Relevant bibliographies by topics / Orifice plate

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'Orifice plate'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 17 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Orifice plate"

1

Zhang, Zhi Bin, Yu Le Li, and Wan Zheng Ai. "Research on the Effects of Pulse-Pressure on Orifice Plate Cavications." Applied Mechanics and Materials 327 (June 2013): 267–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.327.267.

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The flows sudden-shrink and sudden-enlarge when passing orifice plate and streamlines dramatically changes. All these lead to flow velocitys pulse, which leads to pressures pulse. The pressures pulse of flow in the vicinity of orifice plate is decided by orifices geometry. The characteristics of flow pressure pulse in the vicinity of orifice plate and its effects on cavications characteristics are researched in this paper. The researches results show that flow pressures pulse around orifice plate have two peak values: one is at the front of orifice; the other is at the vicinity of waters reattachment point, the latters pulse amplitude is larger than the formers. The pressures pulse has important effects on orifice plates cavications. When computing orifices cavitations number, the effects of pulse-pressure should be considered.
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Zeghloul, Ammar, Abdelwahid Azzi, Abbas Hasan, and Barry James Azzopardi. "Behavior and pressure drop of an upwardly two-phase flow through multi-hole orifices." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 232, no. 18 (2017): 3281–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406217736081.

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Experimental results on hydrodynamic behavior and pressure drop of two-phase mixture flowing upwardly in a pipe containing single- and/or multi-hole orifice plate are presented. It was found from the measurement of the void fraction upstream and downstream the orifices that the flow behavior is significantly affected by the layout of the orifice plate used and the flow starts to recover after approximately 7 D downstream the orifice. Furthermore, increasing orifice holes number results in decreasing the slip ratio. The standard deviation of the void fraction was used to identify the flow pattern before and after the orifices and found that the critical threshold transition occurred at a standard deviation of 0.2. The flow homogenization necessitates a minimum value of the liquid superficial velocity to occur, and the position where it takes place depends on this velocity and on the orifice holes number. It was also inferred from the two-phase pressure drop data across the orifices that three different flow regimes, where the transition between bubbly-to-slug and slug-to-churn flow, can be identified. An assessment of the predicted two-phase flow multiplier using some previous models dedicated to single-hole orifice was achieved; and found that the model proposed by Simpson et al. is the most reliable one. Single-phase pressure drop was also measured and compared with correlations from literature.
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Hariguru, TM, and S. Srinivasan. "The Effect of Differential Pressure and Permanent Pressure Loss on Multi-Hole Orifice Plate." Measurement Science Review 23, no. 5 (2023): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/msr-2023-0029.

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Abstract The widely used orifice plate falls under restricted type flow devices, has the highest differential pressure and permanent pressure drop in the ensemble. The objective is to curtail the permanent pressure drop and maintain the differential pressure across the orifice plate, and thereby, the power required to pump the liquid is retrenched. So, three-hole, four-hole and five-hole orifice plates with an identical area to that of the single-hole orifice plate were designed and experiments were carried out. It is observed that the experimental results almost matched with the simulation data. In comparing the performance, the four-hole orifice plate yielded a higher differential pressure and higher-pressure loss. In contrast, the five-hole orifice yielded lower differential pressure and higher-pressure loss compared to the single-hole orifice plate. In case of three-hole orifice plate it performed better than the single-hole orifice with reduced pressure loss and higher differential pressure. It was also found that the power consumed by the pump for pumping was lower for three-hole, four-hole and five-hole orifice plates compared to the single-hole orifice plate. Thus, the three-hole orifice plate performs better than a single-hole orifice plate in terms of higher differential pressure, reduced permanent pressure loss and lower power consumption of the pump.
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Ashrul Ishak, Mohamad Shaiful, Mohammad Nazri Mohd Jaafar, Mohd Amirul Amin Arizal, Norwazan Abdul Rahim, Mohammad Roslan Rahim, and Ismail Azmi. "The Influence of Orifice Insertion for Low Noxious Emissions from Combustion System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 699 (November 2014): 684–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.699.684.

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This paper presents the effect of inserting swirler outlet orifice plate of different sizes at the exit plane of the radial air swirler in liquid fuel burner system. Tests were carried out with three different orifice plates with area ratios (orifice area to swirler exit area ratio) between 0.7 and 1.0 using 280 mm inside diameter combustor of 1000 mm length. Several tests were conducted using the commercial diesel as fuel. The fuel was injected at the back plate of the 45o vane angle swirler outlet using a central fuel injector with a single fuel nozzle pointing axially outwards. The aim of the insertion of orifice plates is to create the swirler pressure loss at the swirler outlet phase in order to maximise the swirler outlet shear layer turbulence to assist the fuel/air mixing. In the present work, the orifice plate with smaller area ratios exhibited very low NOX emissions for the whole operating equivalence ratios. The NOX reduction of more than 20 percent is achieved for orifice with 0.7 area ratio compared to 1.0 area ratio. Other emission such as carbon monoxide is increased with the decrease in the orifice area ratios. The results from this experiment show that good combustion is achieved by using smallest area ratios of orifice plate.
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Teyssandier, R. G., and Z. D. Husain. "Experimental Investigation of an Orifice Meter Pressure Gradient." Journal of Fluids Engineering 109, no. 2 (1987): 144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3242634.

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Wall and plate pressure gradients were investigated in a 3.5 in. (89 mm) air flow orifice meter facility for 3 orifice plates covering a pipe Reynolds number range of 21,000 to 160,000. The influence of the orifice plate on the upstream wall pressure gradient extended to 0.62D location. It was also found that the pressure gradient is a weak function of the orifice plate β ratio. The downstream location of the minimum pressure point located at about 3.3 dam heights. The pressure gradient on the face of the orifice plate shows that the deflection calculation based on any differential pressure taps is conservative.
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6

Dong, Zhi Yong, and Jing Jing Hu. "Effects of Circular Orifices Plates with Venturi Tube on Degradation of Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Pollutants." Applied Mechanics and Materials 409-410 (September 2013): 294–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.409-410.294.

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Refractory wastewater is characterized by high concentration of organic matter, high toxicity for biotic systems, bio-recalcitrant, complex component, and stable chemical structures. This paper studies effect of circular orifices plate with Venturi tube on degradation of hydrophilic pollutant and hydrophobic pollutant by considering the different sizes and numbers of circular orifices plate. Also, effects of initial concentration and operation time were considered. Degradation rate was analyzed by ultraviolet spectrophotometer and pressures at measuring points were measured by pressure data acquisition system. Variations of degradation rate with orifice number, orifice size, initial concentration and operation time were developed.
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7

Maxwell, Bryan M., Richard A. Cooke, Reid D. Christianson, and Laura E. Christianson. "Stage-Discharge Relationships of Drawdown Plates for Denitrifying Woodchip Bioreactors." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 37, no. 6 (2021): 1023–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.14633.

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HighlightsDrawdown plates can prevent prolonged saturation in denitrifying woodchip bioreactors.Contraction coefficients for the orifice equation ranged from 0.74 to 0.76.Drawdown orifice should be sized appropriately to avoid interfering with design flow rates.Established stage-discharge relationships for drawdown orifice improve accuracy of flow monitoring.Abstract.Denitrifying woodchip bioreactors are a conservation drainage practice used to reduce nitrate loads in tile drainage water from field crops. Prolonged saturation in the woodchip media under no flow or low flow conditions can result in the production of hydrogen sulfide and methane. The US Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service’s (NRCS) Conservation Practice Standard for denitrifying bioreactors recommends a low-level orifice at the bioreactor outlet to drain the woodchip media within 48 h to prevent prolonged stagnation. This study determined stage-discharge relationships for three drawdown configurations in an AgriDrain water level control structure (15.2 cm nominal tile size) to improve accuracy of estimating flow in field bioreactors. Tested drawdown configurations consisted of a custom-made inverted-v orifice plate currently used by the NRCS (3.6 cm2 orifice area); and a 2 and an 8 mm gap between the base of the structure and the bottom stop log (2.6 and 12.3 cm2 orifice area, respectively). The stage-discharge relationship for all three orifices was accurately described by the orifice flow equation (R2 > 0.99). Stage-discharge relationship for the inverted-v drawdown plate in combination with a stainless steel-edged v-notch weir was the sum of their respective stage-discharge relationships for orifice flow and flow over the weir. Contraction coefficients for the inverted-v, 2 mm gap, and 8 mm gap configurations were 0.74, 0.74, and 0.76, respectively. The stage-discharge relationships for the inverted-v, 2 mm gap, and 8 mm gap configurations were Q = 3.26*A*h0.5, Q = 3.29*A*h0.5, and Q = 3.38*A*h0.5, respectively, where Q is in m3 s-1, A is the orifice area in m2, and h is the water head differential in meters. Keywords: Denitrifying bioreactor, Drawdown plate, Flow monitoring, NRCS, Prolonged saturation.
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8

Sun, Yifan, Huaizhe Yan, Lin Wang, et al. "Flow Characteristics of Orifice Plate in Vertical Multistage Flash Evaporator for Waste Heat Recovery." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2529, no. 1 (2023): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2529/1/012009.

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Abstract A vertical multistage flash device uses orifice plates as pressure isolation devices, so wastewater flows from the upper stage to the next stage by its gravity, which can significantly lower the system’s surface area. To study the resistance characteristics of the flash flow during wastewater flowing through the pressure isolation device, a flow and flash model for the wastewater in an orifice was developed and the corresponding flash process was numerically investigated by FLUENT. The effects of the inlet temperature of wastewater, flash pressure, and orifice thickness on the flash were analyzed. The results show that the closer to the orifice outlet we are, the lower the temperature of wastewater and the larger the vapor volume fraction become. While the temperature is lower, the vapor volume fraction is larger near the orifice wall than it is towards the center. While the temperature reduction of wastewater is not immediately apparent, the vapor volume fraction in the orifice increases as the pressure differential between the orifice’s input and output increases.
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Wanzheng, Ai, and Zhu Pengfei. "Correction and laboratory investigation for energy loss coefficient of square-edged orifice plate." Science Progress 104, no. 2 (2021): 003685042110185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00368504211018571.

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A lot of studies have shown that the hydraulic characteristics of orifice plate are mainly controlled by its contraction ratio, but the thickness of square-edged orifice plate also has many impacts on energy loss characteristics. The primary objective of this study was to investigated the effects of square-edged orifice plate thickness on energy loss characteristics. In this paper, the effects of square-edged orifice plate thickness on energy loss characteristics are investigated by numerical simulation using CFD. Orifice plate discharge tunnel is axial symmetric, two dimensional numerical simulations of orifice plate discharge tunnel flow was used. The equation (9) for calculating energy loss coefficient of square-edged orifice plate energy dissipater considering the influence of thickness is proposed. The results of the present research demonstrate that energy loss coefficient decreases with increase of the orifice plate thickness. The results of model experiment are consistence with the results calculated by using rectified equation in present paper. The CFD simulations and Model experiment for the flow through an orifice plate are carried out. For square-edged orifice plate energy dissipater, the relative orifice plate thickness T/D has remarkable impacts on its energy loss coefficient ξ. The Traditional equation (8) is corrected by numerical results. The equation (9) for calculating energy loss coefficient of square-edged orifice plate energy dissipater considering the influence of thickness is proposed and this equation is available in the condition of d/D = 0.4–0.8, T/D = 0.05–0.25, and Re > 105(Re is Reynolds number). Comparing with the physical model experimental data, the relative errors of equation (9) is smaller than 15%.
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Dong, Zhi Yong, Qi Qi Chen, Yong Gang Yang, and Bin Shi. "Experimental and Numerical Study of Hydrodynamic Cavitation of Orifice Plates with Multiple Triangular Holes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 256-259 (December 2012): 2519–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.256-259.2519.

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Hydraulic characteristics of orifice plates with multiple triangular holes in hydrodynamic cavitation reactor were experimentally investigated by use of three dimensional particle image velocimetry (PIV), high speed photography, electronic multi-pressure scanivalve and pressure data acquisition system, and numerically simulated by CFD software Flow 3D in this paper. Effects of number, arrangement and ratio of holes on hydraulic characteristics of the orifice plates were considered. Effects of arrangement and ratio of holes and flow velocity ahead of plate on cavitation number and velocity profile were compared. Distribution of turbulent kinetic energy and similarity of velocity profile were analyzed. And characteristics of cavitating flow downstream of the orifice plate were photographically observed by high speed camera. Also, a comparison with flow characteristics of orifice plate with hybrid holes (circle, square and triangle) was made.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Orifice plate"

1

Manshoor, Bukhari bin. "Fractal flow conditioners for orifice plate flow meters." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.574554.

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The orifice plate flow meter is the most common form of differential pressure flow meter used in industry. The standard discharge coefficient, which is defined by both British Standard and [SO 5167, is only valid if the flow approaching the meter is perfectly settled and fully developed. However, in practical applications the flow approaching the orifice meter is often disturbed by pipe-fittings and consequently the measurements become inaccurate. Basically, the design of the orifice plate meters that are independent of the upstream disturbances is a main goal for orifice plate metering. Either using a long straight pipe, or a flow conditioner upstream of an orifice plate, usually achieves this goal. In this project the effect of the fractal flow conditioner for both standard and non-standard flow conditions has been investigated in an experimental rig and simulation work. The results of using a combination of the fratal flow conditioner and orifice plate for non-standard flow conditions including swirling flow and asymmetric flow show that this package can preserve the accuracy of metering up to the level required in the Standards. The simulation results also show that the device can be used as a part of a flow metering package that will considerably reduce installation lengths. According to the main idea to introduce a predetermined turbulence flow caused by a flow conditioner for orifice plate flow metering, author was introduced another type of flow conditioner known as a metal foam flow conditioner. Open-cell metal foams with a porosity of 78.8% was formed and fashioned as a flow conditioner. Again the experimental results using the metal foam flow conditioner showed this metal foam flow conditioner demonstrated a good performance in terms of removing swirl and producing a repeatedly same flow profile within a short distance downstream of the flow conditioner. Furthermore, the low pressure drop across the metal foam is another advantage of this flow conditioner where the pressure loss coefficient for this flow conditioner is approximately 2.5.
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Ahmadi, Abolfazl. "The swirling orifice plate independent of inlet conditions." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.427248.

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Pereira, Dias Mária. "Bubble formation at a multiple orifice plate submerged in quiescent liquid." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211872.

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Chapple, Dallas Dwayne. "The role of turbulence in pulsation induced orifice plate flow metering error." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0002/MQ28925.pdf.

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Hollingshead, Colter L. "Discharge Coefficient Performance of Venturi, Standard Concentric Orifice Plate, V-Cone, and Wedge Flow Meters at Small Reynolds Numbers." DigitalCommons@USU, 2011. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/869.

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The relationship between the Reynolds number (Re) and discharge coefficients (C) was investigated through differential pressure flow meters. The focus of the study was directed toward very small Reynolds numbers commonly associated with pipeline transportation of viscous fluids. There is currently a relatively small amount of research that has been performed in this area for the Venturi, standard orifice plate, V-cone, and wedge flow meters. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) program FLUENT© was used to perform the research, while GAMBIT© was used as the preprocessing tool for the flow meter models created. Heavy oil and water were used separately as the two flowing fluids to obtain a wide range of Reynolds numbers with high precision. Multiple models were used with varying characteristics, such as pipe size and meter geometry, to obtain a better understanding of the C vs. Re relationship. All of the simulated numerical models were compared to physical data to determine the accuracy of the models. The study indicates that the various discharge coefficients decrease rapidly as the Reynolds number approaches 1 for each of the flow meters; however, the Reynolds number range in which the discharge coefficients were constant varied with meter design. The standard orifice plate does not follow the general trend in the discharge coefficient curve that the other flow meters do; instead as the Re decreases, the C value increases to a maximum before sharply dropping off. Several graphs demonstrating the varying relationships and outcomes are presented. The primary focus of this research was to obtain further understanding of discharge coefficient performance versus Reynolds number for differential producing flow meters at very small Reynolds numbers.
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Alenius, Emma. "Flow Duct Acoustics : An LES Approach." Doctoral thesis, KTH, MWL Strömningsakustik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-104777.

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The search for quieter internal combustion engines drives the quest for a better understanding of the acoustic properties of engine duct components. Simulations are an important tool for enhanced understanding; they give insight into the flow-acoustic interaction in components where it is difficult to perform measurements. In this work the acoustics is obtained directly from a compressible Large Eddy Simulation (LES). With this method complex flow phenomena can be captured, as well as sound generation and acoustic scattering. The aim of the research is enhanced understanding of the acoustics of engine gas exchange components, such as the turbocharger compressor.In order to investigate methods appropriate for such studies, a simple constriction, in the form of an orifice plate, is considered. The flow through this geometry is expected to have several of the important characteristics that generate and scatter sound in more complex components, such as an unsteady shear layer, vortex generation, strong recirculation zones, pressure fluctuations at the plate, and at higher flow speeds shock waves. The sensitivity of the scattering to numerical parameters, and flow noise suppression methods, is investigated. The most efficient method for reducing noise in the result is averaging, both in time and space. Additionally, non-linear effects were found to appear when the amplitude of the acoustic velocity fluctuations became larger than around 1~\% of the mean velocity, in the orifice. The main goal of the thesis has been to enhance the understanding of the flow and acoustics of a thick orifice plate, with a jet Mach number of 0.4 to 1.2. Additionally, we evaluate different methods for analysis of the data, whereby better insight into the problem is gained. The scattering of incoming waves is compared to measurements with in general good agreement. Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) is used in order to find significant frequencies in the flow and their corresponding flow structures, showing strong axisymmetric flow structures at frequencies where a tonal sound is generated and incoming waves are amplified.The main mechanisms for generating plane wave sound are identified as a fluctuating mass flow at the orifice openings and a fluctuating force at the plate sides, for subsonic jets. This study is to the author's knowledge the first numerical investigation concerning both sound generation and scattering, as well as coupling sound to a detailed study of the flow.With decomposition techniques a deeper insight into the flow is reached. It is shown that a feedback mechanism inside the orifice leads to the generation of strong coherent axisymmetric fluctuations, which in turn generate a tonal sound.<br><p>QC 20121113</p>
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Šimberský, Michal. "Simulace proudění vzduchu a stanovení trvalé tlakové ztráty pro normalizovanou clonu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-220891.

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This master’s thesis deals with the simulation of flow through the normalized orifice plate. There is described flow measurement with flowmeters, which reduces the cross-section of the pipe and causes the pressure difference before and after the flowmeter. Following is a description methods of modeling of turbulent flow and a description of software for the simulation of flow from the company Ansys. The theoretical part is followed a practical part, which is focused on determining the permanent pressure loss caused by the orifice plate and the verification of straight pipeline lengths between orifice and obstacle.
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Holt, Gavin J. "Experimental Characterization of Baffle Plate Influence on Turbulent and Cavitation Induced Vibrations in Pipe Flow." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2011. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2765.

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Turbulent and cavitation induced pipe vibration is a large problem in industry often resulting in pipe failures. This thesis provides an experimental investigation on turbulent flow and cavitation induced pipe vibration caused by sharp edged baffle plates. Due to large pressure losses across a baffle plate, cavitation can result. Cavitation can be destructive to pipe flow in the form of induced pipe wall vibration and cavitation inception. Incipient and critical cavitation numbers are design points that are often used in designing baffle plate type geometries. This investigation presents how these design limits vary with the influencing parameters by exploring a range of different baffle plate geometries. The baffle plates explored contained varying hole sizes that ranged from 0.159 cm to 2.54 cm, with the total through area, or openness, of each baffle plate ranging between 11% and 60%. Plate thickness varied from 0.32–0.635 cm. Reynolds numbers ranged from 5 x 10^4 -85 x 104. The results show that the cavitation design limits are function of size scale effects and the loss coefficient only. The results also show that the loss coefficient for a baffle plate varies not only with total through area ratio, but also due with the plate thickness to baffle hole diameter ratio. Pipe wall vibrations were shown to decrease with increased through area ratio and increased thickness to diameter ratios. An investigation was also performed to characterize the attenuation of vibration in the streamwise direction of a baffle plate. It was show that the attenuation was largely effected by the presence of cavitation. Attenuation was shown to be a function of the geometry of the baffle plate. This work resulted in empirical models that can be used for predicting pipe vibration levels, the point of cavitation inception, and the streamwise distance where the attenuation of vibration levels caused by a baffle plate occurs.
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Barabášová, Iveta. "Nejistoty měření průtoku páry." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-318773.

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The thesis deals with analysis of measurement uncertainty. The theoretical knowledge presented in opening chapters is applied on indirect steam flow measurement by orifice plate. Calculation of steam flow is based on knowledge of pressure difference value, static pressure value and temperature. The data are acquired by experimental measurement in laboratory. The mass flow rate uncertainty is determined by normalized procedure (according to standard ČSN EN ISO 5167) and by detailed error analysis (according to standard ČSN ISO 5168) for comparison. Whole numerical computation employs python programming language in Spyder environment. Other computation result is steam consumption of washing cycle.
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Dragan, Halas. "Računarska simulacija i analiza novih oblika mernih blendi." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Tehnološki fakultet Novi Sad, 2020. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=114280&source=NDLTD&language=en.

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U mnogim granama tehnike javljaju se problemimerenja protoka fluida. Merne blende, zbog svojihmnogih prednosti predstavljaju najzastupljenijiinstrument za merenje protoka fluida kroz cevovode. Sadruge strane njihova upotreba povećava tro&scaron;kove radaindustrijskih postrojenja. Jedan od ciljeva ovedoktorske disertacije bio je ispitivanje novih oblikamernih blendi u cilju u&scaron;tede energije pri njihovom radu.U ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji predložen je algoritamispitivanja novih oblika mernih blendi. Takođe jekonstruisana i izrađena laboratorijska aparatura zanjihovo ispitivanje kao i diferncijalni &quot;U&quot; manometarza merenje malih razlika pritisaka. U okviru ovedoktorske disertacije dizajnirana su i ispitana tri novaoblika mernih blendi. U&scaron;teda energije je postignutadizajnom koji smanjuje otpor merne blende kaoelementa cevovoda. Novi oblici mernih blendi, kao ijedna standardnog oblika koja je poslužila kaoreferentna, ispitani su prema predloženom algoritmu. Uprvom koraku merne blende su dizajnirane uprogramskom paketu Solid Works. Zatim su, premapredloženom algoritmu, ispitane pomoću računarske simulacije u programskom paketu COMSOL Multiphysics. Po dobijanju zadovoljavajućih rezultata računarske simulacije, merne blende su izrađene na 3D &scaron;tampaču, FDM postupkom i ispitane na laboratorijskoj aparaturi. Rezultati laboratorijskih ispitivanja su upoređeni sa rezultatima računarske simulacije. Upoređeni rezultati računarske simulacije i laboratorijskih ispitivanja su pokazali da je računarska simulacija dobro opisivala situaciju. Rezultati laboratorijskog ispitivanja su pokazali znatan efekat u&scaron;tede energije. Takođe je utvrđeno da se pomoću računarske simulacije mogu dobiti podaci na osnovu kojih se može doneti odluka da li novi oblik merne blende treba korigovati ili ima smisla pristupiti laboratorijskom ispitivanju. Algoritam ispitivanja koji je predložen u ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji se pokazao efikasnim.&nbsp;<br>In many domains of technology, there are problemswith the measurement of fluid flow. Orifice plates,because of their many advantages, represent the mostcommon instrument for measuring fluid flow throughpipelines. On the other hand, their use increases theoperating cost of industrial plants. One of the goals ofthis doctoral dissertation was to test new forms oforifice plates for a reason to save energy during theirwork. An algorithm for testing new forms of orificeplates is proposed. Also, the laboratory equipment fortesting them was designed and made, as well as adifferential &quot;U&quot; manometer for measuring smallpressure differences. As part of this doctoraldissertation are designed and tested three new forms oforifice plates. Energy-saving was achieved by a designthat reduces the resistance of the orifice plate as anelement of the pipeline. New forms of orifice plates, as well as a standard shape, which served as a reference, were tested according to the present algorithm. In the first step, orifice plates are designed in the Solid Works software package. Then, according to the proposed algorithm, they were tested using computer simulation in COMSOL Multiphysics software package. After achieving satisfactory results of computer simulation, orifice plates are made on a 3D printer, using the FDM process and tested in the laboratory apparatus. The results of laboratory tests were compared with the results of computer simulations. Compared results of computer simulation and laboratory testing showed that computer simulation described the situation well. The results of the laboratory test showed a significant energy-saving effect. It was also found that computer simulation can obtain data that can decide whether a new form of orifice plate must be corrected or it makes sense to access laboratory testing. The algorithm proposed in this doctoral dissertation has proven effective.
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Books on the topic "Orifice plate"

1

Spencer, E. A. Study of edge sharpness effects measured during the EEC orifice plate cofficient programme. Commission of the European Communities, 1987.

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2

Martin, C. N. B. Effects of upstream bends and valves on orifice plate pressure distributions and discharge coefficients. National Engineering Laboratory, 1986.

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3

Reader-Harris, Michael. Orifice Plates and Venturi Tubes. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16880-7.

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Kinghorn, F. C. The expansibility correction for orifice plates: EEC data. Commission of the European Communities, 1986.

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5

A, Spencer E., ed. The analysis of coefficient data relating to the EEC 100mm orifice plates. Commission of theEuropean Communities, 1986.

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Smith, D. J. M. The effects of flow straighteners on orifice plates in good flow conditions. Commission of the European Communities, 1986.

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Fietz, T. R. An aid to the design of orifice plates according to ISO code 5167. University of New South Wales, Water Research Laboratory, 1988.

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B, Gloss Blair, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Orifice-induced pressure error studies in Langley 7- by 10-foot high-speed tunnel. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Infomraton Branch, 1986.

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Plentovich, Elizabeth B. Orifice-induced pressure error studies in Langley 7- by 10-foot High-Speed Tunnel. NASA, 1986.

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B, Gloss Blair, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Orifice-induced pressure error studies in Langley 7- by 10-foot high-speed tunnel. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Infomraton Branch, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Orifice plate"

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Xiao, Jun, and Maofei Geng. "Analysis and Treatment of Gas Pulsation in the Pipeline of a Hydrogen Diaphragm Compressor." In Proceedings of the 10th Hydrogen Technology Convention, Volume 1. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8631-6_1.

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AbstractBased on the plane wave theory and the transfer matrix method, the modeling, calculation and analysis of gas pulsation in a complex pipeline system of a hydrogen diaphragm compressor were carried out. The calculations show that the gas pulsations of the intake and exhaust pipelines of the cylinder gradually attenuate along the pipeline upstream and downstream, and the gas pulsation of the exhaust pipeline of the second stage cylinder is larger. The gas pulsations of the exhaust pipelines of the first and second stage cylinders are significantly higher than the limit values of API 618. From the perspective of pulsation control, an attempt was made to add orifice plates at appropriate positions of the pipeline to reduce the pulsation amplitude. The trial calculations show that the added orifice plate can effectively reduce the maximum gas pulsation of the pipeline, and can provide a useful reference for the treatment of gas pulsation.
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Alenius, Emma. "Sound Generating Flow Structures in a Thick Orifice Plate Jet." In Progress in Turbulence V. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01860-7_32.

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Huang, Minchao, Yuqiang Cheng, Jia Dai, and Jian Li. "Mathematical Model of the Operation of the Space Propulsion System." In Performance Analysis of a Liquid/Gel Rocket Engine During Operation. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-6485-3_2.

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AbstractThe space propulsion system is composed of 17 thrusters, including one large thruster (numbered 0), eight medium thrusters (numbered 1–4 and 9–12), and 8 small thrusters (numbered 5–8 and 13–16). Seventeen thrusters share one propellant supply system. The system includes components such as a gas cylinder, electric explosion valve, pressure-reducing valve, storage tank, liquid pipeline, filter, orifice plate, solenoid valve, filling pipeline, and thrust chamber, as shown in Fig. 2.1.
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Wang, Haiying, Chunfang Li, and Songtao Hu. "Study on Air Distribution Characteristics of Air Orifice Plate in CRH6 Intercity Rail." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39578-9_39.

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Mi, J., P. Kalt, and G. J. Nathan. "Near-Field Mixing Characteristics of Turbulent Jet Issuing from a Notched-Rectangular Orifice Plate." In New Trends in Fluid Mechanics Research. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75995-9_41.

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Ergur, Eda, and Tamer Calisir. "Numerical Investigation of Impinging Synthetic Jets on the Flow Field and Heat Transfer at Low Orifice-to-Plate Distances." In Novel Techniques in Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42041-2_7.

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Reader-Harris, Michael. "Orifice Plates with Drain Holes." In Experimental Fluid Mechanics. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16880-7_10.

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Lu, Xueliang, Luis San Andrés, and Bonjin Koo. "On the Influence of the Lubricant Feed Orifice Size and End Plate Seals’ Clearance on the Static and Dynamic Performance of Integral Squeeze Film Dampers." In Proceedings of the 11th IFToMM International Conference on Rotordynamics. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-40455-9_14.

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He, Qingsi, and Hui Qu. "Application of Reverse Puncture Technique to Place Anvil for Laparoscopic Colorectal Resection with NOSES." In Natural Orifice Specimen Extraction Surgery. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7925-7_44.

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Nagendra, S. V. H., D. V. S. Bhagavanulu, and Prasant Nanda. "Effect of Orifice Lip Geometry on the Mean Flow Properties of a Plane Wall Jet." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0698-4_38.

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Conference papers on the topic "Orifice plate"

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Perdomo, Jorge J., Thomas D. Spry, and Steve M. Bednarz. "Long Term Degradation of 0.5Cr-0.5Mo Plate Material in a Black Liquor Incineration Unit." In CORROSION 2007. NACE International, 2007. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2007-07210.

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Abstract After 39 years of operation, the orifice plate in a black liquor incinerator reactor has seen over 250,000 hours of exposure to operating temperatures in the range of 480-595°C (900-1100°F), and has cracked in numerous locations. This article describes the results of a metallurgical evaluation of plate samples removed from the unit. Although a 0.5Cr-0.5Mo high-temperature alloy was used for the orifice plate, this evaluation showed that the orifice plate had undergone irreversible elevated temperature degradation of its mechanical properties, in addition to the cracking observed. High temperature degradation mechanisms found in the plate include: creep, thermal fatigue, surface cracking, grain growth, temper embrittlement, and low toughness at temperatures below 85°C (185°F). A fracture mechanics evaluation of the plate subjected to the operating stresses and the effects of the existing cracks showed that static loads alone would not induce brittle crack growth and the plate would not collapse. However, below 85°C (185°F) impact loads could be high enough to trigger brittle fracture and a collapse of the orifice plate. Impact loads could originate from process material build-up falling from walls of the reactor chamber or by a power loss where the fluidized bed suddenly rests on top of the plate.
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Gong, Chun-Fei, and Wei-Jun Wang. "Study on orifice plate oil tube." In The 2015 International Conference on Design, Manufacturing and Mechatronics (ICDMM2015). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814730518_0123.

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Salim, S. M. Muztaba, Franck C. G. A. Nicolleau, Stephen B. M. Beck, and Andrzej F. Nowakowski. "Experimental Study of Turbulence Across the Fractal Orifice Plate." In ASME 2010 10th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2010-24108.

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An experimental study of turbulence behind a fractal orifice plate, a variant of classical circular orifice plate, was conducted in a circular wind tunnel. Four fractal orifice plates with iteration levels from zero to three in combination with a classical circular orifice plate, each with equal flow area, were used in the study. Of the two main objectives, the first one was to test the superiority of the proposed fractal orifice plate against the classical one and the second one was to investigate the fractal orifice effect on the flow properties. Across the fractal orifice plate, a decrease in the pressure drop and an increase in the flow mixing is observed making it much more efficient than the classical orifice plate. It was suggested that at each fractal iteration, the added edge sharpness generated finer flow structures and these flow structures were eventually responsible for the improved efficiency.
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Javareshkian, Alireza, Alexis Dancelme, Hongyu Chen, and Thomas Sattelmayer. "Influence of Hole-to-Hole Interaction on the Acoustic Behavior of Multi-Orifice Perforated Plates." In ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-58535.

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Abstract A key factor for developing low-emission combustion systems in modern gas turbines and aero-engines is the acoustic liner’s optimized design. Several models are available in the literature for the acoustic impedance of perforated acoustic liners. Most of these impedance models neglect the interaction effect between the orifices. In practice, the orifices are generally closely distributed such that the interactions between acoustic radiation from neighboring orifices can affect their acoustical behavior. The hole-to-hole interaction effect may change the resonance frequency of the resonator due to the nonplanar wave propagation in the cavity, the orifices in the perforated plate, and the near-wall region in the combustor. Considering this effect may help to predict the resonance frequency of the resonator accurately. In this work, a three-dimensional (3D) analytical approach is developed to account for the nonplanar wave propagation in the cavity and orifices on the perforated plate. The present study employs the proposed 3D analytical method to determine the hole-to-hole interaction end-correction of multi-orifice perforated plates. Additionally, the hole-to-hole interaction end-correction from a series of perforated plates with different orifice radii and spacings is obtained via the Finite Element Method (FEM). Perforated plate specimens with different center-to-center hole spacing are tested using an impedance tube. Experimental results show that the resonance frequency is shifted towards a lower frequency with decreasing holes’ spacing. The resulting model is compared with the experiments and the end-correction models available in the literature. The comparison shows that the available end-correction models cannot capture the hole-to-hole interaction effect, which is observed in experiments. In contrast, the proposed model can reproduce measurements with high quality. The resulting model demonstrates that the acoustic end-correction length for orifices is closely related to the perforated plate’s porosity ratio and orifice radius. The proposed model is readily applicable in the design of multi-orifice perforated plates.
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Yang, Yang, David S. K. Ting, and Steve Ray. "Perforated-Plate Turbulence: Orifice Versus Converging Nozzle." In ASME 2018 5th Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2018-83038.

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The classical grid turbulence is revisited in an effort to better understand the role of the finite-thickness flow passage of the turbulence generator. The virtually zero-thickness orificed perforated plate (OPP) is contrasted with its reversed counterpart, the converging-nozzled perforated plate (CNPP). The respective turbulent flows are detailed via a triple-wire of a constant-temperature hot wire anemometer. The two flows are compared in terms of the spatial evolution of the essential turbulence characteristics, including the various turbulence intensities and length scales. As expected, a higher level of turbulence resulted from the sharp edges of the OPP. Surprisingly, the finite-thickness converging passages of the CNPP caused the other turbulence parameters to behave rather perplexingly.
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Amnache, A., M. Omri, and L. G. Fre´chette. "An Analytical and Numerical Study of Rectangular Orifice Plate Micro-Flowmeters." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-40470.

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The paper presents the design and analysis of differential pressure micro-flowmeter, for low flows of gases (0.1–120 mg/s) with different inlet pressure conditions (1–4 bars). The device consists of a planar micro orifice obstruction in a rectangular microchannel, with two pressure ports, upstream and downstream of the constriction. The particularities of this micro orifice is the small scale and the planar two-dimensional configuration, i.e. only in the width of the rectangular microchannel changes. A series of micro orifice sizes will be studied, with hydraulic diameters ranging from 200 to 465 μm and channel Reynolds numbers up to 7000. The geometric parameters of these micro orifices were determined to have a measurable pressure drop and to avoid choking. The calculation of the pressure drop through a micro orifice are represented using analytical equations, and modeled numerically using computational fluid dynamics to further investigate the flow patterns and 3D effects. The discharge coefficient is determined for each orifice micro-flowmeter by numerical analysis. This work aims to implement integrated mass flow measurements in micro chemical and fluidic devices that cannot use macroscopic mass flow meters, either due to their large volume, high cost, or inability to withstand harsh environments.
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Manoharan, Sanjivan, Milind A. Jog, and Raj M. Manglik. "Visual Observations of Chamber Volume Effect on Ebullience From Submerged Orifice Plates." In ASME 2016 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2016 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2016-1014.

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Effect of chamber volume upstream of the orifice on ebullience from orifice plates is studied experimentally in this paper. Bubble growth from orifice plates submerged in liquid pools is captured using high speed videography. The orifice plate substrate is acrylic glass and 11 different orifice diameters (diameter range: 0.610&lt; D0&lt; 2.261mm) are utilized. In addition to water, ethanol-water binary mixture with surface tension of 54 mN/m is used to examine the interplay between surface tension and chamber volume effects on bubble characteristics. For an acrylic glass orifice plate with a fixed chamber volume, above a certain transition orifice diameter, the bubbles from the orifice plate are of the same size and shape as those from a capillary tube orifice. However, below this diameter, the bubbles from the orifice plate show significantly different characteristics due to the chamber volume effect. The bubbles are more spherical in shape with the apex being sharper and more pointed. The bubbles also tend to sit closer to the plate due to their abnormally large size while the growth times are much shorter. These differences are highlighted by comparing photographs of bubble growth with and without the chamber volume effect. Additionally, for the medium chamber region, an empirical correlation was proposed to predict bubble departure diameters to within ±15 %. For a fixed chamber volume, variation in surface tension showed no change in the transition orifice diameter.
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Al-Mubarak, Ali A., S. M. Shaahid, and Luai M. Al-Hadhrami. "Effect of Orifice Jet Configuration on Heat Transfer in a Channel With Inclined Target Surface Cooled by Single Array of Impinging Jets With Outflow in Both Directions." In ASME 2008 First International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat Transfer. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnht2008-52057.

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An experimental work has been carried out to investigate the effect of orifice-jet plate configuration on heat transfer behavior in a channel with inclined heated target plate cooled by single array of equally spaced impinging jets. Air ejected from an array of orifices is impinges on the heated target surface. The target plate forms the leading edge of a gas turbine blade. The study includes the effect of various orifice-jet plate configurations, feed channel aspect ratios H/d = 5, 7, and 9, and Reynolds number Re = 9300, 14400, and 18880 on the heat transfer characteristics for a given outflow orientation (outflow passing out in both the directions). Three orifice-jet plate configurations (centered, staggered, and tangential holes) have been examined. It has been noticed that Nusselt number (Nu) is high for higher aspect ratios. For a given plate-1 with single array of equally spaced centered jets and for Re = 18800 (outflow passing out in both directions), the local Nu for H/d = 9 has been found to be greater than Nu of H/d = 7 by 5%. The percentage increase in average Nu has been found to be about 11% with centered holes as compared staggered orifice-jet plate. The percentage increase in average Nu has been found to be about 11% with staggered jet-plate as compared to tangential orifice-jet plate configuration.
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Chen, Hu, Wang Jue, Wang Cong, et al. "Numerical Simulations on Throttle Characteristic With Large Pressure Drop and Optimal Design of the Orifice Plate." In 2018 26th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone26-81191.

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The orifice throttle pipelines with large pressure drop suffer damages from two aspects: high frequency vibration caused by cavitation and low frequency vibration caused by high flow velocity. In order to solve the vibration phenomenon of typical throttling pipe with large pressure drop in the system of nuclear power plant, the key hydraulic characteristics such as pressure drop, flow velocity, streamline and eddy current were simulated and analyzed for single-stage orifice throttling pipe. The negative pressure area was found in the downstream of the orifice, where cavitation occurred. Eddy current was formed due to the large local velocity caused by the orifice plate jet. Then, the throttle performance of multi-stage concentric orifice plates was evaluated by means of blockage pressure drop method. The cavitation damage was relieved greatly. But it was not eliminated, especially in the last stage orifice. The expanding type five-stage orifice plate was designed according to pressure drop stage-decreasing principle, with which the possibility of cavitation was eliminated but large pressure drop resulted in large flow velocity at the downstream of the first orifice plate. Multi-stage eccentric orifice plate was designed with the consideration both in cavitation characteristics and velocity distribution, which could eliminate the harm of cavitation and reduce the low frequency vibration caused by large flow velocity to a maximum extent. As a result, multistage eccentric orifice plates could be recommended as an optimized design scheme for the vibration control of the orifice piping with large pressure drop.
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Harmon, Weston V., Lesley M. Wright, Daniel C. Crites, Mark C. Morris, and Ardeshir Riahi. "Combined Effects of Jet Plate Thickness and Fillet Radius on Leading Edge Jet Impingement With Round and Racetrack Shaped Jets." In ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-43505.

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The effect of jet plate thickness is considered as regionally averaged Nusselt numbers are measured on a concave surface, which models the leading edge of modern gas turbine blades. The performance of both round and racetrack shaped orifices for leading edge impingement is considered. Regionally averaged heat transfer coefficient distributions are obtained in a steady state experiment using heated aluminum plates. From this traditional heat transfer technique, the heat transfer afforded by jet plates of varying thickness is quantified. The thickness of the jet plate is varied from 1.33 to 4.0 diameters (for both the round and racetrack shaped jets). To model the modern, cast airfoil, the effect of an inlet and outlet radius on the jet orifice is also investigated. For all cases, the jet – to – target surface spacing (z/djet) is 4, the jet – to – jet spacing (s/djet) is 8, and the target surface diameter – to jet diameter (D/djet) is 5.33. Target surface Nusselt numbers are obtained for three separate Reynolds numbers. For the round orifices, jet Reynolds numbers of 14,000, 28,100, and 42,100 are used while the corresponding Reynolds numbers for the racetrack shaped jets are 11,800, 23,600, and 35,400. Although the Reynolds number is reduced for the racetrack shaped jets, the mass flow through each jet remains constant (from the round to the racetrack jets). The Nusselt numbers measured in the stagnation region of the target surface are relatively insensitive to the jet plate thickness. For all cases considered, the flow is not developed as it exits the orifice, so the flow structures of the jets ensuing from each of the plates are similar. When the inlet of the jet is rounded, the vena contracta effect within the orifice is minimized, and a more symmetrical jet develops within the orifice. For a fixed flow rate, the racetrack shaped jets provide enhanced heat transfer compared to the round jets for all geometries considered.
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Reports on the topic "Orifice plate"

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Nored and James. PR-015-07603-R01 Effect of Orifice Plate Manufacturing Variations on Orifice Meter Performance - Blinded. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010636.

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An investigation to flow test and measure a large set of orifice plates to determine the proportion of existing orifice plates have measured discharge coefficients outside of the Reader-Harris/Gallagher equation 95% confidence limits. The research determined if the existing tolerance specifications adequately describe the dimensions of an orifice plate required to conform to the Reader-Harris/Gallagher equation calculated discharge coefficient. The testing also underscored the influence of manufacturing variations on orifice plate performance.
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Nored and James. PR-015-07603-R02 Effect of Orifice Plate Manufacturing Variations on Orifice Meter Performance - Unblinded. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010829.

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An investigation to flow test and measure a large set of orifice plates to determine the proportion of existing orifice plates have measured discharge coefficients outside of the Reader-Harris/Gallagher equation 95% confidence limits. The research determined if the existing tolerance specifications adequately describe the dimensions of an orifice plate required to conform to the Reader-Harris/Gallagher equation calculated discharge coefficient. The testing also underscored the influence of manufacturing variations on orifice plate performance.
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Grimley. PO-015-14613-R01 The Effect of Orifice Plate Bore Thickness on Orifice Flow Measurement. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010861.

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Oland, C. B. Guide to Orifice Plate Steam Traps. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/777646.

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Oland, C. B. Guide to Orifice Plate Steam Traps. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/777655.

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Grimley and Grant. PR-015-16601-R01 Variation in Orifice Plate Flow Performance as a Function of Geometric Plate Tolerances. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010877.

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Flow measurement tests were conducted with more than 25 API 14.3 compliant orifice plates that had been geometrically characterized. Possible sources for the variability in the flow measurement performance of these plates were investigated relative to the measured plate geometry elements.
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George. PR-015-05602-R01 Evaluation of Clamp-on Ultrasonic Meters as Diagnostic Tools. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011135.

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This study has evaluated the ability of commercially available clamp-on ultrasonic meters (USMs) to diagnose natural gas flow conditions that can produce measurement errors in traditional natural gas meters, and quantify the errors in measurements made with traditional metering technologies under these conditions. Commercially available clamp-on meters were tested in a fully developed, steady flow downstream of a high-performance flow conditioner to evaluate their measurement repeatability and reproducibility. The clamp-on meters were then installed on a conventional orifice meter run and an in-line ultrasonic meter run. Data were collected from all meters under ideal conditions and different adverse conditions, including an improperly installed orifice plate, orifice runs altered to simulate scale or dirt on the orifice plate and tube walls, and a partially plugged flow conditioner generating an asymmetric flow profile in the ultrasonic meter run.
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Zaczek, Mauiusz. D0 Silicon Upgrade: Calculating Mass Flow Rates at Sub-Sonic Conditions Trhough Venturis (FT-4052-H & FT-4053-H) and an Orifice Plate (F)-2019-H). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1033281.

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George. L52299 Revised Analysis of Orifice Meter Expansion Factor Data. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010289.

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Orifice meter expansion factor data collected at Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) between 2003 and 2005 have been reviewed to assess the effect of an assumption made during data reduction. In accordance with the North American orifice meter standard, AGA Report No. 3, Part 1, the data were originally analyzed using a constant value of the isentropic exponent, k = 1.3. By comparison, the expansion factor equation adopted by ISO employs the real isentropic exponent, K, which is a function of pressure, temperature, and gas composition. The SwRI orifice meter expansion factor data have been re-reduced, using values of the real isentropic exponent from archived test data in place of the ideal gas value of k = 1.3. The original expansion factor data were obtained in such a way that the expansion factor values themselves were unaffected by the value of the isentropic exponent. However, the use of k = 1.3 influenced the values of the acoustic ratio, the independent variable used with the AGA and ISO equations to compute values of the expansion factor in measurement applications. The use of the ideal isentropic exponent in the original SwRI data, instead of real values of the isentropic exponent, was found to have caused an average shift in the acoustic ratio.
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George and Hawley. PR-015-09605-R01 Extended Low Flow Range Metering. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010728.

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Natural gas meters are often used to measure flows below their minimum design flow rate. This can occur because of inaccurate flow projections, widely varying flow rates in the line, a lack of personnel available to change orifice plates, and other causes. The use of meters outside their design ranges can result in significant measurement errors. The objectives of this project were to examine parameters that contribute to measurement error at flow rates below 10% of a meters capacity, determine the expected range of error at these flow rates, and establish methods to reduce measurement error in this range. The project began with a literature search of prior studies of orifice, turbine, and ultrasonic meters for background information on their performance in low flows. Two conditions affecting multiple meter types were identified for study. First, temperature measurement errors in low flows can influence the accuracy of all three meter types, though the effect of a given temperature error can differ among the meter types. Second, thermally stratified flows at low flow rates are known to cause measurement errors in ultrasonic meters that cannot compensate for the resulting flow profiles, and the literature suggested that these flows could also affect orifice plates and turbine meters. Several possible ways to improve temperature measurements in low flows were also identified for further study. Next, an analytical study focused on potential errors due to inaccurate temperature measurements. Numerical tools were used to model a pipeline with different thermowell and RTD geometries. The goals were to estimate temperature measurement errors under different low-flow conditions, and to identify approaches to minimize temperature and flow rate errors. Thermal conduction from the pipe wall to the thermowell caused the largest predicted bias in measured temperature, while stratified temperatures in the flow caused relatively little temperature bias. Thermally isolating the thermowell from the pipe wall, or using a bare RTD, can minimize temperature bias, but are not usually practical approaches. Insulation of the meter run and the use of a finned thermowell design were practical methods predicted to potentially improve measurement accuracy, and were chosen for testing.
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