Academic literature on the topic 'Origin of coordinate'
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Journal articles on the topic "Origin of coordinate"
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Christensen, A. P., and A. A. Shabana. "Exact Modeling of the Spatial Rigid Body Inertia Using the Finite Element Method." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 120, no. 3 (1998): 650–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2893879.
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In the classical finite element literature beams and plates are not considered as isoparametric elements since infinitesimal rotations are used as nodal coordinates. As a consequence, exact modeling of an arbitrary rigid body displacement cannot be obtained, and rigid body motion does not lead to zero strain. In order to circumvent this problem in flexible multibody simulations, an intermediate element coordinate system, which has an origin rigidly attached to the origin of the deformable body coordinate system and has axes which are parallel to the axes of the element coordinate system in the undeformed configuration was introduced. Using this intermediate element coordinate system and the fact that conventional beam and plate shape functions can describe an arbitrary rigid body translation, an exact modeling of the rigid body inertia can be obtained. The large rigid body translation and rotational displacements can be described using a set of reference coordinates that define the location of the origin and the orientation of the deformable body coordinate system. On the other hand, as demonstrated in this investigation, the incremental finite element formulations do not lead to exact modeling of the spatial rigid body mass moments and products of inertia when the structures move as rigid bodies, and such formulations do not lead to the correct rigid body equations of motion. The correct equations of motion, however, can be obtained if the coordinates are defined in terms of global slopes. Using this new definition of the element coordinates, an absolute nodal coordinate formulation that leads to a constant mass matrix for the element can be developed. Using this formulation, in which no infinitesimal or finite rotations are used as nodal coordinates, beam and plate elements can be treated as isoparametric elements.
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Templeton, G. H., G. B. Seibert, M. Ramanathan, S. S. Cassidy, and R. Johnson. "Left ventricular coordinate systems." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 257, no. 3 (1989): H1025—H1031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1989.257.3.h1025.
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Three-dimensional kinematics of radiopaque markers in anterior, posterior, septal, and lateral regions of a major equatorial plane were evaluated in anesthetized dogs by biplane fluoroscopy. Stationary coordinate systems measured marker locations recorded during diastole and systole from a contractile origin at the center of contraction at end systole and from a geometric origin at the intersection with the equatorial plane of the ventricular long axis at end diastole. A time-indexed system measured marker locations at end diastole and at end systole, respectively, from the locations of the geometric origin at end diastole and end systole. Compared to the stationary system with the geometric origin, both the stationary system with the contractile origin and the time-indexed system reduced the variability of the radial components of the contractile displacements between ventricular regions. In contrast to the other two systems, the system with the contractile origin reduced circumferential components to values not significantly different from zero. These results indicate that 1) abnormally contracting regions of the ventricle may be located and their size measured by determining the region where the radial component differs from that in the rest of the equatorial plane and 2) rotation in a major equatorial plane of the ventricle is significant, but the influence of rotation can be minimized by referencing ventricular dimensions to a coordinate system with an origin at the center of contraction.
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Vinogradov, A. V. "Establishment of local coordinate systems in the transition to the geodetic system of coordinates of GSK-2011." Geodesy and Cartography 929, no. 11 (2017): 2–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2017-929-11-2-10.
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Pretty before long there will be transition to the geodetic system of coordinates of GSK-2011. For the transition period it is necessary to develop a method of recalculating coordinates from one system to another. The existing methods of recalculating coordinates are designed for recalculating coordinate points of state geodetic networks (GGS) and geodetic local networks (GSS). For small areas (administrative districts, populated areas) simplified methods are more acceptable. You need to choose the resampling methods that can be applied in small businesses, performing surveying works. The article presents the the results of calculations of changes of coordinates of the same point in GSK-2011 and SC-95 in six-degree zones of Gauss projection. It was found that in each region values of the shifts changed to small ones. Therefore, it is possible to convert the coordinates of the points by the simplified formulae. For recalculation from the coordinates of GSK-2011 in SK-95 or local coordinate system (WCS) of the administrative district it is necessary to find the origin of coordinates, scale value and rotation of the coordinate axes. The error of the conversion shall not exceed 0,001 m. The coordinates of the initial point of the local coordinate system relative to the central meridian of the local coordinate system shall be added in the list of parameters of the transition from local coordinate system to the state one.
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Bhagavatula, Ramkamal, Olu A. Fashesan, Lloyd R. Heinze, and James F. Lea. "A Computational Method for Planar Kinematic Analysis of Beam Pumping Units." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 129, no. 4 (2007): 300–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2790981.
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A generalized computational method for planar kinematic analysis of pumping units is presented in this study. In this method, a local coordinate system is assigned to each body with respect to a fixed global coordinate system. The position of each point in a body is determined by specifying the global translational coordinates of the local coordinate system origin and its rotational angle relative to the global coordinate system. Constraint equations of motion are developed using the vector of coordinates of the connected bodies. These equations are solved to yield the position, velocity, and acceleration of the individual linkages at each instance of time. Both rotational and translational types of joints are considered in the analysis. The translational joint analysis is not discussed in this paper as they are not applicable for beam pumping units. This method can be used as an effective tool for pumping unit design and optimization. An example is provided to show the application of this method.
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Chunmei, Chen, Li Qingyuan, and Jia Huiling. "Effect on Application by Mechanism of GDI Rendering Functions and Solutions." International Journal of Geology and Earth Sciences 1, no. 3 (2015): 24–45. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1494775.
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GDI drawing-functions in Windows API were analyzed and found that GDI drawing-function mapped the world coordinate system (Cartesian coordinate system) origin (0, 0) to the pixel center between (0, 0) and (1, 1) of the device coordinate system (screen coordinates). It pointed out that in order to maintain the same graphic geometric characteristics and avoiding overprinting, GDI drawing functions compromised with the endpoints and the boundary pixels, which caused some strange phenomenon many programmers have not found and it was difficult to understand. In response to these phenomena, explanations are given. In addition, the effect on some applications is pointed out and solutions are proposed.
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Murray, C. A. "The Origin of Celestial Coordinates." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 141 (1990): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900086162.
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In 1978, Guinot proposed that, for studies of Earth rotation, the zero point of the apparent “right ascension” coordinate on the true equator should be so chosen that the rate of change of its hour angle is exactly proportional to the inertial rate of rotation of the Earth. It has been subsequently suggested that this concept of the “non-rotating origin” supersede the equinox quite generally as the origin of celestial coordinates. Since this proposal was first put forward, there has been much discussion, and some criticism, from Aoki and his colleagues, both published and in private correspondence. Some of the arguments for and against Guinot's proposal are discussed, as a contribution to the wider debate on reference systems now being carried out under the auspices of the IAU.
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Wang, Xian Feng, Feng Xing, Makoto Obata, and Yoshiaki Goto. "Position Determination in Three Dimensional Structural Testing System." Advanced Materials Research 163-167 (December 2010): 4478–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.163-167.4478.
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A three dimensional structural testing system for static and pseudo dynamic test is developed, in which a coordinate system has been used in the measurement. The center of the ball joint hinge in an almost neutral position for the displacements of three actuators was the origin. However n process since the initial error cannot be controlled. This makes it difficult to exactly compare the results for different coordinate systems though the error is small. In this paper, to eliminate this difference, we set up a new coordinate system with the origin being the point of absolute zero of the actuator displacements. Since the origin usually cannot be measured directly, the new coordinate system is determined by appending three unknowns and a set of equations at the origin. The transformation between the new coordinate system and the previous one is obtained using a shift and Eulerian angles.
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Zhang Zhong-Zheng and Cheng Xiao-Fang. "Dual-origin coordinate system for solar cells." Acta Physica Sinica 63, no. 11 (2014): 118801. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.63.118801.
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Delčev, Siniša, Gábor Timár, and Miran Kuhar. "The origin of the d48 coordinate system." Geodetski vestnik 58, no. 04 (2014): 681–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15292/geodetski-vestnik.2014.04.681-694.
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Vinogradov, A. V. "Determining the parameters of a local coordinate system with a non-standard longitude of the central meridian. Analysis of existing methods." Geodesy and Cartography 960, no. 6 (2020): 2–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2020-960-6-2-12.
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Processing the results of topographic and geodetic works is performed in local coordinate systems. The parameters of the local coordinate systems were established on the basis of SK-42 or SK-63 systems. At present, it is necessary to set new communication parameters with coordinate systems SK-95 and GSK-2011. In many MCSs, the central meridians do not coincide with the origin, and the coordinates of the starting points were obtained from the catalogs of the preliminary calculation geodetic network. To establish the new communication parameters, it is necessary to determine the longitude of the central meridian MCS in SK-95 and GSK-2011 systems. To find the errors in calculating the longitude of the central meridian, MCS the models were constructed with different positions of the central meridian relative to the origin. The longitude was calculated using well-known and new formulas and methods. Errors in calculating the longitude of the MSC are systematic. An increase in the calculation volume does not exclude the influence of systematic errors, reaching 4ʺ. For some lines, they make 8ʺ.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Origin of coordinate"
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Defaux, Olivier. "The Iberian Peninsula in Ptolemy’s Geography. Origins of the Coordinates and Textual History." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17993.
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Claudius Ptolemy composed his Geography in the city of Alexandria, one of the most prominent intellectual centres of the Roman Empire. His work offers a comprehensive description of the known world as well as insight into the practice of scholarly geography during the second century CE. Ptolemy’s most important innovation in this field was his use of geographical coordinates to create maps of the world, and his catalogue, with its latitudes and longitudes of thousands of localities, is one of our most valuable sources on the antique oikoumenē. Very little is known, however, about the sources and working methods that Ptolemy employed to produce his Geography. This book focuses on Ptolemy’s description of the Iberian peninsula and examines two problematic and interlinked topics relating to the origins of the catalogue of localities: Ptolemy’s sources and scientific methods on the one hand, and the textual transmission of the Geography, from Ptolemy to the extant manuscripts, on the other.
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Defaux, Olivier [Verfasser]. "The Iberian Peninsula in Ptolemy’s Geography. Origins of the Coordinates and Textual History / Olivier Defaux." Berlin : Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1192464702/34.
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Rodríguez, Sanabria Fernando. "Esteatosis de origen dietético: ¿la inflamación y la oxidación actúan de forma coordinada?" Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8892.
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Esteatosis de origen dietético: ¿La inflamación y la Oxidación actúan de forma coordinada?<br/> La respuesta metabólica hepática frente a dietas ricas en grasa y colesterol difiere en los ratones con diferentes trastornos metabólicos y carga genética (ApoE-/- y LDLr-/-). Unos responden desarrollando esteatohepatitis y aumentando la expresión de genes relacionados con la inflamación y la oxidación mientras que en otros disminuye la expresión de genes que protegen el desarrollo de esteatosis y obesidad. En humanos, también se aprecian diferencias respecto al desarrollo de esteatosis o esteatohepatitis lo que sugiere que los datos encontrados pueden resultar útiles. Hemos probado la hipótesis de que las moléculas encargadas de la protección frente a la oxidación (principalmente paraoxonasas) actúan de forma coordinada con las quimiocinas responsables del reclutamiento de los macrófagos (proteínas que atraen los monocitos). Presentamos datos que indican que ambas moléculas se expresan constitutivamente en casi todos los tejidos de ratón C57BL/6J. La sorprendente ubicuidad de ambas moléculas y la expresión aparentemente conjunta en las mismas células sugieren que, al menos en el hígado, las respuestas frente a la oxidación y la inflamación pueden estar coordinadas para determinar el curso futuro de las lesiones producidas por el exceso de nutrientes.<br>Diet-induced hepatic steatosis: Do inflammation and oxidation act coordinately?<br/>The metabolic response to high-fat, high-cholesterol diet may differ in mice with different genetic and metabolic background (ApoE-/- and LDLr-/-). Some develop steatohepatitis and increased expression of genes related to both inflammation and oxidation; in others, the expression of genes protective for the development of obesity and steatosis is decreased. Similar differences have been found in humans and consequently obtained data should be considered in translational research. We tested the hypothesis that molecules preventing oxidation (mainly paraoxonases) may coordinately act with responsible effectors for macrophage recruitment (especially monocyte chemoattractant proteins). We present here data indicating that both molecules are constitutively expressed in most tissues from C57BL/6J mice. Surprisingly this ubiquity and the apparent co-expression suggest, at least in liver, that antioxidand and pro-inflammatory responses may jointly determine the course of lesions induced by nutrient excess.
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Hashmi, Obaid Hasan. "Engineering of iron-based polymerization catalysts : towards the design of original multi-structured thermoplastic (co) polymers." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LILUR022.
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Une série de ligands L1-L11 à base d'iminopyridine/iminoquinoline du type 11-[(Ar)N=C(R)]-R' (Ar = 2,6-Me2-C6H3 ou 2,6-iPr2-C6H3 ou 3,5-(CF3)2-C6H3 ou C6F5, R = H ou Me et R’ = 2-C6H5N ou 2-C6H4N-5-Me ou 2-C9H7N ou 8-C9H7N) et leurs complexes de fer (II) correspondants ont été développés. Les complexes ont été entièrement caractérisés, y compris par diffraction des rayons X pour les nouveaux complexes (6-11), et leurs applications catalytiques ont été étudiées pour la polymérisation coordonnée contrôlée de l'isoprène. La modulation des propriétés stériques et électroniques au sein de cette famille de ligands/complexes s'est avérée influencer la stéréosélectivité et l'activité de la polymérisation de l'isoprène après activation avec divers cocatalyseurs. Les catalyseurs obtenus ont produit des polyisoprènes avec une excellente conversion, une activité élevée et une variété de stéréo-/régio-régularités. Certains de ces catalyseurs ont également été évalués pour la polymérisation coordinative du styrène et ont montré une bonne activité pour la formation de polystyrènes syndiotactiques enrichis. Une autre méthodologie organométallique a été utilisée pour la synthèse de ligands d'aminopyridine (rac-L1H and rac-L2H) et de leurs complexes d'amides de fer correspondants 12 ((L1)2Fe), 13Py et 14Py (LnFe[N(SiMe3)2](Py)) pour leur application dans la (co)polymérisation par ouverture de cycle de L-lactide et ε-caprolactone où les complexes 13Py et 14Py se sont avérés efficaces<br>A series of iminopyridine-/iminoquinoline-based ligands L1-L11 of type 11-[(Ar)N=C(R)]-R’ (Ar = 2,6-Me2-C6H3 or 2,6-iPr2-C6H3 or 3,5-(CF3)2-C6H3 or C6F5, R = H or Me and R’ = 2-C6H5N or 2-C6H4N-5-Me or 2-C9H7N or 8-C9H7N) and their corresponding iron (II) complexes were developed. The complexes were fully characterized including by X-ray for new complexes (6-11) and their catalytic applications were investigated for the controlled coordinative polymerization of isoprene. The modulation of steric and electronic properties within this family of ligands/complexes has shown to influence the stereo-selectivity and activity of the polymerization of isoprene after activation with various cocatalysts. The resulting catalysts produced polyisoprenes with an excellent conversion, high activity and a variety of stereo-/regio-regularities. Some of these catalysts were also assessed for the coordinative polymerization of styrene and displayed good activity for the formation of syndiotactic enriched polystyrenes. Another organometallic methodology has been utilized for the synthesis of aminopyridine ligands (rac-L1H and rac-L2H) and their corresponding iron amide complexes 12 ((L1)2Fe), 13Py and 14Py (LnFe[N(SiMe3)2](Py)) for their application in the Ring-Opening (Co)polymerizaion of L-lactide and ε-caprolactone where the complexes 13Py and 14Py proved to be effective
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Bretonnière, Yann. "Chimie de coordination des ions lanthanides(III) avec des ligands tripodes azotés et oxygénés." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001GRE10100.
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Au cours de ce travail, nous avons pu demontrer les grandes potentialites des ligands tripodes flexibles dans differents domaines d'applications de la chimie des ions lanthanides(iii). Ainsi, dans le cadre des recherches concernant la separation actinides(iii)/lanthanides(iii) par extraction liquide-liquide, nous avons synthetise et etudie le ligand nonadente trenphen. Les complexes 1 : 1 formes avec les ions lanthanides(iii) ont ete caracterises a l'etat solide et en solution. Le ligand trenphen presente de bonnes proprietes en extraction selective des actinides(iii), confirmant l'interet d'utiliser des ligands tripodes pour ameliorer les performances en extraction. Nous nous sommes egalement interesses a la synthese et a l'etude de systemes supramoleculaires polymetalliques. Avec le ligand dodecadente trenterpy, l'incompatibilite entre le nombre de sites donneurs et la coordination voulue par l'ion, et des contraintes steriques importantes entre les bras du ligand, empechent la formation d'un complexe 1 : 1 avec l'ion la 3 + et conduisent a l'auto-assemblage d'un complexe trinucleaire. Dans un autre domaine le complexe de gadolinium(iii) du ligand tpa-acide presente d'excellentes proprietes de relaxivite. Les complexes de lanthanides(iii) avec la tpa-acide ont ete caracterises a l'etat solide. Trois structures differentes sont observees (un tetramere pour la 3 +, un dimere pour pr-yb, et un monomere pour lu 3 +), montrant que le ligand peut accommoder trois nombres de coordination differents (8, 9 et 10) autour d'un ion ln 3 +. La relaxivite elevee du complexe de gadolinium(iii) peut etre attribuee a la presence en solution de deux ou trois molecules d'eau liees au metal, et a une distance gd-h tres courte. Le temps d'echange des molecules d'eau coordonnees est tres rapide avec ce ligand heptadente flexible, ce qui laisse supposer de grandes potentialites des systemes macromoleculaires construits sur ces motifs.
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Weiss, Jean. "Synthese de (2) et (3)-catenands, coordinats a anneaux entrelaces." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986STR13110.
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Thomas, Fabrice. "Complexation du fer par des ligands tripodes originaux et la calcéine : étude thermodynamique, cinétique et biologique." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE10108.
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L'etude thermodynamique, cinetique et biologique des ligands du fer est primordiale pour concevoir de nouveaux medicaments, des outils agronomiques ou des outils physiologiques. La premiere partie concerne l'etude de ligands tripodes possedant des sous unites catechol (trencams), 8-hydroxyquinoleine + catechol (trensoxcams 2) et pyridinophenol (trenpypols). La caracterisation des ligands et complexes ferriques a permis de mettre en evidence que le trencams est un fort complexant de fe i i i a ph 7,4 (pfe i i i = 29,6) mais tres labile ; il ne complexe pas fe i i. Le ligand mixte trensoxcams2 est egalement un tres bon complexant mais moins labile ; la presence d'une sous unite 8-hydroxyquinoleine renforce ses proprietes complexantes en milieu acide. Le trenpypols est le tripode qui complexe le moins bien le fer du fait d'un cycle de chelation a 6 chainons a ph physiologique. L'hydrolyse acide du complexe ferrique se fait en 5 etapes distinctes. Les complexes du trencams et du trenpypols se sont averes etre des sources de fer utilisables par les cellules vegetales. Une etude de lipophilie a ete effectuee sur les ligands tripodes et un modele de transport au travers de la membrane biologique developpe. La calceine et la calceine bleue sont des complexants du fer moins forts que les ligands tripodes ; la calceine est une mauvaise sonde pour fe i i ; la presence de fe i i i dans le milieu eteint leur fluorescence. Cette propriete a ete mise a profit pour etudier la nutrition siderique de cellules d'arabidopsis thaliana en temps reel par fluorescence. L'evaluation du lip en utilisant cette molecule est discutee. L'etude spectroscopique met en evidence la formation de complexes de type 1 : 1 et 2 : 1 fer:calceine. Le type de coordination observe n'est pas celui qui avait ete specule dans la litterature. La derniere partie de ce travail concerne l'etude de l'interaction de derives d'acridine avec l'adn ou un oligonucleotide comportant un analogue de site abasique. Des specificites d'interaction ont ete mises en evidence.
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SEMRA, ASSIA. "Substitutions nucleophiles en serie arenetricarbonylchrome." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066622.
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Imbert, Daniel. "Nouveaux ligands à charpente tripodale carbonée en vue de la complexation du fer en milieu hydrophile ou lipophile." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000GRE10112.
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De nouveaux ligands tripodaux possedant deux types de sous-unites chelatantes (8-hydroxyquinoleine et catechol) ont ete prepares. Pour ce faire, un nouvel espaceur tripodal comportant un motif tris (aminopropyl)methane diversement fonctionnalise a ete developpe, permettant le greffage de ces sous-unites par des liaisons de type amide. Les complexes de fer correspondants ont ete prepares et caracterises par spectrometrie de masse et spectrophotometrie uv-visible. Des etudes physico-chimiques ont permis de determiner les caracteristiques thermodynamiques en solution aqueuse (constantes d'acidite des ligands, constantes de formation des complexes, courbes de distribution des especes en fonction du ph) de deux ligands choisis pour leur interet biologique. Une etude de lipophilie a ete conduite sur ces ligands tripodaux, montrant leur aptitude a mobiliser le fer en milieu aqueux et/ou organique en fonction de leurs caracteristiques structurales. Deux modeles de transport du fer au travers d'une membrane biologique ont ete developpes. Des etudes biologiques sur des cultures cellulaires ont permis de montrer l'aptitude de ces ligands a la nutrition siderique des cellules vegetales et le traitement de la chlorose ferrique ainsi que leur capacite a mobiliser le fer de cellules animales surchargees et prevenir les effets toxiques.
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Giraudon, Jean-Marc. "Complexes mono et dinucléaires du molybdene avec les ligands macrocycliques : synthèse, structure, réactivité et propriétés redox." Brest, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988BRES2019.
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Preparation des complexes avec le coordinat tetraazaannulene; cas de complexes a liaison quadruple du mo ou le coordinat organique presente une coordination tetradentee. On envisage les mecanismes d'interconversion monomere oxo-dinucleaire. Etudes rpe et uv-visible
Books on the topic "Origin of coordinate"
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Italy. Codice di diritto processuale amministrativo: Raccolta coordinata di disposizioni legislative, regolamentari e di origine giurisprudenziale. Giuffrè, 1998.
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Guetta, Silvia, and Antonella Verdiani, eds. The Community of Practices (CoP) of UNESCO Chairs for Interreligious and Intercultural Dialogue for Mutual Understanding / La Communauté de pratiques comme outil de dialogue interreligieux et interculturel. Firenze University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-096-9.
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From 2008 to 2009 the UNESCO Chair of Human Development and Culture of Peace of Florence coordinated a 'Community of Practices on Interreligious and Intercultural Dialogue for Mutual Understanding' (CoP), a peace education programme which brought together international researchers, universities and other UNESCO Chairs. This book presents a selection of the original contributions in English and French submitted by the CoP participants from Brazil, Canada, Lebanon, United States, France and Italy. It also aims to contribute in a concrete way to the promotion of innovative methodologies, practices and tools for students and peace education researchers all around the world.
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Mann, Peter. Energy and Work. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822370.003.0002.
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This chapter discusses the work–energy theorem, which is developed from Newton’s second law, and defines the kinetic and potential energies of the system. While there is some vector calculus involved, it has been kept to the bare minimum and the reader should not require in-depth knowledge to understand the salient points. If there is a net force on the particle, it accelerates in the direction of the unbalanced force. The force is a central force if it depends only on the distance between the point on which the force acts and the coordinate origin. Using Stokes’s theorem, potential energies are thoroughly discussed. The chapter also discusses spherically symmetric potentials, isotropic force, force on systems of particles, centre of mass coordinates and rigid bodies.
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Koser, Khalid. 4. Migration and development. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198753773.003.0004.
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‘Migration and development’ assesses the effect of migration on development in origin countries. The main benefit to origin nations is remittance of money back to migrants’ families. This is hard to quantify, but the World Bank estimates that in 2015 some US$586 billion was sent home by migrants worldwide. Remittance directly benefits the recipient family, but it can also have a detrimental effect on society at large, and encourage a culture of migration. Diasporas can coordinate remittance, and also give migrants a say in their native political systems. On the negative side, migration can deplete countries of skills that are in short supply through the ‘brain drain’.
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Hammonds, Rachel, and Gorik J. Ooms. National Foreign Assistance Programs. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190672676.003.0019.
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This chapter reviews the role of bilateral development assistance in advancing health-related international human rights obligations by examining the evolution of efforts to coordinate bilateral development assistance agencies and the international public financing dimensions of their governance and goals. This chapter examines the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s Development Assistance Committee (OECD-DAC) as an entry point for exploring: the evolution of international obligations for health-related rights, focusing on the right to health; the origins of the OECD-DAC and the parallel rise of national development assistance agencies; the factors that facilitated and/or inhibited a coordinated approach to human rights mainstreaming in bilateral development assistance agencies; and the emergence of the aid effectiveness agenda and the International Health Partnership Plus Related Initiatives. This chapter concludes by assessing upcoming challenges to coordinate bilateral development assistance for health.
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Vermenych, Yaroslava, and Oleksii Yas. Ukrainian project at the crossroads of cultures and identities: Ukrainian-Russian borderland as a space of “clash of civilizations”. Institute of History of Ukraine, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 2022. https://doi.org/10.15407/book10-0017062.
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The origin of cyclic conceptualizations in the field of historical and socio-humanitarian knowledge is highlighted, in particular, the influence of positivist organicism and modernist vitalism is traced. Socio-cultural distinctions and civilizational role models that circulated in Ukrainian historical and socio-political thought are examined. The idea of the socio-cultural borderland of Ukraine is analyzed in the coordinates of temporal relativism, civilizational dynamism and wave conceptualization. It is argued that the modern Russian-Ukrainian war fully fits into the dimensions of both civilizational conflict and the dramatic competition of identities. Using the conceptual foundations of the theory of socio-cultural boundaries and methodological approaches of "cross-history”, the article explores the substantive origins of the civilizational, political and socio-humanitarian crisis in Ukrainian-Russian relations, analyzes the manifestations of systemic deformations and transformations of spatial dynamics on the Ukrainian-Russian border. In the context of considering the spatial specifics of the Ukrainian project, the authors prove the influence of the territorial factor on the formation of border identity and mentality of societies, controversial strategies of social development, phenomena of increased riskiness and ambivalence of cultural memory in the border space
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De Bono, Christopher, Magali Théveniau-Ruissy, and Robert G. Kelly. Cardiac fields and myocardial cell lineages. Edited by José Maria Pérez-Pomares, Robert G. Kelly, Maurice van den Hoff, et al. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757269.003.0004.
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We focus on the origin of myocardial cells in the first and second heart fields in splanchnic mesoderm in the early embryo. Genetic lineage tracing using Cre recombinase activated conditional reporter genes has made a major contribution to our understanding of cardiac progenitor cells and will be discussed together with other experimental approaches to analysing cell lineages at the clonal level. Interactions between myocardial, epicardial and endocardial lineages are essential for coordinated function and homeostasis of the normal heart. Perturbation of heart field development and myocardial lineage contributions to the heart through developmental or acquired pathologies results in and modulates the progression of cardiac disease. Understanding the origin of myocardial lineages during embryonic development and how they converge to generate an integrated heart is thus a major biomedical objective. Furthermore, reactivation of developmental programmes is likely to be of major importance in strategies aimed at repair of the damaged heart.
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D’Amato, Gaetano, Guillermo Luxán, and José Luis de la Pompa. Defining cardiac domains from the inside: NOTCH in endocardial–myocardial interactions. Edited by José Maria Pérez-Pomares, Robert G. Kelly, Maurice van den Hoff, et al. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757269.003.0011.
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In this chapter we illustrate the signalling interactions of the endocardium with the other cardiac tissues to coordinate cardiac development. First, we describe the developmental origins of the endocardium. Then we focus on the Notch pathway because of its unique signalling activity in the endocardium, and briefly describe the elements of this signalling mechanism and the key cardiogenic processes that require endocardial Notch signalling: patterning of the early embryonic endocardium into prospective territories for valves and ventricular chambers, early valve formation, ventricular trabeculation, and compaction. Finally, we discuss how Notch dysfunction in the endocardium results in cardiac structural malformations that can lead to congenital heart disease.
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Farb, Benson, and Dan Margalit. Thurston's Proof. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691147949.003.0016.
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This chapter describes Thurston's original path of discovery to the Nielsen–Thurston classification theorem. It first provides an example that illustrates much of the general theory, focusing on Thurston's iteration of homeomorphisms on simple closed curves as well as the linear algebra of train tracks. It then explains how the general theory works and presents Thurston's original proof of the Nielsen–Thurston classification. In particular, it considers the Teichmüller space and the measured foliation space. The chapter also discusses measured foliations on a pair of pants, global coordinates for measured foliation space, the Brouwer fixed point theorem, the Thurston compactification for the torus, and Markov partitions. Finally, it evaluates other approaches to proving the Nielsen–Thurston classification, including the use of geodesic laminations.
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Berntson, Gary G., Peter J. Gianaros, and Manos Tsakiris. Interoception and the autonomic nervous system: Bottom-up meets top-down. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811930.003.0001.
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Although the efferent role of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in homeostasis has long been recognized, afferent aspects of the ANS—especially interoception—are increasingly recognized to be equally important. Interoception is fundamental to the regulation of internal physiology, particularly as it is coordinated with contextually determined and adaptive behavioral processes. A cardinal but often underappreciated feature of interoception is its role in myriad cognitive and affective processes that are integrated in health and disease. This chapter introduces the concept of interoception and outlines its historical origins and applications in multiple domains of psychology and psychobiology. It provides an overview of its peripheral and central neural substrates, and it outlines how this construct is best conceptualized within a multi-system and multi-level regulatory framework.
Book chapters on the topic "Origin of coordinate"
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Murray, C. A. "The Origin of Celestial Coordinates." In Inertial Coordinate System on the Sky. Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0613-6_9.
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Kuroda, Tomohiro, Kazuya Okamoto, Ryo Kitauchi, Tadamasa Takemura, Naoki Ohboshi, and Hiroyuki Yoshihara. "Finding Origin Points for New Coordinate System Suitable for Sign Animation." In Digital Human Modeling. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73321-8_48.
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Wang, Kai. "The Origin of the Issue and Theoretical Framework of Urban Spatial Development." In Urban Sustainability. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-7729-7_2.
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AbstractWith the advancement of economic globalization and regional integration in the twenty-first century, sustainable development has become the consensus of the international community, a new understanding generally accepted, that is, the rivalry between countries is first and foremost manifested in the competition of overall national strength with central cities at the core. And in many countries, the development of urban space has become the area where various theories and practices of urban and regional planning are experimented. Spatial planning, especially at the national level, has gradually become an important means and measure for governments to promote economic development and social progress, coordinate uneven regional development, and achieve sustainable development; it is therefore a key component of public policies.
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Lin, Christine. "Examining Refugee Protection in Non-Signatories to the Refugee Convention and Protocol: Lessons Learned for the Taiwan Context." In Palgrave Macmillan Studies on Human Rights in Asia. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-2867-1_3.
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AbstractTaiwan is not a member of the United Nations (UN) and is neither a signatory to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees nor the 1967 Protocol. While Taiwan’s enactment of a refugee act remains stalled, individuals fearing return to their countries of origin continue arriving on the island and need protection. Drafts of the refugee act contemplate the Taiwanese government’s cooperation with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), whose mandate is to lead and coordinate the global protection of refugees. While the UNHCR does not have a presence in Taiwan, it has operated in other areas that are neither UN members nor signatories to the Refugee Convention or Protocol. Filling a gap in current literature, this chapter examines the UNHCR’s role in other non-UN member and non-signatory states with asylum seeking and refugee populations, to explore potential collaboration between Taiwan and the UNHCR. To identify challenges in refugee protection in Taiwan and potential involvement from the UNHCR, I interviewed advocates representing asylum seekers in Taiwan. I also compared various versions of the draft refugee act and reviewed existing secondary sources. Through a literature review and interviews, I examined the successes and challenges of local frameworks for asylum and refugee protection and the UNHCR’s role in select non-UN member and non-signatory states. This chapter concludes with policy recommendations to the Taiwanese government and the UNHCR for establishing mechanisms that can better provide protection and safety for vulnerable individuals arriving on the island.
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Han, Kaiyuan, Minjie Xu, Shuangwei Li, Zhifu Xu, Hongbao Ye, and Shan Hua. "Research on Positioning Technology of Facility Cultivation Grape Based on Transfer Learning of SSD MobileNet." In Proceeding of 2021 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Applications. Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2456-9_61.
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AbstractThere is an urgent need of developing grape picking robot with intelligent recognition function due to the decrease of grape picking workers’ population. Acquiring the 3D information of picking coordinate is the key process of constructing intelligent picking equipment. In this paper, based on SSD MobileNet neural network model, transfer learning and central deviation angle method were used to realize the positioning of picking coordinate points of facility cultivation grape by machine vision. After testing 720 fruit labels, 633 stem labels and 603 leaf labels labelled by pretreatment, the general precision was 79.5%, which was close to the inherent accuracy of the original model before transfer learning.
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Liu, Shuai, and Zhaopeng Qiu. "Design and Analysis of an Obstacle Dismantling Robot." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-7887-4_10.
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Abstract ROBOTAC is a Chinese original national-level robot competition that combines the fun of sports competitions with the technicality of technology competitions. The competition is based on robot design and production, and the participating teams consist of multiple robots, which compete in a confrontational form. The 2023 ROBOTAC Mission Challenge requires the production of obstacle removal robots to clear the obstacles on the barrier platform. Based on mechanical principles design and control board production, this article introduces a successful obstacle removal robot that won the first prize in the national competition when coordinated with other robots.
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Magazzini, Tina, Marina Eleftheriadou, and Anna Triandafyllidou. "Missing in Action: Understanding (the Lack of) Religiously Inspired Violent Radicalisation in Italy Against the Odds." In Rethinking Political Violence. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-71996-7_2.
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AbstractDespite being home to the Vatican, a strong US ally, and a NATO member that sent troops to Iraq and Afghanistan, Italy has not to date experienced successful, high-profile religiously attributed attacks. This chapter explores such ‘exceptionalism’ by employing the analytical framework put forward in Chapter 1 and by drawing on original data from interviews as well as second-hand literature. What emerges is that despite the presence of a conducive environment for radicalisation, the absence of successful attacks, so far, is likely due to very limited opportunity structures to act within. With such structures rapidly evolving, and the lack of a coordinated national resilience strategy, the past P/CVE measures might, however, prove unsuccessful or insufficient in the future.
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Hage, Jerald, Joseph J. Valadez, and Wilbur C. Hadden. "The Origin of NicaSalud, a Network Coordinating Organization, or How to Form a NGO SCION, a Systemic Coordinated Inter-Organizational Network." In Saving Societies From Within. Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/b23410-3.
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Namjoshi, Kedar S., and Nisarg Patel. "Synthesis of Compact Strategies for Coordination Programs." In Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99524-9_3.
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AbstractIn multi-agent settings, such as IoT and robotics, it is necessary to coordinate the actions of independent agents in order to achieve a joint behavior. While it is often easy to specify the desired joint behavior, programming the necessary coordination can be difficult. In this work, we develop theory and methods to synthesize coordination strategies that are guaranteed not to initiate unnecessary actions. We refer to such strategies as being “compact.” We formalize the intuitive notion of compactness; show that existing methods do not guarantee compactness; and propose a solution. The solution transforms a given temporal logic specification, using automata-theoretic constructions, to incorporate a notion of minimality. The central result is that the winning strategies for the transformed specification are precisely the compact strategies for the original. One can therefore apply known synthesis methods to produce compact strategies. We report on prototype implementations that synthesize compact strategies for temporal logic specifications and for specifications of multi-robot coordination.
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Oertel, Gerhard. "Finite Strain." In Stress and Deformation. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195095036.003.0010.
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Before dealing with finite strain, we demonstrate an important property of the determinant of a three by three matrix the rows of which are vectors. The result can be used to calculate the volume of a general parallelepiped (a solid bounded by parallelograms). The following problems also introduce the concept of dual position vectors, an original set, ai, and a final set, xi, where one set is a function of the other. This concept may alternatively be taken to produce two distinct cartesian coordinate systems, a concept used throughout this chapter. The description of a transformation from coordinates ai to xi, is designated as Lagrangian if it is referred to the system of original coordinates ai and as Eulerian if it is referred to the system of final coordinates xi. The origins and orientations of the two coordinate systems are independent of each other. For certain purposes, however, it is useful to let the two coordinate systems coincide in origin and orientation, being distinct only by the fact that they indicate positions before and after some event (such as a deformation).
Conference papers on the topic "Origin of coordinate"
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Lysogorski, Diane K., William H. Hartt, and Palaniswamy Ananthakrishnan. "A Modified Potential Attenuation Equation for Cathodically Polarized Marine Pipelines and Risers." In CORROSION 2003. NACE International, 2003. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2003-03077.
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Abstract A previously developed first principles based equation for potential attenuation along marine pipelines and risers with multiple, equally spaced, identical galvanic anodes was modified to accommodate an error in its derivation. Both the original and modified equations account for the electrolyte (anode), coating, polarization, and metallic path resistances and, as such, represent improvements over previously available representations. Coordinate Mapping Based Finite Difference Method (CoMB-FDM) solutions are presented for different pipe and cathodic protection conditions; and to the extent possible, the accuracy of these is verified.
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Niemiec, Robert, and Farhan Gandhi. "Effect of Rotor Cant on Trim and Autonomous Flight Dynamics of a Quadcopter." In Vertical Flight Society 74th Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0074-2018-12915.
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Rotor cant is simulated on an SUI Endurance quadcopter. Two types of rotor cant, flapwise and torsional cant, are defined, and multirotor coordinates are used to define four aircraft-level modes of cant for each type. Collective flapwise cant causes an increase in collective control and power required, and a positive correlation exists between collective flapwise cant and pitch control. It also causes the longitudinal and lateral poles to retreat from the origin. Postive longitudinal flapwise and negative lateral torsional cant cause a reduction in nose-down attitude in forward flight, reducing drag and negative lift on the fuselage by 13% and 31% at 15 m/s, which reduces power required by 6% while increasing hover power by only 0.5%. Lateral flapwise cant and longitudinal torsional cant affect the roll attitude, though no power savings is available. Differential flapwise cant causes forward speed to impose a net rolling moment, which is compensated by roll control. Differential torsional cant is positively correlated with roll control. Both differential cant modes cause some poles to move toward the origin while others move away, but differential torsional cant can increase yaw authority by up to 325%.
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Honneysett, D. G., W. D. van den Bergh, and P. F. O'Brien. "Microbiological Corrosion Control in a Bloomcaster Cooling Water System." In CORROSION 1985. NACE International, 1985. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1985-85291.
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Abstract The failure of a corrosion control program in a closed cooling water system and the subsequent remedial action taken are discussed. Increased corrosion coincided with the use of reclaimed sewage water and the contamination of the system with oil. Other problems that occurred were increased corrosion rates, downward pH excursions, increased fouling by corrosion by-products, and increased microbiological activity in the system. The major cause of the corrosion was found to be microbiological in origin. The unsuccessful use of a biocide led to the initiation of a full-scale microbiological investigation. The nature of the microflora was determined, biocide selection tests were made, and an effective control treatment program was initiated. Chromate corrosion treatment was replaced by a coordinated program using an organic filming corrosion inhibitor, a polyacrylate/phosphonate dispersant, and a combination of biocides. This treatment has proved to be successful thus far.
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Mellace, Claudio, Antonio Gugliotta, Tariq Sinokrot, and Ahmed A. Shabana. "Simulations of Dynamic Braking of Railroad Vehicles Using Trajectory Coordinates." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-34016.
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One of the important issues associated with the use of the trajectory coordinates in railroad vehicle simulations is the ability of such coordinates in dealing with braking and traction scenarios. In existing specialized railroad computer algorithms, the trajectory coordinates instead of the absolute Cartesian coordinates are often used. In these algorithms, track coordinate systems that travel with constant speeds are employed to define the configuration of the components in railroad vehicle systems. As the result of using a prescribed motion for these track coordinate systems, the simulation of braking and/or traction scenarios becomes difficult or even impossible, as reported in recent investigations [2]. The assumption of the prescribed motion of the track coordinate systems can be relaxed, thereby allowing the trajectory coordinate systems to be effectively used in modeling braking and traction scenarios. It is the objective of this investigation to demonstrate that by using track coordinate systems that can have an arbitrary motion, the trajectory coordinates can be used as the basis for developing computer algorithms for modeling braking and traction scenarios. To this end, a set of six generalized trajectory coordinates is used to define the configuration of each rigid body in the railroad vehicle system. This set of coordinates consists of one absolute coordinate, which is an arc length that represents the distance traveled by the body, and five relative coordinates. The arc length parameter defines the location of the origin and the orientation of a track coordinate system that follows the motion of the body. The other five relative coordinates are two translations that define the position of the origin of body coordinate system with respect to the track coordinate system in directions lateral and normal to the track, and three Euler angles that define the orientation of the body coordinate system with respect to its track coordinate system. The independent state equations of motion associated with the trajectory coordinates are identified and integrated forward in time in order to determine the trajectory coordinates and velocities. The results obtained in this study show that when the track coordinates systems are allowed to have an arbitrary motion, the resulting set of trajectory coordinates can be used effectively in the study of braking and traction conditions. The numerical examples presented in this paper include two different vehicle models subjected to several braking conditions. The results obtained are compared with the results obtained using the absolute Cartesian coordinate based formulations which allow modeling braking and traction scenarios.
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Murakami, Hidenori, and Takeyuki Ono. "A Variational Derivation of Equations of Motion With Contact Constraints Using SE(3)." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-87126.
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For rigid-body systems subjected to non-holonomic constraints, a streamlined method is presented to derive a minimum number of analytical equations of motion. To illustrate the method, a rolling disk problem is considered. In kinematics, an orthonormal coordinate system is attached to the center of mass together with additional coordinate systems introduced to define the connection path. For each coordinate system, a moving frame is defined by explicitly writing the coordinate vector basis and the position vector of the origin, whereby the attitude of the coordinate vector basis and the coordinates of the origin are compactly stored in a 4 × 4 frame connection matrix of the special Euclidean group, SE(3). Contact velocity constraints are transformed to pfaffians to obtain the associated variational constraints. In kinetics, the principle of virtual work is employed. The desired equations of motion are obtained by expressing the translational and angular velocities at the center of mass as the linear functions of the generalized velocities with the coefficients stored in [B]-matrix, and reducing it to [B*]-matrix after incorporating the contact constraints. The method can be easily extended to multi-body systems with both holonomic and non-holonomic constraints.
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Hess, Doren W. "Spherical modal filtering of antenna patterns augmented by translation of coordinate origin." In 2011 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium and USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aps.2011.5996615.
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Balyuba, Ivan, and Evgeniy Konopatskiy. "Point calculus. Historical background and basic definitions." In International Conference "Computing for Physics and Technology - CPT2020". ANO «Scientific and Research Center for Information in Physics and Technique», 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/conferencearticle_5fd755c0adb1d9.27038265.
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The paper describes the history of the origin and formation the mathematical apparatus «Point calculus», as one of the scientific directions of the Melitopol school of applied geometry. A brief description of point calculus as a mathematical device that operates within an arithmetic, coordinate affine space, equipped with a topological structure. The basic definitions of point calculus are presented, including point parameters and point equations, space simplex and global coordinate system, independent and current points.
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Takahashi, Yoshitaka, and Nobuyuki Shimizu. "Study on Derivation and Application of Mean Axis for Deformable Beam by Means of the Absolute Nodal Coordinate Multibody Dynamics Formulation." In ASME 2001 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2001/vib-21340.
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Abstract There are three basic finite element formulations which are used in the dynamics analysis of flexible beams undergoing large rotation and deformation. These are the floating frame of reference approach, the finite segment method and the large rotation vector approach. Recently, the absolute nodal coordinate formulation was proposed by A.A.Shabana et al. In this formulation, elastic forces are lead by approximating the slope of the beam at an arbitrary point on the neutral axis of the beam in terms of the slope of the simple support axis of the beam. In this paper, we propose the mean axis of the planar Bernoulli-Euler beam for the absolute nodal coordinate approach. The origin and the orientation of this axis are selected so as to minimize the total deformation of the concerned beam. And the selected axis can be simply described by the nodal coordinates of the beam element. Using the mean axis instead of the simple support axis, the elastic forces of the beam element may be more precisely calculated. Finally, we show numerical examples to demonstrate effectiveness of this approach.
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Wang, B., X. Y. Wang, J. Z. Zou, F. Shima, and M. Nakamura. "Quantitative Evaluation of Spiral Drawing by Patients with Movement Disorder based on Polar Coordinate System with Varied Origin." In 2007 IEEE/ICME International Conference on Complex Medical Engineering. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccme.2007.4382038.
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Sanborn, Graham G., Jason R. Heineman, and Ahmed A. Shabana. "A Low Computational Cost Nonlinear Formulation for Multibody Railroad Vehicle Systems." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-34522.
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In this investigation, a multibody system formulation for the nonlinear dynamics of railroad vehicles is developed. This formulation, which permits developing simplified models for the forces acting on rail cars, allows the analysis of long trains at a low computational cost. In the dynamic models developed using the formulation proposed in this investigation, each rail car can be represented as a single rigid body. The configurations of the bodies in a train model are defined with respect to trajectory coordinate systems which follow a space curve whose geometry is defined at a preprocessing stage. In the formulation presented in this study, the number of degrees of freedom of an arbitrary body can be varied from one to six degrees of freedom. The principal degree of freedom of an arbitrary body is the arc length along the space curve. This degree of freedom defines the location of the origin and the orientation of the body trajectory coordinate system. The other five degrees of freedom define the location and orientation of the body with respect to the body trajectory coordinate system. The nonlinear equations of motion of the bodies in a train model are developed using the three-dimensional Newton-Euler equations. These equations are then expressed in terms of the trajectory coordinates and their derivatives. To this end, a velocity transformation is obtained by expressing the Cartesian and angular velocities of the bodies in terms of the time derivatives of the trajectory coordinates. Various force element models particular to rail cars are developed in this study. These forces include tractive effort, and air brake and dynamic brake forces, as well as a model of available wheel-rail adhesion. Additionally, various types of couplers are formulated as force elements, allowing the modeling of connections between cars. Resistance forces are also modeled in order to be able to simulate rolling, curve, and air resistance forces that may act on the cars during the train operations.
Reports on the topic "Origin of coordinate"
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Ostersetzer-Biran, Oren, and Alice Barkan. Nuclear Encoded RNA Splicing Factors in Plant Mitochondria. United States Department of Agriculture, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7592111.bard.
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Mitochondria are the site of respiration and numerous other metabolic processes required for plant growth and development. Increased demands for metabolic energy are observed during different stages in the plants life cycle, but are particularly ample during germination and reproductive organ development. These activities are dependent upon the tight regulation of the expression and accumulation of various organellar proteins. Plant mitochondria contain their own genomes (mtDNA), which encode for a small number of genes required in organellar genome expression and respiration. Yet, the vast majority of the organellar proteins are encoded by nuclear genes, thus necessitating complex mechanisms to coordinate the expression and accumulation of proteins encoded by the two remote genomes. Many organellar genes are interrupted by intervening sequences (introns), which are removed from the primary presequences via splicing. According to conserved features of their sequences these introns are all classified as “group-II”. Their splicing is necessary for organellar activity and is dependent upon nuclear-encoded RNA-binding cofactors. However, to-date, only a tiny fraction of the proteins expected to be involved in these activities have been identified. Accordingly, this project aimed to identify nuclear-encoded proteins required for mitochondrial RNA splicing in plants, and to analyze their specific roles in the splicing of group-II intron RNAs. In non-plant systems, group-II intron splicing is mediated by proteins encoded within the introns themselves, known as maturases, which act specifically in the splicing of the introns in which they are encoded. Only one mitochondrial intron in plants has retained its maturaseORF (matR), but its roles in organellar intron splicing are unknown. Clues to other proteins required for organellar intron splicing are scarce, but these are likely encoded in the nucleus as there are no other obvious candidates among the remaining ORFs within the mtDNA. Through genetic screens in maize, the Barkan lab identified numerous nuclear genes that are required for the splicing of many of the introns within the plastid genome. Several of these genes are related to one another (i.e. crs1, caf1, caf2, and cfm2) in that they share a previously uncharacterized domain of archaeal origin, the CRM domain. The Arabidopsis genome contains 16 CRM-related genes, which contain between one and four repeats of the domain. Several of these are predicted to the mitochondria and are thus postulated to act in the splicing of group-II introns in the organelle(s) to which they are localized. In addition, plant genomes also harbor several genes that are closely related to group-II intron-encoded maturases (nMats), which exist in the nucleus as 'self-standing' ORFs, out of the context of their cognate "host" group-II introns and are predicted to reside within the mitochondria. The similarity with known group-II intron splicing factors identified in other systems and their predicted localization to mitochondria in plants suggest that nuclear-encoded CRM and nMat related proteins may function in the splicing of mitochondrial-encoded introns. In this proposal we proposed to (i) establish the intracellular locations of several CRM and nMat proteins; (ii) to test whether mutations in their genes impairs the splicing of mitochondrial introns; and to (iii) determine whether these proteins are bound to the mitochondrial introns in vivo.
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Rivasplata, Charles, Richard Lee, Michelle DeRobertis, and Christopher Ferrell. Governing Structures for Successful Regional Transit Coordination and their Formation. Mineta Transportation Institute, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2024.2229.
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The expansion of metropolitan areas in California has further prompted the need to improve transportation options for all, more effectively linking origins and destinations through key enhancements to the existing network of transit services. This study provides planners and policymakers examples of effective regional transit coordination agencies. To improve multimodal connections and enhance transit services at the local and regional levels, this study explores regional coordination, focusing on entities charged with coordinating multiple transit agencies in a single metropolitan area. The study identified 16 regional transit coordinators (RTCs), identifying the structure, scope, and management of each. The results revealed that there are many factors involved in creating an organization with the authority to coordinate regional transit, including how the organization was established and elements related to the formation of an RTC (e.g., regional dynamics and board composition). It is also important to study the powers vested in different types of boards and members, as well as the executive director. There is a wide range of state legislation for the legal establishment of RTCs. Voluntary transit federations, another option, fall into two categories: loose federations, based on consensus and strong federations, based on binding arrangements to coordinate fares, services, and information. The authors offer options for establishing an RTC in California, including a multi-county owned corporation with an ex officio board; an agency of the state or regional government; and a special district with an ex officio board representing counties, cities, planning staff, operator staff, and state transport agencies. Finally, suggestions for creating the board are provided along with a recommendation that the state develop a legislative framework to establish RTCs in its metropolitan areas.
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Eshed, Yuval, and Sarah Hake. Exploring General and Specific Regulators of Phase Transitions for Crop Improvement. United States Department of Agriculture, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7699851.bard.
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The transition of plants from a juvenile to adult growth phase entails a wide range of changes in growth habit, physiological competence and composition. Strikingly, most of these changes are coordinated by the expression of a single regulator, micro RNA 156 (miR156) that coordinately regulates a family of SBP genes containing a miR156 recognition site in the coding region or in their 3’ UTR. In the framework of this research, we have taken a broad taxonomic approach to examine the role of miR156 and other genetic regulators in phase change transition and its implication to plant development and crop improvement. We set to: Determine the common and unique factors that are altered upon juvenile to adult phase transition. Determine the functions of select miR156 target genes in tomato and maize, and identify those targets that mediate phase transition. Characterize the role of miR172 and its targets in tomato phase change. Determine the relationships between the various molecular circuits directing phase change. Determine the effects of regulated manipulation of phase change genes on plant architecture and if applicable, productivity. In the course of the study, a new technology for gene expression was introduced – next generation sequencing (NGS). Hence some of the original experiments that were planned with other platforms of RNA profiling, primarily Affymetrix arrays, were substituted with the new technology. Yet, not all were fully completed. Moreover, once the initial stage was completed, each group chose to focus its efforts on specific components of the phase change program. The Israeli group focused on the roles of the DELAYED SYMPODIAL TERMINATION and FALSIFLORA factors in tomato age dependent programs whereas the US group characterized in detail the role of miR156 (also termed Cg) in other grasses and in maize, its interplay with the many genes encoding miR172.
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Ahikire, Josephine, and Amon Ashaba Mwiine. Countering Backlash: Reclaiming Gender Justice in Uganda. Institute of Development Studies, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/backlash.2024.006.
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There is increasing evidence globally that the optimism for gender equality progress during the mid-1990s and mid-2010s now faces critical reversals from both subtle and overt forms of. Far from experiencing steady progress and accelerating promises of 'leaving no one behind', the gender equality struggle is faced with transnationally coordinated backlash against gender and sexual rights. In Uganda, backlash against gender equity policy reforms seems to be growing steadily from the very subtle and hidden to direct attacks on feminist activists and their alliances. This report engages with the following questions that have been explored over a period of four years: What is backlash? What is the origin, nature and motive of gender backlash? What drives gender backlash? Do all efforts to achieve women’s rights, equality and justice experience backlash in similar ways? Does backlash differ for different categories of policy reforms? How do gender equity policy reform activists and policy makers use their voice to counter backlash against gender equality? The report draws on three Ugandan policy cases – the affirmative action policy regarding women’s political participation, as entailed in the 1995 constitution; the Domestic Violence Act, 2010 (DVA); and the Sexual Offences Bill, 2019 (SOB) – to analyse the manifestation of gender backlash and the strategic efforts used by feminist activists and their alliances to counter this backlash.
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van Gemert, Rob, Per Holliland, Konrad Karlsson, Niklas Sjöberg, and Torbjörn Säterberg. Assessment of the eel stock in Sweden, spring 2024 : fifth post-evaluation of the Swedish eel management. Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.4iseib7eup.
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For decades, the population of the European eel has been in severe decline. In 2007, the European Union decided on a Regulation establishing measures for the recovery of the stock, which obliged Member States to implement a national Eel Management Plan by 2009. Sweden submitted its plan in 2008. According to the Regulation, Member States shall report regularly to the EU-Commission, on the implementation of their Eel Management Plans and the progress achieved in protection and restoration. The current report provides an assessment of the eel stock in Sweden as of spring 2024, intending to feed into the national reporting to the EU in August this year. This report updates and extends previous evaluation reports by Dekker (2012, 2015) and Dekker et al. (2018, 2021). In this report, the impacts on the stock - of fishing, restocking and mortality related to hydropower generation - are assessed. Other anthropogenic impacts (climate change, pollution, increased impacts of predators, spread of parasites, disruption of migration due to disorientation after transport, and so forth) probably have an impact on the stock too, but these factors are hardly quantifiable, and no management targets have been set. For that reason, and because most factors were not included in the EU Eel Regulation, these other factors are not included in this report. Our focus is on the quantification of silver eel biomass escaping from continental waters towards the ocean (current, current potential and pristine) and mortality risks endured by those eels during their whole lifetime. The assessment is broken down on a geographical basis, with different impacts dominating in different areas (west coast, inland waters, Baltic coast). In the last decade, a break in the downward trend in glass eel recruitment has been observed, with recruitment no longer declining consistently. Whether that relates to recent protective actions, or is due to other factors, is yet unclear. Nevertheless, recruitment levels remain at historically low levels. This report contributes to the required international assessment, but does not discuss the causing factors behind the recent recruitment trend and the overall status of the stock across Europe. For the different assessment areas, results summarise as follows: On the west coast, a commercial fyke net fishery on yellow eel was exploiting the stock, until this fishery was completely closed in spring 2012. A fishery-based assessment no longer being achievable, we present trends from research surveys (fyke nets). Insufficient information is currently available to assess the recovery of the stock in absolute terms. Obviously, current fishing mortality is zero (disregarding the currently unquantifiable effect of illegal fishing), but none of the other requested stock indicators (current, current potential and pristine biomass) can be presented. The formerly exploited size-classes of the stock show a recovery in abundance after the closure of the commercial fishery, and the smaller size classes show a break in their decline in line with the recent global trend of glass eel recruitment. In order to support the recovery of the stock, or to compensate for anthropogenic mortality in inland waters, young eel has been restocked on the Swedish west coast since 2010. Noting the quantity of restocking involved, the expected effect (ca. 50 t silver eel) is relatively small, and hard to verify – in comparison to the potential natural stock on the west coast (an order of 1000 t). However, for the currently depleted stock, the contribution will likely constitute a larger share of silver eel escapement. For inland waters, this report updates the 2021 assessment, with substantial changes in methodology being the use of a new natural recruitment model, and the full separation of Trap & Transport catches from the fisheries statistics. The assessment for the inland waters relies on a reconstruction of the stock from information on the youngest eels in our waters (natural recruits, assisted migration, restocking). Based on 78 years of data on natural recruitment into 22 rivers, a statistical model is applied which relates the number of immigrating young eel caught in traps to the location and size of each river, the distance from the trap to the river mouth, and the year in which those eels recruited to continental waters as a glass eel (year class). The further into the Baltic, the larger and less numerous recruits generally are. Distance upstream comes with less numerous recruits. Using the results from the above recruitment analysis, in combination with historical data on assisted migration (young eels transported upstream within a drainage area, across barriers) and restocking (young eels imported into a river system), we have a complete overview of how many young eels recruited to Swedish inland waters. From this, the production of fully grown silver eel is estimated for every lake and year separately, based on best estimates of growth and natural mortality rates. Subtracting the catch made by the fishery (as recorded) and down-sizing for the mortality incurred when passing hydropower stations (percentwise, as recorded or using a default percentage), an estimate of the biomass of silver eel escaping from each river towards the sea is derived. Results indicate, that since 1960, the production of silver eel in inland waters has declined from over 700 to below 300 tonnes per year (t/yr). The production of naturally recruited eels is still falling; following the increase in restocking since 2010, an increase in restocking-based production is expected to be starting right around now. Gradually, restocking has replaced natural recruitment (assisted and fully natural), now making up over 90 % of the inland stock. Fisheries have taken 20-30 % of the silver eel (since the mid-1980s), while the impact of hydropower has ranged from 25 % to 60 %, depending on the year. Escapement is estimated to have varied from 72 t in the late 1990s, to 175 t in the early 2000s. The biomass of current escapement (including eels of restocked origin) is approximately 15 % of the pristine level (incl. restocked), or almost 30 % of the current potential biomass (incl. restocked). This is below the 40 % biomass limit of the Eel Regulation, and anthropogenic mortality (70 % over the entire life span in continental waters) exceeds the limit implied in the Eel Regulation (60 % mortality, the complement of 40 % survival). Mortality being that high, Swedish inland waters currently do not contribute to the recovery of the stock. The temporal variation (in production, impacts and escapement) is partly the consequence of a differential spatial distribution of the restocking of eel over the years. The original natural (not assisted) recruits were far less impacted by hydropower, since they could not climb the hydropower dams when immigrating. Since 2010, inland restocking is increasingly concentrated to drainage areas falling to the Kattegat-Skagerrak, also including obstructed lakes (primarily Lake Vänern, and many smaller ones). Even though Trap & Transport of silver eel - from above barriers towards the sea - has contributed to reducing the hydropower impact, hydropower mortality remains the largest estimated contributor to silver eel mortality in inland waters. Without restocking, the biomass affected by fishery and/or hydropower would be only 5-10 % of the currently impacted biomass, but the stock abundance would reduce from 15 % to less than 3 % of the pristine biomass. In summary: the inland eel stock biomass is below the minimum target, anthropogenic impacts exceed the minimum limit that would allow recovery, and those impacts have been increasing. It is therefore recommended to reconsider the current action plans on inland waters, taking into account the results of the current, comprehensive assessment. For the Baltic coast, the 2021 assessment has been updated without major changes in methodology. Results indicate that the impact of the fishery continues to decline over the decades. The current impact of the Swedish silver eel fishery on the escapement of silver eel along the Baltic Sea coast is estimated at 0.3 %. However, this fishery is just one of the anthropogenic impacts (in other areas/countries) affecting the eel stock in the Baltic, including all types of impacts, on all life stages and all habitats anywhere in the Baltic. Integration with the assessments in other countries has not been achieved. Current estimates of the abundance of silver eel (biomass) indicates an order of several thousand tonnes, but those estimates are extremely uncertain, due to the low impact of the fishery (near-zero statistics). Moreover, these do not take into account the origin of those silver eels, from other countries. An integrated assessment for the whole Baltic will be required to ground-truth these estimates. This would also bring the eel assessments in line with the policy to regionalise stock assessments for other (commercial) fish species (see https://ec.europa.eu/oceans-and-fisheries/fisheries/rules/multiannual-plans_en). It is recommended to develop an integrated assessment for the entire Baltic Sea eel stock, and to coordinate protective measures with other range states.
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Márquez, Gustavo. Training the Workforce in Latin America: What Needs to be Done? Inter-American Development Bank, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008410.
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The purpose of this paper is to discuss the status of training policies in Latin America, and to review some new approaches that are shaping the evolution of policies and institutions in the region. The ideas presented here rely heavily on discussions held over the last five years with government, private sector, and union officials in a number of countries in the region about organizational, institutional, and financial changes of training institutions. As such, this paper presents just a snapshot of a very active and lively discussion about training institutions and policies, where new lessons are being learned and new approaches are being developed practically every day. In the first section the authors discuss why and how training policies are a legitimate and important object of public policies. Next, they discuss the institutional structure of the training systems in Latin America at the light of their adequacy to coordinate the acquisition and use of skills by the work force. Training systems in the region have evolved differently from a common original model, mostly as a consequence of the different sets of circumstances and institutional capabilities that governments, the private sector, and unions had in each country. The adoption of the wide set of policies proposed here will be of course a gradual process, and needs to be tailored to the particular circumstances and capabilities each country faces. The findings presented here add up to a wider vision of the tools that policy makers have when trying to provide the population at large with the level and mix of skills needed by workers and firms to create the more productive jobs associated with a more competitive economy.
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Boisclair, Yves R., Alan W. Bell, and Avi Shamay. Regulation and Action of Leptin in Pregnant and Lactating Dairy Cows. United States Department of Agriculture, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7586465.bard.
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The original project had four specific objectives: (1) To complete the development of a radioimmunoassay for bovine leptin; (2) To characterize the leptin system in lactating dairy cows during the transition from pregnancy to lactation; (3) To identify endocrine factors regulating the production of leptin by bovine adipose tissue; (4) To study the actions of leptin on bovine adipose and mammary tissues in vitro. However, BARD funded only the development of the bovine leptin RIA (Objective 1) for a single year. This report describes our work in completing this objective. Leptin, a protein hormone secreted predominantly by white adipose tissue, plays a critical role in the regulation of energy metabolism. In rodents and humans, leptin informs the central nervous system of the size of the energy reserves, coordinates adaptations to periods of nutrient insufficiency, and regulates the metabolism of key tissues involved in the storage and dissipation of energy. However, almost nothing is known on the biology of leptin in cattle, in part because of the absence of a valid assay to measure bovine leptin. To remediate this situation, we have developed a radioimmunoassay capable of measuring bovine leptin with a high degree of sensitivity, accuracy and precision. First, we produced recombinant bovine leptin and used it to immunize rabbits, and to prepare bovine leptin trace and standards. A single antiserum with sufficient affinity and titer was identified. Using this antiserum, binding of 125I bovine leptin was displaced in a dose dependent manner by the addition of bovine or ovine leptin. Serial dilution of bovine and ovine plasma gave displacement curves that were parallel to that of bovine or ovine leptin. Recoveries of external addition of bovine leptin in ewe and cow plasma ranged between 94 and 104%. Plasma leptin concentration measured by this assay was increased by the plane of nutrition in growing calves and lambs. Finally, plasma leptin concentration was linearly related to the fat content of the empty carcass in growing cattle. We conclude that circulating leptin in sheep and cattle is increased by fatness and plane of nutrition, consistent with results in humans and rodents. This assay provides an important tool to investigate mechanisms that regulate plasma leptin in cattle and sheep.
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Elroy-Stein, Orna, and Dmitry Belostotsky. Mechanism of Internal Initiation of Translation in Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7696518.bard.
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Original objectives Elucidation of PABP's role in crTMV148 IRES function in-vitro using wheat germ extract and krebs-2 cells extract. Fully achieved. Elucidation of PABP's role in crTMV148 IRES function in-vivo in Arabidopsis. Characterization of the physical interactions of PABP and other potential ITAFs with crTMV148 IRES. Partly achieved. To conduct search for additional ITAFs using different approaches and evaluate the candidates. Partly achieved. Background of the topic The power of internal translation via the activity of internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) elements allow coordinated synthesis of multiple gene products from a single transcription unit, and thereby enables to bypass the need for sequential transformation with multiple independent transgenes. The key goal of this project was to identify and analyze the IRES-trans-acting factors (ITAFs) that mediate the activity of a crucifer-infecting tobamovirus (crTMV148) IRES. The remarkable conservation of the IRES activity across the phylogenetic spectrum (yeast, plants and animals) strongly suggests that key ITAFs that mediate its activity are themselves highly conserved. Thus, crTMV148 IRES offers opportunity for elucidation of the fundamental mechanisms underlying internal translation in higher plants in order to enable its rational manipulation for the purpose of agricultural biotechnology. Major conclusions and achievements. - CrTMV IRES requires PABP for maximal activity. This conclusion was achieved by PABP depletion and reconstitution of wheat germ- and Krebs2-derived in-vitro translation assays using Arabidopsis-derived PABP2, 3, 5, 8 and yeast Pab1p. - Mutations in the internal polypurine tract of the IRES decrease the high-affinity binding of all phylogenetically divergent PABPs derived from Arabidopsis and yeast in electro mobility gel shift assays. - Mutations in the internal polypurine tract decrease IRES activity in-vivo. - The 3'-poly(A) tail enhances crTMV148 IRES activity more efficiently in the absence of 5'-methylated cap. - In-vivo assembled RNPs containing proteins specifically associated with the IRES were purified from HEK293 cells using the RNA Affinity in Tandem (RAT) approach followed by their identification by mass spectroscopy. - This study yielded a list of potential protein candidates that may serve as ITAFs of crTMV148 IRES activity, among them are a/b tubulin, a/g actin, GAPDH, enolase 1, ribonuclease/angiogenin inhibitor 1, 26S proteasome subunit p45, rpSA, eEF1Bδ, and proteasome b5 subunit. Implications, both scientific and agriculture. The fact that the 3'-poly(A) tail enhances crTMV148 IRES activity more efficiently in the absence of 5'-methylated cap suggests a potential joint interaction between PABP, the IRES sequence and the 3'-poly(A). This has an important scientific implication related to IRES function in general.
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Rankin, Nicole, Deborah McGregor, Candice Donnelly, et al. Lung cancer screening using low-dose computed tomography for high risk populations: Investigating effectiveness and screening program implementation considerations: An Evidence Check rapid review brokered by the Sax Institute (www.saxinstitute.org.au) for the Cancer Institute NSW. The Sax Institute, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/clzt5093.
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Background Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer death worldwide.(1) It is the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer in Australia (12,741 cases diagnosed in 2018) and the leading cause of cancer death.(2) The number of years of potential life lost to lung cancer in Australia is estimated to be 58,450, similar to that of colorectal and breast cancer combined.(3) While tobacco control strategies are most effective for disease prevention in the general population, early detection via low dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening in high-risk populations is a viable option for detecting asymptomatic disease in current (13%) and former (24%) Australian smokers.(4) The purpose of this Evidence Check review is to identify and analyse existing and emerging evidence for LDCT lung cancer screening in high-risk individuals to guide future program and policy planning. Evidence Check questions This review aimed to address the following questions: 1. What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 2. What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 3. What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? 4. What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Summary of methods The authors searched the peer-reviewed literature across three databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Embase) for existing systematic reviews and original studies published between 1 January 2009 and 8 August 2019. Fifteen systematic reviews (of which 8 were contemporary) and 64 original publications met the inclusion criteria set across the four questions. Key findings Question 1: What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? There is sufficient evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of combined (pooled) data from screening trials (of high-risk individuals) to indicate that LDCT examination is clinically effective in reducing lung cancer mortality. In 2011, the landmark National Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST, a large-scale randomised controlled trial [RCT] conducted in the US) reported a 20% (95% CI 6.8% – 26.7%; P=0.004) relative reduction in mortality among long-term heavy smokers over three rounds of annual screening. High-risk eligibility criteria was defined as people aged 55–74 years with a smoking history of ≥30 pack-years (years in which a smoker has consumed 20-plus cigarettes each day) and, for former smokers, ≥30 pack-years and have quit within the past 15 years.(5) All-cause mortality was reduced by 6.7% (95% CI, 1.2% – 13.6%; P=0.02). Initial data from the second landmark RCT, the NEderlands-Leuvens Longkanker Screenings ONderzoek (known as the NELSON trial), have found an even greater reduction of 26% (95% CI, 9% – 41%) in lung cancer mortality, with full trial results yet to be published.(6, 7) Pooled analyses, including several smaller-scale European LDCT screening trials insufficiently powered in their own right, collectively demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in lung cancer mortality (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.73–0.91).(8) Despite the reduction in all-cause mortality found in the NLST, pooled analyses of seven trials found no statistically significant difference in all-cause mortality (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90–1.00).(8) However, cancer-specific mortality is currently the most relevant outcome in cancer screening trials. These seven trials demonstrated a significantly greater proportion of early stage cancers in LDCT groups compared with controls (RR 2.08, 95% CI 1.43–3.03). Thus, when considering results across mortality outcomes and early stage cancers diagnosed, LDCT screening is considered to be clinically effective. Question 2: What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? The harms of LDCT lung cancer screening include false positive tests and the consequences of unnecessary invasive follow-up procedures for conditions that are eventually diagnosed as benign. While LDCT screening leads to an increased frequency of invasive procedures, it does not result in greater mortality soon after an invasive procedure (in trial settings when compared with the control arm).(8) Overdiagnosis, exposure to radiation, psychological distress and an impact on quality of life are other known harms. Systematic review evidence indicates the benefits of LDCT screening are likely to outweigh the harms. The potential harms are likely to be reduced as refinements are made to LDCT screening protocols through: i) the application of risk predication models (e.g. the PLCOm2012), which enable a more accurate selection of the high-risk population through the use of specific criteria (beyond age and smoking history); ii) the use of nodule management algorithms (e.g. Lung-RADS, PanCan), which assist in the diagnostic evaluation of screen-detected nodules and cancers (e.g. more precise volumetric assessment of nodules); and, iii) more judicious selection of patients for invasive procedures. Recent evidence suggests a positive LDCT result may transiently increase psychological distress but does not have long-term adverse effects on psychological distress or health-related quality of life (HRQoL). With regards to smoking cessation, there is no evidence to suggest screening participation invokes a false sense of assurance in smokers, nor a reduction in motivation to quit. The NELSON and Danish trials found no difference in smoking cessation rates between LDCT screening and control groups. Higher net cessation rates, compared with general population, suggest those who participate in screening trials may already be motivated to quit. Question 3: What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? There are no systematic reviews that capture the main components of recent major lung cancer screening trials and programs. We extracted evidence from original studies and clinical guidance documents and organised this into key groups to form a concise set of components for potential implementation of a national lung cancer screening program in Australia: 1. Identifying the high-risk population: recruitment, eligibility, selection and referral 2. Educating the public, people at high risk and healthcare providers; this includes creating awareness of lung cancer, the benefits and harms of LDCT screening, and shared decision-making 3. Components necessary for health services to deliver a screening program: a. Planning phase: e.g. human resources to coordinate the program, electronic data systems that integrate medical records information and link to an established national registry b. Implementation phase: e.g. human and technological resources required to conduct LDCT examinations, interpretation of reports and communication of results to participants c. Monitoring and evaluation phase: e.g. monitoring outcomes across patients, radiological reporting, compliance with established standards and a quality assurance program 4. Data reporting and research, e.g. audit and feedback to multidisciplinary teams, reporting outcomes to enhance international research into LDCT screening 5. Incorporation of smoking cessation interventions, e.g. specific programs designed for LDCT screening or referral to existing community or hospital-based services that deliver cessation interventions. Most original studies are single-institution evaluations that contain descriptive data about the processes required to establish and implement a high-risk population-based screening program. Across all studies there is a consistent message as to the challenges and complexities of establishing LDCT screening programs to attract people at high risk who will receive the greatest benefits from participation. With regards to smoking cessation, evidence from one systematic review indicates the optimal strategy for incorporating smoking cessation interventions into a LDCT screening program is unclear. There is widespread agreement that LDCT screening attendance presents a ‘teachable moment’ for cessation advice, especially among those people who receive a positive scan result. Smoking cessation is an area of significant research investment; for instance, eight US-based clinical trials are now underway that aim to address how best to design and deliver cessation programs within large-scale LDCT screening programs.(9) Question 4: What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Assessing the value or cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening involves a complex interplay of factors including data on effectiveness and costs, and institutional context. A key input is data about the effectiveness of potential and current screening programs with respect to case detection, and the likely outcomes of treating those cases sooner (in the presence of LDCT screening) as opposed to later (in the absence of LDCT screening). Evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening programs has been summarised in two systematic reviews. We identified a further 13 studies—five modelling studies, one discrete choice experiment and seven articles—that used a variety of methods to assess cost-effectiveness. Three modelling studies indicated LDCT screening was cost-effective in the settings of the US and Europe. Two studies—one from Australia and one from New Zealand—reported LDCT screening would not be cost-effective using NLST-like protocols. We anticipate that, following the full publication of the NELSON trial, cost-effectiveness studies will likely be updated with new data that reduce uncertainty about factors that influence modelling outcomes, including the findings of indeterminate nodules. Gaps in the evidence There is a large and accessible body of evidence as to the effectiveness (Q1) and harms (Q2) of LDCT screening for lung cancer. Nevertheless, there are significant gaps in the evidence about the program components that are required to implement an effective LDCT screening program (Q3). Questions about LDCT screening acceptability and feasibility were not explicitly included in the scope. However, as the evidence is based primarily on US programs and UK pilot studies, the relevance to the local setting requires careful consideration. The Queensland Lung Cancer Screening Study provides feasibility data about clinical aspects of LDCT screening but little about program design. The International Lung Screening Trial is still in the recruitment phase and findings are not yet available for inclusion in this Evidence Check. The Australian Population Based Screening Framework was developed to “inform decision-makers on the key issues to be considered when assessing potential screening programs in Australia”.(10) As the Framework is specific to population-based, rather than high-risk, screening programs, there is a lack of clarity about transferability of criteria. However, the Framework criteria do stipulate that a screening program must be acceptable to “important subgroups such as target participants who are from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, people from disadvantaged groups and people with a disability”.(10) An extensive search of the literature highlighted that there is very little information about the acceptability of LDCT screening to these population groups in Australia. Yet they are part of the high-risk population.(10) There are also considerable gaps in the evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening in different settings, including Australia. The evidence base in this area is rapidly evolving and is likely to include new data from the NELSON trial and incorporate data about the costs of targeted- and immuno-therapies as these treatments become more widely available in Australia.
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Galili, Naftali, Roger P. Rohrbach, Itzhak Shmulevich, Yoram Fuchs, and Giora Zauberman. Non-Destructive Quality Sensing of High-Value Agricultural Commodities Through Response Analysis. United States Department of Agriculture, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7570549.bard.
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The objectives of this project were to develop nondestructive methods for detection of internal properties and firmness of fruits and vegetables. One method was based on a soft piezoelectric film transducer developed in the Technion, for analysis of fruit response to low-energy excitation. The second method was a dot-matrix piezoelectric transducer of North Carolina State University, developed for contact-pressure analysis of fruit during impact. Two research teams, one in Israel and the other in North Carolina, coordinated their research effort according to the specific objectives of the project, to develop and apply the two complementary methods for quality control of agricultural commodities. In Israel: An improved firmness testing system was developed and tested with tropical fruits. The new system included an instrumented fruit-bed of three flexible piezoelectric sensors and miniature electromagnetic hammers, which served as fruit support and low-energy excitation device, respectively. Resonant frequencies were detected for determination of firmness index. Two new acoustic parameters were developed for evaluation of fruit firmness and maturity: a dumping-ratio and a centeroid of the frequency response. Experiments were performed with avocado and mango fruits. The internal damping ratio, which may indicate fruit ripeness, increased monotonically with time, while resonant frequencies and firmness indices decreased with time. Fruit samples were tested daily by destructive penetration test. A fairy high correlation was found in tropical fruits between the penetration force and the new acoustic parameters; a lower correlation was found between this parameter and the conventional firmness index. Improved table-top firmness testing units, Firmalon, with data-logging system and on-line data analysis capacity have been built. The new device was used for the full-scale experiments in the next two years, ahead of the original program and BARD timetable. Close cooperation was initiated with local industry for development of both off-line and on-line sorting and quality control of more agricultural commodities. Firmalon units were produced and operated in major packaging houses in Israel, Belgium and Washington State, on mango and avocado, apples, pears, tomatoes, melons and some other fruits, to gain field experience with the new method. The accumulated experimental data from all these activities is still analyzed, to improve firmness sorting criteria and shelf-life predicting curves for the different fruits. The test program in commercial CA storage facilities in Washington State included seven apple varieties: Fuji, Braeburn, Gala, Granny Smith, Jonagold, Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, and D'Anjou pear variety. FI master-curves could be developed for the Braeburn, Gala, Granny Smith and Jonagold apples. These fruits showed a steady ripening process during the test period. Yet, more work should be conducted to reduce scattering of the data and to determine the confidence limits of the method. Nearly constant FI in Red Delicious and the fluctuations of FI in the Fuji apples should be re-examined. Three sets of experiment were performed with Flandria tomatoes. Despite the complex structure of the tomatoes, the acoustic method could be used for firmness evaluation and to follow the ripening evolution with time. Close agreement was achieved between the auction expert evaluation and that of the nondestructive acoustic test, where firmness index of 4.0 and more indicated grade-A tomatoes. More work is performed to refine the sorting algorithm and to develop a general ripening scale for automatic grading of tomatoes for the fresh fruit market. Galia melons were tested in Israel, in simulated export conditions. It was concluded that the Firmalon is capable of detecting the ripening of melons nondestructively, and sorted out the defective fruits from the export shipment. The cooperation with local industry resulted in development of automatic on-line prototype of the acoustic sensor, that may be incorporated with the export quality control system for melons. More interesting is the development of the remote firmness sensing method for sealed CA cool-rooms, where most of the full-year fruit yield in stored for off-season consumption. Hundreds of ripening monitor systems have been installed in major fruit storage facilities, and being evaluated now by the consumers. If successful, the new method may cause a major change in long-term fruit storage technology. More uses of the acoustic test method have been considered, for monitoring fruit maturity and harvest time, testing fruit samples or each individual fruit when entering the storage facilities, packaging house and auction, and in the supermarket. This approach may result in a full line of equipment for nondestructive quality control of fruits and vegetables, from the orchard or the greenhouse, through the entire sorting, grading and storage process, up to the consumer table. The developed technology offers a tool to determine the maturity of the fruits nondestructively by monitoring their acoustic response to mechanical impulse on the tree. A special device was built and preliminary tested in mango fruit. More development is needed to develop a portable, hand operated sensing method for this purpose. In North Carolina: Analysis method based on an Auto-Regressive (AR) model was developed for detecting the first resonance of fruit from their response to mechanical impulse. The algorithm included a routine that detects the first resonant frequency from as many sensors as possible. Experiments on Red Delicious apples were performed and their firmness was determined. The AR method allowed the detection of the first resonance. The method could be fast enough to be utilized in a real time sorting machine. Yet, further study is needed to look for improvement of the search algorithm of the methods. An impact contact-pressure measurement system and Neural Network (NN) identification method were developed to investigate the relationships between surface pressure distributions on selected fruits and their respective internal textural qualities. A piezoelectric dot-matrix pressure transducer was developed for the purpose of acquiring time-sampled pressure profiles during impact. The acquired data was transferred into a personal computer and accurate visualization of animated data were presented. Preliminary test with 10 apples has been performed. Measurement were made by the contact-pressure transducer in two different positions. Complementary measurements were made on the same apples by using the Firmalon and Magness Taylor (MT) testers. Three-layer neural network was designed. 2/3 of the contact-pressure data were used as training input data and corresponding MT data as training target data. The remaining data were used as NN checking data. Six samples randomly chosen from the ten measured samples and their corresponding Firmalon values were used as the NN training and target data, respectively. The remaining four samples' data were input to the NN. The NN results consistent with the Firmness Tester values. So, if more training data would be obtained, the output should be more accurate. In addition, the Firmness Tester values do not consistent with MT firmness tester values. The NN method developed in this study appears to be a useful tool to emulate the MT Firmness test results without destroying the apple samples. To get more accurate estimation of MT firmness a much larger training data set is required. When the larger sensitive area of the pressure sensor being developed in this project becomes available, the entire contact 'shape' will provide additional information and the neural network results would be more accurate. It has been shown that the impact information can be utilized in the determination of internal quality factors of fruit. Until now,