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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Orthodontics Malocclusion in children

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Academic literature on the topic 'Orthodontics Malocclusion in children'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Orthodontics Malocclusion in children"

1

Alves e Luna, Ana Cláudia, Fabiana Godoy, and Valdenice Aparecida de Menezes. "Malocclusion and treatment need in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease." Angle Orthodontist 84, no. 3 (November 25, 2013): 467–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/070913-503.1.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the prevalence of malocclusion and treatment need in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease (SCD). Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the sample size comprised 35 five-year-old children and 36 adolescents of both sexes, aged between 12 to 18 years, with SCD. Dental occlusion was assessed using two indexes: the Malocclusion Index (World Health Organization) and the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI). Results: The prevalence of malocclusion in the preschool children was 62.9%. The main malocclusions observed in this age group were Class II (37.1%), increased overjet (28.6%), reduced overbite (28.6%), and open bite (17.1%). In the 12- to 18-year-old subjects, the prevalence of malocclusion was 100%, and the most prevalent types of malocclusion were maxillary overjet (63.9%) and maxillary misalignment (58.3%). It is noteworthy that the majority of adolescents (80.6%) had very severe or disabling malocclusions. Conclusion: The results revealed a high prevalence of malocclusion in children and adolescents with SCD. According to DAI score, the majority of the sample presented with very severe malocclusion and a compulsory treatment need.

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Almeida, Soraia Azevedo, Paula Loureiro Cheib, Gustavo Quiroga Souki, Lorenzo Franchi, and Bernardo Quiroga Souki. "Do orthodontists recommend Class II treatment according to evidence-based knowledge?" Revista de Odontologia da UNESP 44, no. 5 (October 6, 2015): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-2577.0004.

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AbstractIntroductionThe adequate indications for the timing of treatment for Class II malocclusion are mandatory for the ethical and efficient practice of orthodontics, but clinicians are reluctant to accept new information that contradicts their preferred method of treatment.ObjectiveThe aim of this investigation was to assess the agreement regarding the indications for Class II malocclusion interceptive therapy between a group of international opinion-makers on early treatment and a group of orthodontists and to compare their treatment indications with the current evidence-based knowledge.Material and methodAn electronic survey containing photographs of mild, moderate and severe Class II malocclusions in children was sent to two panels of experts. Panel 1 (n=28) was composed of international orthodontists who had authored world-class publications on early orthodontic treatment, and Panel 2 (n=261) was composed of clinical orthodontists. Based on a 5-point Likert-type scale, the orthodontists selected their therapy option for each of the 9 Class II malocclusion cases.ResultThe Class II malocclusion treatment recommendations of Panel 2 were significantly different from those offered by Panel 1 with a skew of at least 1 scale point toward earlier treatment. The Class II malocclusion treatment recommendations of the members of Panel 1 members were in accordance with contemporary evidence-based knowledge.ConclusionClass II malocclusion overtreatment appears to be the tendency among clinical orthodontists but not among orthodontists who are academically involved with early treatment. There is a gap between the scientific knowledge and the practices of orthodontists.

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Giri, Nidhi, Anand Acharya, and Kanika Yadav. "Prevalence of Malocclusion among School Children of Biratnagar, Nepal." Orthodontic Journal of Nepal 11, no. 1 (August 16, 2021): 46–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ojn.v11i1.39086.

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Introduction: Various forms of malocclusion are a matter of serious concern in Nepalese population. This study was carried out to understand the prevalence of malocclusion among the school children of Biratnagar. The objective of this research is to find out the prevalence of malocclusion of children from different schools of Biratnagar visiting the Pedodontics and Orthodontics department of Nobel Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Biratnagar. Materials and Method: A descriptive cross sectional study method was used in this research. Data was collected by using direct observation of the subjects and occlusal assessment was done according to Angle’s classification and Dewey’s modification types of class I, class II and class III malocclusion. Result: Subjects with normal occlusion was found to be 39 % and with malocclusion was found to be 61%. Among them, class I malocclusion (60%) and angles class II div I subjects (88.33%) were in majority of the total study population. Conclusion: The present study helps to determine the prevalence of malocclusion and need of orthodontic treatment for the school children of Biratnagar

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Dawoodbhoy, Irfan, Elsa K. Delgado-Angulo, and Eduardo Bernabé. "Impact of malocclusion on the quality of life of Saudi children." Angle Orthodontist 83, no. 6 (April 25, 2013): 1043–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/012713-83.1.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the relationship between malocclusion severity and quality of life in children. Materials and Method: Two hundred and seventy-eight children aged 11 to 14 years were recruited voluntarily from the Dental and Maxillofacial Centre of the Almana General Hospital in Alkhobar, Saudi Arabia. The children were asked to fill out the Arabic version of the Child Perception Questionnaire for 11- to 14-year-old children (CPQ11–14) and were then clinically examined to determine the severity of their malocclusion using the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI). Multivariate analysis of variance was used to compare the four domains and the total CPQ11–14 scores between the four DAI severity groups. Results: Significant differences were found between DAI severity groups for the four domains and the total CPQ11–14 scores. Although children with very severe (handicapping) malocclusion had significantly higher domain and total CPQ11–14 scores than all the other groups (differences of up to 6 and 22 units, respectively, compared to children with no/minor malocclusion), there were no differences between those with no/minor, definite, and severe malocclusion. Conclusion: These findings suggest that only very severe malocclusion had an impact on the quality of life of the participants. Orthodontists should focus not only on clinical measures of malocclusion but should also consider the impact of severe malocclusion on patients' quality of life.

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Paulsson, Liselotte, Björn Söderfeldt, and Lars Bondemark. "Malocclusion Traits and Orthodontic Treatment Needs in Prematurely Born Children." Angle Orthodontist 78, no. 5 (September 1, 2008): 786–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/083007-402.1.

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Abstract Objective: To evaluate if prematurely born children have higher prevalence of malocclusion traits and greater orthodontic treatment need than matched full-term born controls. Materials and Methods: Seventy-three preterm children were selected from the Medical Birth Register and divided into two subgroups according to their gestational age. One group consisted of 37 very preterm children (VPT), born in gestational week 29–32, and the other of 36 extremely preterm children (EPT), born before the 29th gestational week. The subjects were compared with a control group of 41 full-term children, who were matched for sex, age, and nationality. Data from clinical examinations, study casts, and panoramic radiographs were used to determine malocclusion traits. The dental health component of the index of orthodontic treatment need (IOTN) was used to rank the treatment need. Results: Two or more malocclusion traits occurred significantly more often among EPT (83.3%) and VPT children (73.0%), compared with the full-term children (51.2%). Significantly higher prevalence of deep bites and was found in EPT and VPT groups compared with the full-term control group. Deep bite was the most common malocclusion trait in the EPT and VPT group. Higher orthodontic treatment need was found for the preterm children but no differences in prevalence of malocclusion traits and treatment need were found between VPT and EPT children. Conclusion: The clinician should be aware of the potential for a higher number of malocclusion traits and greater orthodontic treatment need in prematurely born children compared with full-term children.

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Hill, Peter A. "The Prevalence and Severity of Malocclusion and the Need for Orthodontic Treatment in 9-, 12-, and 15-year-old Glasgow Schoolchildren." British Journal of Orthodontics 19, no. 2 (May 1992): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/bjo.19.2.87.

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An epidemiological investigation involving 765 Glasgow schoolchildren aged nine, twelve, and fifteen years was undertaken to assess the severity of malocclusion, the need for Orthodontic treatment, and the proportion of children in each age group who had previously received treatment. An index termed the Malocclusion Severity Index (MSI) was developed to establish objectively the severity of malocclusion in each individual. Fifty sets of orthodontic study models and six Orthodontics assessed the reproducibility and validity of the index. Although there was a significant reduction in the proportion of children in need of Orthodontic treatment between 9 and 15 years of age, a considerable number were still in need of treatment; crowding of their dentitions being responsible for the majority of the treatment requirement. The MSI was found to be as precise and valid as previously developed occlusal indices, for estimating the treatment needs of sample populations.

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Verma, Jaya, and Vipin Ahuja. "Interception of developing anterior malocclusion due to supernumerary tooth by “2 x 4 Appliance”: A clinical case report." Journal of Dental Panacea 3, no. 1 (June 15, 2021): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.jdp.2021.010.

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Interceptive orthodontics in mixed dentition period of children is practiced to prevent the severity of incurred malocclusion at an incipient juncture of life. Identifying malocclusion at a very early phase and diagnosing it at right age can help the pediatric dentists to achieve stability as far as the treatment is concerned. Mesiodens is a common type of supernumerary tooth which is found commonly in the incisor region of oral cavity. This anomalous occurrence can lead to varied complications like unerupted teeth, displaced teeth etc. This case report deciphers a case of mesiodens causing anterior teeth malocclusion and its management by 2 x 4 Orthodontic appliance.

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Carvalho, Fernando Rodrigues, Débora Aparecida Lentini-Oliveira, Graziele Maria Missiano Carvalho, Julio Motta Singer, Lucila Bizari Fernandes Prado, Gilmar Fernandes Prado, and Luciane Bizari Coin Carvalho. "Intra- and interobserver agreement in the diagnosis of malocclusion in sleep-disordered breathing." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 72, no. 2 (February 2014): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0004-282x20130214.

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Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is often related to malocclusion, and dentists should be able to recognize occlusal changes that may be associated with the development, onset, or persistence of SDB. Although clinical examination is routinely used by specialists in orthodontics and functional jaw orthopedics, differences in diagnosis are very common. Method : Two observers, both dentists specializing in functional jaw orthopedics, examined 56 children aged 7 to 9 years. Intra- and interobserver agreement in identification of functional orthopedic and orthodontic conditions were assessed. Results : Intraobserver agreement was strong for all variables. Interobserver agreement was also strong, except for the variable overbite, which showed good agreement. Conclusion : Diagnostic criteria provide an opportunity for dentists to recognize dental malocclusions that may be associated with sleep-disordered breathing.

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Dimberg, Lillemor, Bertil Lennartsson, Kristina Arnrup, and Lars Bondemark. "Prevalence and change of malocclusions from primary to early permanent dentition: A longitudinal study." Angle Orthodontist 85, no. 5 (April 13, 2015): 728–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/080414-542.1.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To follow a group of children from primary to early permanent dentition and determine the prevalence, self-correction, and new development of malocclusions; the need for orthodontic treatment; and the possible influences of habits, breathing disturbances, and allergies. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and seventy-seven children were followed at 3, 7, and 11.5 years of age. Malocclusions and orthodontic treatment need were determined by clinical examinations. Data on sucking habits, breathing disturbances, allergies, dental trauma, and orthodontic treatments were collected from a questionnaire and dental records. Results: Malocclusions were found in 71% of participants at 3 years of age, 56% at 7 years of age, and 71% at 11.5 years of age. Self-correction was noted for anterior open bite, sagittal malocclusions, and posterior crossbite, while deep bite developed. A high number of contact point displacements and spacings contributed to the prevalence of malocclusion rate of 71% at 11.5 years. Severe or extreme orthodontic treatment need was apparent in 22%. Habits, allergies, or breathing disturbances found at 3 years of age had no associations with malocclusions at 11.5 years of age. Conclusions: This sample revealed a significant percentage of malocclusions and orthodontic treatment need. A substantial number of self-corrections and establishment of new malocclusions occurred during the transition from primary to early permanent dentition.

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Sonnesen, L. "Malocclusion traits and symptoms and signs of temporomandibular disorders in children with severe malocclusion." European Journal of Orthodontics 20, no. 5 (October 1, 1998): 543–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/20.5.543.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Orthodontics Malocclusion in children"

1

Drummond, Robert John. "Orthodontic status and treatment need of 12-year-old children in South Africa an epidemiological study using the dental aesthetic index /." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2003. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10102003-165609.

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Zhang, Man. "Changes in children's oral health related quality of life following orthodontic treatment." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38938546.

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Bataringaya, Aisha. "A survey of the occlusal traits in an adolescent population in Uganda." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2004. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

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Epidemiological studies on malocclusion have been primarily concerned with its aetiology and distribution. However, due to the varied and often subjective methods of assessment, many of these studies provide conflicting data related to malocclusions (Solow, 1970). To address this, the Fé
dé
ration Dentaire Internationale (FDI) in close collaboration with the World Health Organisation (WHO) developed an objective method for measuring occlusal traits (Baume et al., 1973). This method was used to obtain the epidemiological data on occlusal traits for 14-year-old children Kampala in order to provide baseline data related to malocclusion. A total of 402 subjects were examined. Of these 65% were female and 35% were male. Thirty percent of the sample had at least one dental anomaly. The most commonly extracted teeth were mandibular first molars (43.6%) and maxillary canines (17.3%). The high frequency of extracted permanent canines in this sample is unique. By and large, many of the occlusal traits related to the canine are attributable to the practice of ebinyo, a form of dental mutilation, which still seem to be rife in many communities in Uganda. Similar to other studies (Massler and Frankel, 1951
de MuÅiz, 1986
Ferguson, 1988
Kaka, 1993), mandibular first molars were five times more likely to be missing than maxillary first molars while the ratio of missing maxillary to mandibular canines was found to be 2.5:1. Crowding was most frequently observed in the mandibular incisal segment while spacing was mostly in the maxillary incisal region, thus supporting the view of Brunelle et al., (1996) that although prevalence may vary from study to study, more people have malaligned mandibular incisors than maxillary incisors concurs with these studies. Of the subjects studied, 6.8% had a diastema of 3mm and more. Regarding space measurements, 17.9% of the sample population had at least one segment with crowding, 18.2% had at least one segment with spacing while 33.6% had some degree of incisor malalignment and 54.2% of the sample population had some form of space anomaly. About 70% of the subjects had symmetric molar relationships of which 54.2% were Class I, 9.2% Class II and 3.2% Class III similar to the universal distributional pattern. Crossbites were not a major finding, and were present in only 7% of the sample. The distribution of overjet was relatively symmetrical on the left and right. Negative overjet (anterior open bite) was a rare occurrence in an average of 2.4% of the population. In 77.6% of the population, the overjet ranged from 1 to 4mm, and in 22.4%, the overjet was either edge-to-edge, reverse or 5mm and over. About 7.3% had an overjet of 5-6mm while only 2.1% had an overjet greater than 6mm. Approximately 53.7% of the population had an overbite of 1-3mm. Edge-to-edge and open bite incisor relationships were found in less than 10% of the sample. Although ideal occlusion as described by Angle (1907) in the Ugandan sample is very rare, using the data derived from this study, normal occlusion as defined by statistical distribution can be described.

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Psiwa, Nathan Kitio. "Perception of occlusal appearance in 11 to 12 year-old school children in Nairobi, Kenya." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2004. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

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A public orthodontic system generally is designed to prioritize patients so that those who have the greatest need receive treatment. The aim of this study was to compare the subjective perceptions of the occlusal appearance of 11 to 12 year-old schoolchildren of Nairobi with the modified Aesthetic Component (AC) scale of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN). The objectives were to assess the children&rsquo
s perception of their occlusal appearance, categorise the occlusal appearance using the AC scale, by both the children and researcher
and to compare the children&rsquo
s&rsquo
perception and the AC of the IOTN.

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Leung, Ka-wai David. "Electromyographic investigation in adolescents being treated with progressive jumping of the mandible." [Hong Kong] : Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/HKUTO/record/B38628193.

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Zhang, Man, and 張漫. "Changes in children's oral health related quality of life following orthodontic treatment." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B38938546.

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7

Lindner, Anders. "Unilateral posterior cross-bite in preschool children with special references to sucking habits a clinical and experimental study /." Stockholm : Kongl. Carolinska Medico Chirurgiska Institutet, 1991. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/23913354.html.

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梁家偉 and Ka-wai David Leung. "Electromyographic investigation in adolescents being treated with progressive jumping of the mandible." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B38628193.

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9

Heikinheimo, Kaisa. "Need of orthodontic treatment and prevalence of craniomandibular dysfunction in Finnish children." Turku : Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 1989. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/20905142.html.

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10

Mwang'ombe, Fiona Githua. "Orthodontic treatment need in children aged 12-14 years in Mombasa, Kenya." University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5610.

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Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent)
A public orthodontic system generally is designed to prioritize patients so that those who have the greatest need receive treatment. The aim of this study was to compare the subjective perceptions of the occlusal appearance of 11 to 12 year-old schoolchildren of Nairobi with the modified Aesthetic Component (AC) scale of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN). The objectives were to assess the children's perception of their occlusal appearance, categorise the occlusal appearance using the AC scale, by both the children and researcher; and to compare the children's' perception and the AC of the IOTN. Satisfaction with appearance of teeth and occlusion as well as peer comparison was investigated. The treatment need and demand was assessed using the modified AC photographs of the IOTN. Altogether, 488 school children (249 girls and 239 boys) assessed their perception of the anterior teeth using a Verbal Descriptor Scale (VDS) and a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) questionnaire. The researcher examined the anterior teeth of the participants and categorised them using the AC of the IOTN. The following results were reported: about two-thirds of the respondents were satisfied with the appearance of their teeth, with the gender difference being statistically significant. About 35% were dissatisfied or very dissatisfied, but reasons for it varied. More than half of the respondents rated their teeth as better than those of their peers and three-quarters were satisfied with their occlusion, the two responses elicited no gender difference. Treatment need was assessed by use of the AC indicated that there was a moderate agreement between researcher and respondents’ in treatment need assessment. The researcher found 36.3% needed treatment against self-perceived need of 30.9%. One-third of the respondents determined by the researcher to 'need treatment', felt 'no need'. There was no statistical gender difference in perceived need for treatment. The selection of ranked photographs of the AC by both researcher and respondents demonstrated skewed distributions towards the 'low ranked' or attractive end of the ranking order irrespective of the state of occlusion. Statistical comparison of the two methods used, namely the VDS and VAS, indicated that the responses were significantly different. Therefore it is suggested that any treatment priority assessment should take perceptions of occlusal appearance. into consideration.

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Books on the topic "Orthodontics Malocclusion in children"

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Orthodontic management of uncrowded class II division 1 malocclusion in children. Edinburgh: Mosby Elsevier, 2006.

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Fränkel, Rolf. Orofacial orthopedics with the function regulator. Basel: Karger, 1989.

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Evidence-based clinical orthodontics. Hanover Park, IL: Quintessence Pub., 2012.

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Pimenidis, Margaritis Z. The Neurobiology of Orthodontics: Treatment of Malocclusion Through Neuroplasticity. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2009.

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T, Reske Neil, ed. Essentials of orthodontics: Diagnosis and treatment. Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

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Clinical cases in orthodontics. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.

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Yahya, Tosun, ed. Biomechanics in orthodontics: Principles and practice. Chicago: Quintessence Pub. Co., 2010.

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Schudy, Fred F. The occlusal plane: Its origin, development and correction ; The vertical dimension of the human face. Houston, Tex: F.F. Schudy, 1992.

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Irmtrud, Jonas, and Graber T. M. 1917-, eds. Orthodontic diagnosis. Stuttgart: G. Thieme Verlag, 1993.

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Ackerman, Marc Bernard. Enhancement orthodontics: Theory and practice. Ames, Iowa: Blackwell Munksgaard, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "Orthodontics Malocclusion in children"

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Gill, Daljit S., and Farhad B. Naini. "Class I Malocclusion." In Orthodontics: Principles and Practice, 149–58. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd,., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118785041.ch15.

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Gill, Daljit S., and Farhad B. Naini. "Class III Malocclusion." In Orthodontics: Principles and Practice, 174–81. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd,., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118785041.ch18.

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Gill, Daljit S., and Farhad B. Naini. "Deep Overbite Malocclusion." In Orthodontics: Principles and Practice, 224–37. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd,., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118785041.ch23.

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Gill, Daljit S., and Farhad B. Naini. "Aetiology of Malocclusion." In Orthodontics: Principles and Practice, 27–36. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd,., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118785041.ch3.

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Gill, Daljit S., and Farhad B. Naini. "Anterior Open Bite Malocclusion." In Orthodontics: Principles and Practice, 217–23. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd,., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118785041.ch22.

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Gill, Daljit S., and Farhad B. Naini. "Class II Division 1 Malocclusion." In Orthodontics: Principles and Practice, 159–65. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd,., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118785041.ch16.

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Gill, Daljit S., and Farhad B. Naini. "Class II Division 2 Malocclusion." In Orthodontics: Principles and Practice, 166–73. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd,., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118785041.ch17.

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Ghafari, Joseph G., Ramzi V. Haddad, and Maria E. Saadeh. "Class III Malocclusion-The Evidence on Diagnosis and Treatment." In Evidence-Based Orthodontics, 247–80. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118688489.ch16.

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Bollen, Anne-Marie. "Malocclusion, Orthodontic Treatment, and Periodontal Health-An Assessment of the Evidence." In Evidence-Based Orthodontics, 89–96. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118688489.ch6.

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O'Brien, Kevin, and Jonathan Sandler. "The Treatment of Class II Malocclusion-Have We the Evidence to Make Decisions?" In Evidence-Based Orthodontics, 47–62. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118688489.ch4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Orthodontics Malocclusion in children"

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Anggraini, Cynthia M., Sarworini B. Budiardjo, Darmawan B. Setyanto, and Ike S. Indiarti. "Malocclusion in Mouth-Breathing Children Caused by Nasal Obstruction." In 11th International Dentistry Scientific Meeting (IDSM 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/idsm-17.2018.8.

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Hidayati, Hidayati, Idral Purnakarya, Fikri Hafiz, and Desy Sari. "Correlation of Bottle Feeding to Malocclusion on Indonesian 3-6-year-old Preschool Children in Pariaman City, West Sumatera, Indonesia." In Proceedings of the 1st EAI International Conference on Medical And Health Research, ICoMHER November 13-14th 2018, Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia. EAI, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.13-11-2018.2283784.

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