and its effect on accuracy of orifice plate flow meter. The swirl was generated by a double 90° degrees elbows in perpendicular planes. The discharge coefficients were measured with 3 different orifice meters with β = 0.5, 0.62, 0.70 at different Reynolds number. As a conclusion, the experimental study of the three flow conditioners used separately shows that the flow need longer distance for close to fully developed pipe flow and some errors, by reason of the swirl, on the discharge coefficient were inevitable for distance less 12D.
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Yin, Guang, Bjørnar Nitter, and Muk Chen Ong. "Numerical Simulations of Turbulent Flow Through an Orifice Plate in a Pipe." In ASME 2020 39th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2020-18684.
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Abstract Orifice flow meters are widely used in industries to measure the flow rate in pipelines. The flow rate inside the pipe can be calculated using the relationship between the flow velocity and the pressure drop across the orifice plate. In the present study, numerical simulations have been carried out using three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations combined with the k-ω SST turbulence model to thoroughly investigate the turbulent flow through a circular square-edged orifice with various orifice plate thicknesses and orifice diameters inside a pipe at different Reynolds numbers ranging from 2500 to 40000. The orifice thickness to pipe diameter ratio (t) varies between 0.125 and 2 and the orifice diameter to pipe diameter (β) varies between 0.25 and 0.75. The resulting centerline profiles of the streamwise velocity and pressure of the present study are compared with the previous published numerical results and experimental data as the validation study. The effects of Reynolds numbers and orifice geometries on the pressure, the flow velocity and vorticity distribution in the orifice are discussed in detail.
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Kato, Tomonori, Tetsuma Hirakawa, Mitsuhiro Nakao, Takashi Oowaku, Hirohisa Sakuma, and Toshiharu Kagawa. "Feed-Forward Control of an Arbitrary Pressure Pulsation Generator and its Application to Testing an Orifice-Type Flow Meter." In ASME/BATH 2014 Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fpmc2014-7858.
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This paper presents a compact arbitrary pressure pulsation generator for assessing the characteristics of flow meters and sensors, particularly around their zero points. In this study, a compact arbitrary pressure pulsation generator was created using some pneumatic components, such as a high-precision quick-response pneumatic pressure regulator (HPR) and a spool-type servo-valve. The feed-forward compensation of the controller provided the desired pressure pulse to the tested flow meter by controlling the spool-type servo valve; 30 Hz was achieved. In order to validate the effectiveness of the developed generator, we evaluated the dynamic characteristics around the zero point of an orifice-type flow meter in the range from 1 Hz through 30 Hz.
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Ahmadi, A., S. B. M. Beck, and R. Stanway. "The Swirling Orifice Plate: A Flowmeter for All Reasons." In ASME 2005 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2005-77349.
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The orifice plate flow meter is the most common form of differential pressure flow meter used in industry. The standard discharge coefficient, which is defined by both British Standard and ISO 5167, is only valid if the flow approaching the meter is perfectly settled and fully developed. However, in practical applications the flow approaching the orifice meter is often disturbed by pipe-fittings and consequently the measurements become inaccurate. Basically, the design of the orifice plate meters that are independent of the upstream disturbances is a main goal for orifice plate metering. This task can be achieved either by using a long straight settling length upstream and downstream of the orifice plate or using a flow conditioner upstream of an orifice plate. In addition, the standard orifice plate is vulnerable when metering dirty flow due to the accumulation of dirt in front of the orifice plate which can alter the accuracy of metering as well. In this paper the effect of the swirler flow conditioner for both standard and non-standard flow conditions has been investigated in an experimental rig and validation of the results has been justified with the appropriate CFD domains. In these investigations the effect of different designs of swirler flow conditioners have been examined in asymmetric and swirling flow profiles. The results so far show the cone swirler flow conditioner has a desirable effect for both asymmetric and swirling flow disturbances. They also show the error of metering for non-standard velocity profiles with the swirler flow conditioner is typically 1.5% compared to around 4% for a standard orifice plate. Moreover using a swirler conditioner tends to keep particles in suspension and thus prevents the accumulation of dirt particles in front of orifice plate. All experimental and numerical results here are presented for different velocity profiles both swirling and asymmetric profiles, mass flow rates and for β = 0.5.
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Amnache, A., M. Omri, and L. G. Fre´chette. "An Analytical and Numerical Study of Rectangular Orifice Plate Micro-Flowmeters." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-40470.
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The paper presents the design and analysis of differential pressure micro-flowmeter, for low flows of gases (0.1–120 mg/s) with different inlet pressure conditions (1–4 bars). The device consists of a planar micro orifice obstruction in a rectangular microchannel, with two pressure ports, upstream and downstream of the constriction. The particularities of this micro orifice is the small scale and the planar two-dimensional configuration, i.e. only in the width of the rectangular microchannel changes. A series of micro orifice sizes will be studied, with hydraulic diameters ranging from 200 to 465 μm and channel Reynolds numbers up to 7000. The geometric parameters of these micro orifices were determined to have a measurable pressure drop and to avoid choking. The calculation of the pressure drop through a micro orifice are represented using analytical equations, and modeled numerically using computational fluid dynamics to further investigate the flow patterns and 3D effects. The discharge coefficient is determined for each orifice micro-flowmeter by numerical analysis. This work aims to implement integrated mass flow measurements in micro chemical and fluidic devices that cannot use macroscopic mass flow meters, either due to their large volume, high cost, or inability to withstand harsh environments.
Reports on the topic "Orifice Flow Meters"
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McFaddin, S. E. Optimum location of flow conditioners in a 4 - inch orifice meter. National Bureau of Standards, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.1330.
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Sindt, Charles F. Orifice meter performance downstream of a tube bundle flow conditioner, elbows, and a tee. National Bureau of Standards, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.1344.
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