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Journal articles on the topic 'Orthopedic implants Composite materials. Biomedical materials'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Prashar, Gaurav, and Hitesh Vasudev. "Thermal Sprayed Composite Coatings for Biomedical Implants: A Brief Review." Journal of Thermal Spray and Engineering 2, no. 1 (2020): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.52687/2582-1474/213.

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The implant materials used currently in field of cardiovascular and orthopedics surgery dearth in osteoconductivity. Different surface modification techniques are used, developed and investigated over the years to enhance the osteoconductivity of biomaterials like metals, polymer and ceramics. Although implants made up of metals are strong mechanically but have low bonding ability due to bio-inert nature.To overcome the limitations and to accomplish the desired purpose, composite coatings consisting of bioactive are developed on the metallic biomaterials. In general bio-inert ceramics like yttria stabilized zirconia (ysz), titania, and alumina may be incorporated into hydroxyapatite (HA) matrix to develop composite coatings with improved mechanical properties over the years. The composite coatings developed by thermal spraying have shown promising approach to have good mechanical and biological properties in comparison with single-component and/or monolayer coatings. The strategy to use composite coatings is adopted widely by the professionals/scientists in the area of biomaterials for development and production of materials in order to repair and regeneration of the human tissue. In this article, commercially used thermal spraying techniques used for deposition of composite coatings for biomedical implants are discussed.

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Batool, Syeda Ammara, Abdul Wadood, Syed Wilayat Hussain, Muhammad Yasir, and Muhammad Atiq Ur Rehman. "A Brief Insight to the Electrophoretic Deposition of PEEK-, Chitosan-, Gelatin-, and Zein-Based Composite Coatings for Biomedical Applications: Recent Developments and Challenges." Surfaces 4, no. 3 (August 4, 2021): 205–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/surfaces4030018.

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Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) is a powerful technique to assemble metals, polymer, ceramics, and composite materials into 2D, 3D, and intricately shaped implants. Polymers, proteins, and peptides can be deposited via EPD at room temperature without affecting their chemical structures. Furthermore, EPD is being used to deposit multifunctional coatings (i.e., bioactive, antibacterial, and biocompatible coatings). Recently, EPD was used to architect multi-structured coatings to improve mechanical and biological properties along with the controlled release of drugs/metallic ions. The key characteristics of EPD coatings in terms of inorganic bioactivity and their angiogenic potential coupled with antibacterial properties are the key elements enabling advanced applications of EPD in orthopedic applications. In the emerging field of EPD coatings for hard tissue and soft tissue engineering, an overview of such applications will be presented. The progress in the development of EPD-based polymeric or composite coatings, including their application in orthopedic and targeted drug delivery approaches, will be discussed, with a focus on the effect of different biologically active ions/drugs released from EPD deposits. The literature under discussion involves EPD coatings consisting of chitosan (Chi), zein, polyetheretherketone (PEEK), and their composites. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo investigations of EPD coatings will be discussed in relation to the current main challenge of orthopedic implants, namely that the biomaterial must provide good bone-binding ability and mechanical compatibility.

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Valente, Karolina Papera, Alexandre Brolo, and Afzal Suleman. "From Dermal Patch to Implants—Applications of Biocomposites in Living Tissues." Molecules 25, no. 3 (January 24, 2020): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25030507.

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Composites are composed of two or more materials, displaying enhanced performance and superior mechanical properties when compared to their individual components. The use of biocompatible materials has created a new category of biocomposites. Biocomposites can be applied to living tissues due to low toxicity, biodegradability and high biocompatibility. This review summarizes recent applications of biocomposite materials in the field of biomedical engineering, focusing on four areas—bone regeneration, orthopedic/dental implants, wound healing and tissue engineering.

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Prakash, P. Shakti, S. J. Pawar, and R. P. Tewari. "Synthesis, characterization, and coating of forsterite (Mg2SiO4) based material over medical implants: A review." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 233, no. 6 (April 18, 2017): 1227–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420717705151.

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Biocompatible metallic alloys (stainless steel, Ti-alloy, Co–Cr alloys, etc.) have been frequently used for various biomedical implants. Being biocompatible, complications like implant corrosion, body inflammation, organ pain, local infection, and cytotoxicity cannot be avoided. Hydroxyapatite, a common biomaterial, is used in the form of powders, coatings, and composites for biomedical applications. But poor adhesion, poor load-bearing capacity, high dissolution, poor wear resistance, natural fragility, etc. are the few hindrances in the use of hydroxyapatite coating over implants. Hence, there is a need to focus on the development of alternative biomaterials and their coatings for metallic (orthopedic, dental, metallic stents, pacemakers, etc.) implants. To avoid various complexities and to improve the biocompatibility of metal implants, the coating of forsterite and its composites are being used nowadays. Techniques like dip coating, plasma spraying, and electrophoretic deposition are employed for such coatings. In this paper, a review based on methods of preparation of forsterite has been done. For the preparation of forsterite powder, various studies have reported the sintering temperature range to be 800–1450 ℃ and the crystallite size from 10 nm to 100 µm. The forsterite and its composites coating over Ti-alloy and stainless steel have also been reported. This paper also compares the mechanical and biological properties of forsterite and hydroxyapatite. It has been observed that the mechanical properties (hardness, fracture toughness, Young’s modulus, and compressive strength), and biological properties (biocompatibility and bioactivity) of forsterite are favorable for the biomedical implant coating.

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Gomzyak, V. I., V. A. Demina, E. V. Razuvaeva, N. G. Sedush, and S. N. Chvalun. "BIODEGRADABLE POLYMER MATERIALS FOR MEDICAL APPLICATIONS: FROM IMPLANTS TO ORGANS." Fine Chemical Technologies 12, no. 5 (October 28, 2017): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32362/2410-6593-2017-12-5-5-20.

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Development of modern medical technologies would be impossible without the application of various materials with special properties. Over the last decade there has been a marked increase in interest in biodegradable materials for use in medicine and other areas of the national economy. In medicine, biodegradable polymers offer great potential for controlled drug delivery and wound management (e.g., adhesives, sutures and surgical meshes), for orthopedic devices (screws, pins and rods), nonwoven materials and scaffolds for tissue engineering. Among the family of biodegradable polyesters the most extensively investigated and the most widely used polymers are poly(α-hydroxyacid)s: polylactide (i.e. PLA), polyglycolide (i.e. PGA), poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL), polydioxanone and their copolymers. Controlling the molecular and supramolecular structure of biodegradable polymers allows tuning the physico-chemical and mechanical characteristics of the materials as well as their degradation kinetics. This enables selecting the optimal composition and structure of the material for the development of a broad range of biomedical products. Introduction of various functional fillers such as calcium phosphates allows creating bioactive composite materials with improved mechanical properties. To manufacture the highly dispersed biomedical materials for regenerative medicine electrospinning and freeze-drying are employed. Varying the technological parameters of the process enables to produce materials and devices with predetermined pore sizes and various mechanical properties. In order to increase the effectiveness of a great number of drugs the perspective approach is their inclusion into nanosized polymer micelles based on amphiphilic block copolymers of lactide and ethylene oxide. Different crystallization behavior of the lactide blocks and controlled regulation of their length allows producing micelles with various sizes and morphology. In this article we have attempted to provide an overview of works that are under way in the area of biodegradable polymers research and development in our group.

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Gayle, Jessica, and Anil Mahapatro. "Magnesium Based Biodegradable Metallic Implant Materials: Corrosion Control and Evaluation of Surface Coatings." Innovations in Corrosion and Materials Science (Formerly Recent Patents on Corrosion Science) 9, no. 1 (September 24, 2019): 3–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2352094909666190228113315.

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Background:Magnesium and magnesium alloys are currently being explored for biodegradable metallic implants. Magnesium’s biocompatibility, low density, and mechanical properties could offer advantages in the development of low-bearing orthopedic prosthesis and cardiovascular stent materials.Objective:Magnesium’s susceptibility to corrosion and increased hydrogen evolution in vivo compromises the success of its potential applications. Various strategies have been pursued to control and subsequently evaluate degradation.Methods:This review provides a broad overview of magnesium-based implant materials. Potential coating materials, coating techniques, corrosion testing, and characterization methods for coated magnesium alloys are also discussed.Results:Various technologies and materials are available for coating magnesium to control and evaluate degradation. Polymeric, ceramic, metallic, and composite coatings have successfully been coated onto magnesium to control its corrosion behaviour. Several technologies are available to carry out the coatings and established methodologies exist for corrosion testing. A few magnesium-based products have emerged in international (European Union) markets and it is foreseen that similar products will be introduced in the United States in the near future.Conclusion:Overall, many coated magnesium materials for biomedical applications are predominantly in the research stage with cardiac stent materials and orthopaedic prosthesis making great strides.

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Pavlov, O. D., V. V. Pastukh, and M. Yu Karpinsky. "The problem of using composite biodegradable implants for the treatment of bone fractures (literature review)." TRAUMA 22, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22141/1608-1706.2.22.2021.231952.

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Diseases and injuries of the musculoskeletal system rank second among the causes of injuries and third among the diseases that lead to disability of the adult population. Orthopedic implants have a special place in both clinical practice and the biomedical industry. The implants capable of biodegrading in the case of their implantation into the human body are of the greatest interest. The concept of biodegra-dable implants appeared through the formation and development of the use of suture materials that are absorbed in the body. Subsequently, this type of material began to be used in the treatment of fractures, because in many cases, bone fragments need only temporary support with a fixator, until they fuse. Implantable internal fixation devices for fracture repair using polyglycolic acid (PGA), polylactic acid (PLA), and a copolymer of lactic acid and glycolide (PLGA) became popular. However, the mechanical properties of highly porous skeletons were relatively weak compared to those required for bone engineering. In the process of creating an optimal polymeric biodegradable material, it is necessary to overcome the contradiction between strength and biodegradation. PGA, providing high strength of fixation, degrade too quickly, and PLGA, having high crystallinity, slightly degrade, at the same time conceding on the durability of both PGA and biostable materials. Scientists are now working hard to develop composites from calcium phosphate and polymer, in particular hydroxyapatite and tricalсium phosphate (TCP). TCP with three polymorphic modifications, in particular α-TCP, β-TCP, and α'-TCP, is a well-known bioceramic substance for bone repair. β-TKP is attracting increasing attention due to its excellent biocompatibility, bioactivity, and biodegradability. The composite materials based on bioactive ceramics mainly refer to materials with additional advantages, such as biodegradable polymers and ceramics. At the same time, these composites are biocompatible, osteoconductive, mechanical strength and have osteogenic characteristics. At the same time, thanks to new manufacturing technologies that have emerged in recent years, these compo-site materials are the most promising in the field of bone defect repair. The treatment of fractures with implants is increasingly associated with composite materials. Biomaterials must have certain mechanical properties: biocompatibility, biodegradation, controlled rate biodegradation, good mechanical strength, and bioactivity. Biomaterials used in the treatment of bone fractures have to disintegrate over time, and the addition of nanofillers can slow down the rate of decay of the biodegradable composite.

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Camposaragna, M., F. Casolo, M. Cocetta, G. Maraschi, and G. Vrespa. "Mechanical properties and shock absorption of dental implants equipped with abutments made of composite materials." Journal of Biomechanics 39 (January 2006): S201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9290(06)83727-9.

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Aherwar, Amit, Amit Singh, and Amar Patnaik. "Study on mechanical and wear characterization of novel Co30Cr4Mo biomedical alloy with added nickel under dry and wet sliding conditions using Taguchi approach." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 232, no. 7 (April 5, 2016): 535–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420716638112.

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This paper investigates the effect of nickel particulate on mechanical behavior and sliding wear performance of novel Co30Cr4Mo alloy for orthopedic hip implant application with and without an introduction of distilled water (i.e. both dry and wet conditions) medium. The mechanical behavior is examined by the micro-hardness tester and the compression testing machine, while the wear performance is analyzed through a pin-on-disc tribometer where the samples slide against a counter disc made up of hardened alloy steel (EN-31) under different operating conditions at room temperature. Scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscopy, and X-ray diffraction are used to examine the surface morphology, worn surface profile, and cross-sectional microstructure of the fabricated alloy (Co30Cr4Mo) composite. In this study, at the beginning, steady state experimental analysis is carried out to find the volumetric wear loss and friction coefficient by varying the sliding velocity and normal load, respectively. After obtaining the steady state results, the Taguchi design of experiment has been conducted followed by statistical analysis of variance to identify the significant factor setting for obtaining better performance output. From the analysis, it is found that by increasing the nickel wt.%, the hardness and the compression strength of the fabricated alloy composites are increased. Furthermore, the fabricated alloy composite with 1 wt.% Ni shows the better wear resistance under different operating conditions in both dry and wet media. This study will give an idea for hip implant application but not direct replacement of human joints. In future, this study may be extended in more detail for biomedical applications for replacement of either human hip implant or animal implant, respectively.

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Qin, Wen, Jing Ma, Qian Liang, Jingdan Li, and Bin Tang. "Tribological, cytotoxicity and antibacterial properties of graphene oxide/carbon fibers/polyetheretherketone composite coatings on Ti–6Al–4V alloy as orthopedic/dental implants." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 122 (October 2021): 104659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104659.

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Cao, Jianfei, Yue Lu, Hechun Chen, Lifang Zhang, and Chengdong Xiong. "Bioactive poly(etheretherketone) composite containing calcium polyphosphate and multi-walled carbon nanotubes for bone repair: Mechanical property and in vitro biocompatibility." Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers 33, no. 5 (June 28, 2018): 543–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883911518783214.

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Poly(etheretherketone) exhibits good biocompatibility, excellent mechanical properties, and bone-like stiffness. However, the natural bio-inertness of pure poly(etheretherketone) hinders its applications in biomedical field, especially when direct bone-implant osteo-integration is desired. For developing an alternative biomaterial for load-bearing orthopedic application, combination of bioactive fillers with poly(etheretherketone) matrix is a feasible approach. In this study, a bioactive multi-walled carbon nanotubes/calcium polyphosphate/poly(etheretherketone) composite was prepared through a compounding and injection-molding process for the first time. Bioactive calcium polyphosphate was added to polymer matrix to enhance the bioactivity of the composite, and incorporation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes to composite was aimed to improve both the mechanical property and biocompatibility. Furthermore, the microstructures, surface hydrophilicity, and mechanical property of multi-walled carbon nanotubes/calcium polyphosphate/poly(etheretherketone) composite, as well as the cellular responses of MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cells to this material were investigated. The mechanical testing revealed that mechanical performance of the resulting ternary composite was significantly enhanced by adding the multi-walled carbon nanotubes and the mechanical values obtained were close to or higher than those of human cortical bone. More importantly, cell culture tests showed that initial cell adhesion, cell viability, and osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells were significantly promoted on the multi-walled carbon nanotubes/calcium polyphosphate/poly(etheretherketone) composite. Accordingly, the multi-walled carbon nanotubes/calcium polyphosphate/poly(etheretherketone) composite may be used as a promising bone repair material in dental and orthopedic applications.

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Chong, Alexander C. M., Forrest Miller, McKee Buxton, and Elizabeth A. Friis. "Fracture Toughness and Fatigue Crack Propagation Rate of Short Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites for Analogue Cortical Bone." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 129, no. 4 (January 19, 2007): 487–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2746369.

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Third-generation mechanical analogue bone models and synthetic analogue cortical bone materials manufactured by Pacific Research Laboratories, Inc. (PRL) are popular tools for use in mechanical testing of various orthopedic implants and biomaterials. A major issue with these models is that the current third-generation epoxy–short fiberglass based composite used as the cortical bone substitute is prone to crack formation and failure in fatigue or repeated quasistatic loading of the model. The purpose of the present study was to compare the tensile and fracture mechanics properties of the current baseline (established PRL “third-generation” E-glass–fiber–epoxy) composite analogue for cortical bone to a new composite material formulation proposed for use as an enhanced fourth-generation cortical bone analogue material. Standard tensile, plane strain fracture toughness, and fatigue crack propagation rate tests were performed on both the third- and fourth-generation composite material formulations using standard ASTM test techniques. Injection molding techniques were used to create random fiber orientation in all test specimens. Standard dog-bone style tensile specimens were tested to obtain ultimate tensile strength and stiffness. Compact tension fracture toughness specimens were utilized to determine plane strain fracture toughness values. Reduced thickness compact tension specimens were also used to determine fatigue crack propagation rate behavior for the two material groups. Literature values for the same parameters for human cortical bone were compared to results from the third- and fourth-generation cortical analogue bone materials. Tensile properties of the fourth-generation material were closer to that of average human cortical bone than the third-generation material. Fracture toughness was significantly increased by 48% in the fourth-generation composite as compared to the third-generation analogue bone. The threshold stress intensity to propagate the crack was much higher for the fourth-generation material than for the third-generation composite. Even at the higher stress intensity threshold, the fatigue crack propagation rate was significantly decreased in the fourth-generation composite compared to the third-generation composite. These results indicate that the bone analogue models made from the fourth-generation analogue cortical bone material may exhibit better performance in fracture and longer fatigue lives than similar models made of third-generation analogue cortical bone material. Further fatigue testing of the new composite material in clinically relevant use of bone models is still required for verification of these results. Biomechanical test models using the superior fourth-generation cortical analogue material are currently in development.

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Savich, V. V. "Criteria for selecting powder composite materials for orthopedic implants." Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics 48, no. 3-4 (March 2009): 216–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11106-009-9109-8.

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Liu, Xiangji, Yihang Ma, Minjiang Chen, Jiansong Ji, Yuhang Zhu, Qingsan Zhu, Min Guo, and Peibiao Zhang. "Ba/Mg co-doped hydroxyapatite/PLGA composites enhance X-ray imaging and bone defect regeneration." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 9, no. 33 (2021): 6691–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1tb01080h.

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Bai, Gong, Chen, Sun, Zhang, Cai, Zhu, and Xie. "Additive Manufacturing of Customized Metallic Orthopedic Implants: Materials, Structures, and Surface Modifications." Metals 9, no. 9 (September 12, 2019): 1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9091004.

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Metals have been used for orthopedic implants for a long time due to their excellent mechanical properties. With the rapid development of additive manufacturing (AM) technology, studying customized implants with complex microstructures for patients has become a trend of various bone defect repair. A superior customized implant should have good biocompatibility and mechanical properties matching the defect bone. To meet the performance requirements of implants, this paper introduces the biomedical metallic materials currently applied to orthopedic implants from the design to manufacture, elaborates the structure design and surface modification of the orthopedic implant. By selecting the appropriate implant material and processing method, optimizing the implant structure and modifying the surface can ensure the performance requirements of the implant. Finally, this paper discusses the future development trend of the orthopedic implant.

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Schildhauer, T. A., E. Peter, G. Muhr, and M. Köller. "Activation of human leukocytes on tantalum trabecular metal in comparison to commonly used orthopedic metal implant materials." Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A 88A, no. 2 (February 2009): 332–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.31850.

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Qiu, Hongjin, Jian Yang, Pradeep Kodali, Jason Koh, and Guillermo A. Ameer. "A citric acid-based hydroxyapatite composite for orthopedic implants." Biomaterials 27, no. 34 (December 2006): 5845–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.07.042.

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Gao, Qiang, Tao Feng, Danni Huang, Peng Liu, Peng Lin, Yan Wu, Zhaoming Ye, Jian Ji, Peng Li, and Wei Huang. "Antibacterial and hydroxyapatite-forming coating for biomedical implants based on polypeptide-functionalized titania nanospikes." Biomaterials Science 8, no. 1 (2020): 278–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9bm01396b.

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The immobilization of mussel-inspired polypeptide onto biomimetic titania nanospike coating enhanced its antibacterial ability and bioactivity, thus holding great promise for utilization for orthopedic and dental implants.

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Qiu, Hongjin, Jian Yang, Pradeep Kodali, Jason Koh, and Guillermo A. Ameer. "Erratum to “A citric acid-based hydroxyapatite composite for orthopedic implants”." Biomaterials 28, no. 11 (April 2007): 2068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.01.009.

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Lee, Sangmin, Yun-Young Chang, Jinkyu Lee, Sajeesh Kumar Madhurakkat Perikamana, Eun Mi Kim, Yang-Hun Jung, Jeong-Ho Yun, and Heungsoo Shin. "Surface engineering of titanium alloy using metal-polyphenol network coating with magnesium ions for improved osseointegration." Biomaterials Science 8, no. 12 (2020): 3404–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0bm00566e.

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Li, Xuan, Linyuan Han, Xiaokai Liu, Chenglin Chu, Jia Ju, Jing Bai, and Xiaobo Zhang. "A study on the impact behaviors of Mg wires/PLA composite for orthopedic implants." Journal of Materials Science 54, no. 23 (August 28, 2019): 14545–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-03955-1.

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Moraes, Carla, Camila Q. M. Bruna, Cristiane de Lion Botero Couto Lope, and Kazuko U. Graziano. "Research: Recovery of Microorganisms in Nonsterile, Reusable, Loaned Orthopedic Implants." Biomedical Instrumentation & Technology 53, no. 5 (September 1, 2019): 351–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2345/0899-8205-53.5.351.

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Abstract Currently, there are two orthopedic implant types: (1) Sterile implants (e.g., joint prostheses) are distributed in a ready-for-use sterile fashion, and (2) nonsterile implants (e.g., plates, screws, Schanz pins, intramedullary rods) are processed by a healthcare facility's central sterile service department (CSSD). The current study evaluated processed implants for presence of coagulase-negative staphylococci, which was observed in 30% of the cortical screws, spongy screws, and Schanz pins (37 total samples) processed by a CSSD. Some samples were resistant to antimicrobial agents, thereby demonstrating that risk exists in the current methods used in the processing of nonsterile implants. Also of important note, nonsterile implants are commonly loaned worldwide. Loaned implantable materials should not be processed in the same manner as materials routinely prepared in the CSSD, as it is not possible to know the quality of the cleaning performed before the materials are returned to the loaning company. It is not uncommon for hospitals to receive loaned materials with organic residues.

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Jeong, Woon-Jo. "A Study on the Deposition of Hydroxyapatite Nano Thin Films Fabricated by Radio-Frequency Magnetron Sputtering for Biomedical Applications." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 4114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.17582.

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We have developed a HA nano-coating technology suitable for dental and orthopedic implants using RF magnetron sputtering method which can achieve excellent adhesion to titanium compared with other various PVD coating technologies. As a result, the HA thin film prepared by RF magnetron sputtering has a thickness of about 1.6 [μm] and its adhesion force to base metal is about 11.93 [N] or more and Ca/P ratio is about 1.64, which is suitable for dental and orthopedic implants.

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Ibrahim, Mahmoud Z., Ahmed A. D. Sarhan, Farazila Yusuf, and M. Hamdi. "Biomedical materials and techniques to improve the tribological, mechanical and biomedical properties of orthopedic implants – A review article." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 714 (August 2017): 636–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.04.231.

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Choudhury, Dipankar, Juergen Lackner, Robert A. Fleming, Josh Goss, Jingyi Chen, and Min Zou. "Diamond-like carbon coatings with zirconium-containing interlayers for orthopedic implants." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 68 (April 2017): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.01.023.

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Gritsch, Lukas, Eloïse Perrin, Jean-Marc Chenal, Yann Fredholm, Anthony LB Maçon, Jérôme Chevalier, and Aldo R. Boccaccini. "Combining bioresorbable polyesters and bioactive glasses: Orthopedic applications of composite implants and bone tissue engineering scaffolds." Applied Materials Today 22 (March 2021): 100923. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2020.100923.

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Shanmuganantha, Lohashenpahan, Azmi Baharudin, Abu Bakar Sulong, Roslinda Shamsudin, and Min Hwei Ng. "Prospect of Metal Ceramic (Titanium-Wollastonite) Composite as Permanent Bone Implants: A Narrative Review." Materials 14, no. 2 (January 7, 2021): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14020277.

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This literature review discusses the influence of titanium ceramic composites as a biomaterial towards the fabrication of implants for orthopedic applications. The concept of applying metal-ceramic composites enable many novel combinations in the design and fabrication of complex materials which enhances functionality to improve cell and tissue matrix interactions particularly in the formation of bone. Specific focus is placed on its plethora of materials selected from the metals and ceramic group and identifying the optimal combination that matches them. The prospect of wollastonite as the ceramic counterpart is also highlighted. In this review, we have highlighted the different fabrication methods for such metal-ceramic materials as well as the role that these hybrids play in an in vitro and in vivo environment. Its economic potential as a bone implant material is also discussed.

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Shanmuganantha, Lohashenpahan, Azmi Baharudin, Abu Bakar Sulong, Roslinda Shamsudin, and Min Hwei Ng. "Prospect of Metal Ceramic (Titanium-Wollastonite) Composite as Permanent Bone Implants: A Narrative Review." Materials 14, no. 2 (January 7, 2021): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14020277.

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This literature review discusses the influence of titanium ceramic composites as a biomaterial towards the fabrication of implants for orthopedic applications. The concept of applying metal-ceramic composites enable many novel combinations in the design and fabrication of complex materials which enhances functionality to improve cell and tissue matrix interactions particularly in the formation of bone. Specific focus is placed on its plethora of materials selected from the metals and ceramic group and identifying the optimal combination that matches them. The prospect of wollastonite as the ceramic counterpart is also highlighted. In this review, we have highlighted the different fabrication methods for such metal-ceramic materials as well as the role that these hybrids play in an in vitro and in vivo environment. Its economic potential as a bone implant material is also discussed.

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Slizovskiy, G. B., V. E. Gunther, I. I. Kuzhelivskiy, L. A. Sitko, and M. A. Fedorov. "Surgical Correction of Child Planovalgus Deformity by Porous TiNi-based Implants." KnE Materials Science 2, no. 1 (July 17, 2017): 486. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kms.v2i1.842.

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The question of child degenerative-dystrophic diseases is predominate in orthopedic pathology, where the problem of its treatment is very acute. Excluding the modern treatment methods, the number of children suffering planovalgus deformity is comparably more to total orthopedic patients. This article describes a surgical treatment method of child planovalgus deformity by applying porous biocomposite materials from TiNi alloy. The method involves inserting porous frustoconical composite TiNi implant into subtalar joint, which, in its turn, could correct the deformation and shape the arch of foot eliminating planovalgus deformity.

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Ren, Fuzeng, Weiwei Zhu, and Kangjie Chu. "Fabrication and evaluation of bulk nanostructured cobalt intended for dental and orthopedic implants." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 68 (April 2017): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.01.039.

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Zhao, Changhong, Xiuzhen Lu, Carl Zanden, and Johan Liu. "The promising application of graphene oxide as coating materials in orthopedic implants: preparation, characterization and cell behavior." Biomedical Materials 10, no. 1 (February 10, 2015): 015019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-6041/10/1/015019.

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Jackson, Nicolette, Michel Assad, Derick Vollmer, James Stanley, and Madeleine Chagnon. "Histopathological Evaluation of Orthopedic Medical Devices: The State-of-the-art in Animal Models, Imaging, and Histomorphometry Techniques." Toxicologic Pathology 47, no. 3 (January 17, 2019): 280–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192623318821083.

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Orthopedic medical devices are continuously evolving for the latest clinical indications in craniomaxillofacial, spine, trauma, joint arthroplasty, sports medicine, and soft tissue regeneration fields, with a variety of materials from new metallic alloys and ceramics to composite polymers, bioresorbables, or surface-treated implants. There is great need for qualified medical device pathologists to evaluate these next generation biomaterials, with improved biocompatibility and bioactivity for orthopedic applications, and a broad range of knowledge is required to stay abreast of this ever-changing field. Orthopedic implants require specialized imaging and processing techniques to fully evaluate the bone-implant interface, and the pathologist plays an important role in determining the proper combination of histologic processing and staining for quality slide production based on research and development trials and validation. Additionally, histomorphometry is an essential part of the analysis to quantify tissue integration and residual biomaterials. In this article, an overview of orthopedic implants and animal models, as well as pertinent insights for tissue collection, imaging, processing, and slide generation will be provided with a special focus on histopathology and histomorphometry evaluation.

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Wu, Kailun, Bin Li, and Jiong Jiong Guo. "Fatigue Crack Growth and Fracture of Internal Fixation Materials in In Vivo Environments—A Review." Materials 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14010176.

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The development of crack patterns is a serious problem affecting the durability of orthopedic implants and the prognosis of patients. This issue has gained considerable attention in the medical community in recent years. This literature focuses on the five primary aspects relevant to the evaluation of the surface cracking patterns, i.e., inappropriate use, design flaws, inconsistent elastic modulus, allergic reaction, poor compatibility, and anti-corrosiveness. The hope is that increased understanding will open doors to optimize fabrication for biomedical applications. The latest technological issues and potential capabilities of implants that combine absorbable materials and shape memory alloys are also discussed. This article will act as a roadmap to be employed in the realm of orthopedic. Fatigue crack growth and the challenges associated with materials must be recognized to help make new implant technologies viable for wider clinical adoption. This review presents a summary of recent findings on the fatigue mechanisms and fracture of implant in the initial period after surgery. We propose solutions to common problems. The recognition of essential complications and technical problems related to various approaches and material choices while satisfying clinical requirements is crucial. Additional investigation will be needed to surmount these challenges and reduce the likelihood of fatigue crack growth after implantation.

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Liu, Chen, Zheng Ren, Yongdong Xu, Song Pang, Xinbing Zhao, and Ying Zhao. "Biodegradable Magnesium Alloys Developed as Bone Repair Materials: A Review." Scanning 2018 (2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9216314.

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Bone repair materials are rapidly becoming a hot topic in the field of biomedical materials due to being an important means of repairing human bony deficiencies and replacing hard tissue. Magnesium (Mg) alloys are potentially biocompatible, osteoconductive, and biodegradable metallic materials that can be used in bone repair due to their in situ degradation in the body, mechanical properties similar to those of bones, and ability to positively stimulate the formation of new bones. However, rapid degradation of these materials in physiological environments may lead to gas cavities, hemolysis, and osteolysis and thus, hinder their clinical orthopedic applications. This paper reviews recent work on the use of Mg alloy implants in bone repair. Research to date on alloy design, surface modification, and biological performance of Mg alloys is comprehensively summarized. Future challenges for and developments in biomedical Mg alloys for use in bone repair are also discussed.

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Cao, Jian, Zhongxing Liu, Limin Zhang, Jinlong Li, Haiming Wang, and Xiuhui Li. "Advance of Electroconductive Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications in Orthopedics." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (January 22, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6668209.

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Electroconductive hydrogels (EHs) are promising composite biomaterials of hydrogels and conductive electroactive polymers, incorporating bionic physicochemical properties of hydrogels and conductivity, electrochemistry, and electrical stimulation (ES) responsiveness of conductive electroactive polymers. The biomedical domain has increasingly seen EHs’ application to imitating the biological and electrical properties of human tissues, acclaimed as one of the most effective biomaterials. Bone’s complex bioelectrochemical properties and the corresponding stem cell differentiation affected by electrical signal elevate EHs’ application value in repairing and treating bone, cartilage, and skeletal muscle. Noteworthily, the latest orthopedic biological applications require broader information of EHs. Except for presenting the classification and synthesis of EHs, this review recapitulates the advance of EHs application to orthopedics in the past five years and discusses the pertinent development tendency and challenge, aiming to provide a reference for EHs application direction and prospect in orthopedic therapy.

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Parvinkal, Singh, and Kumar Pardeep. "An overview of biomedical materials and techniques for better functional performance, life, sustainability and biocompatibility of orthopedic implants." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 11, no. 28 (July 1, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2018/v11i28/130789.

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Morozova, Oksana, and Edwin Gevorkyan. "CURRENT STATE OF APPLIENCE ZIRCONIUM DIOXIDE IN BIOENGINEERING." Technology transfer: fundamental principles and innovative technical solutions 4 (November 30, 2020): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2585-6847.2020.001509.

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This descriptive review presents current knowledge about the bioengineering use of a zirconium dioxide, the advantages and disadvantages of the material, and the prospects for research in this direction. The work reflects the success of the practical application of the zirconium dioxide as a material for dental structures and biological implants. Such practical characteristics, such as color-stability, chemical stability, good aesthetics, biocompatibility and durability, allowed to actively use the zirconium dioxide as a material for producing various dental structures. In comparison with other ceramics, the presence of high-performance of strength and fracture toughness of the zirconium dioxide enables the use of this material as an alternative material for the reconstructions in the readings with considerable loads. High hardness determines the zirconium dioxide as an excellent material for articular prostheses, because of its hardness, provides a low level of wear and excellent biocompatibility. However, along with positive characteristics, a widespread practical problem of using the zirconium dioxide in dentistry is a chip or fracture of veneering ceramics. It has also been reported that there is a shortage of orthopedic implants such as hydrothermal stability. The solution of such problems is indicated and the use of composite materials based on the zirconium dioxide, which allows to solve a similar problem, as well as to increase the service life and reliability of orthopedic implants by providing a higher fracture toughness and mechanical strength. The existence of such composite materials based on the zirconium dioxide provides a significant increase in the wear resistance of orthopedic implants, which is essential for successful prosthetics

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Tayebi, Morteza, Davood Bizari, and Zabihollah Hassanzade. "Investigation of mechanical properties and biocorrosion behavior of in situ and ex situ Mg composite for orthopedic implants." Materials Science and Engineering: C 113 (August 2020): 110974. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.110974.

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Parcharoen, Yardnapar, Preecha Termsuksawad, and Sirinrath Sirivisoot. "Improved Bonding Strength of Hydroxyapatite on Titanium Dioxide Nanotube Arrays following Alkaline Pretreatment for Orthopedic Implants." Journal of Nanomaterials 2016 (2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9143969.

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Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a bioactive bone substitute used in biomedical applications. One approach to use HA for bone implant application is to coat it on titanium (Ti) implant. However, adhesion of HA on Ti is major concern for their long-term use in orthopedic implants. To enhance the adhesion strength of HA coating on titanium (Ti), the surface of the Ti was anodized and alkaline pretreated prior to coating on Ti by electrodeposition. Alkaline pretreatment of titanium dioxide nanotubes (ATi) accelerated the formation of HA, which mimicked the features and structure of natural bone tissue. Nanostructured HA formed on the ATi and pretreated ATi (P-ATi), unlike on conventional Ti. This study is the first to show that the bonding of HA coating to a P-ATi substrate was stronger than those of HA coating to Ti and to ATi. The preosteoblast response tests were also conducted. The results indicated that HA coating improved preosteoblast proliferation after 3 days in standard cell culture.

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Sadati, Mahzad, Sadegh Ghofrani, and Ali Abouei Mehrizi. "Investigation of porous cells interface on elastic property of orthopedic implants: Numerical and experimental studies." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 120 (August 2021): 104595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104595.

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Rikhari, Bhavana, S. Pugal Mani, and N. Rajendran. "Polypyrrole/graphene oxide composite coating on Ti implants: a promising material for biomedical applications." Journal of Materials Science 55, no. 12 (January 24, 2020): 5211–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-04228-7.

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Stevanovic, Milena, Marija Djosic, Ana Jankovic, Kyong Rhee, and Vesna Miskovic-Stankovic. "Electrophoretically deposited hydroxyapatite-based composite coatings loaded with silver and gentamicin as antibacterial agents." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 84, no. 11 (2019): 1287–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc190821092s.

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Increasing need for improved, compatible bone tissue implants led to the intensive research of novel biomaterials, especially hydroxyapatite (HAP)- -based composite materials on titanium and titanium alloy surfaces. Owing to its excellent biocompatibility and osteoinductivity properties, hydroxyapatite is often used as part of composite biomaterials aimed for orthopedic implant applications. In order to overcome persistent problems of bacterial infection, various antimicrobial agents and materials and their incorporation in such medical devices were investigated. This paper represents a comprehensive review of single-step electrodeposition on titanium of hydroxyapatite/chitosan/graphene composite coatings loaded with silver and antibiotic gentamicin as antibacterial agents. The improvement of mechanical and adhesive properties of deposited composite coatings was achieved by graphene and chitosan addition, while desirable antibacterial properties were introduced by including antibiotic gentamicin and silver. The biocompatibility of electrodeposited HAP and HAP-based composite coatings was evaluated by MTT testing, indicating a non-cytotoxic effect and high potential for future medical use as orthopedic implant coating.

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Hamweendo, Agripa, Lebogang Moloisane, and Ionel Botef. "Bio-Mechanical Compatibility Assessment of Titanium-Nickel Alloy Fabricated Using Cold Spray Process." Materials Science Forum 828-829 (August 2015): 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.828-829.351.

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This paper presents the bio-mechanical compatibility assessment of Titanium-Nickel (TiNi) alloy fabricated using cold spray (CS) process. This research creates opportunity for meeting the increased demand for biomedical implants in orthopedic surgeries brought by sport and traffic related bone injuries. Due to their exceptional properties, TiNi alloys are promising alternative biomedical materials to the traditional Ti6Al4V alloys. Studies show that the conventional methods for producing TiNi alloys have several challenges. As a contribution towards resolving this problem, this paper studied the bio-mechanical properties of Ti and TiNi structures fabricated using CS process. The results of this study show that the porosity, incipient Young’s modulus, and tensile strength of TiNi and Ti coatings are close to the required values for the biomedical implants. Consequently, this research demonstrates that porous TiNi and Ti structures fabricated by CS are possible candidates for biomedical implants and that CS could be a new process for fabricating near-net shape bio-mechanical compatible materials.

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Ahirwar, Harbhajan, Yubin Zhou, Chinmaya Mahapatra, Seeram Ramakrishna, Prasoon Kumar, and Himansu Sekhar Nanda. "Materials for Orthopedic Bioimplants: Modulating Degradation and Surface Modification Using Integrated Nanomaterials." Coatings 10, no. 3 (March 12, 2020): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10030264.

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Significant research and development in the field of biomedical implants has evoked the scope to treat a broad range of orthopedic ailments that include fracture fixation, total bone replacement, joint arthrodesis, dental screws, and others. Importantly, the success of a bioimplant depends not only upon its bulk properties, but also on its surface properties that influence its interaction with the host tissue. Various approaches of surface modification such as coating of nanomaterial have been employed to enhance antibacterial activities of a bioimplant. The modified surface facilitates directed modulation of the host cellular behavior and grafting of cell-binding peptides, extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, and growth factors to further improve host acceptance of a bioimplant. These strategies showed promising results in orthopedics, e.g., improved bone repair and regeneration. However, the choice of materials, especially considering their degradation behavior and surface properties, plays a key role in long-term reliability and performance of bioimplants. Metallic biomaterials have evolved largely in terms of their bulk and surface properties including nano-structuring with nanomaterials to meet the requirements of new generation orthopedic bioimplants. In this review, we have discussed metals and metal alloys commonly used for manufacturing different orthopedic bioimplants and the biotic as well as abiotic factors affecting the failure and degradation of those bioimplants. The review also highlights the currently available nanomaterial-based surface modification technologies to augment the function and performance of these metallic bioimplants in a clinical setting.

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Bartolomeu, F., J. Fonseca, N. Peixinho, N. Alves, M. Gasik, F. S. Silva, and G. Miranda. "Predicting the output dimensions, porosity and elastic modulus of additive manufactured biomaterial structures targeting orthopedic implants." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 99 (November 2019): 104–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.07.023.

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Yao, Chang, and Thomas J. Webster. "Anodization: A Promising Nano-Modification Technique of Titanium Implants for Orthopedic Applications." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 6, no. 9 (September 1, 2006): 2682–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2006.447.

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Anodization is a well-established surface modification technique that produces protective oxide layers on valve metals such as titanium. Many studies have used anodization to produce micro-porous titanium oxide films on implant surfaces for orthopedic applications. An additional hydrothermal treatment has also been used in conjunction with anodization to deposit hydroxyapatite on titanium surfaces; this is in contrast to using traditional plasma spray deposition techniques. Recently, the ability to create nanometer surface structures (e.g., nano-tubular) via anodization of titanium implants in fluorine solutions have intrigued investigators to fabricate nano-scale surface features that mimic the natural bone environment. This paper will present an overview of anodization techniques used to produce micro-porous titanium oxide structures and nano-tubular oxide structures, subsequent properties of these anodized titanium surfaces, and ultimately their in vitro as well as in vivo biological responses pertinent for orthopedic applications. Lastly, this review will emphasize why anodized titanium structures that have nanometer surface features enhance bone forming cell functions.

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Téllez-Martínez, Jorge Sergio, Luis Olmos, Víctor Manuel Solorio-García, Héctor Javier Vergara-Hernández, Jorge Chávez, and Dante Arteaga. "Processing and Characterization of Bilayer Materials by Solid State Sintering for Orthopedic Applications." Metals 11, no. 2 (January 23, 2021): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11020207.

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A new processing route is proposed to produce graded porous materials by placing particles of Ti6Al4V with different sizes in different configurations to obtain bilayer samples that can be used as bone implants. The sintering behavior is studied by dilatometry and the effect of the layers’ configuration is established. To determine pore features, SEM and computed microtomography were used. Permeability is evaluated by numerical simulations in the 3D real microstructures and the mechanical properties are evaluated by compression tests. The results show that a graded porosity is obtained as a function of the size of the particle used. The mechanical anisotropy due to the pore size distribution and the sintering kinetics, can be changed by the particle layer arrangements. The Young modulus and yield stress depend on the relative density of the samples and can be roughly predicted by a power law, considering the layers’ configuration on the compression behavior. Permeability is intimately related to the median pore size that leads to anisotropy due to the layers’ configuration with smaller and coarser particles. It is concluded that the proposed processing route can produce materials with specific and graded characteristics, with the radial configuration being the most promising for biomedical applications.

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Mohamed, Aya, Hans-Georg Breitinger, and Ahmed M. El-Aziz. "Effect of pH on the degradation kinetics of a Mg–0.8Ca alloy for orthopedic implants." Corrosion Reviews 38, no. 6 (November 18, 2020): 489–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2020-0008.

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AbstractOne of the promising applications of magnesium and magnesium alloys is their use as biodegradable implants in biomedical applications. The pH around an orthopedic implant greatly affects the degradation kinetics of biodegradable Mg–Ca alloys. At the location of a fracture, local pH changes, and this has to be considered in the optimization of implant materials. In this study, the effect of the pH of a physiological buffer on degradation of a Mg–0.8Ca alloy was studied. The pH of Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS) was adjusted to 1.8, 5.3 and 8.1. Degradation of a Mg–0.8Ca implant was tested using immersion test and electrochemical techniques. Immersion tests revealed an initial weight gain for all samples followed by weight loss at extended immersion time. Weight gain was highest at acidic pH (1.8) and lowest at alkaline pH (8.1). This was in agreement with results from electrochemical polarization tests where the degradation rate was highest (7.29 ± 2.2 mm/year) at pH 1.8 and lowest (0.31 ± 0.06 mm/year) in alkaline medium of pH 8.1. The pH of all HBSS buffers except the most acidic (pH 1.8) reached a steady state of ∼pH 10 at the end of the two-month immersion period, independent of the initial pH of the solution. Corrosion products formed on the sample surfaces were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD), revealing the formation of magnesium and calcium phosphates with distinct morphologies that were different for each of the pH conditions. Thus, pH of physiological buffers has a significant effect on the degradation and corrosion of Mg–Ca alloys used for biomedical applications.

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Radda'a, Namir S., Wolfgang H. Goldmann, Rainer Detsch, Judith A. Roether, Luis Cordero-Arias, Sannakaisa Virtanen, Tomasz Moskalewicz, and Aldo R. Boccaccini. "Electrophoretic deposition of tetracycline hydrochloride loaded halloysite nanotubes chitosan/bioactive glass composite coatings for orthopedic implants." Surface and Coatings Technology 327 (October 2017): 146–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.07.048.

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Hanawa, Takao. "Recent Development of New Alloys for Biomedical Use." Materials Science Forum 512 (April 2006): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.512.243.

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Metallic materials are widely used in medicine not only for orthopedic implants but also for cardiovascular devices and other purposes. New alloys for biomedical use are developed all over the world continuously to decrease corrosion, toxicity and fracture during implantation and increase interfacial and dynamical tissue compatibility. Most of efforts are made to develop titanium alloys, especially in β-type alloys whose Young’s modulus is as low as cortical bone. Nickel-free alloy is also necessary to prevent nickel allergy: nickel-free austenitic stainless steels and shape memory alloys are developed. To increase iocompatibility, the controls of surface morphology and surface treatment or modification are necessary.

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