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Journal articles on the topic 'Orthodontics Cephalometry'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Speidel, T. Michael. "Orthodontic cephalometry." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 111, no. 4 (1997): 458–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-5406(97)80037-6.

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2

Arat, Zuleyha Mirzen, Mehmet Okan Akcam, Elçin Esenlik, and F. Emel Arat. "Inconsistencies in the Differential Diagnosis of Open Bite." Angle Orthodontist 78, no. 3 (2008): 415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/021907-80.1.

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Abstract Objective: To examine inconsistencies in the differential diagnosis of open bite. Materials and Methods: Using visual judgments, a total of 77 anterior open-bite cases in the postpubertal growth period were grouped as either morphogenetic, functional, or combination. The same sample was also grouped as either hyperdivergent, normodivergent, or hypodivergent using mandibular-plane angle and conventional cephalometry. Kappa analysis was used to test the agreement between the 2 methods of evaluation, and χ2 tests were used to analyze the distribution of cephalometrically grouped hyperdiv

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3

Graber, T. M. "Radiographic Cephalometry." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 109, no. 2 (1996): 222–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-5406(96)80074-6.

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4

Bollen, Anne-Marie. "Cephalometry in orthodontics: 2D and 3D." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 156, no. 1 (2019): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2019.04.021.

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5

Sobieska, Ewa, and Anna Widmańska-Grzywaczewska. "Cephalometry in orthodontic diagnostics – past and present." Orthodontic Forum 15, no. 2 (2019): 120–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/for.2019.88346.

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6

KARSLI, Erol, and Ahmet YAĞCI. "Overview of Orthodontics and Anthropometry; Cephalometry-Anthropometry Affinity." Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Dental Sciences 24, no. 1 (2018): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5336/dentalsci.2017-55751.

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7

Kumar, Vandana, John Ludlow, Lucia Helena Soares Cevidanes, and André Mol. "In Vivo Comparison of Conventional and Cone Beam CT Synthesized Cephalograms." Angle Orthodontist 78, no. 5 (2008): 873–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/082907-399.1.

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Abstract Objective: To compare measurements from synthesized cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) lateral cephalograms using orthogonal and perspective projections with those from conventional cephalometric radiographs. Materials and Methods: Thirty-one patients were imaged using CBCT and conventional cephalometry. CBCT volume data were imported in Dolphin 3D. Orthogonal and perspective lateral cephalometric radiographs were created from three-dimensional (3D) virtual models. Twelve linear and five angular measurements were made on synthesized and conventional cephalograms in a randomized fash

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8

Pałka, Justyna, Grzegorz Zieliński, Joanna Gawda, and Piotr Gawda. "Diagnostic methods used in children with malocclusion." Polish Journal of Public Health 130, no. 1 (2020): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjph-2020-0009.

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Abstract Introduction. With advances in technology, there has been a need for more precise imaging methods which have become an integral part of the orthodontic treatment plan. Aim. The aim of this study is to present diagnostic methods that are currently used in children with malocclusion. Material and methods. The materials analysed in this review are articles from PubMed and Google Scholar. To identify relevant publications, the search was carried out using the key word combination: imaging, diagnostics, malocclusion, children, orthodontics. The number of 16 research papers in which these k

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9

Fitrianto, Ardan, Thalca Hamid, and Ida Bagus Narmada. "Analysis of Soft Tissue Cephalometry in Skeletal Class I with Post Operation Unilateral and Bilateral CLP." Indonesian Journal of Dental Medicine 1, no. 2 (2019): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ijdm.v1i2.2018.66-69.

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Background: Facial appearance is an important diagnostic criterion that must be considered in orthodontics treatment plan. Orthodontics treatment is one of the dental treatments to prevent or correct tooth position abnormalities so that optimal function can be achieved including occlusion, proportional arrangement of the teeth and facial profile, as well as the harmony of facial profiles. Common facial abnormality cases include cleft lip and palate. Cleft lip and palate are caused by congenital defects and environmental factors. Purpose: The study was aimed to determine post-operative soft tis

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10

Govinakovi, Prashantha S., Ibrahim Al-Busaidi, and Viswapurna Senguttuvan. "Cephalometric Norms in an Omani Adult Population of Arab Descent." Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal [SQUMJ] 18, no. 2 (2018): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.18295/squmj.2018.18.02.010.

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Objectives: This study aimed to establish cephalometric norms for an Omani population of Arab descent and to compare these with established cephalometric values for Caucasians. Methods: This cross-sectional studywas conducted at the Military Dental Centre and Oman Dental College in Muscat, Oman, between May 2014 and October 2016. A total of 150 Omani patients between 20–29 years old seeking orthodontic treatment were included. All participants had a symmetrical face, class I molar and canine relationships, proper intercuspation, a normal overjet/overbite (<3 mm) and mild spacing/crowding of

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11

Qamruddin, Irfan, and Mohammad Khursheed Alam. "Cephalometry: is it just an orthodontic record?" Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science 14, no. 4 (2015): 313–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v14i4.23078.

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Lateral Cephalometry (LCM) has been a mandatory diagnostic tool in orthodontics since a very long time. Nowadays with the advent of 3D imaging, the use of this two dimensional radiographic technique is questioned for its competence. However, there are few aspects which are overlooked and should be heeded before obsolete the technique completely from the field of orthodontics.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.14(4) 2015 p.313-315

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12

Bock, Jens Johannes, and Robert A. W. Fuhrmann. "Evaluation of Vertical Parameters in Cephalometry." Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics / Fortschritte der Kieferorthopädie 68, no. 3 (2007): 210–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00056-007-0646-9.

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13

Tanikawa, Chihiro, Masakazu Yagi, and Kenji Takada. "Automated Cephalometry: System Performance Reliability Using Landmark-Dependent Criteria." Angle Orthodontist 79, no. 6 (2009): 1037–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/092908-508r.1.

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Abstract Objective: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate reliability of a system that performs automatic recognition of anatomic landmarks and adjacent structures on lateral cephalograms using landmark-dependent criteria unique to each landmark. Materials and Methods: To evaluate the reliability of the system, the system was used to examine 65 lateral cephalograms. The area of each system-identified anatomic structure surrounding the landmark and the position of each system-identified landmark were compared with norms using confidence ellipses with α = .01, which were derived from

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14

Birnie, David. "Three dimensional cephalometry: a color atlas and manual (2005)." European Journal of Orthodontics 28, no. 2 (2006): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cji124.

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15

Pancherz, Hans, and Kagan Gökbuget. "The reliability of the Frankfort Horizontal in roentgenographic cephalometry." European Journal of Orthodontics 18, no. 1 (1996): 367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/18.1.367.

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16

Pancherz, H., and K. Gokbuget. "The reliability of the Frankfort Horizontal in roentgenographic cephalometry." European Journal of Orthodontics 18, no. 4 (1996): 367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/18.4.367.

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17

Davies, J. "Radiographic cephalometry: from basics to 3D imaging, 2nd edition (2006)." European Journal of Orthodontics 29, no. 6 (2007): 660. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjm107.

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18

Jakhi, S. A., and F. R. Karjodkar. "Use of cephalometry in diagnosing resonance disorders." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 98, no. 4 (1990): 323–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-5406(05)81489-1.

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19

Shaw, Karen, Grant McIntyre, Peter Mossey, Alison Menhinick, and Donald Thomson. "Validation of conventional 2D lateral cephalometry using 3D cone beam CT." Journal of Orthodontics 40, no. 1 (2013): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1465313312y.0000000009.

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20

Nakawaki, Takatoshi, Tetsutaro Yamaguchi, Daisuke Tomita, et al. "Evaluation of mandibular volume classified by vertical skeletal dimensions with cone-beam computed tomography." Angle Orthodontist 86, no. 6 (2016): 949–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/103015-732.1.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the relationship between anteroposterior and vertical differences in maxillofacial morphology and mandibular volume. Materials and Methods: Subjects comprised 213 Japanese adults (84 males and 129 females) who were divided into three groups based on mandibular basal arch (ANB) and Wits, measured in a cephalometric analysis: Class I (−1° ≤ ANB &lt; 4°,−1 mm ≤ Wits &lt; 0 mm), Class II (ANB ≥ 4°, Wits ≥ 0), and Class III (ANB &lt;−1°, Wits &lt;−1 mm). Subjects were also divided into three groups based on the mandibular plane angle (Mp), as follo

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21

Kuroiedova, V. D., Y. Y. Vyzhenko, O. M. Makarova, and O. A. Stasiuk. "SCIENTIFIC JUSTIFICATION OF THE USE OF CONE-BEAM COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY (CBCT) FOR CEPHALOMETRIC ANALYSIS IN THE «AUDAXCEPH» PROGRAMM." Ukrainian Dental Almanac, no. 4 (December 26, 2019): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2409-0255.4.2019.09.

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This article is concerned with peculiarities of points’ placement in orthodontics and study of cephalometric parameters on 3D reconstructions. The aim of the investigation is to develop out the algorithm of distribution of main cephalometric points on 3D reconstructions, received from CBCT and compare characteristics of measurements done on classic teleroentgenogram (TRG) and 3D reconstructions. Materials and methods. The main angular (SNA, SNB, ANB, SN-Ba) skeletal saggital parameters, vertical (ML-NSL, NL-ML, Facial axis, <G), and dental were taken (+1/NL, -1/ML, +1/-1). The a

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22

Bock, Jens Johannes, Franziska Bock, Bernhard Böhm, and Robert A. Fuhrmann. "Classification of Anterior Open Bite Using Individualized Cephalometry." Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics / Fortschritte der Kieferorthopädie 66, no. 5 (2005): 338–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00056-005-0330-x.

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23

Halazonetis, Demetrios. "Three-dimensional cephalometry. A color atlas and manual." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 129, no. 2 (2006): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2005.12.023.

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24

Watanabe, Koji, Hitoshi Imamura, Shinsaku Uchikanbori, Yuko Fujita, and Kenshi Maki. "Effects of Restricted Calcium Intake on Bone and Maxillofacial Growth." Angle Orthodontist 78, no. 3 (2008): 445–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/101106-417.1.

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Abstract Objective: To investigate the effects of a low calcium diet on maxillofacial development by evaluating Bone Mineral Content (BMC) in the lower alveolar bones, femurs, and tibias and by performing cephalometry on growing rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty 5-week-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups; the control group (n = 10) was given standard diet for 6 weeks, the low calcium/standard diet group (n = 10) was given a calcium-restricted diet for the first 4 weeks, and then a standard diet for the following 2 weeks, and the low calcium diet group (n = 10) was given

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25

Godt, Arnim, Matthias Kalwitzki, and Gernot Göz. "Cervical Headgear Treatment and Growth Patterns: Analysis by Lateral Cephalometry." Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics / Fortschritte der Kieferorthopädie 68, no. 1 (2007): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00056-007-0630-4.

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26

Ludwig, B., D. Bister, T. C. Schott, J. A. Lisson, and J. Hourfar. "Assessment of two e-learning methods teaching undergraduate students cephalometry in orthodontics." European Journal of Dental Education 20, no. 1 (2015): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eje.12135.

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27

Ed-Dhahraouy, Mohammed, Hicham Riri, Manal Ezzahmouly, Farid Bourzgui, and Abdelmajid El Moutaoukkil. "A new methodology for automatic detection of reference points in 3D cephalometry: A pilot study." International Orthodontics 16, no. 2 (2018): 328–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ortho.2018.03.013.

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28

Fuhrmann, Robert A. W. "Three-dimensional cephalometry and three-dimensional skull models in orthodontic/surgical diagnosis and treatment planning." Seminars in Orthodontics 8, no. 1 (2002): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/sodo.2002.28167.

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29

Song, Yu, Xu Qiao, Yutaro Iwamoto, and Yen-wei Chen. "Automatic Cephalometric Landmark Detection on X-ray Images Using a Deep-Learning Method." Applied Sciences 10, no. 7 (2020): 2547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10072547.

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Accurate automatic quantitative cephalometry are essential for orthodontics. However, manual labeling of cephalometric landmarks is tedious and subjective, which also must be performed by professional doctors. In recent years, deep learning has gained attention for its success in computer vision field. It has achieved large progress in resolving problems like image classification or image segmentation. In this paper, we propose a two-step method which can automatically detect cephalometric landmarks on skeletal X-ray images. First, we roughly extract a region of interest (ROI) patch for each l

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30

MacAllister, M. J., and W. P. Rock. "The Eastman Standard Incisor Angulations: Are They still Appropriate?" British Journal of Orthodontics 19, no. 1 (1992): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/bjo.19.1.55.

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The Eastman Standard values for cephalometry were first described almost 40 years ago and their derivation is not clear. The present study examines the rationale for the Standard and considers the way it was originally described. Based on a sample of 30 cases of Class I occlusions with normally related skeletal bases the mean incisor angulations were found to be exactly on the Eastman Standard, which, therefore, still remains appropriate as a basis of assessment and treatment planning in orthodontics.

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31

Tsukiboshi, Yosuke, Chihiro Tanikawa, and Takashi Yamashiro. "Surface-based 3-dimensional cephalometry: An objective analysis of cranio-mandibular morphology." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 158, no. 4 (2020): 535–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2019.09.017.

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32

Silveira, Heraldo Luis Dias, Maria João Gomes, Heloísa Emilia Dias Silveira, and Reni Raymundo Dalla-Bona. "Evaluation of the radiographic cephalometry learning process by a learning virtual object." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 136, no. 1 (2009): 134–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2009.03.001.

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33

Brown, Tasman, and Amanda H. Abbott. "Computer-assisted location of reference points in three dimensions for radiographic cephalometry." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 95, no. 6 (1989): 490–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0889-5406(89)90412-5.

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34

Păcurar, Mariana, Eugen Bud, Silvia Pop, Manuela Chibelean, and Martha Krisztina. "Orthodontic treatment of patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS)." Acta Stomatologica Marisiensis Journal 2, no. 1 (2019): 168–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/asmj-2019-0003.

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AbstractIntroductionThe craniofacial skeleton in the growing child is responsive to changing functional demands and environmental factors. Orthopedic modification of facial bones through the application of constant forces over long periods of time has been a mainstay of orthodontic and dentofacial orthopedic therapy.Aim of the studyThe aim of this study was to evaluate changes in pharyngeal structures after rapid palatal expansion (RPE) and compare them with those after using a removable mandibular advancement device (MAD).Material and methodsIn order to accomplish function we modified the pat

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35

Naser-ud-Din, S., K. Thoirs, and WJ Sampson. "Ultrasonography, lateral cephalometry and 3D imaging of the human masseter muscle." Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research 14, no. 1 (2010): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-6343.2010.01505.x.

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36

Jacobson, Alex. "Accuracy of Cephalometry in Measurements of Postoperative Migration of the Maxilla After LeFort I Osteotomy." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 111, no. 2 (1997): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-5406(97)80066-2.

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37

Thomas, Henry. "Research on predictability in cephalometry of the relationship of chin symphysis and nose-chin balance." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 96, no. 2 (1989): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0889-5406(89)90252-7.

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38

da Costa, Eliana Dantas, Gina Delia Roque-Torres, Danieli Moura Brasil, Frab Noberto Bóscolo, Solange Maria de Almeida, and Glaucia Maria Bovi Ambrosano. "Correlation between the position of hyoid bone and subregions of the pharyngeal airway space in lateral cephalometry and cone beam computed tomography." Angle Orthodontist 87, no. 5 (2017): 688–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/022217-133.1.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To correlate the pharyngeal airway subregions with the positioning of the hyoid bone. Material and Methods: The study examined 107 lateral cephalometric (LC) and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. Linear and volumetric measurements of the pharyngeal subregions were made and correlated to linear measurements using hyoid triangle analysis on images of LC and multiplanar (MPR) and three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions of CBCT. Results: There was significant correlation between linear measurements of the pharyngeal subregions and hyoid bone position in LC images and

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39

Makarova, О. М. "DIAGNOSTIC CRTITERIA OF ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT WITH EXTRACTION OF SOME TEETH." Medical and Ecological Problems 23, no. 3-4 (2019): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/mep.2019.23.3-4.04.

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Orthodontic treatment for adults is always difficult process, which requires morphological, functional, aesthetic factors and limited possibilities of dentoalveolar teeth positioning. One of the most actual issues of orthodontic correction in adults is teeth extractions by orthodontic. Nowadays, when there is a concept of «arch development», skeletal enlargement and miniimplants, treatment with extraction should be correctly explained and determined by orthodontic treatment and should not be caused to functional status and face aesthetics, which provides qualitative and stabile result of treat

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40

Kumar, Sunil, B. Jayan, M. P. Prassana Kumar, Mohit Sharma, Karan Nehra, and Amit Kumar Bansal. "Acoustic pharyngometry vs lateral cephalometry: A comparative evaluation of pharyngeal airway dimensions in patients with skeletal class I and skeletal class II malocclusion." Orthodontic Waves 78, no. 3 (2019): 118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.odw.2019.07.001.

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41

Takada, Kenji, Yuka Sorihashi, Christopher D. Stephens, and Satsuki Itoh. "An inference modeling of human visual judgment of sagittal jaw-base relationships based on cephalometry: Part I." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 117, no. 2 (2000): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-5406(00)70224-1.

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42

Sorihashi, Yuka, Christopher D. Stephens, and Kenji Takada. "An inference modeling of human visual judgment of sagittal jaw-base relationships based on cephalometry: Part II." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 117, no. 3 (2000): 303–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-5406(00)70235-6.

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43

Lagravère, Manuel O., Jillian M. Gordon, Ines H. Guedes, et al. "Reliability of Traditional Cephalometric Landmarks as Seen in Three-Dimensional Analysis in Maxillary Expansion Treatments." Angle Orthodontist 79, no. 6 (2009): 1047–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/010509-10r.1.

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Abstract Objective: To evaluate intra-examiner and inter-examiner reliability of 3D CBCT-generated landmarks previously used in traditional 2D cephalometry. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four CBCTs NewTom 3G (Aperio Services, Verona, Italy) were randomly selected from patients participating in a clinical trial involving maxillary expansion treatments. The principal investigator located the landmarks five times, and four other investigators located the same landmarks once. Intra-examiner and inter-examiner reliability values were determined using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). To a

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44

Goto, Shota, Yuko Fujita, Maika Hotta, Ayako Sugiyama, and Kenshi Maki. "Influence of differences in the hardness and calcium content of diets on the growth of craniofacial bone in rats." Angle Orthodontist 85, no. 6 (2015): 969–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/102214-765.1.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To examine the effects of a soft diet and a low-calcium diet on the craniofacial growth and bone architectures of the maxilla and mandible. Materials and Methods: Male rats (n = 20, 3 weeks old) were divided into four groups. Ten rats were given a normal-calcium diet, and the other rats were given a low-calcium diet. Each group was then divided into two subgroups, which were fed a hard or a soft diet. After 4 weeks, craniofacial growth and architecture in maxillary and mandibular bone were analyzed using cephalometry, micro-computed tomography, and histopathology. Results:

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45

Godhane, AlkeshV, and Navneet Grewal. "Lateral cephalometry: A simple and economical clinical guide for assessment of nasopharyngeal free airway space in mouth breathers." Contemporary Clinical Dentistry 1, no. 2 (2010): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0976-237x.68589.

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46

Kissel, Pamela, James K. Mah, and Axel Bumann. "Modern 3D cephalometry in pediatric orthodontics—downsizing the FOV and development of a new 3D cephalometric analysis within a minimized large FOV for dose reduction." Clinical Oral Investigations 25, no. 7 (2021): 4651–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00784-021-03779-x.

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47

Weinberg, SM, BS Maher, and ML Marazita. "Parental craniofacial morphology in cleft lip with or without cleft palate as determined by cephalometry: a meta-analysis." Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research 9, no. 1 (2006): 18–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-6343.2006.00339.x.

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48

Cangialosi, Thomas J., Melvin L. Moss, Mona E. McAlarney, Bradley D. Nirenblatt, and Michael Yuan. "An evaluation of growth changes and treatment effects in Class II, Division 1 malocclusion with conventional roentgenographic cephalometry and finite element method analysis." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 105, no. 2 (1994): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-5406(94)70111-3.

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49

Al-Balkhi, Khalid M. "Orthodontic Treatment Planning: Do Orthodontists Treat to Cephalometric Norms?" Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 4, no. 4 (2003): 12–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jcdp-4-4-12.

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Abstract Cephalometric norms are important to orthodontists in their diagnosis, treatment, and evaluation of orthodontic treatment outcomes. The purpose of the present study is to establish if orthodontists treat and finish their cases to the cephalometric means or norms. Pre- and post-cephalometric radiographs and dental casts of 35 orthodontically treated cases were analyzed. The Kappa test, Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test, Paired t- test, and Z-test were used for the statistical analysis of the data. The result revealed that orthodontists do not reach the cephalometric mean values post-treatment.

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50

Daokar, Suchita Tarvade, and Raksha Rajput. "Cephalometric Appraisal of Antero-posterior Skeletal Discrepancy: An Overview." Orthodontic Journal of Nepal 8, no. 1 (2018): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ojn.v8i1.21349.

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Cephalometry is one of the important diagnostic tools for assessment of jaw relationship. Sagittal jaw relationship is of utmost concern to the patients and orthodontist. Many linear and angular parameters are used for measurement of sagittal jaw discrepancies. This article reviews various AP cephalometric parameters

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