Journal articles: 'Orphans – Ethiopia'

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Mohammed, Fozi, Ibsa Musa, Sagni Girma Fage, Abera Kenay Tura, and Fitsum Weldegebreal. "Undernutrition among Institutionalized School-age Orphans in Harari Regional State, Eastern Ethiopia: A Cross-sectional Study." Nutrition and Metabolic Insights 14 (January 2021): 117863882110064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11786388211006445.

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Background: Although orphans are at increased risk of undernutrition, studies assessing prevalence of undernutrition are limited to orphans residing with their relatives or on street. This study was conducted to assess magnitude of undernutrition and its associated factors among institutionalized school-age orphans in Harari Regional State, eastern Ethiopia. Methods: An institution based cross-sectional study was conducted among all school-age (6-12 years) orphans living in all orphan centers in Harari Regional State, eastern Ethiopia. Data were collected by using a structured pretested questionnaire supplemented with anthropometric measurements. Data were entered using EpiData 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS 22. Logistic regression models were fitted to identify factors associated with undernutrition. Statistical significance was declared at P-value <.05. Results: A total of 265 orphans residing in all orphan centers in the region were included. The prevalence of stunting, wasting, and underweight were 15.8% (95% CI: 11.9, 20.7), 10.9% (95% CI: 7.7, 15.3), and 8.7% (95% CI: 4.3, 10.5), respectively. Staying in orphan center for 6 to 10 years (AOR = 6.2; 95% CI: 2.6, 15.10), having recent illness (AOR = 3.9; 95% CI: 1.4, 10.4), and being aged 10 to 12 years (AOR = 11.2; 95% CI: 3.5, 35.4) were significantly associated with stunting whereas having recent illness (AOR = 4.3; 95% CI: 1.4, 7.3) and being aged 6 to 7 years (AOR: 10.4; 95% CI: 3.2, 33.6) were significantly associated with wasting. Underweight was more likely (AOR: 8.9; 95% CI: 2.7, 29.5) among children with recent illness. Conclusions: Almost 1 in 6, 1 in 9, and 1 in 11 institutionalized school-age orphans in Harari Regional State were stunted, wasted, and underweight respectively. Younger children and those with recent illness were more likely to be undernourished. Underlying reasons for undernutrition among orphans being cared in orphan centers should be further explored.

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Shiferaw, Gemechu, Lemi Bacha, and Dereje Tsegaye. "Prevalence of Depression and Its Associated Factors among Orphan Children in Orphanages in Ilu Abba Bor Zone, South West Ethiopia." Psychiatry Journal 2018 (October 15, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6865085.

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Introduction. Orphans are the special group of children who are generally deprived and prone to develop psychiatric disorders even those reared in well-run institutions. These children and adolescents living as orphans or in stigmatized environments are vulnerable because of the loss of parent figures. The HIV/AIDS epidemic has contributed to a drastic increase in the number of orphans and vulnerable children and other causes in sub-Saharan Africa. However, little is known about the prevalence of depression and associated factors among orphanage children in areas such as Ethiopia. Objective. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of depression and its associated factors among orphans in Ilu Abba Bor Zone orphanages, 2016. Methods. An institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted among orphan children in orphanages at Mettu and Gore. A total of 220 orphans were included from the two orphanages and make the response rate of 98.2%. Pretested semistructured questionnaire was used for interviewing the study participants. The collected data were coded, entered into EPI-INFO 7.0. Software, and exported to SPSS version 20 for statistical analysis. The strength of association between variables was assessed using crude and Adjusted Odds Ratio by running logistic regression and the cut-off point for declaring statistical significance was P- value <0.05 or 95% confidence interval which does not contain the null value. Results. A total of 216 orphan children were interviewed with response rate of 98.2%. The overall prevalence of depression was 24.1%. The mean age of participants was 14.2 years ± 9.90 SDs and range from 11 to 17 years. Sex [Adjusted Odds Ratio = 3.29, 95% CI (1.41, 7.46)]; age [Adjusted Odds Ratio=2.09,95% CI (3.7; 5.01)]; duration of stay in foster care [Adjusted Odds Ratio= 2.08 (1.01; 8.33)]; previous physical abuse [Adjusted Odds Ratio= 3.1 (2.1; 5.06)]; having medical illness [Adjusted Odds Ratio=1.94,95% CI (2.01;3.56)]; orphan status [Adjusted Odds Ratio=2.5,95% CI (1.62; 3.56)]; and suicidal tendency [Adjusted Odds Ratio= 4.8 (3.41; 9.03)] were independent predictors of depression among orphans in orphanages. Conclusion and Recommendations. Prevalence of depression was high among orphans and this finding suggests that screening for depression and mental and psychological care should be integrated into routine health care provided to orphans and that there is a further need to establish preventive measures against depression.

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Feleke, Solomon, Gudina Egata, Firehiwot Mesfin, Gizachew Yilak, and Abebaw Molla. "Undernutrition and associated factors in orphan children aged 6–59 months in Gambella Southwest, Ethiopia: A community-based cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 11, no. 7 (July 2021): e045892. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045892.

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ObjectiveThe study aimed to assess the prevalence of stunting, wasting, underweight and associated factors in orphaned children under 5 years old.DesignA cross-sectional study.SettingGambella City, Ethiopia.ParticipantsA sample of 419 under 5 orphaned children included in the study. Eligible households with orphans had selected using a systematic random sampling method. The lottery method was used when more than one eligible study participants live in the household. An OR with 95% CI was performed to measure the strength of association between each dependent variable and independent variables. Variables with p<0.05 were declared statistically significant.Primary outcomeThe main outcome of this study was the prevalence of undernutrition among orphaned under 5 and its associated factors.ResultsPrevalence of stunting, wasting and underweight in orphan children under 5 were 12.2%, 37.8% and 21.7%, respectively. The prevalnce of wasting peaks among age group of 36–47 months (42.5%), whereas underweight peaks in 48–59 months (27.7%). Food insecurity, wealth index, family size, vitamin A supplementation, diarrhoea, fever 2 weeks before the survey, children under 5 and parents’ death were associated with undernutrition.ConclusionThe prevalence of stunting, wasting and underweight among orphan children under 5 was significantly high. Multisectoral collaborative efforts towards access to health services, improving income-generating activities, micronutrient supplementation and social support and protection targeting orphan and vulnerable populations have to be built up.

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Arega, Balew, Ermias Diro, Taye Zewude, Tadesse Getahun, Asnake Agunie, Philip Owiti, Mbazi Senkoro, and Saskia Van Henten. "High levels of scabies and malnutrition amongst orphans referred to a hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 14, no. 06.1 (June 30, 2020): 48S—52S. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.11712.

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Introduction: Orphans are at high risk for neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) and other comorbidities such as malnutrition. We investigated how many orphans suffered from scabies, other NTDs and malnutrition. Methodology: A descriptive study using medical records of orphans referred to a teaching hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from December 2014 to December 2018 was done. Files documenting NTDs were reviewed in detail for age, referral diagnosis, and nutritional status. Nutritional assessment was done using the WHO Standard growth curve, classifying children as stunted (height for age Z score < -2SD or wasted (weight for length Z score < -2SD). Results: Of the 852 orphans referred, 23.1% (196/852) was diagnosed with scabies, amongst which 28.1% (55/196) had multiple episodes. The median age (interquartile range) of the children with scabies was 3 (2-5) months. 85.2% (169/196) of the orphans with scabies were stunted and /or wasted. No other NTDs were reported. All of the scabies cases identified were not documented in the referral letter of the orphanage. Conclusions: There is ongoing transmission of scabies among children in the orphanage. Amongst orphans with scabies, an alarmingly high percentage was malnourished. Referrals from orphanages may provide an opportunity to detect NTDs and this is being missed.

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Tafere, Yilkal, Mirkuzie Woldie, and Henok Assefa. "Investigations of Latrine Coverage and Associated Factors Among Debretabor Town, Amhara Region North West Ethiopia." International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) 5, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v5i2.4777.

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<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">Studies in a number of countries have shown that wherever inappropraite waste disposal morbidity and mortality rates are high. Although latrine coverage is an important indicator for measuring success of the health service program; data on latrine coverage scarce in the study area. Objective: To investigate latrine coverage and associated factors in among households of Debretabor town, Amhara region, Ethiopia. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted in Debretabor town from September 1-30, 2013. A total of 422 households were included in the study using systematic sampling technique. Data were collected using structured questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 16.0. Degree of association between independent and dependent variables was assessed with a 95% confidence level and p-value less than 0.05 was used to detect statistical significance. Result: In this study. Ninety three point five percent of households have latrine. Graduated as model family was predictor for availability of latrine (AOR= 3.18,). Income and house ownership were also found to be predictors for availability of latrine (AOR=3.70), (AOR=8.46), respectively. Educational status of respondents was found to be predictors for availability of latrine (AOR= 2.65). Conclusion: latrine coverage was relatively lower from the national target of 100%, still there are households that use open defication. Educational status, house owner shipe, income and graduated as model family were main factors affecting latrine availability. Improving socio economic status of households, provision of continuous advice and technical support at household level on the availability of latrine are recommended.

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Tafere, Yilkal, Mirkuzie Woldie, and Henok Assefa. "Investigations of latrine coverage and associated factors among Debretabor town, Amhara Region North west Ethiopia." International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) 5, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/.v5i2.4777.

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<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">Background: Studies in a number of countries have shown that wherever inappropraite waste disposal morbidity and mortality rates are high. Although latrine coverage is an important indicator for measuring success of the health service program; data on latrine coverage scarce in the study area. Objective: To investigate latrine coverage and associated factors in among households of Debretabor town, Amhara region, Ethiopia. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted in Debretabor town from September 1-30, 2013. A total of 422 households were included in the study using systematic sampling technique. Data were collected using structured questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 16.0. Degree of association between independent and dependent variables was assessed with a 95% confidence level and p-value less than 0.05 was used to detect statistical significance. Result: In this study. Ninety three point five percent of households have latrine. Graduated as model family was predictor for availability of latrine (AOR= 3.18,). Income and house ownership were also found to be predictors for availability of latrine (AOR=3.70), (AOR=8.46), respectively. Educational status of respondents was found to be predictors for availability of latrine (AOR= 2.65). Conclusion: latrine coverage was relatively lower from the national target of 100%, still there are households that use open defication. Educational status, house owner shipe, income and graduated as model family were main factors affecting latrine availability. Improving socio economic status of households, provision of continuous advice and technical support at household level on the availability of latrine are recommended.

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Tamene, Ayele. "CHILD PROTECTION AND DEVELOPMENT: ADDRESSING THE PROBLEMS OF HIV/AIDS ORPHANS – A CASE STUDY IN BAHIR DAR TOWN, ETHIOPIA." BMJ Global Health 2, Suppl 2 (February 2017): A45.3—A46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2016-000260.121.

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Gudura, Tafese Tadele, Alemu Tamiso Debiso, and Tariku Tadele Gudura. "Factors associated with Institutional delivery in Boricha district of Sidama zone, southern Ethiopia." International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) 3, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v3i4.4696.

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<p style="color: #000000; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Every year, 40 million women give birth at home without the help of a skilled birth attendant. In 2011, 287,000 women died during pregnancy or childbirth. Almost all these deaths occur in developing countries where mothers and children lack access to basic health care. Reports showed the low utilization of health facility for delivery service in Ethiopia. This study aimed to determine the utilization and factors influencing institutional delivery. Community based cross sectional study was conducted from January to February 2013/14 in Boricha District of Southern Ethiopia among mothers who gave birth in the last 1 year. Multistage sampling techniques were used to collect data from 546 mothers. Taking in to account place of birth for the last child, only 4.9% women gave birth in a health facility. Women’s education level (AOR=4.4 (95% CI=1.36-14.33)), timing of firstANC visit (AOR= .03 (95% CI=0.004 - 0.205)), women’s advice to deliver in a health facility during ANC (AOR = 31.15 (95% CI=2.02-479.52)), women’s knowledge of birth related complications (AOR= 12.4 (95% CI=2.67-57.16)) and decision making power (AOR=0.2 (95% CI=0.060.82)) showed significant association with institutionional delivery. Institutional delivery in the study area was found to be very low. Raising awareness on institutional delivery to maximize delivery service utilization and strengthening provision of education and counseling to deliver in health facility during antenatal care visits at individual and community level should be given due emphasis.

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Gudura, Tafese Tadele, Alemu Tamiso Debiso, and Tariku Tadele Gudura. "Factors associated with Institutional delivery in Boricha district of Sidama zone, southern Ethiopia." International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) 3, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/.v3i4.4696.

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<p style="color: #000000; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Every year, 40 million women give birth at home without the help of a skilled birth attendant. In 2011, 287,000 women died during pregnancy or childbirth. Almost all these deaths occur in developing countries where mothers and children lack access to basic health care. Reports showed the low utilization of health facility for delivery service in Ethiopia. This study aimed to determine the utilization and factors influencing institutional delivery. Community based cross sectional study was conducted from January to February 2013/14 in Boricha District of Southern Ethiopia among mothers who gave birth in the last 1 year. Multistage sampling techniques were used to collect data from 546 mothers. Taking in to account place of birth for the last child, only 4.9% women gave birth in a health facility. Women’s education level (AOR=4.4 (95% CI=1.36-14.33)), timing of firstANC visit (AOR= .03 (95% CI=0.004 - 0.205)), women’s advice to deliver in a health facility during ANC (AOR = 31.15 (95% CI=2.02-479.52)), women’s knowledge of birth related complications (AOR= 12.4 (95% CI=2.67-57.16)) and decision making power (AOR=0.2 (95% CI=0.060.82)) showed significant association with institutionional delivery. Institutional delivery in the study area was found to be very low. Raising awareness on institutional delivery to maximize delivery service utilization and strengthening provision of education and counseling to deliver in health facility during antenatal care visits at individual and community level should be given due emphasis.

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Selamu, Liranso G., and Mohan S. Singhe. "Mental Health Care Service and Mental Problems among Orphan and Vulnerable Children in Addis Ababa Ethiopia." Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU 07, no. 04 (December 2017): 003–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1708727.

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AbstractA lot of children in the world suffer from untreated mental health problems. The global burdens of childhood mental disorders are increasing but mental health care services are neglected in most countries. The objective of this critical analysis was to realize the access to mental health service and mental problems among orphan and vulnerable children in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. To achieve the purpose of the analysis, the method was based on the critical analysis of the recent research literature from Pub-Med, Global Health, Google Scholar, Ethiopian Universities, Psych-Info, and WHO data sources. Thirty-six journals published after 2001 were identified and critically analyzed based on scientific inclusion and exclusion criteria as well as analyzed in a systematic manner. The orphan and vulnerable children face a prospect of a persistent effort for physically continued existence, for fundamental needs, education, love and affection, and protection against exploitation violence and bias. The problem of meeting these desires of the children corresponds to a major new challenge that requires an in-depth research, future interventions, and policy plans in tackling the problem. In light of the problem in Ethiopia, researches regarding the mental health care services of the orphan and vulnerable children in Addis Ababa are extremely inadequate.

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Tefera, Bonsa Shume, and Aschalew Terefe Refu. "Orphan Children’s School Performance, Hindering Challenges and the Role of the School (In The Case Of Some Selected Primary Schools in Iluababor Zone, Ethiopia)." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 6, no. 3 (June 24, 2019): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v6i3.582.

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The study investigated Orphan Children’s School Performance, Hindering Challenges and the Role of the School in primary schools of Ilubabor zone. In this study descriptive survey design with mixed method was employed. The primary source of the data were 50 orphan children’s, 50 non orphan children’s, 70 subject matter teachers, seven school principals and were selected using simple random sampling and purposive sampling techniques respectively. Questionnaire, interview, observation and class test were major data gathering tools in this study. The collected data were analyzed quantitative using percentage, frequency, mean and standard deviation and t-test. On the other hand, the qualitative data were presented by using descriptive narration. The finding of the study revealed that, there was statistically significant school performance difference between orphaned and non- orphaned children in primary schools of Iluababor zone, t (100) = -0.169, p < .05. The challenges identified were lack of food, high labor demand from those who are living with them, lack of parental love, lack of school uniforms and learning materials, behavioral and emotional problems, feelings of isolation, rejection, unhappiness and shame, poor self-esteem and lack of confidence, high levels of sensitivity when playing with other learner, sickness and become weak as well, not attending school regularly and come to school with dirty clothes. The result also indicated that, 1) there were no efforts are made by schools, educational stakeholders and the government to eradicate the challenges facing orphaned students and to foster academic performance of orphaned children, 2) No academic and financial support provide to orphaned students in their respective classes, 3) No plan of action for the enhancement of a good school performance to orphaned children and 4) No established strategies to support the orphaned children financially or make close connection with educational stakeholders and Non-Governmental Organizations to support the orphaned children 5) No identified person in school to help, follow and monitor orphaned learners, 6) No remedial actions designed for Orphaned children attending education in your school, 7) No regular meeting with parents to discuss about Orphaned children’s related issues, and 8) No mechanisms put in place to ensure an equal and friendly environment for all the children in the school irrespective of their unique characteristics. Finally, based on the major findings the following recommendations were forwarded by the researcher.

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Takele, Anduamlak Molla, Messay Gebremariam Kotecho, and Philip Mendes. "The Poverty of Policy: Examining Care Leaving Policy in Ethiopia." Institutionalised Children Explorations and Beyond 8, no. 2 (January 5, 2021): 260–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2349300320982399.

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International research consistently shows that young care leavers’ journey from care to emerging adulthood is characterised by adversities such as unemployment, poor academic performance, homelessness, involvement in criminal activities, mental illness and early parenthood. As research evidence points out, such negative outcomes are closely linked with the existence of multiple placements, lack of mentoring, limited connections with significant others, the absence of early preparation to leave care, and a dearth of or inadequate policy frameworks that entitle care leavers to use aftercare support schemes. In order to support care leavers’ transition from care to emerging adulthood, Global North countries have implemented an independent care leaving policy framework that serves as a scaffolding for challenges that would arise from care leavers’ exploration of the adult world upon leaving care. However, such experience in formulation of policy to empower care leavers to be an independent adult is not well developed in countries in Global South due to the infant nature of research on care leaving and a preference for addressing the issues of care leavers in the existing child policy frameworks rather than formulating a special policy that deals with care leaving. The status of Ethiopia in this regard is not different. Existing policy frameworks concerning children have failed to address the needs of Ethiopian care leavers despite the existence of over five million orphan and vulnerable children in the country most of whom are placed in institutional childcare centres. This article presents the case for an independent care leaving policy in Ethiopia to address the multifaceted needs of children in care and improve the care leaving service in the country. Thus, the study will shed light on the state of care leaving policy in the world and lessons for Ethiopia to support Ethiopia’s attempt to serve the most vulnerable children in care by developing its own care leaving policy.

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Demoze, Mekdes Beze, Dessie Abebaw Angaw, and Haregwoin Mulat. "Prevalence and Associated Factors of Depression among Orphan Adolescents in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Psychiatry Journal 2018 (August 26, 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5025143.

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Background. Orphan adolescents are a special group of people who are generally deprived and prone to develop psychiatric disorder even if reared in a well-run institution. Objective. To assess the prevalence and associated factors of depression among orphan adolescents living in Addis Ababa orphan centers, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Method. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2016 among 453 orphan adolescents in Ethiopia. All orphan adolescents who were living in the selected orphan centers were included in the study. The data was collected by interviewing the orphan adolescents at the orphan center by using a structured questionnaire. Kocher adolescent depression scale and MSPSS scale were used to measure orphan level of depression and their perceived social support. After appropriate coding, the collected data had been entered into EPI info version 7 and it was exported to SPSS version 20 for further analysis. The OR with 95% CI was used to measure association and p value < 0.05 was used as statistically significant value in multivariable binary logistic regressions. Result. The overall prevalence of depression among the orphan adolescents was found to be 36.4%. The majority of the respondents, 302 (66.7%), were within the age range of 15-19 years. Perceived social support (OR 5.86; 95% CI 3.47, 9.91), community discrimination (OR 2.68; 95% CI 1.58, 4.56), length of stay (OR 1.90; 95% CI 1.08, 3.35), age of entrance (OR 2.21; 95% CI 1.32, 3.69), and presence of visitors (OR 3.62; 95% CI 2.06, 6.37) were the main variables associated with depression. Conclusion. The prevalence of depression among orphan adolescents was found to be high. Low level of social support, higher length of stay, community discrimination, the presence of visitors, and younger age of entrance were statistically significant variables to develop depression.

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Asnakech Tesfaye and Ashenafi Hagos. "International Kinship Care Arrangement: Ethiopian Children Applying for Australian Orphan Relative Visa." Ethiopian Journal of the Social Sciences and Humanities 16, no. 1 (November 30, 2020): 47–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ejossah.v16i1.3.

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The study is about international kinship care arrangements in Ethiopia, focusing on Ethiopian children who applied for an Australian Orphan Relative Visa. A qualitative case study research method was used. Study participants were nine children between the ages of 13-17 years and nine parents/guardians of those children. Other participants were five experts from the Ministry of Women, Children and Youth Affairs, and Federal First Instance Court. In-depth interviews were conducted using semi-structured interview guides. Additional data were also derived from observations and document reviews. Thematic data analysis was used. Data from all sources were triangulated and categorized under the themes that emerged from the data. This study identified two categories of children: those who cannot get proper care either due to the loss of parents or due to incapacity of parents to take care of them, and those children who use international kinship arrangement as a mechanism to access a better life in Australia. Children expressed their expectations to get a better education, employment, material benefits, and living conditions after placement abroad. They also expressed concerns about how well relatives abroad will treat them. The findings further revealed that the Ministry of Women, Children, and Youth Affairs was not appropriately documenting pre-placement and post-placement information. Since international kinship care is different from international adoption in its nature, there was a lack of clarity on the legal protection that should be given to children, which puts them in a precarious socio-legal situation. This study can be used as a starting point to understand and consider international kinship care arrangements as one important alternative child care option.

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Varnis, Steven. "Promoting Child Protection through Community Resources: Care Arrangements for Ethiopian AIDS Orphans." Northeast African Studies 8, no. 1 (2001): 143–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/nas.2005.0021.

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Getahun, Solomon Addis. "A History of Ethiopia’s Newest Immigrants to the United States: Orphans." Journal des Africanistes, no. 81-2 (December 1, 2011): 185–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/africanistes.4104.

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Nieuwenhuys, Olga, Cindi Katz, and Haakon Lein. "Ethiopian Childhoods. A Case Study of the Lives of Orphans and Working Children." Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography 62, no. 4 (December 2008): 305–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00291950802517981.

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Bhargava, Alok. "AIDS epidemic and the psychological well-being and school participation of Ethiopian orphans." Psychology, Health & Medicine 10, no. 3 (August 2005): 263–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13548500412331334181.

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Khan, Shiraz. "The Road To Hell." American Journal of Islam and Society 15, no. 2 (July 1, 1998): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v15i2.2190.

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How many of us have ever reflected on the work of the charity business?Other than the few odd cases of conuption, the really big players such as Savethe Children earn our uncritical respect and admiration for their seemingly selflesswork. We have no qualms about pulling out our wallets and donating generouslyto what we think are worthy projects, worthy people, and worthy nonprofit,apolitical organizations whose only aims are to sponsor orphans, buildwells, improve irrigation, provide food and shelter (especially at the time ofmajor disasters and famines), and labor ceaselessly to improve the lot of thepoor, destitute, and impoverished living in the Third World and Africa, especially Africa.Read these objectives again, for drawing on his experience of over nineteenyears of work with aid organizations around Africa, Michael Maren has writtena book that demolishes each and every one of them. Probing deep into the workingsof these inviolable institutions, such as CARE, USAID, Save the Children,and UNHCR, he highlights an utterly seamy side: a spectacular waste of funds,a fraudulent record of accounts, sensational salaries and lifestyles of the directors,a complete disregard for the recipients or their children, and the creationand funding of “projects” that are so badly managed and so utterly unsuited tothe geography of the country and needs of the people that they often do far moreharm than good, leaving the recipients in a worse state than when they foundthem. It is a simple fact of life in the aid business that with appropriate mediahype, famines, dramatic influxes of refugees, floods, earthquakes, and othersuch catastrophes can be real money-spinners. It is in this light and with theseresults that W n ha s chosen to title the book The Road to Hell.The book is broadly set against the backdrop of Somalia and its civil strife andmilitary tensions with Ethiopia Witnessing a series of harrowing wars, famines,and natural disasters, Maren tells how CARE unwittingly assisted a Somaliandictatorship in building a political and economic power base; how the UN, Savethe Children, and many other nongovernmental organizations provided rawmaterials for ethnic factions who subsequently threatened genocidal massacresin Rwanda and Burundi. He brings first-hand reports of African farmers,Western aid workers, and corrupt politicians from many cqlmtries, joinedtogether in a vicious circle of self-interest. Above all, he heralds an importanttruth: Humanitarian intervention and foreign activity is necessarily political. Itgets hijacked by powerful charities and agricultural interests and is cynicallymanipulated by local strongmen to control rebellious populations.One interesting feam of the aid business that Maren examines is the fact thatit is pemapS the last visible vehicle or characteristic of colonialism left in theThird World. He does not fail to emphasize that states are not moral agents andthat admiration for theii altruism is misplaced, for it is simply a call for reimpsition of colonial benevolence by the “civilized world” which feels it must goout to these desperate places and govern through food aid and agricultural programs.This “white man’s burden” attitude, however, must be juxtaposed againstpolitical motives, for as Maren points out, great power aid programs like USAIDcontinue to be motivated primarily by the political and economic interests of thedonors. This colonialist outlook is most visible, argues Maren, in the behavior ...

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Hagos, Rahiel, Abdulwahab Saliu Shaibu, Lei Zhang, Xu Cai, Jianli Liang, Jian Wu, Runmao Lin, and Xiaowu Wang. "Ethiopian Mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun) as an Alternative Energy Source and Sustainable Crop." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 11, 2020): 7492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187492.

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Energy and food source crop demand claims to be vulnerable to climate change impacts. The new and orphan crops, which in the past have received only limited research attention but are sustainable to environmental systems, are needed. In this review, we summarize the available literature about Ethiopian mustard as an alternative energy source and its sustainable economic importance as a new promising Brassicacea crop for new opportunities in the face of producing sustainable environment and energy development. Ethiopian mustard has many advantages and can be adopted to replace crops that are susceptible to adverse environmental conditions. Ethiopian mustard is becoming a new promising Brassicaceae crop with the current global energy demand increases. However, researchers have only focused on energy source production which has resulted in developing high erucic acid varieties. This results partly in limited studies on developing Ethiopian mustard edible oil varieties. The adoption and scaling-up of this promising crop as an oilseed crop in developing countries and Mediterranean conditions can sustain the impact of climate change with the demand for food and energy debate concepts. Indeed, further agronomic, quality and genomic studies on oilseed nutritional traits for efficient breeding and utilization are needed.

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Bachewe, Fantu, Mekdim Dereje Regassa, Bart Minten, Alemayehu Seyoum Taffesse, Seneshaw Tamru, and Ibrahim Worku Hassen. "The transforming value chain of Ethiopia’s “orphan” tef crop." Planta 250, no. 3 (July 3, 2019): 769–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00425-019-03224-0.

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Hall, Andrew, Veronica Tuffrey, Tamiru Kassa, Tsegaye Demissie, Tedbabe Degefie, and Seung Lee. "Case-control analysis of the health and nutrition of orphan schoolchildren in Ethiopia." Tropical Medicine & International Health 15, no. 3 (March 2010): 287–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02452.x.

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Abebe, Tatek, and Asbjorn Aase. "Children, AIDS and the politics of orphan care in Ethiopia: The extended family revisited." Social Science & Medicine 64, no. 10 (May 2007): 2058–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.02.004.

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Belay, Mulugeta, Gobena Ameni, Gunnar Bjune, David Couvin, Nalin Rastogi, and Fekadu Abebe. "Strain Diversity ofMycobacterium tuberculosisIsolates from Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients in Afar Pastoral Region of Ethiopia." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/238532.

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Data on genotypic diversity ofMycobacterium tuberculosiscomplex (MTBC) is important to understand its epidemiology, human adaptation, clinical phenotypes, and drug resistance. This study aimed to characterize MTBC clinical isolates circulating in a predominantly pastoralist area in Ethiopia, a country where tuberculosis is the second leading cause of mortality. Culture of sputum samples collected from a total of 325 pulmonary TB suspects was done to isolate MTBC. Spoligotyping was used to characterize 105 isolates from culture positive slopes and the result was compared with an international database. Forty-four spoligotype patterns were observed to correspond to 35 shared-types (SITs) containing 96 isolates and 9 orphan patterns; 27 SITs containing 83 isolates matched a preexisting shared-type in the database, whereas 8 SITs (n=13isolates) were newly created. A total of 19 SITs containing 80 isolates were clustered within this study (overall clustering of 76.19%). Three dominant lineages (T, CAS, and Manu) accounted for 76.19% of the isolates. SIT149/T3-ETH was one of the two most dominant sublineages. Unlike previous reports, we show that Manu lineage strains not only constitute a dominant lineage, but are also associated with HIV infection in Afar region of Ethiopia. The high level of clustering suggests the presence of recent transmission that should be further studied using additional genotyping markers.

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Fite, Ayana Chimdessa, and Amsale Cherie. "Risky Sexual Behavior and Its Determinants among Orphan and Vulnerable Children in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." World Journal of AIDS 06, no. 04 (2016): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/wja.2016.64015.

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Sebsibe, Tadesse, Dereje Fekadu, and Belay Molalign. "Psychosocial wellbeing of orphan and vulnerable children at orphanages in Gondar Town, North West Ethiopia." Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology 6, no. 10 (October 31, 2014): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jphe2014.0648.

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Desta, Meseret Kassahun, and Nathan Linsk. "Pathways and Motivations for Raising Relatives’ Children Orphaned by HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia." Journal of HIV/AIDS & Social Services 14, no. 4 (October 2, 2015): 392–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15381501.2014.912170.

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Gebreyohannes Selamu, Liranso. "Access to Mental Health Care Services for the Orphan and Vulnerable Children in Addis Ababa Ethiopia." American Journal of Applied Psychology 7, no. 1 (2018): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajap.20180701.12.

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Belay, Tefera, and Mulatie Missaye. "Risks, protection factors and resilience among orphan and vulnerable Children (OVC) in Ethiopia: Implications for intervention." International Journal of Psychology and Counselling 6, no. 3 (March 31, 2014): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ijpc2013.0241.

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Mihret, Adane, Yonas Bekele, Andre G. Loxton, Annemie M. Jordan, Lawrence Yamuah, Abraham Aseffa, Rawleigh Howe, and Gerhard Walzl. "Diversity ofMycobacterium tuberculosisIsolates from New Pulmonary Tuberculosis Cases in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Tuberculosis Research and Treatment 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/892079.

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Understanding the genetic diversity ofMycobacterium tuberculosisis needed for a better understanding of the epidemiology of TB and could have implications for the development of new diagnostics, drugs, and vaccines.M. tuberculosisisolates were characterized using spoligotyping and were compared with the SpoIDB4 database of the Pasteur Institute of Guadeloupe. A total of 53 different patterns were identified among 192 isolates examined. 169 of the isolates were classified into one of the 33 shared SITs, whereas the remaining 23 corresponded to 20 orphan patterns. 54% of the isolates were ascribed to the T family, a family which has not been well defined to date. Other prominent families were CAS, Haarlem, LAM, Beijing, and Unknown comprising 26%, 13%, 2.6%, 0.5%, and 2.1%, respectively. Among HIV-positive patients, 10 patterns were observed among 25 isolates. The T (38.5%), H (26.9%), and CAS (23.1%) families were the most common among HIV-positive individuals. The diversity of theM. tuberculosisstrains found in this study is very high, and there was no difference in the distribution of families in HIV-positive and HIV-negative TB patients except the H family. Tuberculosis transmission in Addis Ababa is due to only the modernM. tuberculosisfamilies (CAS, LAM, T, Beijing, Haarlem, and U).

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Taye, Hawult, Kassahun Alemu, Adane Mihret, Sosina Ayalew, Elena Hailu, James L. N. Wood, Ziv Shkedy, Stefan Berg, and Abraham Aseffa. "Epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineages and strain clustering within urban and peri-urban settings in Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 12, 2021): e0253480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253480.

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Background Previous work has shown differential predominance of certain Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) lineages and sub-lineages among different human populations in diverse geographic regions of Ethiopia. Nevertheless, how strain diversity is evolving under the ongoing rapid socio-economic and environmental changes is poorly understood. The present study investigated factors associated with M. tb lineage predominance and rate of strain clustering within urban and peri-urban settings in Ethiopia. Methods Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB) and Cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis (TBLN) patients who visited selected health facilities were recruited in the years of 2016 and 2017. A total of 258 M. tb isolates identified from 163 sputa and 95 fine-needle aspirates (FNA) were characterized by spoligotyping and compared with international M.tb spoligotyping patterns registered at the SITVIT2 databases. The molecular data were linked with clinical and demographic data of the patients for further statistical analysis. Results From a total of 258 M. tb isolates, 84 distinct spoligotype patterns that included 58 known Shared International Type (SIT) patterns and 26 new or orphan patterns were identified. The majority of strains belonged to two major M. tb lineages, L3 (35.7%) and L4 (61.6%). The observed high percentage of isolates with shared patterns (n = 200/258) suggested a substantial rate of overall clustering (77.5%). After adjusting for the effect of geographical variations, clustering rate was significantly lower among individuals co-infected with HIV and other concomitant chronic disease. Compared to L4, the adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (AOR; 95% CI) indicated that infections with L3 M. tb strains were more likely to be associated with TBLN [3.47 (1.45, 8.29)] and TB-HIV co-infection [2.84 (1.61, 5.55)]. Conclusion Despite the observed difference in strain diversity and geographical distribution of M. tb lineages, compared to earlier studies in Ethiopia, the overall rate of strain clustering suggests higher transmission and warrant more detailed investigations into the molecular epidemiology of TB and related factors.

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Azeze, Hibstu, Firew Mekbib, Yigzaw Dessalegn, Zerihun Tadele, and Negussie Megersa. "Challenges on Production and Utilization of White Lupin (Lupinus albus L.) in Ethiopia: A Strategic Orphan Crop." American Journal of Experimental Agriculture 13, no. 4 (January 10, 2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajea/2016/27930.

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Bekele, Nebiyu, Frew Ewnetu, Tigest Hailu, Zerubabel Tegegne, and Abilo Tadesse. "Wilson’s Disease: Diagnosis of Wilson’s Disease in Ethiopian Young Sisters." Case Reports in Medicine 2020 (July 24, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7650170.

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Background. Wilson’s disease is an inherited autosomal recessive disorder of copper metabolism. Clinical signs, biochemical parameters, histologic findings, and/or ATP7B genetic testing are required to diagnose Wilson’s disease. Case Presentation. 25-year-old and 22-year-old young women (siblings) presented to the University of Gondar Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, with difficulty of keeping balance of 3-year duration and progressive extremity weakness of 5-year duration, respectively. Both siblings had visible ocular Kayser–Fleischer rings, low serum ceruloplasmin level and increased urinary copper content, ultrasound-evidenced cirrhotic liver disease, and axial T2-weighted MRI hyperintensities in basal ganglia, thalamus, and brainstem (midbrain and pons). Diagnosis of Wilson’s disease was established in both patients using a diagnostic scoring system proposed by “8th International Meeting on Wilson Disease and Menkes Disease, Leipzig (2001).” Treatment with D-penicillamine as a chelator and zinc sulphate as a metalothionein-inductor was started. Screening of their family members was recommended. Conclusion. Wilson’s disease, declared to be an orphan disease, requires clinical acumen of physicians and expensive investigation modalities for prompt recognition and is inaccessible as required, lifelong drugs for treatment.

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Tamrat, Solomon, James S. Borrell, Manosh K. Biswas, Dawd Gashu, Tigist Wondimu, Carlos A. Vásquez-Londoño, Pat J. S. Heslop-Harrison, Sebsebe Demissew, Paul Wilkin, and Melanie-Jayne R. Howes. "Micronutrient composition and microbial community analysis across diverse landraces of the Ethiopian orphan crop enset." Food Research International 137 (November 2020): 109636. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109636.

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Gultie, Teklemariam. "Nutritional Status and Associated Factors among Orphan Children below the Age of Five Years in Gondar City, Ethiopia." Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences 2, no. 4 (2014): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.jfns.20140204.23.

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Sewasew, Daniel, Orna Braun-Lewensohn, and Ebabush Kassa. "The contribution of guardian care and peer support for psychological resilience among orphaned adolescents in Ethiopia." Contemporary Social Science 12, no. 3-4 (October 2, 2017): 175–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21582041.2017.1384048.

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Shekmnesh, Asfawesen, Aregay Alemseged, and Berhe Hailemariam. "Prevalence of Psychological Distress and Associated Factors among AIDS Orphan Adolescents in Mekelle City, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia: Cross Sectional Study." Greener Journal of Medical Sciences 3, no. 7 (September 20, 2013): 260–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15580/gjms.2013.7.080913776.

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TAYE, MULUGETA, WILLEMIEN J. M. LOMMEN, and PAUL C. STRUIK. "INDIGENOUS MULTIPLICATION AND PRODUCTION PRACTICES FOR THE TUBER CROP PLECTRANTHUS EDULIS IN CHENCHA AND WOLAITA, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA." Experimental Agriculture 43, no. 3 (July 2007): 381–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479707004954.

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Plectranthus edulis (syn. Coleus edulis) is a tuber-bearing labiate species cultivated in parts of southern Ethiopia. To learn about traditional cultural practices and their rationale, a survey was conducted among farmers from Chencha and Wolaita experienced in growing this crop. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to interview 48 family heads categorized into three wealth groups per site. Information was checked through group discussions and field observations. In Wolaita, poorer farmers cropped a larger portion of their land to P. edulis than richer farmers. Land was usually prepared for planting between January and April. In Wolaita, the crop was mostly grown in a furrow. In Chencha growing in patches and on flat land also occurred. Farmers mostly used a digging hoe for land preparation. Tuber pieces were planted about 5 cm deep. According to farmers, using tuber pieces resulted in more stems, more progeny tubers and higher yields than using whole tubers. Tubers were broken into pieces 0–1 day before planting. Tuber pieces were planted with sprouts or after desprouting. Crops were usually fertilized with manure, but in Wolaita sometimes also with compost. Applying fertilizer was thought to give more and bigger tubers. Earthing up took place 1–3 times (usually twice), to increase yield. Tipping was also done 1–3 times (usually once), to increase the number of stems. Based on the survey, an overview of the practices and their rationale is compiled for use in further research into this orphan crop.

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Kassahun, Meseret. "Social support and stress of kin caregivers of orphaned children in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Implications for practice and policy." International Journal of Social Welfare 24, no. 4 (May 6, 2015): 388–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijsw.12145.

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Piquemal, Nathalie, and Bisrat Sime. "Guardians of orphaned and vulnerable children in an NGO’s educational program in Ethiopia: Risk/protective factors and social mobility." Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies 8, no. 3 (September 2013): 272–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2012.756570.

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Bekele Bayu, Takele. "An Assessment of the Impacts of Institutional Intervention on the Livelihood of Orphan and Vulnerable Children: The Case of ECC-SDCOH, Dire Dawa Administration, Ethiopian." Humanities and Social Sciences 5, no. 3 (2017): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.hss.20170503.11.

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Shara, Sabura, Rony Swennen, Jozef Deckers, Fantahun Weldesenbet, Laura Vercammen, Fassil Eshetu, Feleke Woldeyes, Guy Blomme, Roel Merckx, and Karen Vancampenhout. "Altitude and management affect soil fertility, leaf nutrient status and Xanthomonas wilt prevalence in enset gardens." SOIL 7, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-1-2021.

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Abstract. Enset (Ensete ventricosum) is a productive, drought-tolerant and multipurpose food security crop grown in the densely populated Ethiopian highlands. It is a so-called orphan crop, and its production suffers from a lack of information on proper soil fertility management and its interaction with bacterial wilt disease caused by the pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum. The aim of this study was therefore to assess soil–plant nutrient variation within enset home gardens at three altitudes (ranging from 2000 to 3000 m above sea level – a.s.l.) in the Gamo highlands and investigate whether this variation affects disease prevalence. Altitude in the rift valley covaries with soil leaching, and plant available P, Ca and Mg in soils significantly raised with decreasing altitude. Soil carbon and most nutrients reached very high levels in the gardens, whereas the more distant outfields were severely nutrient deprived. Differences in management intensity within the garden caused soil pH, conductivity, total organic carbon, total N and available P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn and Fe levels to significantly decline with distance from the house; yet, this decrease in soil nutrients was not mirrored in a response of foliar nutrient content, except for N. Hence, over-fertilization is likely, and establishing evidence-based nutrient recommendations for enset would benefit soil quality and productivity both in the gardens and in the outfields. Disease prevalence was high in the study area, with one-third of the farms affected in the recent past. Although more experimental work is needed to exclude confounding factors, our data indicate that the effects of altitude, P fertilization, micronutrients and K-Ca-Mg balance are promising avenues for further investigation into Xanthomonas wilt disease susceptibility.

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Berr, Nina, Yemisrach Nigatu, and Nebiyu Dereje. "Nutritional status among orphans and vulnerable children aged 6 to 59 months in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study." BMC Nutrition 7, no. 1 (April 26, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40795-021-00431-5.

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Abstract Background Childhood undernutrition is a global problem contributing to more than a third of under-five mortality. Orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) fare worse than children living with their parents. However, the nutritional and healthcare needs of OVC are under-recognized in Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among OVC aged 6 to 59 months. Multi-stage sampling technique was applied to select the households and eligible children included in the study (n = 584). An interviewer-administered questionnaire and anthropometric measurements were carried out. The proportions of stunting, wasting and underweight were determined based on the WHO Z-score cut-off. Factors associated with stunting were identified by Multivariable binary logistic regression analysis. Results The prevalence of stunting, wasting and underweight were 35.1% (95% CI; 31.3–39.1%), 4.7% (95% CI; 3.2–6.7%) and 12.0% (95% CI; 9.6–14.9%), respectively. Stunting was significantly associated with initiation of complementary feeding after 12 months of age (AOR = 3.61; 95% CI 1.16–14.11), household food insecurity (AOR = 1.90; 95% CI 1.10–3.17), unplanned pregnancy (AOR = 1.90; 95% CI 1.03–3.42), age ≥ 2 years (AOR = 1.80; 95% CI 1.25–2.67), caretaker’s age ≤ 25 years (AOR = 1.50; 95% CI 1.03–2.16) and employment of the caretaker (AOR = 1.50; 95% CI 1.03–2.26). Conclusion The prevalence of all forms of undernutrition among OVC was significantly higher than the national estimate that has been reported by consecutive Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys (EDHS). Policy makers and programmers working on nutritional interventions should give due emphasis to address the unmet need of OVC and focus on interventions which enhance household food security and caretaker’s awareness on child feeding and pregnancy planning.

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Wete, Andnet Tadesse, Tadesse Alemu Zerfu, and Adane Tesfaye Anbese. "Magnitude and associated factors of wasting among under five orphans in Dilla town, southern Ethiopia: 2018: a cross-sectional study." BMC Nutrition 5, no. 1 (June 20, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40795-019-0295-6.

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Wondale, Biniam, Kwon Keehwan, Girmay Medhin, Takele Teklu, Temesgen Mohammed, Samuel Tolosa, Aboma Zewude, Friehiwot Amsalu, Rembert Pieper, and Gobena Ameni. "Molecular epidemiology of clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates in South Omo, Southern Ethiopia." BMC Infectious Diseases 20, no. 1 (October 13, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05394-9.

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Abstract Background Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). Mapping the genetic diversity of MTBC in high TB burden country like Ethiopia is important to understand principles of the disease transmission and to strengthen the regional TB control program. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) isolates circulating in the South Omo, southern Ethiopia. Methods MTBC isolates (N = 156) were genetically analyzed using spacer oligotyping (spoligotyping) and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable number of tandem repeat (MIRU-VNTR) typing. Major lineages and lineages were identified using MTBC databases. Logistic regression was used to correlate patient characteristics with strain clustering. Results The study identified Euro-American (EA), East-African-Indian (EAI), Indo-Oceanic (IO), Lineage_7/Aethiops vertus, Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium africanum major lineages in proportions of 67.3% (105/156), 22.4% (35/156), 6.4% (10/156), 1.9% (3/156), 1.3% (2/156) and 0.6% (1/156), respectively. Lineages identified were Delhi/CAS 23.9% (37/155), Ethiopia_2 20.6% (32/155), Haarlem 14.2% (22/155), URAL 14.2%(22/155), Ethiopia_3 8.4% (13/155), TUR 6.5% (10/155), Lineage_7/Aethiops vertus 1.9% (3/155), Bovis 1.3% (2/155), LAM 1.3% (2/155), EAI 0.6% (1/155), X 0.6% (1/155) and Ethiopia H37Rv-like strain 0.6% (1/155). Of the genotyped isolates 5.8% (9/155) remained unassigned. The recent transmission index (RTI) was 3.9%. Orphan strains compared to shared types (AOR: 0.09, 95% CI: 0.04–0.25) were associated with reduced odds of clustering. The dominant TB lineage in pastoral areas was EAI and in non-pastoral areas was EA. Conclusion The epidemiological data, highly diverse MTBC strains and a low RTI in South Omo, provide information contributing to the TB Control Program of the country.

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Kidane, Selamawit A., Solveig Haukeland, Beira H. Meressa, Anne Kathrine Hvoslef-Eide, and Danny L. Coyne. "Planting Material of Enset (Ensete ventricosum), a Key Food Security Crop in Southwest Ethiopia, Is a Key Element in the Dissemination of Plant-Parasitic Nematode Infection." Frontiers in Plant Science 12 (July 9, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.664155.

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Enset (Ensete ventricosum), is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the family Musaceae, along with banana and plantain. Despite wild populations occurring in eastern, central and southern Africa, it is only in Ethiopia that the crop has been domesticated, where it is culturally and agriculturally symbolic as a food security crop. Although an under-researched orphan crop, enset serves as a staple food for about 20% of the Ethiopian population, comprising more than 20 million people, demonstrating its value in the country. Similar to banana and plantain, enset is heavily affected by plant-parasitic nematodes, with recent studies indicating record levels of infection by the root lesion nematode Pratylenchus goodeyi. Enset is propagated vegetatively using suckers that are purposely initiated from the mother corm. However, while banana and plantain suckers have proven to be a key source of nematode infection and spread, knowledge on the infection levels and role of enset suckers in nematode dissemination is lacking. Given the high levels of plant-parasitic nematodes reported in previous surveys, it is therefore speculated that planting material may act as a key source of nematode dissemination. To address this lack of information, we assessed enset planting material in four key enset growing zones in Ethiopia. A total of 340 enset sucker samples were collected from farmers and markets and analyzed for the presence of nematodes. Nematodes were extracted using a modified Baermann method over a period of 48 h. The root lesion nematode P. goodeyi was present in 100% of the samples, at various levels of infection. These conclusive results show that planting material is indeed a key source of nematode infection in enset, hence measures taken to ensure clean suckers for planting will certainly mitigate nematode infection and spread. The effect of nematode infection on yield and quality on enset remains to be investigated and would be a way forward to complement the nematode/disease studies conducted so far and add valuable knowledge to the current poorly known impact of pests and diseases.

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Wubneh, Chalachew Adugna, Aklilu Endalamaw, and Nigusie Birhan Tebeje. "Predictors of mortality among HIV exposed infants at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia." Italian Journal of Pediatrics 45, no. 1 (November 7, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13052-019-0740-9.

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Abstract Background In the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy, vertical HIV transmission has been decreased. This may increase fertility desire of HIV infected women and an increasing number of HIV exposed infants as a result. A high probability of mortality among HIV exposed infants was reported across different countries. However, few studies are found on mortality of HIV exposed infants, in particular, no study was conducted before in the current study area. Methods Institution based retrospective cohort study from July 2013 to December 2017 was conducted. A total of 408 HIV exposed children were selected through simple random sampling technique. Data were extracted from registration book by using data extraction tool, which is adapted from the Ethiopian Federal Ministry of Health HIV exposed infant follow-up form. Kaplan–Meier survival curve was used to show the probability of mortality rate. Bivariable and multivariable cox regression models were used to identify predictors of mortality. Results Overall mortality rate was found to be 8.88 (95% CI: 6.36–12.36) per 100 child-year. Infant with death of at least one parent (AHR = 3.32; 95% CI: 1.503–7.32), non-exclusive breastfeeding (AHR = 0.10; 95% CI: 0.037–0.302), growth failure (AHR = 2.9; 95% CI: 1.09–8.09), presence of sign and symptom of HIV infection (AHR = 2.99; 95% CI: 1.33–6.74), and low birth weight (AHR = 2.6; 95% CI: 1.007–6.78) were found to be predictors of infant mortality. Conclusions Mortality of HIV exposed infants was high in Ethiopia. Prevention of the occurrence of HIV infection symptom, growth failure, and low birth weight is essential and further treat early whenever they occurred. Still, behavioral change interventions on mother who practice non-exclusive breastfeeding are indicated. Especial care for orphan infants is required due to their nature of vulnerability to varieties of health problem.

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Piquemal, Nathalie. "Voices of Youth in an Ethiopian NGO's educational program: A holistic view at enabling factors." Comparative and International Education 42, no. 1 (June 19, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.5206/cie-eci.v42i1.9224.

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This paper explores the impact that a Canadian NGO’s supported educational programs in Ethiopia have had on orphaned and vulnerable young people, socially, emotionally, and academically, as experienced, storied and understood by the children and adolescents themselves. Using Bronfenbrenner’s (2005) bio-ecological theory of human development as a theoretical framework and qualitative inquiry, specifically semi-structured interviews with 37 children and youths between 9 and 17 years old, as a methodological framework, this study explores factors that promote empowerment, resilience, and hope though students’ experiences and perceptions in these NGO’s educational programs. Discussion includes reflection gender, social justice, and implications for practice for Canadian educators who work with vulnerable youths, such as war-affected students.

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Blösch, Regula, Abiel Rindisbacher, Sonia Plaza-Wüthrich, Nora Röckel, Annett Weichert, Gina Cannarozzi, and Zeruhin Tadele. "Identification of Drought Tolerant Mutant Lines of TEF [ERAGROSTIS TEF (ZUCC.) TROTTER]." Afrika Focus 32, no. 2 (December 19, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/af.v32i2.15752.

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Introduction: Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] is the major food crop in Ethiopia where it is annually cultivated on about 30% of the total area allocated to cereals. The productivity of tef is, however, significantly reduced by drought which can occur at either the early or the late developmental stage of the crop. Methodology: A total of 10,000 EMS (ethyl methane sulfonate) mutagenized M2 tef populations were screened first for early and second for terminal drought tolerance. The performance of candidate lines was investigated using diverse agronomical and physiological parameters. Results and discussion: Several promising lines were obtained for both early and terminal drought tolerance. Among these, genotypes with outstanding performance were found for two drought tolerant tef lines targeting early drought tolerance (dtt2 and dtt13) and three terminal drought tolerant lines targeting terminal drought tolerance (tdt9, tdt15 and tdt19). Conclusions: Candidate lines for both early and terminal drought tolerance will play vital roles in deve- loping drought tolerance in tef improvement. KEY WORDS: DROUGHT TOLERANCE, ERAGROSTIS TEF, ORPHAN CROP, MOISTURE SCARCITY, TEF

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Olango, Temesgen Magule, Bizuayehu Tesfaye, Mario Augusto Pagnotta, Mario Enrico Pè, and Marcello Catellani. "Development of SSR markers and genetic diversity analysis in enset (Ensete ventricosum (Welw.) Cheesman), an orphan food security crop from Southern Ethiopia." BMC Genetics 16, no. 1 (August 5, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12863-015-0250-8.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Orphans – Ethiopia'

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