Academic literature on the topic 'Orlov trotter horse'

The article presents the results of a study of the adaptive dynamics of a live weight of native mares Khakass groups Orlov trotter, Russian trotter breed and Russian Heavy Draft. In horse breeding at the year-round grazing horses, the main problem associated with adverse to the body of animals and the longest winter tebenevochnym period. Quality wintering herd horses depends largely on the ability to retain fatness (conditionally resistance) during this difficult period. Applied today assessment of the herd of horses that are on tebenevke by visual inspection, does not allow to identify the start of a sharp loss of body weight, as a result of animals are depleted, which leads to an increase in the number of abortions in mares and waste both young and adult population. Investigations were carried out to study the adaptive dynamics of a live weight of mares in a year-round grazing for timely identification of the onset of critical changes. Degree horses adapt to seasonal rhythms in a year-round grazing animals reflects their annual dynamics of live weight. This indicator is one of the criteria for adaptation to breeding conditions. Comparative seasonal dynamics of the live weight of the mares of different genotypes studied by seasons by the formula AA Motorina [1]. During the year, the mares of different genotypes reacted differently to the drastically changing feed, temperature, physiological, and others. Factors. Hardier mare were Khakass groups. They are less than animals of other genotypes, react to the current level of feeding and management, sharp temperature changes. What does the change of body weight in the autumn-winter period (1.0-1.9 vs. 2.5-3.8%), autumn-spring (against 15,9-17,4 17,0-20,9) and autumn-summer (against 10,4-11,3 10,8-13,0%), indicating that a good adaptation mares Khakass groups to environmental factors.

Modern animal husbandry in Ukraine is an integral part of the market economy and is based on the use of advanced production technologies and not a large number of highly productive domestic or foreign breeds of farm animals. It has been established that the progress of the livestock industry is not possible without determining the changes that occur with breeds and livestock of breeding animals in the subjects of breeding business. It is well known that only breeding animals are able to display high genetic potential for productivity and to pass it on to offspring. Understanding of the state of the breeds is necessary to forecast product volumes that are consistent with country safety, and to determine the populations that need to be preserved or restored in the context of the global problem of wildlife biodiversity conservation. The purpose of the work was to identify the species and breeds of farm animals that have formed the livestock sector of Ukraine at the beginning of the third millennium, and to identify changes that have occurred with the genetic resources of farm animals and to identify the breeds most vulnerable to the number of females under control. Analysis of the state of dairy and combined dairy and meat breeds in the breeding herds of Ukraine made it possible to conclude that as of January 1, 2019, compared to the beginning of 2002, the number of cows in Ayrshire, Angler, Lebedyn, Simmental, Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy, Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy, Polish Red and Red Steppe decreased breeds. The increase in the number of cows occurs among the Ukrainian Whiteheaded, Holstein and Swiss breeds. Breeding herds for breeding cattle of Carpathian Brown, Ukrainian Brown Dairy breeds and Pintsgow are not functioning. The endangered include Angler, Ukrainian Whiteheaded, Ukrainian Brown Dairy and Polish Red breeds. A comparative analysis of the number of cows of beef breeds in the subjects of breeding business of Ukraine in the dynamics of 2002–2019 indicates the preservation of all breeds, except for pentiges. In 2019, compared to 2002, cows increased in herds of Aberdeen-Angus breed, Hereford, Limousine, Southern Beef, Polissian Beef, Light Aquitan, Ukrainian Gray and Charolais. A significant decrease in the number of cows in Volinian Beef breed, the Znamensk type of Polissian Beef, Simmental Beef and Ukarainian Beef. The few in Ukraine at this stage include Hereford, Light Aquitan and Ukrainian Beef. The state of pig breeding in the breeding farms on 01.01.2019 indicates the disappearance of breeding herds in which pigs of English selection Large White breed, Large Black and Myrgorod breeds were breed. At present, only Large White breeds and Landrace pigs can be competitive in numbers, and the rest should be considered non-numerical. Sheep breeding, which is represented in Ukraine by the largest number of breeds and breed types, did not have any breeding herds in 2019, where in previous years bred Askanian Fine-Fleece breed, Askanian type of Black-Headed sheep with crossbred fleece, Olibs, North-Caucasian, Polwars, caucasian the Kharkiv type of the Ukrainian Meat-Fleece breed, the Tsigai breed and its two types, as well as the multi-breed type of the Karakul breed. Simultaneously with the disappearance of the above breeds new breeds or types appeared, among them: Bukovyna type of Askanian Meat-Fleece breed with crossbred fleece, Merinolandshaft, Dniprovian Meat (Dnipropetrovsk type), Romanivska. The smallest number of breeding queens of falcon and dark-headed Latvian breeds was established. The changes that took place in the field of horse breeding of Ukraine during 2002–2019 relate to the creation and elimination of breeding herds in which horses were bred by Budyonnivska, Russian Heavy Draft and French Trotter breeds. No information is available in the State Register of Breeding Herds about the Gutsul and Torian breeds, as well as the Shetland Pony, may be regarded as the disappearance of these breeding herds. In 2019, compared to 2002, the number of mares of Newolexandrian Heavy Draft, Orlov Trotter, Russian Trotter, Trakenian, Ukrainian Saddle and Thoroughbred Saddle horse breeds declined significantly. The gene pool of horses has expanded only due to the Hanover breed. Analysis of the status of other species and breeds of farm animals is not optimistic and indicates a decrease in the number of females and, consequently, a decrease in the gene pool of these breeds.Without the introduction of effective state conservation and support programs, as well as policy changes in the agricultural sector, Ukraine will continue to reduce livestock of agricultural animals, especially domestic autochthonous or local breeds, continuing the sad tradition of the world in reducing breed biodiversity.

Introduction. The world is actively in the process of improving the productive qualities of livestock, including horses to meet the needs of society. At the same time, less competitive aboriginal breeds and populations are being displaced, which are characterized by slightly lower productivity, but are well adapted to environmental conditions. In 2002–2019, breeding herds of agricultural animals of many breeds disappeared in Ukraine, including such genetically “valuable” ones as brown Carpathian cattle, Myrhorod pig breed, Ukrainian meat-wool (Kharkiv type)sheep breed and others [1, 2]. In terms of intensive progress in agriculture, given the great anthropogenic and man-made shocks of the twentieth century (wars, Chernobyl accident), the flora and fauna of Ukraine were threatened by significant reductions, especially forest and swamp ecosystems of Ukrainian Polissya, which formed with large wild and domesticated ungulates. Among them is the Polesye horse, which has been in this area for more than 4.000 years, but is now almost extinct [3, 4, 5]. It is necessary to restore and expand the population of Polesye horses as a basis for biodiversity of Ukrainian Polissya and as part of the cultural heritage of the region. Materials and methods of research. The materials for the research were archival data, literary and scientific sources that contain information about the origin of the Polesye horse, as well as the results of an expeditionary survey of the horse population of private rural estates of the Polesye horse. The main measurements of the horse's body were determined: height at the withers, oblique length of the body, chest girth, cannon girth. A comparative analysis of measurements of modern horses of Ukrainian Polissya with those bred in this area in the 50s of the last century, as well as with the animal population of the Belarusian part of the region (Western and Eastern Polissya) was conducted. Research results. According to researchers, the Polesye horse originates from wild ancestors – forest tarpans, who lived in Polissya until the 18th century. For a long time, the Polissya horse was bred "in itself" in the conditions of unsatisfactory feeding and excessive use at work. This has led to a reduction in size, the appearance of exterior-constitutional features (stepping of the hind limbs, low heels of the hooves, the proximity of the hocks). But on the other hand, there are high adaptive qualities, unpretentiousness to the conditions of detention and high efficiency. The main place of distribution of horses is determined by Ukrainian and Belarusian Polissya [5, 7, 8, 9]. In the 40's and 50's of the last century, Polesye horses were actively improved. For this purpose, local mares were crossed with stallions of Russian Heavy Draft and Orlov Trotter [6]. During the 50–60s of the last century, scientists of the Belarusian Research Institute of Animal Husbandry studied and examined more than 1.000 horses of the Polesye population [9]. It is worth paying attention to the experience of Belarusian scientists who, within the framework of the state program of revival and development of Polissya, conduct research and work on the restoration of horses of the Polesye breed. A comprehensive analysis was carried out: basic measurements were taken and the exterior of the horses was assessed, materials on breeding use and productivity were collected. This became the basis for the development of the main directions of selection and breeding work with the population [3, 4, 10, 11]. Until 2019, no work was carried out in Ukraine to assess and restore the population of Polesye horses. In 2019, the first survey of horses in Ukrainian Polissya was conducted in independent Ukraine in order to find typical representatives of the Polesye population. Comparing the exterior of the horses described in the source [6] with those encountered during the expedition, we selected typical representatives of Polesye horses and brought them to the stable "ShcherbatyTsugli" in the Prybirsk village, Ivankiv district, Kyiv region, where the climate and fodder the base is favorable and "native" to these animals. Currently, the herd of horses of the Polesye population consists of 9 mares and 1 stallion. To compare the horses of the modern population with those bred in Belarus, as well as the typical representatives that were described in the last century, we determined the body measurements of selected horses. According to the results of the analysis, the mares of the modern "Ukrainian" population were 2.7 cm taller than the representatives of the Polesye population in 1952, but 2.3 cm inferior to the Polesye horses of Belarus. The oblique length of the mares' torso and the girth of the breasts had the same tendency as the height at the withers. That is, the horses of the Polesye population of Ukraine insignificantly outnumbered the typical representatives of the individuals described in the last century and were similar to the Belarusian population. Given this, we can conclude that despite the use of the method of crossbreeding in the past, the horses of Ukrainian Polissya in general have preserved the exterior-constitutional type of their ancestors. The same opinion is shared by other researchers, who believe that only those horses that had the appropriate size and features of the exterior could adapt to the conditions of Polissya [3, 11]. Ethnographers and historians-reconstructors also take part in studying the population of "Polesye" horses. After all, in addition to biological significance, the Polesye horse, which has long been used in agriculture, has acquired a deep ethnographic significance. Ethnographers have recorded the facts of the use of the horse in rituals, in particular actively in wedding rituals. Thus, the historical and cultural component of the study is an essential complement to this program and provides a comprehensive study of the history of the Polesye horse. Polesye horses can be used for the development of green, ecological, rural andequestrian tourism. Conclusions. The population of Polesye horses is one of the oldest in Europe and has been on the territory of Ukrainian Polissya for more than 4.000 years, but has now almost disappeared. Expeditionary surveys of Ukrainian Polissya allowed to select typical representatives of Polesye horses and to create a basic herd in the conditions of the farm "ShcherbatyZugli" in the Prybirskvillage, Ivankiv district, Kyiv region. Modern horses of the Polesye breed, which are similar in appearance and size to those described in the 1950s, can serve as a basis for the restoration of the Polesye population. It is important to develop a selection program for the restoration (reconstruction) of the Polesye horse population in order to preserve not only biodiversity, but also the cultural heritage and national heritage of Ukrainian Polissya.

Race speed is one of the main indicators by which trotting horses are estimated. In addition to the horse genotype, race speed is also determined by the influence of environmental factors, such as feeding, keeping, training, and testing conditions. These conditions include of race track surface condition, the rider’s qualifications, season of the year, weather conditions. In this paper the influence of race track surface condition on the accuracy of assessing race time is considered. The data of horse trials of Orlov trotters at the Moscow hippodrome were used. The race time of 256 horses at a distance of 1600 m was assessed. Depending on the weather conditions and the track surface, 9 different track conditions were identified. For the analysis we used data on stallions and mares aged 4 years and older without disaggregation by sex, since there were no significant differences between the average race speed of stallions and mares and it was shown that it was the horses of the older age group that were reliably characterized by the highest average race time with minimal races per horse. It was found that the strength of the influence of the variety of race tracks on the variety of assessments of race time is reliable and amounted to 23.5%. When analyzing the group of the fastest horses, this indicator turned out to be higher and amounts to 43.8%. It is also shown that the selection of horses for breeding work is more expedient and accurate to carry out according to the average race time of the horse for a number of races, and not according to its best result, since in this case the stability of performances is not taken into account.

The article examines horses of the Orlov trotter class 2.05 as of 01.01.2017 in the amount of 272. Of these, purebred Eagle trotters (up to and including the fifth row) numbered 167 (61%), others - 105 (39%) had in their pedigrees the share of three breeds identified for introductory crossing (thoroughbred horse, American standardbred and Russian trotters). Most often, 64 (23.5%) Orlov trotters class 2.05 in different variants and ratios occurs half-blood mare Fabula from thoroughbred Faktotum. Out of 272 trotters of class 2.05, from 24 mares 2 trotters of this class were received, including from two - three trotters. The best and most frequent combinations of the family with lines in obtaining Orlov trotters class 2.05 are as follows: mare family 8199a Barvikha with male lines Pion, Barchuk and family 0468 Cadetka with male lines Pilot, Barchuk. Also in the article given the analysis of 21 mares of the Orlov trotter breed of a class 2.05, as fertile mares and the absence of outstanding horses among their offspring.