Journal articles: 'Ornithorhynchus anatinus'

1

Pasitschniak-Arts, Maria, and Lui Marinelli. "Ornithorhynchus anatinus." Mammalian Species, no. 585 (June 1, 1998): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3504433.

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Musser, A. M., and M. Archer. "New information about the skull and dentary of the Miocene platypus Obdurodon dicksoni , and a discussion of ornithorhynchid relationships." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 353, no. 1372 (July 29, 1998): 1063–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1998.0266.

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A reconstruction of the skull, dentary and dentition of the middle Miocene ornithorhynchid Obdurodon dicksoni has been made possible by acquisition of nearly complete cranial and dental material. Access to new anatomical work on the living platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus , and the present comparative study of the cranial foramina of Ob. dicksoni and Or. anatinus have provided new insights into the evolution of the ornithorhynchid skull. The hypertrophied bill in Ob. dicksoni is seen here as possibly apomorphic, although evidence from ontogenetic studies of Or. anatinus suggests that the basic form of the bill in Ob. dicksoni (where the rostral crura meet at the midline) may be ancestral to the form of the bill in Or. anatinus (where the rostral crura meet at the midline in the embryonic platypus but diverge in the adult). Differences in the relative positions of cranial structures, and in the relationships of certain cranial foramina, indicate that the cranium may have become secondarily shortened in Or. anatinus , possibly evolving from a more elongate skull type such as that of Ob. dicksoni . The plesiomorphic dentary of Ob. dicksoni , with well–developed coronoid and angular processes, contrasts with the dentary of Or. anatinus , in which the processes are almost vestigial, as well as with the dentary of the late Oligocene, congeneric Ob. insignis , in which the angular process appears to be reduced (the coronoid process is missing). In this regard the dentary of Ob. insignis seems to be morphologically closer to Or. anatinus than is the dentary of the younger Ob. dicksoni . Phylogenetic conclusions differ from previous analyses in viewing the northern Australian Ob. dicksoni as possibly derived in possessing a hypertrophied bill and dorsoventrally flattened skull and dentary, perhaps being a specialized branch of the Obdurodon line rather than ancestral to species of Ornithorhynchus . The presence of functional teeth and the robust, flattened skull and dentary in Ob. dicksoni argue for differences in diet and lifestyle between this extinct ornithorhynchid and the living Ornithorhynchus .

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Kwak, Mackenzie L., Josh Griffiths, Dylan Barry, Mikayla Begent, Tyrone Hoang, Luisa Taafua, and Anthony Chiovitti. "The first DNA barcodes for the Australian platypus tick Ixodes ornithorhynchi Lucas, 1846 (Acari: Ixodidae) to facilitate conservation efforts for a declining parasite and its host." Acarologia 58, no. 4 (September 21, 2018): 845–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24349/acarologia/20184287.

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Ixodes ornithorhynchi is one of Australia’s most cryptic tick species and is found only on the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus). The first cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) sequences for this species are presented to facilitate molecular identification and conservation of both this tick species and its host.

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Collins, G. H., R. J. Whittington, and P. J. Canfield. "THEILERIA ORNITHORHYNCHI MACKERRAS, 1959 IN THE PLATYPUS, ORNITHORHYNCHUS ANATINUS (SHAW)." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 22, no. 1 (January 1986): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-22.1.19.

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Musser, A. M. "Evolution, Biogeography and Palaeoecology of The Ornithorhynchidae." Australian Mammalogy 20, no. 2 (1998): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am98147.

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This paper reviews present understanding of the evolution of the ornithorhynchids. An ancient family within the mammalian order Monotremata. Ornithorhynchidae today is represented only by the living platypus Ornithorhynchus analinus but has a history that probably predates the Tertiary and a past distribution that spanned at least three continents. Analysis of the palaeontological record has focused on the distinctive ornithorhynchid dentition, which in species of Monotrematum and Obdurodon was probably functional throughout life. The retention of functional dentition in concert with the great age of Ornithorhynchidae gives the platypus family a much larger role in analysis of the biogeographic and phylogenetic history of the monotremes than is given to the more specialised, edentate tachyglossids, or echidnas. A complete ornithorhynchid skull, recovered from Miocene deposits at Riversleigh in north-western Queensland, has allowed comparison between the cranium of a generally more plesiomorphic platypus and that of the living Or. anatinus, a study that answers some of the morphological questions posed by this enigmatic group while raising others. This review concludes with a discussion of the biogeography and palaeoecology of the family.

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Whittington, Camilla, and Katherine Belov. "Platypus Venom: a Review." Australian Mammalogy 29, no. 1 (2007): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am07006.

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Platypuses (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) and other monotremes occupy an important position as an early offshoot from the evolutionary lineage leading from reptiles to mammals. One of the most intriguing characteristics of these mammals is that the males produce venom during the mating season. O. anatinus venom contains defensin-like peptide, C-type natriuretic peptide and nerve growth factor, as well as other unidentified fractions. These components of O. anatinus venom display similarity to components of the venom of other species such as sea anemones, snakes and shrews. Here we review available literature on O. anatinus venom and venom in other species. Further research into O. anatinus venom will offer some insight into the evolution and functions of venom components.

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Thomas, Jessica L., Marissa L. Parrott, Kathrine A. Handasyde, and Peter Temple-Smith. "Maternal care of platypus nestlings (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)." Australian Mammalogy 42, no. 3 (2020): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am19019.

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Maternal care in platypuses has never been rigorously studied due to the difficulty in locating and accessing nesting burrows. Here we describe the maternal behaviour of a captive female platypus and the growth and development of her offspring over 11 breeding seasons. We located a nesting burrow and inserted a camera to record the activity and behaviour of the female and her offspring. We also measured the female’s food intake during lactation. The ages of the offspring were assigned to developmental milestones including opening of the eyes and development of pelage. Twins (n=4) were left alone for periods longer than 24h by the mother at an earlier age than single nestlings (n=2). The dietary energy intake of the breeding female was more than double that of non-lactating females in the last month of lactation, indicating the large energy requirements of milk production. The mean age of young at emergence from the burrow was 128±1 days and in 60% of nestlings emergence occurred after weaning. This suggests a rapid transition from a completely milk-based diet to a diet of aquatic macroinvertebrates. The techniques we developed have allowed us to study maternal care in platypuses and the development of nestlings, both of which were previously only poorly understood.

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HOLZ, PH. "Maxillary deformity in a wild platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)." Australian Veterinary Journal 77, no. 11 (November 1999): 752. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1999.tb12922.x.

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Grant, T. R., and P. O. Temple-Smith. "Growth of Nestling and Juvenile Platypuses (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)." Australian Mammalogy 20, no. 2 (1998): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am98221.

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Body lengths and bill dimensions were recorded from 26 nestling platypuses from various museum collections and from published records. In nestling platypuses less than 3 months old bill width was greater than length, but this was reversed in older nestlings and in juveniles of both sexes. Nestlings grew from a body length of approximately 5 cm (~ 1 week of age) to 34 cm (14-17 weeks). Comparative data on growth of captive nestlings while sparse, supported the general trends seen in nestlings collected for this study. Body lengths and weights were also recorded from 219 (113 female; 106 male) platypuses which had been captured initially as juveniles in the upper Shoalhaven River. New South Wales. Recaptures resulted in 358 separate (215 female; 143 male) records from these animals. At emergence from the breeding burrow in January/February, juvenile males were significantly larger than females. Juvenile males had a mean body length of 41.2 (S.D.± 2.8) and females 37.5 (S.D.± 2.0) cm respectively (p<O.OOI) and mean body weights of recently emerged juvenile males and females were 779 (S.D.± 127) and 588 (S.D.± 88) g (p<O.OOI). Mean lengths and weights of the emerged juveniles were significantly smaller (p<O.OOI) than those sampled as adults (weight 65-70%; length 83-87%). The wide variation in weights and lengths of juvenile individuals of both sexes at first capture may be due to different times of emergence and/or the effects of different litter sizes.

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McMillan, Daniel, Pat Miethke, Amber E. Alsop, Willem Rens, Patricia O’Brien, Vladimir Trifonov, Frederic Veyrunes, et al. "Characterizing the chromosomes of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)." Chromosome Research 15, no. 8 (December 2007): 961–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10577-007-1186-2.

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Westerman, M., and D. Edwards. "The relationship between echidna (Monotremata: Tachyglossidae) and platypus (Monotremata: Ornithorhynchidae) - new data from DNA studies." Australian Mammalogy 14, no. 2 (1991): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am91011.

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DNA-DNA hybridizations have been used to assess the relationship between two living monotremes, Ornithorhynchus anatinus and Tachyglossus aculeatus. Differences between the unique DNA sequences of these two animals are consistent with a divergence date in the late Cretaceous - early Tertiary period.

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Connolly, Joanne H. "A review of mucormycosis in the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)." Australian Journal of Zoology 57, no. 4 (2009): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo09043.

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Many infectious agents and parasites have been reported from the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus), but most do not cause serious disease. The fungus, Mucor amphibiorum, is the only disease agent known to cause significant morbidity and mortality in the free-living platypus in Tasmania. Infection has also been reported in free-ranging cane toads and green tree frogs from mainland Australia, but not confirmed in platypuses from the mainland. This paper reviews mucormycosis in the platypus and includes the epidemiology, clinical features, mycology, pathology as well as possible surveillance, treatment and/or control modalities. The emergence and geographical spread of mucormycosis as a disease entity in Tasmanian platypuses from 1982 till 2005 are discussed. The host, agent and environment factors of the traditional epidemiological paradigm are discussed as they contribute to the conditions that lead to the selection or emergence of Mucor amphibiorum as a pathogen in a population of platypuses.

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Hawkins, Margaret, and Adam Battaglia. "Breeding behaviour of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) in captivity." Australian Journal of Zoology 57, no. 4 (2009): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo09090.

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Breeding platypuses (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) in captivity had proved difficult until the last 10 years but with improvements in husbandry and a greater understanding of platypus biology there have been seven successes at two institutions since 1998. This study, using closed circuit video monitoring, took place between 2001 and 2007 at Taronga Zoo and covered three breeding successes with one female in 2002/03, 2004/05 and 2005/06. Results have revealed a consistency of behavioural patterns, which accurately predicted breeding events, mating, burrow construction, subsequent denning period and emergence of young. The female platypus had a receptive period of 4–6 days in the spring of each year, during which her behaviour changed from avoidance to initiating contact with the male. After mating she immediately commenced burrow preparation, ending with a 3–5-day intense period of collecting wet nesting material before retiring to the burrow to lay. The gestation period was estimated at 15–21 days and incubation at less than 12 days. A suckling period of 114–127 days followed, with the frequency of maternal burrow visits and length of stay decreasing as the juveniles grew. Juveniles emerged 133 ± 4 days after retirement. This study provides new and important information about breeding behaviour in this species and will contribute to future breeding success of platypus in captivity.

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Grant, T. R., and P. D. Temple-Smith. "Conservation of the Platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus : Threats and Challenges." Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 6, no. 1 (January 2003): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14634980301481.

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15

Obendorf, David L., Beavan F. Peel, and Barry L. Munday. "Mucor amphibiorum Infection in Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) from Tasmania." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 29, no. 3 (July 1993): 485–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-29.3.485.

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16

Gallagher, C. H., J. R. Giles, and E. M. Lonnon. "Plasma Biochemistry of New South Wales Platypuses Ornithorhynchus anatinus." Australian Mammalogy 20, no. 2 (1998): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am98193.

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In order to establish baseline data, plasma samples were collected from 139 platypuses in 12 New South Wales rivers seasonally during 1992-1996 for analysis of 23 biochemical parameters. Platypuses were caught in unweighted gill nets as described by Grant and Carrick (1974). The nets were kept under constant surveillance for trapped platypuses which were removed in 5-10 minutes, wrapped in damp, air-permeable bags and kept cool until processed within 30 minutes. Sex and approximate age were determined by spur morphology as described by Temple-Smith (1973). Body condition was assessed by the tail volume index, devised by Grant and Carrick (1978), and body weight and dimensions measured. A 1 ml of blood sample was collected from the upper biII sinus of each animal and stored on ice in a heparinised microtube until centrifuged to collect and freeze the plasma, which was analysed in the Department of Biochemistry, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital by the methods of Poulos and Piesse (1995) using an automatic multi analyser for assays other than fat soluble vitamins. Vitamins A and E were assayed by HPLC-UV Detector. Vitamin D was assayed by Radioimmuno-assay.

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Handasyde, K. A., I. R. McDonald, and B. K. Evans. "Stress and Adrenal Function in The Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)." Australian Mammalogy 20, no. 2 (1998): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am98310.

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The platypus is a difficult species to maintain in captivity and very few zoo animals attain a natural lifespan. Although the failure of some individuals to acclimatise to captivity appears to be related to stress there have been few studies on the stress response of this species. Preliminary data, that we presented previously, indicated that platypuses exhibited a marked and rapid adrenal response, with catecholamine concentrations being extremely high within 15 minutes of disturbance. Plasma glucocorticoid concentrations also rose rapidly after animals were entangled in nets. This was accompanied by a rise in free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations but no significant change in plasma glucose levels. The latter indicates that the platypus, like the echidna, is resistant to the glucose mobilising effects of glucocorticoids. This paper presents further data to support the earlier findings. In matched sets of blood samples, from individual animals, glucocorticoid concentrations rose from around 100 nmol/L at 15 minutes after entangled in the net, to 300 nmol/L by 65 minutes after disturbance. Dexamethasone treatment caused a marked decline in plasma glucocorticoids, in comparison to untreated control animals, indicating that negative feedback control of ACTH secretion occurs in the platypus. Further, subsequent treatment with ACTH caused a rise in plasma glucocorticoids in comparison to untreated control animals. These data indicate that while the adrenal response in the platypus is very large its control is similar to most other mammals.

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McDonald, D. L. "Modification of Stereotypic Behaviour in Captive Platypuses (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)." Australian Mammalogy 20, no. 2 (1998): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am98316.

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Stereotypy is a characteristic occasionally observed in captive animals. This behaviour is regularly associated with animal housing conditions that deviate fundamentally from the species' natural environment. In addition to the detrimental affect it may have on the associated animal, it creates a difficult situation for the public in understanding the presentation of animals in captivity. In April 1996, modification to the platypus exhibit at Healesville Sanctuary resulted in an increased level of light being deflected onto the glass of the shallow tank exhibit. This change in the housing conditions coincided with repetitive circling behaviour by the female platypus and avoidance activity by the male platypus. In addition, the proportion of time spent feeding by the female platypus was reduced. Modification of the exhibit furniture did not significantly alter the female's behaviour. A reduction in the light level being deflected onto the tank resulted in an immediate reduction in the circling behaviour observed for the female. The male resumed free swimming and utilisation of the entire tank. Within two weeks all stereotypic behaviour had ceased and the two platypuses had resumed normal activity patterns.

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Fish, F. E., P. B. Frappell, R. V. Baudinette, and P. M. MacFarlane. "Energetics of terrestrial locomotion of the platypus Ornithorhynchus anatinus." Journal of Experimental Biology 204, no. 4 (February 15, 2001): 797–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.4.797.

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The platypus Ornithorhynchus anatinus Shaw displays specializations in its limb structure for swimming that could negatively affect its terrestrial locomotion. Platypuses walked on a treadmill at speeds of 0.19-1.08 m × s(−1). Video recordings were used for gait analysis, and the metabolic rate of terrestrial locomotion was studied by measuring oxygen consumption. Platypuses used walking gaits (duty factor >0.50) with a sprawled stance. To limit any potential interference from the extensive webbing on the forefeet, platypuses walk on their knuckles. Metabolic rate increased linearly over a 2.4-fold range with increasing walking speed in a manner similar to that of terrestrial mammals, but was low as a result of the relatively low standard metabolic rate of this monotreme. The dimensionless cost of transport decreased with increasing speed to a minimum of 0.79. Compared with the cost of transport for swimming, the metabolic cost for terrestrial locomotion was 2.1 times greater. This difference suggests that the platypus may pay a price in terrestrial locomotion by being more aquatically adapted than other semi-aquatic or terrestrial mammals.

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Connolly, J. H., D. L. Obendorf, R. J. Whittington, and D. B. Muir. "Causes of Morbidity and Mortality in Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) From Tasmania, With Particular Reference to Mucor amphibiorum infection." Australian Mammalogy 20, no. 2 (1998): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am98177.

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Over a twelve month period, 25 platypuses (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) were presented for necropsy. The most common causes of mortality were dog predation (40%), road trauma (28%), starvation and/or exposure (16%) and Mucor-mycosis (8%). Mucor amphibiorum is the only disease agent known to cause significant morbidity and mortality in free-living O. anatinus in Tasmania. This fungus causes a severe, granulomatous, commonly ulcerative, skin condition in this species. A study was conducted to define the nature and extent of the granulomatous dermatitis caused by M. amphibiorum. The mycotic granulomatous dermatitis of O. anatinus appears to be confined to streams in the north and midlands. The prevalence of the disease at two infected sites was 36% (n=36) and 66% (n=3). Lesions included abscesses, ulcers, granulation tissue and nodules. Of the 17 diseased animals captured, II were adult male, 5 were adult female and 1 was a juvenile female. Thirteen isolates of M. amphibiorum were cultured from skin lesions, all were of the positive mating type. Mucor amphibiorum was not isolated from 40 faecal or 8 skin samples from O. anatinus. No M. amphibiorum was isolated from 14 environmental samples. Mucor circinelloides and M. saturninus were isolated from soil, and M. circinelloides and M. hiemalis were isolated from faecal samples from O. anatinus.

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Grant, T. R. "Current and Historical Occurrence of Platypuses, Ornithorhynchus anatinus, around Sydney." Australian Mammalogy 20, no. 2 (1998): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am98257.

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No formal survey of platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) distribution around the greater Sydney area has previously been carried out. However, using 126 records of 0. anatinus from various sources (Pre-1900 (7), 1900-69 (43), 1970-89 (57), 1990-96 (19)), an assessment of the current and historical occurrence of the species in this area has been made. The species has been observed regularly since European settlement in the upper reaches of the Nepean River and its tributaries above the sites of the current Sydney water storages. Apparently once common in the Nepean River between the current water storages and the Warragamba River junction, the species is now seldom observed in this section of the river. It was previously more common in the lower reaches of the Nepean and upper Hawkesbury Rivers and platypuses are still occasionally recorded in this part of the river system. The species also still occurs upstream of the Lake Yarrunga storage in the Kangaroo River. It is currently found in streams of the Lake Illawarra catchment and the south coast, as far south as Berry, and in the Wollondilly and Coxs Rivers upstream of Lake Burragorang. Platypuses are no longer reported from the streams flowing through the Wollongong metropolitan area. Some recent records exist for the Sydney metropolitan area, but most are from national parks. The river systems around Sydney, Wollongong and their satellite settlements have been severely degraded by a range of human activities since early European settlement. At present it is not possible to attribute changes in 0. anatinus distribution to any single human activity over that period.

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Griffiths, Josh, Tom Kelly, and Andrew Weeks. "Net-avoidance behaviour in platypuses." Australian Mammalogy 35, no. 2 (2013): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am12051.

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It has been suggested that platypuses (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) may avoid nets following capture, compromising abundance estimates using mark–recapture models. Here, we present the first direct evidence of net avoidance behaviour by the platypus. Using acoustic telemetry, we record a platypus bypassing several nets following capture. Understanding variation in capture probabilities will lead to better estimation of platypus abundance, which is currently lacking.

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Lunn, Tamika, James Macgregor, Sarah Munks, and Scott Carver. "Dermatophilus congolensis Infection in Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus), Tasmania, Australia, 2015." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 52, no. 4 (October 2016): 965–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/2016-02-030r.

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P., Bethge, Munks S., and Nicol S. "Energetics of foraging and locomotion in the platypus Ornithorhynchus anatinus." Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology 171, no. 6 (August 1, 2001): 497–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003600100200.

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Munday, B. L., N. J. Stewart, and A. Södergren. "Accumulation of persistent organic pollutants in Tasmanian platypus ( Ornithorhynchus anatinus )." Environmental Pollution 120, no. 2 (December 2002): 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0269-7491(02)00143-4.

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Gambón-Deza, F., C. Sánchez-Espinel, and S. Magadán-Mompó. "The immunoglobulin heavy chain locus in the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)." Molecular Immunology 46, no. 13 (August 2009): 2515–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2009.05.025.

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Gautier, Célia, Sophie-Penelope Guenin, Isabelle Riest-Fery, Tahlia Jade Perry, Céline Legros, Olivier Nosjean, Valerie Simonneaux, Frank Grützner, and Jean A. Boutin. "Characterization of the Mel1c melatoninergic receptor in platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)." PLOS ONE 13, no. 3 (March 12, 2018): e0191904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191904.

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Francis, Andrew J. P., Chandi de Alwis, Les Peach, and Jennifer R. Redman. "Circadian Activity Rhythms in the Australian Platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus (Monotremata)." Biological Rhythm Research 30, no. 1 (February 1999): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/brhm.30.1.91.3061.

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Tsujii, Tadashi, Satoko Inoue, Haruo Takamiya, Helen R. Liszczynsky, Hiroto Naora, and Satimaru Seno. "Morphology of the kidney of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus: Monotremata)." Anatomical Record 234, no. 3 (November 1992): 348–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092340306.

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Whittington, Richard J., and David M. Spratt. "LESIONS ASSOCIATED WITH METAZOAN PARASITES OF WILD PLATYPUSES (ORNITHORHYNCHUS ANATINUS)." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 25, no. 4 (October 1989): 521–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-25.4.521.

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Munday, B. L., R. J. Whittington, and N. J. Stewart. "Disease conditions and subclinical infections of the platypus ( Ornithorhynchus anatinus )." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 353, no. 1372 (July 29, 1998): 1093–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1998.0268.

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Before the arrival of European settlers in Australia, the platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus , probably suffered from little disease. Among other things, European settlement has involved substantial environmental perturbation, introduction of large predators, introduction of motor vehicles and translocation of potential pathogens. As a result, platypuses are now killed by motor vehicles, dogs, foxes and discarded plastic litter. Information programmes targeting appropriate segments of the public would help reduce these unnecessary deaths. The enigmatic disease, ulcerative mycosis, caused by Mucor amphibiorum , has been the subject of scientific investigation in Tasmania for the past 15 years. The apparent recent acceleration in its spread has sounded a warning and more intensive investigation is warranted. The possibility that this pathogen has been translocated from subtropical to temperate Tasmania, Australia, with green tree frogs in banana shipments further emphasizes the role of humans in threatening the welfare of the platypus. Recommendations are made in relation to appropriate measures that could be taken to ameliorate disease and trauma in this species.

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Manger, Paul R., Rita Collins, and John D. Pettigrew. "The development of the electroreceptors of the platypus ( Ornithorhynchus anatinus )." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 353, no. 1372 (July 29, 1998): 1171–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1998.0274.

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A series of developmental stages of the platypus were examined to obtain an anatomical description of the development of the periphery of the electroreceptive system. Putative electroreceptors, composed of modified mucous glands, were observed to appear at 10 days post hatching (p.h.). The typical striped arrangement of peripheral electroreceptors in the platypus was seen at 12 days p.h. The arrangement of the stripes was modified during development with a range of additions and divisions of stripes occurring until the adult pattern is obtained, approximately 6 months p.h. After appearing at 10 days p.h., the number of electroreceptors increases rapidly until sometime between 24 and 28 days p.h. when there is massive death of electroreceptors, the number present at 28 days p.h. being 60% of the number present at 24 days p.h. This massive death of receptors is coincident with the appearance of other sensory structures in the epidermis of the bill skin, the push–rod mechanoreceptors and the sensory serous glands. Histological examination of a range of developmental stages demonstrated poorly differentiated innervation at 28 days p.h., which became differentiated and reached the adult configuration between 11 weeks p.h. and 6 months p.h., the time at which nestling platypus leave the burrow. Lamination of the cells lining the duct of the electroreceptors showed a similar developmental profile. This study indicates that the electroreceptive system of the developing platypus is not functional, in a similar manner to the adult, until it is time for the platypus to leave the nesting burrow. However, the system may be functional in the developing platypus, and may be used speculatively in the location of the mammary region for suckling.

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Hawkins, M. R. "Time and Space Sharing Between Platypuses (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) in Captivity." Australian Mammalogy 20, no. 2 (1998): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am98195.

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Detailed video monitoring studies of the activity patterns of platypuses, Ornithorhynchus anatinus, given free access to a variable captive system were conducted. When alone, platypuses in captivity linked their activity to the nocturnal light cycle and followed a predictable pattern of activity. This was mostly confined to the dark photo-period and with long periods of continuous presence in the water. When individuals were paired a 'dominance' relationship usually developed. The adult male was dominant over the females in all combinations. In the pairing of a sub-adult male and female, the female remained dominant and between two females there was little indication of dominance. The dominant animal's pattern of activity in the water remained similar to that when kept alone, except for a slight lengthening of its active period and spread of activity. The second animal's active period shortened and became more fragmented. The spread of its activity increased and the activity moved more into the high light periods when the dominant animal was not present. All the activity criteria examined could reflect different strategies for the separation of the activity- cycles changes to the length of the active period, leaving the tank when the other animal was present, increasing the spread of activity, extending activity into the 'daylight' period. It was concluded that one reason behind the changes of activity pattern in paired platypuses was the desire for an un-interrupted feeding time.

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Grant, T. R., and K. A. Bishop. "Instream Flow Requirements for The Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus):A Review." Australian Mammalogy 20, no. 2 (1998): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am98267.

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A number of human activities have the potential to impact on platypus populations by removing water from streams or by increasing flows. Many of the major habitat requirements associated with the occurrence of platypuses have been established. It should now be possible to include these in the processes of assessing the impacts of proposed riverine and riparian developments and in the formulation of measures to mitigate their impacts. The various methods used to predict and assess the instream flow requirements of other aquatic fauna, particularly fish fauna, are reviewed and their applicability to the investigation of the instream now requirements of the platypus discussed.

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KOLOMYJEC, STEPHEN H., TOM R. GRANT, and DAVID BLAIR. "Ten polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers for the platypus,Ornithorhynchus anatinus." Molecular Ecology Resources 8, no. 5 (September 2008): 1133–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2008.02195.x.

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Cui, Jie, and Edward C. Holmes. "Evidence for an endogenous papillomavirus-like element in the platypus genome." Journal of General Virology 93, no. 6 (June 1, 2012): 1362–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.041483-0.

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Papillomaviruses (PVs) infect a wide range of vertebrates and have diversified into multiple genetic types, some of which have serious consequences for human health. Although PVs have to date only been characterized as exogenous viral forms, here we report the observation of an endogenous viral element (EPVLoa) in the genome of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) that is related to PVs. Further data mining for endogenous PV-like elements is therefore warranted.

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Turnbull, R. W. "Distribution of the Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) in the Bombala River Catchment, South-Eastern New South Wales." Australian Mammalogy 20, no. 2 (1998): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am98251.

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Distribution of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) in the Bombala River catchment in south-eastern New South Wales was surveyed using questionnaires. Platypuses were reported from all streams in the catchment. The majority of positive sightings were from downstream areas whereas very few positive sightings were reported from headwater areas. The difference between frequencies of headwater and downstream reports of sightings was significant. The platypus was considered common throughout the catchment.

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Stewart, N. J. "The In Vitro Production of Sphaerule-Like Bodies in Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)-Derived and Toad (Bufo marinus)-Derived Cultures of Mucor amphibiorum, and a Platypus-Derived Culture of Mucor circinelloides." Australian Mammalogy 20, no. 2 (1998): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am98189.

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Isolates of Mucor amphibiorum and Mucor circinelloides from ulcerated platypuses (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) in the north of Tasmania were compared with isolates of M. amphibiorum taken from cane toads (Bufo marinus) in Queensland. Sphaerule-like bodies previously associated with in vivo growth of M. amphibiorum were produced in vitro. Two types of sphaerule-like bodies were observed. Type 1 bodies were found only in +ve mating types. Type 2 were found in both +ve and -ve mating types. Both type 1 and type 2 sphaerule-like bodies were apparent in sections of tissue taken from ulcerated O. anatinus. Type 2 bodies were induced in M. circinelloides, a species not previously associated with the formation of sphaerule-like bodies, either in vivo or in vitro.

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TONKIN, M. A., and J. NEGRINE. "Wild Platypus Attack in the Antipodes." Journal of Hand Surgery 19, no. 2 (April 1994): 162–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0266-7681(94)90155-4.

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The platypus ( ornithorhynchus anatinus) is a furry duck-billed mammal that inhabits the waterways of eastern Australia. The male may reach 60 cm in length with a 20 cm beaver-like tail. We report the case of an American naturalist stung whilst trying to study the male in the wild. This resulted in an intense local reaction. Warning signs should therefore be erected at air and sea ports warning tourists of the dangers of these venomous Australians.

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Gust, Nick, Joshua Griffiths, Michael Driessen, Annie Philips, Niall Stewart, and Dominic Geraghty. "Distribution, prevalence and persistence of mucormycosis in Tasmanian platypuses (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)." Australian Journal of Zoology 57, no. 4 (2009): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo09034.

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While the fungal disease mucormycosis has infected Tasmanian platypuses for nearly three decades, its impacts remain largely unknown. This study documents the spatial and temporal distribution of mucormycosis in Tasmanian platypuses as a baseline for assessing its impacts. Over 1800 platypus capture and observation records were collated and mapped, and indicate that between 1982 and 2007 mucormycosis-infected platypuses were present in at least 11, and potentially 22, of Tasmania’s 48 river catchments. During 2008–09, live-trapping surveys were undertaken to determine the spread, prevalence and persistence of the disease. Surveys of 75 rivers and creeks across 18 catchments captured 167 individuals, and an additional 12 platypuses were obtained from the public. Only seven of the 179 sampled animals were ulcerated with clinical signs of mucormycosis. All infected individuals were obtained from catchments with prior histories of disease, where platypuses have persisted despite mucormycosis being present for up to 20 years. Detection probabilities were calculated to estimate the probability that the other surveyed catchments are currently disease free. Detection probabilities were generally high (>0.75) per catchment, indicating that sampling effort was adequate to reliably detect diseased animals at historically reported prevalence (which averaged 0.295 from surveys undertaken between 1994 and 2000). Mean disease prevalence in affected catchments sampled during the present study declined to 0.071. This significant four-fold reduction in prevalence makes disease detection more challenging and increased sample sizes are required to confidently assert that some catchments are currently disease free. Reduced disease prevalence suggests that mucormycosis is exerting less impact on Tasmanian platypuses now than it was in the mid to late 1990s; however, the individual consequences of infection are poorly understood and require further investigation.

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Kolomyjec, Stephen H., Tom R. Grant, Christopher N. Johnson, and David Blair. "Regional population structuring and conservation units in the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)." Australian Journal of Zoology 61, no. 5 (2013): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo13029.

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The platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) has a wide distribution in Australia, encompassing the southern island of Tasmania and a broad latitudinal range of the mainland from the temperate south to the tropical north. We used 12 microsatellite markers from 235 individuals sampled from 13 river systems to examine patterns of genetic differentiation and gene flow throughout the species’ range. Using a Bayesian approach we identified three large-scale groupings that correspond closely to geographically distinct regions of the species’ distribution: the tropical northern mainland, the subtropical and temperate southern mainland, and Tasmania. Six additional clusters were found within the regional groups, three in the northern, two in the southern mainland regions, and the last in Tasmania. These clusters coincided with major river drainages. Genetic differentiation was generally high, with pairwise Fst values ranging from 0.065 to 0.368 for regions and 0.037 to 0.479 for clusters. We found no evidence of contemporary gene flow among the three clusters in the north, but some migration may occur between the larger clusters in the south. Due to the high genetic structuring and lack of gene flow between these three regional populations of the platypus we recommend their treatment as evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) within the platypus species. We have also detailed several smaller management units (MUs) existing within our study area based on subregional clusters and geographically significant features.

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LIN, MINJIE, and RUSSELL C. JONES. "Spermiogenesis and spermiation in a monotreme mammal, the platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus." Journal of Anatomy 196, no. 2 (February 2000): 217–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-7580.2000.19620217.x.

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Spratt, David M., and Richard J. Whittington. "Nematode parasites from the skin of the platypus Ornithorhynchus anatinus (Monotremata)." Systematic Parasitology 13, no. 3 (May 1989): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00009747.

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Whrttington, Richard, David Middleton, David M. Spratt, Fenella Muntz, Brendan Carmel, Helen E. McCracken, Michael R. Strakosch, Jill Stephanson-Shaw, Peter A. W. Harper, and W. J. Hartley. "Sparganosis in the Monotremes Tachyglossus aculeatus and Ornithorhynchus anatinus in Australia." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 28, no. 4 (October 1992): 636–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-28.4.636.

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45

Grant, T. R., and P. D. Temple–Smith. "Field biology of the platypus ( Ornithorhynchus anatinus ): historical and current perspectives." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 353, no. 1372 (July 29, 1998): 1081–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1998.0267.

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The field biology of the platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus , was first studied by a number of expatriate biologists who visited the Australian colonies to collect specimens in the 1800s. Their work was followed in the early to mid–1900s by a group of resident natural historians and later by an increasing number of academic biologists. All of these workers contributed significantly to the current understanding of the field biology of this unique Australian species. The platypus occupies much the same general distribution as it did prior to European occupation of Australia, except for its loss from the state of South Australia. However, local changes and fragmentation of distribution due to human modification of its habitat are documented. The species currently inhabits eastern Australia from around Cooktown in the north to Tasmania in the south. Although not found in the west–flowing rivers of northern Queensland, it inhabits the upper reaches of rivers flowing to the west and north of the dividing ranges in the south of the state and in New South Wales and Victoria. Its current and historical abundance, however, is less well known and it has probably declined in numbers, although still being considered as common over most of its current range. The species was extensively hunted for its fur until around this turn of this century. The platypus is mostly nocturnal in its foraging activities, being predominantly an opportunistic carnivore of benthic invertebrates. The species is homeothermic, maintaining its low body temperature (32°C), even while foraging for hours in water below 5°C. Its major habitat requirements include both riverine and riparian features which maintain a supply of benthic prey species and consolidated banks into which resting and nesting burrows can be excavated. The species exhibits a single breeding season, with mating occurring in late winter or spring and young first emerging into the water after 3—4 months of nurture by the lactating females in the nesting burrows. Natural history observations, mark and recapture studies and preliminary investigations of population genetics indicate the possibility of resident and transient members of populations and suggest a polygynous mating system. Recent field studies have largely confirmed and extended the work of the early biologists and natural historians.

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Manger, Paul R., Leslie S. Hall, and John D. Pettigrew. "The development of the external features of the platypus ( Ornithorhynchus anatinus )." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 353, no. 1372 (July 29, 1998): 1115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1998.0270.

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The present study describes the post–hatching development of the external features of the platypus. Specimens range in age from the day of hatching through to six months old, and provide the first comprehensive view of the developmental sequence of these features. Various features, those specific to the platypus, those specific to monotremes and those shared with marsupials and eutherians, are described. Features specific to the platypus, including the bill and webbing of the forefeet, are seen to develop precociously. Many features show similarities to marsupials, although marsupials show differential development both in timing and in morphology. The developmental progression is related to the age, in days, although the exact age of the specimens is unclear, and relies on ages given to the specimens at the time of collection, sometimes as long as 70 years ago. Despite this, the progression of development of these features suggests that the ageing given is relatively accurate.

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Dacheux, Jean-Louis, Francoise Dacheux, Valerie Labas, Heath Ecroyd, Brett Nixon, and Russell C. Jones. "New proteins identified in epididymal fluid from the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 8 (2009): 1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd09091.

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The platypus epididymal proteome is being studied because epididymal proteins are essential for male fertility in mammals and it is considered that knowledge of the epididymal proteome in an early mammal would be informative in assessing the convergence and divergence of proteins that are important in the function of the mammalian epididymis. Few of the epididymal proteins that have been identified in eutherian mammals were found in platypus caudal epididymal fluid, and the major epididymal proteins in the platypus (PXN-FBPL, SPARC and E-OR20) have never been identified in the epididymis of any other mammal.

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Serena, M., M. Worley, M. Swinnerton, and G. A. Williams. "Effect of food availability and habitat on the distribution of platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) foraging activity." Australian Journal of Zoology 49, no. 3 (2001): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo00089.

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While the diet of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) is known to include a wide range of benthic macro-invertebrates, little is known about how the animals distribute their feeding behaviour along a waterway. This radio-tracking study aimed to determine whether the spatial distribution of platypus foraging activity varied in relation to habitat attributes and/or the amount of food present along a southern Victorian stream. Five O. anatinus were tracked nocturnally for a total of nearly 95 h in March and April 2000. Attributes of the channel and bank were described both in the area used by the animals and adjoining unused sections of stream, and macro-invertebrates were sampled quantitatively in six substrates that varied in abundance in the used and unused areas. Eleven habitat variables showed a significant positive relationship with the occurrence of platypus activity (including the number of medium and large Eucalyptus, Acacia and Populus trees growing along the bank; presence of gravel, pebbles, cobbles, large rocks and coarse particulate organic matter in the channel substrate; amount of riffle habitat; amount of large woody debris in the channel; and amount of undercut banks). Six habitat variables showed a significant negative relationship with platypus activity (including the number of medium and large Salix trees growing along the bank; the presence of silt, solid clay and Salix roots in the channel substrate; the amount of pool habitat; and the maximum channel depth). Substrates that were relatively abundant in the area used by O. anatinus (gravel/pebbles, Eucalyptus litter, Populus litter) did not consistently support more macro-invertebrates than substrates that dominated the unused area (silt, Salix roots, Salix litter). This may reflect the fact that the platypus population was not food-limited (and hence not under pressure to optimise foraging) at the time of the study, that platypus feeding patterns were influenced by habitat features that were not considered in relation to invertebrate abundance, or that the choice of foraging areas by O. anatinus may be influenced by factors other than the total abundance of food items, e.g. the nutritional quality and/or accessibility of prey.

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Playford, C., B. A. Ellem, and D. Goldney. "Modelling the Pattern of Platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus, Trappings in An Impounded Riverine Environment." Australian Mammalogy 20, no. 2 (1998): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am98293.

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A mark, release, and recapture study of a platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) population is being carried out on the Duckmaloi Weir. The unusual features of these data are the continual arrival of new animals over the study period and the non-reappearance within two years of about 90% of all first-captured animals. One possible interpretation of these data is that the trapping experience may modify the mark-recapture outcomes. The possibility of observer interference has been discounted by demonstrating that time to recapture is Exponentially distributed, implying arrivals of animals into nets are Poisson distributed. Indeed time from recapture to second recapture is also Exponential, further suggesting that initial capture is not having an effect on subsequent recaptures of O. anatinus in the Duckmaloi River. These conclusions are corroborated by the distribution of the number of animals caught each night throughout the period 1986-1993 being shown to be Poisson. The subsequent modelling yields interactions between the predictors sex, age and seasons. The final outcome is that time between mark and recapture varies, since the sex response changes with age of the animals and with seasons.

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Connolly, J. H., and D. L. Obendorf. "Distribution, Captures And Physical Characteristics Of The platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) In Tasmania." Australian Mammalogy 20, no. 2 (1998): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am98231.

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A study was conducted to determine the geographic distribution, mean length and weight of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) in Tasmania. The species was found to be common and widespread on the mainland of Tasmania and present on King Island. Mean total lengths of adult males and females were 57. 1±3.5 cm (n=44) and 47.9±2. 1 cm (n=29) respectively. Mean weights of adult males and females were 23 13±37 1 g (n=42) and 1337±206 g (n=29) respectively. Tasmanian platypuses were generally larger than those from the mainland.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Ornithorhynchus anatinus'

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