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Journal articles on the topic 'Orthographic projection'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 July 2024

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1

Hu, X., and N. Ahuja. "Motion estimation under orthographic projection." IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation 7, no. 6 (1991): 848–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/70.105394.

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2

La, Grace. "Geometry and the Orthographic Projection." Journal of Architectural Education 70, no. 1 (January 2, 2016): 70–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10464883.2016.1128281.

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3

Lukačević, Fanika, Niccolò Becattini, and Stanko Škec. "Engineering designers’ CAD performance when modelling from isometric and orthographic projections." Proceedings of the Design Society 4 (May 2024): 653–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pds.2024.68.

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AbstractThe presented study investigates differences in engineering designers' CAD performance when modelling from two types of projections in technical drawings – isometric and orthographic. The results revealed significant differences in the percentage of correctly replicated components' size and shape, indicating better CAD outcomes when generating CAD models from the orthographic projection. In addition, a comparison of duration, as well as the number and type of sketch entities, sketch relations, and CAD features, showed that CAD modelling processes were similar in both conditions.
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4

Harris, Chris. "Structure-from-motion under orthographic projection." Image and Vision Computing 9, no. 5 (October 1991): 329–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0262-8856(91)90037-p.

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5

Petković, Tomislav, Tomislav Pribanić, and Matea Đonlić. "Temporal phase unwrapping using orthographic projection." Optics and Lasers in Engineering 90 (March 2017): 34–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2016.09.006.

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6

Lee, M. J., and S. Y. Park. "3D SURFACE RECONSTRUCTION FROM MULTI-VIEW AND MULTI-DATE GOOGLE EARTH SATELLITE IMAGES WITH 3D HOMOGRAPHY-BASED PROJECTIVE RECONSTRUCTION." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B2-2022 (May 30, 2022): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b2-2022-135-2022.

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Abstract. In this paper, we propose the 3D surface reconstruction scheme using multi-view and multi-date Google Earth (GE) satellite images. Multi-view stereo matching (MVS) scheme is one of the methods for reconstructing dense 3D surface based on multi-view images and corresponding camera pose geometry. If many views are input, MVS can estimate the disparity (depth) by matching pixels. However, the common users are not always possible to obtain both multi-view satellite images and the camera geometry (such as Rational Polynomial Camera) in various earth regions. Instead, the GE provides multi-view and multi-date satellite images of earth regions. Therefore, the goal of the proposed method is to perform a 3D surface reconstruction using the GE satellite image. We suppose that the GE satellite image is a pinhole camera model, and the camera pose geometry is estimated using the perspective projection model (PPM) based structure from the motion (SfM) method. Then the 3D surface is reconstructed and fusion using the MVS method. However, the GE satellite image is a transformed pseudo-orthoimage for integration into the raster image. For this reason, the camera pose geometry is inaccurately computed in the SfM process. Thus, the high-rise structures in the reconstructed 3D surface are distorted (distorted hexahedral 3D space). Importantly, the satellite image is a weak PPM and it can express the orthographic projection model. Therefore, we compute 3D homography for transforming between distorted hexahedral space to orthographic cuboid space. Then, the distorted 3D surface is transformed using a projective reconstruction based on 3D homography. The transformed 3D surface has the correct shape in the orthographic projection model. The advantage of the proposed method is that the 3D surface of various earth regions is reconstructed using simply accessible GE satellite images. And the transformed 3D surface is reconstructed into orthographic projection model space, thus the orthoimage can be generated using projection.
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7

Cózar, J. R., N. Guil, and E. L. Zapata. "Planar object detection under scaled orthographic projection." Pattern Recognition Letters 23, no. 6 (April 2002): 719–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8655(01)00147-7.

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8

de Menezes, Paulo Márcio Leal, Kairo da Silva Santos, Miljenko Lapaine, José Gomes dos Santos, Manoel do Couto Fernandes, Francisco José Corrêa Martins, and Tainá Laeta. "Analiza kartografske projekcije karte Nova Lusitania." Kartografija i geoinformacije 20, no. 35 (June 30, 2021): 48–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.32909/kg.20.35.3.

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The map named Carta Geographica de Projecçaõ Espherica Orthogonal da Nova Lusitania ou America Portugueza e Estado do Brazil from 1798, together with its 1795 (?), 1797 and 1803 versions, is undoubtedly one of the cartographic monuments developed by Portuguese cartography from the late eighteenth century. Its organizer was the geographer, astronomer, and frigate captain Antonio Pires da Silva Pontes Leme, who relied on the work of 34 people, including astronomers, geographers, and engineers, who, although only mentioned in the 1798 version, contributed to the creation of all versions. All of them are similar in appearance, but differ in size, content, details, amount, and distribution of toponyms, which will be the subject of another paper. The greatest similarity, however, concerns the defined map projection. The objective of this paper is to analyse and present the possible hypotheses and conclusions about which map projection was adopted for all versions of Nova Lusitania, through the identification of characteristics that allowed to infer and prove the adopted projection. The applied methodology verified that in the bibliographic search, the information about the map structure is insufficient. An article presented by General Djalma Polli Coelho in October 1950 states that the projection suggested by its title, as orthogonal spherical, appeared to be the Sanson-Flamsteed equal-area projection. However, the expression Carta Geographica de Projecçaõ Espherica Orthogonal allows us to infer also the transverse orthographic projection. Through parameters defined for the two projections, it was possible to establish the comparative elements for a cartographic analysis, which would allow us to conclude and prove the structure adopted for the map, allowing to conclude if the adopted projection for the Nova Lusitania was an azimuthal orthographic equatorial projection, or a Sanson-Flamsteed, sinusoidal projection on the meridian 315°, defined west-east, (counterclockwise), from the El Hierro (Ferro) Island. This meridian is referenced approx. –62°39'46" off the Greenwich meridian.
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9

Arroyo Ohori, Ken, Hugo Ledoux, and Jantien Stoter. "Visualising higher-dimensional space-time and space-scale objects as projections to ℝ3." PeerJ Computer Science 3 (July 3, 2017): e123. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.123.

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Objects of more than three dimensions can be used to model geographic phenomena that occur in space, time and scale. For instance, a single 4D object can be used to represent the changes in a 3D object’s shape across time or all its optimal representations at various levels of detail. In this paper, we look at how such higher-dimensional space-time and space-scale objects can be visualised as projections from ℝ4to ℝ3. We present three projections that we believe are particularly intuitive for this purpose: (i) a simple ‘long axis’ projection that puts 3D objects side by side; (ii) the well-known orthographic and perspective projections; and (iii) a projection to a 3-sphere (S3) followed by a stereographic projection to ℝ3, which results in an inwards-outwards fourth axis. Our focus is in using these projections from ℝ4to ℝ3, but they are formulated from ℝnto ℝn−1so as to be easily extensible and to incorporate other non-spatial characteristics. We present a prototype interactive visualiser that applies these projections from 4D to 3D in real-time using the programmable pipeline and compute shaders of the Metal graphics API.
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10

Balsam, Joshua, Hugh Alan Bruck, and Avraham Rasooly. "Orthographic projection capillary array fluorescent sensor for mHealth." Methods 63, no. 3 (October 2013): 276–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.07.044.

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11

Clinciu, Ramona. "Graphical Representation of Solids - An Important Issue in Teaching Technical Drawing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 371 (August 2013): 493–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.371.493.

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The proposed paper presents applications developed in 3D Studio MAX programme. These applications have frequent use in teaching technical drawing and they illustrate, by means of the mapping techniques developed and by the animation facilities of this programme, the methods for constructing and modelling different types of parts and their appropriate orthographic projections, being a helpfull tool for enabling the development of the spatial abilities of the students.Graphical representation of solids is very important in teaching technical drawing and the applications developed on this purpose combine the facilities of 3D Studio MAX program the rendering, mapping and animation techniques with the experience of the author in teaching graphical subjects. In the applications developed Multi/Sub-Object materials are defined and assigned to different surfaces of an object for illustrating and emphasizing the appropriate features of any type of part that is usually met in engineering. The increased realism of the scenes created in the above mentioned programme help students understand the shapes of solids and to corroborate the orthographic projections of parts with the three dimensional view of the parts considered.The applications presented help students increase their spatial abilities, by helping them understand the connection between the orthographic projections of a part - the minimum number of projections needed for defining the part, and the appropriate 3D/axonometric projection of the part. At the same time, the applications presented enable the explanations to be more attractive for the students, such as to increase their interest in the subject.
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12

Muniraj, I., C. Guo, and J. T. Sheridan. "Multispectral high-resolution hologram generation using orthographic projection images." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 735 (August 2016): 012070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/735/1/012070.

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13

Kanatani, Ken-ichi. "Structure and motion from optical flow under orthographic projection." Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing 35, no. 2 (August 1986): 181–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0734-189x(86)90026-5.

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14

Wan, Min, Inbarasan Muniraj, Ra’ed Malallah, Ni Chen, John J. Healy, James P. Ryle, and John T. Sheridan. "Orthographic projection images-based photon-counted integral Fourier holography." Applied Optics 58, no. 10 (March 29, 2019): 2656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.58.002656.

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15

Park, Jae-Hyeung, Min-Su Kim, Ganbat Baasantseren, and Nam Kim. "Fresnel and Fourier hologram generation using orthographic projection images." Optics Express 17, no. 8 (April 2, 2009): 6320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.17.006320.

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16

Huang, Chung Lin. "Polyhedral objects identification through the orthographic projection views generation." Pattern Recognition Letters 10, no. 5 (November 1989): 321–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8655(89)90035-4.

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17

Holt, Robert J., and Arun N. Netravali. "Motion and structure from line correspondences under orthographic projection." International Journal of Imaging Systems and Technology 8, no. 3 (1997): 301–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-1098(1997)8:3<301::aid-ima8>3.0.co;2-e.

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18

Lucarelli, G., R. Santamaria, S. Troisi, and L. Turturici. "Subsatellite Point Positioning for Synchronous Circular Polar Orbits." Journal of Navigation 43, no. 2 (May 1990): 270–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463300009607.

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In this paper the authors obtain analytical expressions for the ground traces of synchronous polar satellites on the polar orthographic projection, confirming that they are circles and pointing out a simple graphic method for the mapping of the subsatellite point.
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19

Dent, Borden D. "Continental Shapes on World Projections: The Design of a Poly-Centred Oblique Orthographic World Projection." Cartographic Journal 24, no. 2 (December 1987): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/caj.1987.24.2.117.

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20

Blonquist, Keith F., and Robert T. Pack. "Network Orientation Using the Scaled Orthographic Projection for Parameter Initialization." Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 78, no. 5 (May 1, 2012): 505–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14358/pers.78.5.505.

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21

Eggert, David, and Kevin Bowyer. "Computing the orthographic projection aspect graph of solids of revolution." Pattern Recognition Letters 11, no. 11 (November 1990): 751–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8655(90)90094-i.

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22

Passarella, Rossi, and Osvari Arsalan. "Object Reconstruction from 2D Drawing sketch to 3D Object." Computer Engineering and Applications Journal 5, no. 3 (October 26, 2016): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18495/comengapp.v5i3.183.

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Design engineer in the early phase of building up another product is  typically using a freehand sketching to communicate or illustrate the idea in the form of orthographic projection. This orthographic projection is based on viewpoint. A translation from 2D drawing view point to 3D models is needed to help engineer to imagine the product preview in 3D. This procedure includes a tedious, so that automation is needed. The way to deal with this reproduction issue begin straightforwardly from 2D freehand portraying, by using the camera, the 2D drawing is captured and then transferred to a Personal Computer. Inside the computer, the image is processed with filtering to find the view point zones. The view point zone than separate to 3 zones, each zone consists of the pixel coordinate. This coordinates are used to generated and processing of 3D voxel Image according to the form of geometries. A case study is presented in order to emphasize and discuss the proposed method
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23

Piao, Yan-Ling, Seo-Yeon Park, Hui-Ying Wu, Sang-Keon Gil, and Nam Kim. "Computer-generated holography method based on orthographic projection using depth camera." Electronic Imaging 2018, no. 4 (January 28, 2018): 410–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2018.04.sda-410.

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24

Julià, Laura F., Pascal Monasse, and Marc Pierrot-Deseilligny. "The Orthographic Projection Model for Pose Calibration of Long Focal Images." Image Processing On Line 9 (September 5, 2019): 231–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5201/ipol.2019.248.

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25

Gordon, Joshua A., and Steven S. Borenstein. "An invisible-stylus-based coordinate measurement system via scaled orthographic projection." Precision Engineering 56 (March 2019): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precisioneng.2018.12.002.

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26

Jong, Chiou-Muh, and Ezzatollah Salari. "Analysis of image deformation under orthographic projection and flow parameter estimation." Pattern Recognition 22, no. 3 (January 1989): 309–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-3203(89)90078-2.

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27

Tsukune, H., and J. K. Aggarwal. "Analyzing orthographic projection of multiple 3D velocity fields in optical flow." Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing 41, no. 2 (February 1988): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0734-189x(88)90038-2.

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28

Wang, Han. "Computational approaches for solving the bas-relief ambiguity under orthographic projection." Pattern Recognition Letters 16, no. 5 (May 1995): 479–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8655(95)00128-4.

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29

Gutiérrez de Ravé, Eduardo, and Francisco J. Jiménez-Hornero. "A 3D Descriptive Geometry Problem-Solving Methodology Using CAD and Orthographic Projection." Symmetry 16, no. 4 (April 14, 2024): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym16040476.

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In solving descriptive geometry (DG) problems, board (i.e., hand drawing) methods are frequently used, despite this discipline is still very important to enhance spatial vision. These methods are very different from CAD tools which are used in the field of design. CAD facilitates the realization of geometric constructions and transformations (i.e., rotation, translation, copying, scaling, alignment, and symmetry, among others) are performed analytically. For this reason, a 3D DG problem-solving methodology using CAD and orthographic projection (CADOP) is introduced. Once the principles of DG, orthographic projection, and CAD fundamentals and tools are described, CADOP is applied to obtain (i) orthogonal views; (ii) principal lines of a plane; (iii) true-size view of a plane; (iv) parallelism, perpendicularity, and distance, and (v) angles. Considering the user coordinate system in CADOP allows one to place the horizontal plane in the suitable position to solve DG problems directly in one step. In the traditional methods, the use of auxiliary views must be carried out in several steps instead. The dynamic management of the 3D view of the scene is facilitated in CADOP, improving its understanding, and achieving the precision inherent in analytical calculations.
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30

Tjahjadi, Martinus Edwin, Fourry Handoko, and Silvester Sari Sai. "Novel Image Mosaicking of UAV’s Imagery using Collinearity Condition." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 7, no. 3 (June 1, 2017): 1188. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v7i3.pp1188-1196.

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This paper presents a preliminary result of ongoing research on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for cooperative mapping to support a large-scale urban city mapping, in Malang, Indonesia. A small UAV can carry an embedded camera which can continuously take pictures of landscapes. A convenient way of monitoring landscape changes might be through accessing a sequence of images. However, since the camera’s field of view is always smaller than human eye’s field of view, the need to combine aerial pictures into a single mosaic is eminent. Through mosaics, a more complete view of the scene can be accessed and analyzed. A semi-automated generation of mosaics is investigated using a photogrammetric approach, namely a perspective projection which is based on collinearity condition. This paper reviews the general projection model based on collinearity condition and uses that to determine a common projective plane from images. The overlapped points for each RGB channel are interpolated onto that of orthographic plane to generate mosaics. An initial attempt shows a promising result.
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31

LOSITO, MARIA. "IL IX LIBRO DEL DE ARCHITECTURA DI VITRUVIO NEI COMMENTARI DI DANIELE BARBARO (1556-1567)1." Nuncius 4, no. 1 (1989): 3–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/182539189x00013.

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Abstract<title> SUMMARY </title>Book IX of Vitruvius's DE ARCHITECTURA is devoted to the Gnomonica, which is the art of making solar clocks, or the second part of architecture, and to the basic construction of the Analemma, an orthographic projection of different circles of the sky - blue sphere.The present paper explains the changes to this Book between the 1556 edition and the 1567 editions of Daniele Barbaro's Commentationes.Indeed, while in 1556 Barbaro reconstructs the Vitruvian Analemma, that he had studied in the De horologiis describendis libellus, in 1567 he will more clearly define the Vitruvian Analemma by considering the Ptolemaic Analemma, after the 1562 study in Federico Commandino's Claudii Ptolemaei liber de Analemmate. Barbaro will also apply this Analemma in detail to the construction of the sun-dial, which was done neither by Vitruvius nor by Ptolemy, but in Commandino's Liber de Horologiorum descriptione.The relevance of the Analemma to the theory of planar projections of meridians is pointed out here. Indeed, even if the work of Barbaro seems traditional from the point of view of an astronomer, its implications for projective geometry are of great importance.
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32

Zhang, Yiping, Xinzhe Que, Mengxian Hu, and Yongchao Zhou. "3D Reconstruction of a Single Bubble in Transparent Media Using Three Orthographic Digital Images." Applied Sciences 10, no. 17 (August 21, 2020): 5803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10175803.

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This work proposed a method to reconstruct the 3D bubble shape in a transparent medium utilizing the three orthographic digital images. The bubble was divided into several ellipse slices. The azimuth angle and projection parameters were extracted from the top view image, while the formulas for dimensionless semi-axes were derived according to the geometric projection relationship. The elliptical axes of each layer were calculated by substituting the projection width into the formulas. All layers of slices were stacked to form the 3D bubble shape. Reconstruction accuracy was evaluated with spheres, ellipsoids, and inverted teardrops. The results show that the position contributes greatly to the reconstruction accuracy of the bubbles with serious horizontal deformation. The method in Bian et al. (2013) is sensitive to both horizontal and vertical deformations. The vertical deformation has little influence on the method in Fujiwara et al. (2004), whereas the horizontal deformation greatly impacts its accuracy. The method in this paper is negligibly affected by vertical deformation, but it does better in reconstructing single bubbles with large horizontal deformation. The azimuth angle affects the accuracy of the methods in Bian et al. (2013) and Fujiwara et al. (2004) more than the method in this paper.
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33

Blonquist, Keith F., and Robert T. Pack. "A bundle adjustment approach with inner constraints for the scaled orthographic projection." ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 66, no. 6 (November 2011): 919–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2011.07.001.

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34

Tsukune, H., and J. K. Aggarwal. "Analyzing orthographic projection of multiple 3D velocity vector fields in optical flow." Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing 42, no. 2 (May 1988): 157–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0734-189x(88)90162-4.

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35

Omar, Marlissa, Dayana Farzeeha Ali, Mahani Mokhtar, Norasykin Mohd Zaid, Hanifah Jambari, and Nor Hasniza Ibrahim. "Effects of Mobile Augmented Reality (MAR) towards Students’ Visualization Skills when Learning Orthographic Projection." International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) 14, no. 20 (October 18, 2019): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v14i20.11463.

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Recent study shows an increasing interest towards the implementation of augmented reality in teaching and learning. Majority of the studies in this area focuses on how this technology could impact students’ performance and various skills including visualization skills. Hence, the purpose of this study was to examine the differences in students’ visualization skills after utilizing Mobile Augmented Reality (MAR) and conventional learning in orthographic projection classroom. This study involved 60 students and was conducted in Universiti Teknologi Malaysia: 30 students in experimental group used MAR; 30 students in control group used conventional learning. In this study, mental rotation skills were measured using Purdue Spatial Visualization Test of Rotation (PSVT:R) due to its importance to ensure students understanding in orthographic projection. Results from this study showed a significant difference between students in both group where students in experimental group displayed a significantly higher level of visualization skills in terms of mental rotation skills compared to students in control group. At the end of their study, respondents were given a set of questionnaires to obtain their feedback on the use of MAR. Based on students’ positive feedback on MAR, the result proved that it can be an effective spatial visualization tool. MAR is also practical to be used in classrooms since it has low production cost.
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Park, Jae-Hyeung, Ganbat Baasantseren, Nam Kim, Gilbae Park, Jin-Mo Kang, and Byoungho Lee. "50.3: Arbitrary View Generation in Perspective and Orthographic Projection Geometry using Lens Array." SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 39, no. 1 (2008): 756. http://dx.doi.org/10.1889/1.3069778.

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37

Ericson, Mark. "The Two-Dimensional Orthographic Projection of a Semicircle onto an Epicycle of Cones." Journal of Architectural Education 72, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10464883.2018.1410645.

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38

Pillay, Hitendra K. "Cognitive load and mental rotation: structuring orthographic projection for learning and problem solving." Instructional Science 22, no. 2 (1994): 91–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00892159.

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39

Hu, Xiaoping, and Narendra Ahuja. "Mirror uncertainty and uniqueness conditions for determining shape and motion from orthographic projection." International Journal of Computer Vision 13, no. 3 (December 1994): 295–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02028350.

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40

Dekker, Elly. "Cartographic Grids from Iran: An Early Version of the Retro-Azimuthal Orthographic Projection?" Cartographic Journal 37, no. 2 (December 2000): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/caj.2000.37.2.109.

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41

Garcia, Christian A., and Yunjun Xu. "Multitarget geolocation via an agricultural octorotor based on orthographic projection and data association." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 232, no. 11 (May 31, 2017): 2076–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954410017709035.

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In recent years, unmanned aerial vehicles with onboard spectral sensors have been used in detecting diseases in the agricultural fields. Geolocation, i.e. calculating the global coordinate of identified diseased regions based on images taken, is an important step in automating such a scouting operation. In this paper, the problem of geolocating multiple diseased regions in an image is studied. Based on the assumptions of stationary, two-dimensional shallow target plants and hover flight, an orthographic projection-based measurement model is developed. A probabilistic data association method is used to analyze the measurements from different target sources and a Kalman filter is designed to estimate the suspected diseased leaves’ position. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, it is the first time a data association technique is used in for locating multiple-diseased plants in agriculture applications. Additionally, the designed Kalman filter is based on conditions pertinent to small crops and is less computationally intensive than the typically used extended Kalman filter. Both simulation and ad hoc experiments are used to validate the proposed multitarget geolocation algorithm.
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42

Park, Jae-Hyeung, Ganbat Baasantseren, Nam Kim, Gilbae Park, Jin-Mo Kang, and Byoungho Lee. "View image generation in perspective and orthographic projection geometry based on integral imaging." Optics Express 16, no. 12 (June 2, 2008): 8800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.16.008800.

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43

Li, Cong, Qiang Wang, Meng Wang, and Jia Jie Cui. "The Research of Ortho-Rectification to QuickBird Image with more Mountains Based on ERDAS10.0." Applied Mechanics and Materials 571-572 (June 2014): 772–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.571-572.772.

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In recent years, the application of high resolution remote sensing images has become more and more widely with the development of Remote Sensing technology. QuickBird satellite image is the more commercial used high resolution remote sensing image, but due to its technical confidentiality, high-resolution satellite generally does not provide rigorous sensor model. This paper uses ERDAS10.0 to orthographic check the QuickBird image by the method of orthorectification, introduces the method and procedure of the orthogonal projection like drawing, analysis the positioning accuracy.
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Козневски and E. Kozniewski. "New Methods of the Computer Aided Design of Roof Skeletons." Geometry & Graphics 4, no. 2 (June 18, 2016): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/19827.

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The problem of efficient design of roofs is a topical area of research. This is confirmed by scientific studies [1–5, etс.]. Today, in the times of information technology in all areas of actively using the computer and specific programs [6; 12; 15, etc.]. The author presents a proposal of geometric design (geometric solutions) for roofs with restrictions, so-called &#34;roof with its neighbors.&#34;Roofs are treated as a special class of polyhedral surfaces. Construction includes a corresponding attachment roof with restrictions on the roof on a simple connection of the polygon, designing a conventional roof and perform the appropriate logic operation. Fig. 1. The Boolean operations are useful tools in geometrical designing of roof skeletons. Solving roofs with neighbors is much easier if we bring them to solve simple roofs over simpleconnected polygon base. The difficulty comes to the design of an appropriate polygonal base. This method essentially involves applying geometric design of a regular roof to design a roof with constraints, which can be relatively easily performed with a CAD program [13]. The elements of a roof: a) a roof with its elements in the orthographic projection, b) the roof with its elements in a military axonometry, c) the line of disappearing ridges of the roof in the orthographic projection [9].
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45

Tyler, Christopher W. "A Live Experience of Four-Dimensional Structure." Perception 50, no. 2 (January 17, 2021): 165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301006620985387.

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Selective attention is well known for 2D patterns and perceptual alternations are well established for 3D structures projected into 2D, such as the Necker cube. Here, these concepts are extended to the spatial fourth dimension in the form of the mathematical structure of the 4D hypercube. In orthographic projection, its 2D outline figure has multiple and highly dynamic percepts of up to 28 different 3D interpretations, which correspond to local 3D views of the 4D hypercube. Thus, the spontaneous operations of perceptual processing can provide direct insight into conceptual structure in the fourth dimension.
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46

Guo, Xiaoting, Jun Tang, Jie Li, Chong Shen, and Jun Liu. "Attitude measurement based on imaging ray tracking model and orthographic projection with iteration algorithm." ISA Transactions 95 (December 2019): 379–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2019.05.009.

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47

Piemonte, Andrea, Gabriella Caroti, Isabel Martínez-Espejo Zaragoza, Filippo Fantini, and Luca Cipriani. "A Methodology for Planar Representation of Frescoed Oval Domes: Formulation and Testing on Pisa Cathedral." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 7, no. 8 (August 7, 2018): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7080318.

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This paper presents an original methodology for planar development of a frescoed dome with an oval plan. Input data include a rigorous geometric survey, performed with a laser scanner, and a photogrammetry campaign, which associates a high-quality photographic texture to the 3D model. Therefore, the main topics include the development of geometry and, contextually, of the associated textures. In order to overcome the inability to directly develop the surface, an orthographic azimuthal projection is used. Starting from a prerequisite study of building methodology, the dome is divided into sectors and bands, each linked with the maximum acceptable deformations and the actual geometric discontinuities detectable by the analysis of Gaussian curvature. Upon definition of the development model, a custom automation script has been devised for geometry projection. This effectively generates a (u,v) map, associated to the model, which is used for model texturing and provides the planar development of the fresco.
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Martins, Luis Lages, Ana Isabel Marques, and Álvaro Silva Ribeiro. "Image uncertainty components in video strain measurement of mortar destructive compression testing." Acta IMEKO 12, no. 4 (December 19, 2023): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/actaimeko.v12i4.1315.

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This paper describes a video strain measurement solution developed for application in mortar destructive compression testing. Knowledge about the mechanical behavior of this type of construction material, namely up to its fracture, is still superficial due to the less common use of non-contact measurement methods. The performed research was focused on the determination of image coordinate accuracy, based on the experimental quantification of the identified main uncertainty components, using traceable reference patterns, and validated computational toolboxes dedicated to camera parameterization and digital image processing. The obtained results show the following uncertainty contributions: lens distortion - negligible; re-projection errors - 0.21 pixel; 0.10 pixel - spatial resolution; and digital image processing operations - 0.28 pixel. The combination of these uncertainty components resulted in an image coordinate standard uncertainty equal to 0.36 pixel, which was propagated (in addition to the scale coefficient measurement uncertainty) to the selected camera model – orthographic projection with uniform scaling – which supports the video strain measurement.
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Chen, Jingdao, John Seon Keun Yi, Mark Kahoush, Erin S. Cho, and Yong K. Cho. "Point Cloud Scene Completion of Obstructed Building Facades with Generative Adversarial Inpainting." Sensors 20, no. 18 (September 4, 2020): 5029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20185029.

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Collecting 3D point cloud data of buildings is important for many applications such as urban mapping, renovation, preservation, and energy simulation. However, laser-scanned point clouds are often difficult to analyze, visualize, and interpret due to incompletely scanned building facades caused by numerous sources of defects such as noise, occlusions, and moving objects. Several point cloud scene completion algorithms have been proposed in the literature, but they have been mostly applied to individual objects or small-scale indoor environments and not on large-scale scans of building facades. This paper introduces a method of performing point cloud scene completion of building facades using orthographic projection and generative adversarial inpainting methods. The point cloud is first converted into the 2D structured representation of depth and color images using an orthographic projection approach. Then, a data-driven 2D inpainting approach is used to predict the complete version of the scene, given the incomplete scene in the image domain. The 2D inpainting process is fully automated and uses a customized generative-adversarial network based on Pix2Pix that is trainable end-to-end. The inpainted 2D image is finally converted back into a 3D point cloud using depth remapping. The proposed method is compared against several baseline methods, including geometric methods such as Poisson reconstruction and hole-filling, as well as learning-based methods such as the point completion network (PCN) and TopNet. Performance evaluation is carried out based on the task of reconstructing real-world building facades from partial laser-scanned point clouds. Experimental results using the performance metrics of voxel precision, voxel recall, position error, and color error showed that the proposed method has the best performance overall.
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Sun, Pengfei, Changku Sun, Wenqiang Li, and Peng Wang. "A New Pose Estimation Algorithm Using a Perspective-Ray-Based Scaled Orthographic Projection with Iteration." PLOS ONE 10, no. 7 (July 21, 2015): e0134029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0134029.

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