Relevant bibliographies by topics / Osmolits

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Osmolits'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 14 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Osmolits"

1

Sone, M., A. Ohno, G. J. Albrecht, K. Thurau, and F. X. Beck. "Restoration of urine concentrating ability and accumulation of medullary osmolytes after chronic diuresis." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 269, no. 4 (October 1, 1995): F480—F490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1995.269.4.f480.

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Restoration of urine osmolality (Uosm) and medullary osmolyte contents after chronic diuresis was studied in rats infused for 6 days with furosemide and subsequently given the vasopressin analogue, 1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP). Papillary tip intra- and extracellular electrolyte concentrations were measured by electron microprobe analysis, tissue contents of methylamines (glycerophosphorylcholine, betaine), polyols (myo-inositol, sorbitol), and several amino acids in different kidney zones by high-performance liquid chromatography. Administering DDAVP continuously after diuresis increased Uosm from (means +/- SE) 348 +/- 8 to 1,265 +/- 127 after 1 day and 2,485 +/- 186 mosmol/kgH2O after 3 days. The sum of all osmolytes at the papillary tip rose from 309.2 +/- 28.9 to 690.9 +/- 105.8 and 1,282.8 +/- 21.0 mmol/kg protein after days 1 and 3, respectively. Although interstitial tonicity (sum of Na, Cl, and K concentrations) was increased by 116 and 223% after 1 and 3 days DDAVP, intracellular tonicity was similar in chronic diuresis and following 1 or 3 days DDAVP. Coadministration of DDAVP with betaine, myo-inositol, and choline (“osmolyte treatment”) did not accelerate the restoration of Uosm but caused significantly higher contents of osmolytes (except myo-inositol) in inner medulla and/or papilla after 3 days. In a minority of animals, restoration of Uosm and reaccumulation of medullary osmolytes were impeded in both DDAVP- and DDAVP/osmolyte-treated rats. These data indicate that, after chronic diuresis, accumulation of organic osmolytes and restoration of Uosm proceed in parallel. Capacity for transport and/or synthesis of organic osmolytes, rather than their availability, appear to limit reaccumulation on the first day of recovery. By the third day, delivery of some osmolytes or their precursors may limit the restoration of medullary osmolyte content. The failure of some rats to attain sufficient concentrating ability within this time period may be related to deficient reaccumulation of medullary osmolytes.
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Qu, Youxing, C. L. Bolen, and D. W. Bolen. "Osmolyte-driven contraction of a random coil protein." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95, no. 16 (August 4, 1998): 9268–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.16.9268.

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The Stokes radius characteristics of reduced and carboxamidated ribonuclease A (RCAM RNase) were determined for transfer of this “random coil” protein from water to 1 M concentrations of the naturally occurring protecting osmolytes trimethylamineN-oxide, sarcosine, sucrose, and proline and the nonprotecting osmolyte urea. The denatured ensemble of RCAM RNase expands in urea and contracts in protecting osmolytes to extents proportional to the transfer Gibbs energy of the protein from water to osmolyte. This proportionality suggests that the sum of the transfer Gibbs energies of individual parts of the protein is responsible for the dimensional changes in the denatured ensemble. The dominant term in the transfer Gibbs energy of RCAM RNase from water to protecting osmolytes is the unfavorable interaction of the osmolyte with the peptide backbone, whereas the favorable interaction of urea with the backbone dominates in RCAM RNase transfer to urea. The side chains collectively favor transfer to the osmolytes, with some protecting osmolytes solubilizing hydrophobic side chains as well as urea does, a result suggesting there is nothing special about the ability of urea to solubilize hydrophobic groups. Protecting osmolytes stabilize proteins by raising the chemical potential of the denatured ensemble, and the uniform thermodynamic force acting on the peptide backbone causes the collateral effect of contracting the denatured ensemble. The contraction decreases the conformational entropy of the denatured state while increasing the density of hydrophobic groups, two effects that also contribute to the ability of protecting osmolytes to force proteins to fold.
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Goude, Renan, St�phanie Renaud, Sylvie Bonnassie, Th�ophile Bernard, and Carlos Blanco. "Glutamine, Glutamate, and α-Glucosylglycerate Are the Major Osmotic Solutes Accumulated by Erwinia chrysanthemi Strain 3937." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 11 (November 2004): 6535–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.11.6535-6541.2004.

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ABSTRACT Erwinia chrysanthemi is a phytopathogenic soil enterobacterium closely related to Escherichia coli. Both species respond to hyperosmotic pressure and to external added osmoprotectants in a similar way. Unexpectedly, the pools of endogenous osmolytes show different compositions. Instead of the commonly accumulated glutamate and trehalose, E. chrysanthemi strain 3937 promotes the accumulation of glutamine and α-glucosylglycerate, which is a new osmolyte for enterobacteria, together with glutamine. The amounts of the three osmolytes increased with medium osmolarity and were reduced when betaine was provided in the growth medium. Both glutamine and glutamate showed a high rate of turnover, whereas glucosylglycerate stayed stable. In addition, the balance between the osmolytes depended on the osmolality of the medium. Glucosylglycerate and glutamate were the major intracellular compounds in low salt concentrations, whereas glutamine predominated at higher concentrations. Interestingly, the ammonium content of the medium also influenced the pool of osmolytes. During bacterial growth with 1 mM ammonium in stressing conditions, more glucosylglycerate accumulated by far than the other organic solutes. Glucosylglycerate synthesis has been described in some halophilic archaea and bacteria but not as a dominant osmolyte, and its role as an osmolyte in Erwinia chrysanthemi 3937 shows that nonhalophilic bacteria can also use ionic osmolytes.
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Kossowska, Dorota, Kyungwon Kwak, and Minhaeng Cho. "Do Osmolytes Impact the Structure and Dynamics of Myoglobin?" Molecules 23, no. 12 (December 3, 2018): 3189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23123189.

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Osmolytes are small organic compounds that can affect the stability of proteins in living cells. The mechanism of osmolytes’ protective effects on protein structure and dynamics has not been fully explained, but in general, two possibilities have been suggested and examined: a direct interaction of osmolytes with proteins (water replacement hypothesis), and an indirect interaction (vitrification hypothesis). Here, to investigate these two possible mechanisms, we studied myoglobin-osmolyte systems using FTIR, UV-vis, CD, and femtosecond IR pump-probe spectroscopy. Interestingly, noticeable changes are observed in both the lifetime of the CO stretch of CO-bound myoglobin and the spectra of UV-vis, CD, and FTIR upon addition of the osmolytes. In addition, the temperature-dependent CD studies reveal that the protein’s thermal stability depends on molecular structure, hydrogen-bonding ability, and size of osmolytes. We anticipate that the present experimental results provide important clues about the complicated and intricate mechanism of osmolyte effects on protein structure and dynamics in a crowded cellular environment.
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Bagnasco, S. M., M. H. Montrose, and J. S. Handler. "Role of calcium in organic osmolyte efflux when MDCK cells are shifted from hypertonic to isotonic medium." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 264, no. 5 (May 1, 1993): C1165—C1170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1993.264.5.c1165.

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Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells accumulate the nonperturbing osmolytes myo-inositol and betaine when grown in hypertonic medium. When returned to isotonic conditions, there is a transient basolateral efflux of these osmolytes, contributing to regulatory volume decrease. Using fura-2 fluorescence, we estimated intracellular calcium concentrations after switching MDCK cells from 500 to 300 mosM medium. Cell calcium increased 565 +/- 93 nM within 5 min. Lowering extracellular calcium inhibited the increase in cell calcium and osmolyte efflux when cells were shifted from 500 to 300 mosM medium. The calcium channel blockers lanthanum and nifedipine also inhibited osmolyte efflux after the shift from 500 to 300 mosM. In the absence of change in medium tonicity, increasing cell calcium by exposure to 1 microM ionomycin did not alter osmolyte efflux. As in PAP-HT25 cells, the cytochrome P-450 inhibitors ketoconazole and SKF-525A inhibited the efflux of both osmolytes caused by a reduction in osmolarity. Thus an early rise in cell calcium that is dependent on extra-cellular calcium and a pathway blocked by inhibitors of cytochrome P-450 oxidase are critical in regulation of osmolyte efflux when MDCK cells are shifted from hypertonic to isotonic medium.
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Tiwari, Mrityunjay K., and Rajesh K. Murarka. "Interaction strength of osmolytes with the anion of a salt-bridge determines its stability." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 23, no. 9 (2021): 5527–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cp05378c.

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The salt-bridge (SB) interaction energy and the energy of interaction between osmolyte and SB anion are anti-linearly correlated, suggesting that by merely knowing osmolyte⋯acetate interaction, one might predict the influence of osmolytes on a SB.
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Nakanishi, T., O. Uyama, H. Nakahama, Y. Takamitsu, and M. Sugita. "Determinants of relative amounts of medullary organic osmolytes: effects of NaCl and urea differ." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 264, no. 3 (March 1, 1993): F472—F479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1993.264.3.f472.

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Sorbitol, inositol, betaine, taurine, and glycerophosphorylcholine (GPC) are organic osmolytes that accumulate in the renal inner medulla during antidiuresis. In the cultured cell model, high medium sodium increases all the cell osmolytes and high medium urea increases cell GPC and inositol. It has been difficult, however, to discriminate between the effects of sodium and urea on organic osmolytes in water-deprived animals. To determine the nature of the in vivo responses of osmolyte accumulation induced by extracellular sodium or urea, we measured the medullary organic osmolytes and tested the degree of their linear correlation with urine and tissue parameters in control, dehydrated, salt-loaded, and urea-loaded rats. All of the osmolytes except myo-inositol increased in salt-loaded rats. Betaine and sorbitol contents in dehydrated rats were less than in salt-loaded rats, but other osmolytes increased significantly. Conversely, in urea-loaded rats, only GPC increased significantly, whereas either no change occurred for other osmolytes or sometimes betaine and sorbitol levels decreased. These data suggest that high sodium increases all of the osmolytes except myoinositol, whereas high urea increases only GPC and may decrease the renal medullary contents of betaine and sorbitol. We also demonstrated, using linear regression analysis, that urea and electrolyte in urine as well as tissue correlate well with each osmolyte measured.
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Warskulat, Ulrich, Stefanie Brookmann, Andrea Reinen, and Dieter Häussinger. "Ultraviolet B radiation induces cell shrinkage and increases osmolyte transporter mRNA expression and osmolyte uptake in HaCaT keratinocytes." Biological Chemistry 388, no. 12 (December 1, 2007): 1345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bc.2007.140.

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Abstract We have previously shown that compatible organic osmolytes, such as betaine, myo-inositol and taurine, are part of the stress response of normal human keratinocytes (NHKs) to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation. In this regard, we tested human HaCaT keratinocytes as a surrogate cell line for NHK. HaCaT cells osmo-dependently express mRNA specific for transport proteins for betaine (BGT-1), myo-inositol (SMIT) and taurine (TAUT). Compared to normoosmotic (305 mosmol/l) controls, which strongly constitutively expressed BGT-1 mRNA, strong induction of SMIT and TAUT mRNA as well as low induction of BGT-1 mRNA expression was observed between 3 and 9 h after hyperosmotic exposure (405 mosmol/l). This expression correlated with an increased osmolyte uptake. Conversely, hypoosmotic (205 mosmol/l) stimulation led to a significant efflux of osmolytes. Exposure to UVB (290–315 nm) radiation induced cell shrinkage which was followed by an upregulation of osmolyte transporter mRNA levels and osmolyte uptake. These results demonstrate that human HaCaT keratinocytes possess an osmolyte strategy including UVB-induced cell shrinkage and following increased osmolyte uptake. However, several differences in osmolyte transporter expression and uptake were noted between NHK and HaCaT cells, indicating that the use of HaCaT cells as a surrogate cell line for NHK has limitations.
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Heilig, C. W., M. E. Stromski, and S. R. Gullans. "Methylamine and polyol responses to salt loading in renal inner medulla." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 257, no. 6 (December 1, 1989): F1117—F1123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1989.257.6.f1117.

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Methylamines and polyhydric alcohols (polyols) are major organic osmolytes of the mammalian renal inner medulla and have generally been noted to change in parallel with urine osmolality. In the present study, responses of inner medullary methylamines and polyols to 5 days of salt loading were investigated. Salt loading increased plasma sodium concentration and induced a saline diuresis that resulted in a significantly lower urine osmolality (Uosmol) in salt-loaded rats (1,246 mosmol) compared with controls (2,147 mosmol). Analysis of inner medullary organic osmolytes using 1H-NMR spectroscopy and biochemical assays indicated no significant change in total methylamines, total polyols, or total osmolytes with salt loading. However, there were marked changes in individual organic osmolytes. Renal inner medullary glycerophosphorylcholine (GPC) was 41% lower in salt-loaded rats, and was the only organic osmolyte that changed in parallel with Uosmol, which was 42% lower in this group. In contrast, glycine betaine (betaine) and sorbitol contents were elevated by 286% and 33%, respectively, with salt loading, and myo-inositol (inositol) was unchanged. These findings indicate selective renal inner medullary osmolyte responses to salt loading with only GPC varying directly with changes in urine osmolality.
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Schmolke, M., A. Bornemann, and W. G. Guder. "Site-specific regulation of organic osmolytes along the rat nephron." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 271, no. 3 (September 1, 1996): F645—F652. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1996.271.3.f645.

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The regulation of organic osmolytes was investigated in acute furosemide and chronic lithium diuresis along the nephron and in urinary bladder of rats. Sorbitol, myo-inositol, glycerophosphorylcholine, and betaine were measured enzymatically or by high performance liquid chromatography in homogenates and bioluminometrically in microdissected tubules. In untreated rats, all osmolytes except myo-inositol increased along the corticopapillary axis. An efflux of all osmolytes (-50%) was observed in homogenates of outer and inner medulla after acute furosemide diuresis (15 min, urinary osmolality = 329 mosmol/kgH2O) and for both polyols in microdissected tubules (30 min). In urinary bladder, only low concentrations of myo-inositol were found not to be affected by furosemide treatment. Chronic lithium treatment (7 days; urinary osmolality = 385 mosmol/kgH2O) decreased inner medullary but not outer medullary osmolyte concentrations. The results confirm a site-specific organic osmolyte pattern along the rat nephron, which is rapidly changed in a segment-specific way by different mechanisms of diuresis. The bladder epithelium does not accumulate organic osmolytes because no "osmotic gap" exists across the basolateral membrane. The osmotic difference across the apical membrane is maintained by the apical tightness of these cells.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Osmolits"

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Pruneda, Sais Anna. "Estudi citològic i bioquímic del fluid epididimari de "Sus domesticus"." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7926.

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En aquest estudi s'ha determinat que al augmentar el ritme d'extraccions de semen es produeixen canvis en el patró d'absorció i secreció del fluid epididimari, que provoquen alteracions en la maduració epididimaria dels espermatozoides i un desenvolupament anòmal de la motilitat espermàtica.
La concentració de glutamat i carnitina al fluid epididimari augmenten al llarg del conducte epididimari, alhora que la concentració de myo-inositol disminueix. El contingut de myo-inositol a l'interior dels espermatozoides disminueix, mentre que el contingut de glutamat augmenta a partir del caput distal i el contingut de carnitina no varia al llarg del conducte.
S'ha determinat la presència de la ruta del poliol a l'epidídim de porcí. Els resultats obtinguts indiquen que la glucosa difon de la sang cap al fluid epididimari, és convertida a sorbitol per l'aldosa reductasa, i aquest sorbitol s'acumula al fluid luminal i és convertit a fructosa per l'acció de la sorbitol deshidrogenasa.
A high semen collection frequency brought about an altered resorption and secretion pattern of the epididymal fluid, which results in defective sperm maturation and abnormal development of sperm motility.
In this study, it has been determined that in epididymal fluid the concentration of myo-inositol decreased in a proximo-distal direction, whereas intraluminal concentrations of L-carnitine and L-glutamate increased distally. The content of inositol in spermatozoa fell as they moved from the distal caput whereas sperm glutamate increased from the distal caput to more distal regions and carnitine content remained unchanged during epididymal transit.
In this study, evidence for an operative polyol pathway was demonstrated in the porcine epididymis. The results found are consistent with diffusion of circulating glucose into the lumen, its conversion via aldose reductase to sorbitol which accumulates in the lumen and the action of sorbitol dehidrogenase on sorbitol to produce fructose.
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Rangel, David Paul. "Effects of neutral osmolytes on DNA /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8609.

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Hadizadeh, Shirin. "The effect of osmolytes on protein folding." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30503.

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Living cells are composed of a variety of biological macromolecules such as nucleic acid, metabolites, proteins and cytoskeletal filaments as well as other particles. The fraction of the cellular interior volume that is taken by these biomolecules is about 30%, leading to a highly crowded environment. Biomolecules present in an extremely dense environment inside a cell have a completely different set of kinetic and thermodynamic behavior than in a test tube. Therefore comprehending the effect of crowding conditions on biological molecules is crucial to broad research fields such as biochemical, medical and pharmaceutical sciences. Experimentally, we are able to mimic such crowded environments; which are of more physiological relevance, by adding high concentrations of synthetic macromolecules into uncrowded buffers. Theoretically, very little attention has been paid to the effects of the dense cellular cytoplasm on biological reactions. The purpose of this work is to investigate analytically the effects of crowding agents on protein folding and stability. We present a new parameter as the measure of the polymer size, which will substitute the traditional measurements of the radius of gyration of the polymer and the end to end distance of a polymeric chain. Using this quantity we derive an expression for the free energy of the polymer which can easily be generalized to provide the free energy of a protein. This mechanism enables us to study the effect of crowding on folding and stability of a protein. The stabilization effects of the crowding particles depend on the concentration and the size of the crowders and also the type of the crowding particles that are present in the system. In our calculations the type of the crowders is controlled by the energetic parameter between the protein and surrounding macromolecules.
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Foord, Rachel Lucy. "The effect of osmolytes on protein stability." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244276.

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Bothwell, John Henry Fordyce. "Swelling-activated organic osmolyte decrease in brain tissue preparations." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326110.

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Renaud, Stéphanie. "Impact des osmolytes organiques sur l'activité catalytique des protéines." Rennes 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004REN10134.

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Au cours de ce travail nous avons montré que les osmolytes organiques tels que la glycine bétai͏̈ne (GB) inhibent l'activité de plusieurs enzymes dont celle de la glutamate déshydrogénase (GDH) et de la dihydrofolate réductase (DHFR). Cet effet est proportionnel à la concentration de l'osmolyte et présente les caractéristiques d'une inhibition incompétitive. Ces osmolytes organiques provoquent en effet une diminution de la vitesse de catalyse et une augmentation de l'affinité apparente pour les substrats. Au delà des paramètres optimaux des enzymes, ces dernières ne sont plus inhibées mais activées par la GB. Cette dualité d'effets est liée à la capacité de la GB à stabiliser les protéines et à réduire leur flexibilité. Nos résultats montrent que tous les solutés compatibles ont la capacité d'activer ou d'inhiber les enzymes, nous proposons un modèle qui, suivant les caractéristiques du soluté et de la protéine permet de comprendre cette dualité d'effet. Les agents déstabilisants tels que les sels, la température et l'urée ont un effet opposé à celui de la GB sur l'activité de la GDH. Leurs effets sont également intégrés au modèle proposé. L'inhibition de l'activité de la GDH contribuerait à réduire l'accumulation du glutamate lorsque la GB s'accumule dans la cellule. Ce phénomène permet ainsi d'expliquer la préférence des cellules pour la GB au détriment des solutés néosynthétisés lors de l'adaptation à un stress hyperosmotique. L'inhibition d'autres enzymes telles que la DHFR laisse présager un impact plus général de ces molécules sur le métabolisme cellulaire.
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Söderlund, Tim. "Membrane interactions of small solutes studies with drugs and osmolytes." Helsinki : University of Helsinki, 2003. http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/laa/kliin/vk/soderlund/.

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Daloso, Danilo de Menezes. "Role of sucrose for tobacco guard cell osmoregulation: osmolyte or substrate?" Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2013. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/9919.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais
A papel da sacarose em CG foi investigado através da caracterização de plantas de Tabaco transgênicas superexpressando a isoforma 3 do gene sacarose sintase (NtSuSy3) sob controle do promotor KST1 bem como por experimentos de análise de fluxo metabólico utilizando fragmentos epidérmicos enriquecidos com CG (EF) durante abertura estomática induzida pela luz. As plantas NtSuSy3 mostraram aumentos na condutância estomática, fotossíntese e nas taxas de transpiração a nível foliar e de planta inteira. As alterações observadas no metabolismo de CG das plantas transgênicas são discutidas no texto. Observou-se uma redução nos níveis de sacarose em diferentes experimentos de abertura estomática induzida pela luz, enquanto que os níveis de sacarose no meio não foram alterados, sugerindo que a sacarose foi degradada no simplasto de CG. A análise via LC-qTOF-MS de experimentos com EF submetidos a NaH13C03 durante abertura estomática induzida pela luz mostraram um enriquecimento de 13 C em sacarose, malato, fumarate e glutamins. As possíveis funções exercidas por esses metabólitos são discutidas no texto. Em conjunto, os dados desse trabalho sugerem que a degradação da sacarose no simplasto de CG pode ser um mecanismo importante para a abertura estomática de Tabaco induzida pela luz.
A characterization of transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing potato sucrose synthase 3 gene (NtSuSy3) under control of KST1 promoter was performed in order to analyze the role of sucrose metabolism on GC osmoregulation. Also, we performed a metabolic flux analysis in guard cell enriched epidermal fragment (EF) of Nicotiana tabacum in order to investigate changes in GC metabolism during stomatal aperture light-induced. NtSuSy3 plants showed higher stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, whole plant transpiration, and net photosynthetic rate than wild type (WT). Several changes in GC metabolism were observed in transgenic plants are discussed in the text. In different stomatal aperture light-induced experiments, it was observed a decrease in sucrose content, while no changes were detected in the sugar content in the medium; suggesting that the sugars decreased observed is due to breakdown and not efflux of GC. Using a feeding strategy in EF submitted to NaH13C03 followed by LC-qTOF-MS analysis, a 13 C-enrichment in sucrose, malate, fumarate and glutamine were observed. The possible function of these metabolites for GC osmoregulation are discussed in the text. Taken together, the data showed here provide evidence for another role of sucrose for GC osmoregulation. Our data suggest that sucrose breakdown, not just sucrose accumulation, can be performed to induce stomatal opening in tobacco.
O autor não aprersentou título em portuguẽs. A data de aprovação foi aleatória devido não constar na tese. Tese enviada pela secretaria do curso por e-mail, em 28-03-17.
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Bolliger, Marc. "Untersuchung von intrazellulären Osmolytkonzentrationen im Hirn nach Dehydratation durch Ausdauerbelastung." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philosophische Fakultät IV, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15388.

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Einleitung: Mit der vorliegenden Studie wurden zum ersten Mal beim Menschen die Auswirkungen von Dehydration (Dehy) und anschließender Rehydratation (Rehy) auf cerebrale volumenregulatorische Metabolite (myo-Inosit (mI), N-Azetylaspartat+N-Azetylaspartylglutamat (tNAA), Kreatin (Cr), Glyzerophosphocholin+Phosphocholin (Cho) und Glutamat+Glutamin (Glx)) sowie auf Flüssigkeitsverschiebungen untersucht. Methoden: 14 Radsportler (26.6 (22.7/29.8) Jahre, Median und 25./75. Perzentile) wurden mittels 1H-Spektroskopie (1H-MRS) in der okzipitoparietalen grauen Substanz (GM) und parietalen weißen Substanz rechts (WMR) und links (WML) untersucht (GE Signa Horizon 3T94; PRESS: TE 30ms, TR 6000ms, VOI 8ml). Die Messungen erfolgten vor, direkt nach Dehy und nach Rehy (180min, Zufuhr von 150\% der verlorenen Körpermasse (KM)). Zusätzlich wurde durch T2-Relaxationsmessungen der Atrophieindex alpha (Verhältnis cerebrales Gewebewasser (HW) zu Liquor (CSF)) bestimmt. Resultate: Die KM der Probanden reduzierte sich durch Dehy um 3.7 (3.4/4.1)% und stieg durch Rehy wieder um 4.5 (3.7/5.3)% an (Wilcoxon: p
Introduction: In the present study the influence of Dehy on cerebral volume regulatory metabolites (myo-Inositol (mI), N-Acetyl-aspartata+N-Acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate (tNAA), Creatine (Cr), Glycerophosphocholine+Phosphocholine (Cho) and Glutamate+Glutamine (Glx)) and fluid shifts has been investigated for the first time in humans. Methods: 14 cyclists (26.6 (22.7/29.8) y, median and 25./75. percentile) have been examined with proton NMR spectroscopy in the occipito-parietal gray matter (GM) and the right (WMR) and left (WML) parietal with matter (GE Signa Horizon 3T94; PRESS: TE 30ms, TR 6000ms, VOI 8ml). Spectra were acquired before, immediately after Dehy and after rehydration (Rehy). Rehy took place during 180min and 150% of lost body weight (BW) was substituted. Additionally the atrophy index alpha (ratio between cerebral water and liquor) was assessed (T2 signal decay as a function of echo time). Results: BW of volunteers has been decreased 3.7 (3.4/4.1)% after Dehy and increased 4.5 (3.7/5.3)% after Rehy (Wilcoxon: p
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Richards, Tiffany. "Cell volume regulation and organic osmolytes in post-compaction stage mouse embryos." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28374.

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It has previously been shown that high osmolarity is detrimental to cleavage-stage mouse embryo development in vitro, and that the presence of several organic osmolytes can provide protection against the detrimental effects of raised osmolarity. Whether the same is true for post-compaction stage embryos is unknown. In the present work, it was found that mouse post-compaction stage embryo development was inhibited by raised osmolarity. However, inhibition of embryo development from the 8-cell to the blastocyst stage occurred only at much higher osmolarities than that which inhibited development from the 1-cell stage. Glutamine, glycine, L-alanine and beta-alanine, which have been proven to function as organic osmolytes providing protection against increased osmolarity in cleavage-stage embryos (during the 1-cell through 4-cell stages), also protected post-compaction stage embryos from the detrimental effects of high osmolarity. Two other organic osmolytes, betaine and proline, which are effective in pre-compaction embryos, were not effective in providing protection against raised osmolarity in embryos developing in vitro from the 8-cell stage, nor were myo-inositol and taurine, which have been shown to be ineffective in cleavage-stage embryos. In addition, cleavage-stage embryos and post-compaction stage embryos were found to use different transport mechanisms to accumulate the four organic osmolytes that provided them with osmoprotection. When assessed in morulae, the amino acid transport system beta was found to be responsible for beta-alanine transport, while transport system B0+ mediated transport of glutamine, glycine and L-alanine. Glutamine, glycine, L-alanine and beta-alanine supported post-compaction stage embryo development, higher embryo cell number in blastocysts, and greater embryo volume at higher osmolarities. The four compounds identified do not share metabolic pathways or other such properties in common, and thus it is likely that post-compaction mouse embryos utilize them, in large part, as organic osmolytes.
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Books on the topic "Osmolits"

1

Rajendrakumar Singh, Laishram, and Tanveer Ali Dar, eds. Cellular Osmolytes. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3707-8.

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Karłowicz, Leon. Z przeszłości Osmolic. Lublin: Strzyżewickie Towarzystwo Regionalne, 1997.

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Iqbal, Noushina, Rahat Nazar, and Nafees A. Khan, eds. Osmolytes and Plants Acclimation to Changing Environment: Emerging Omics Technologies. New Delhi: Springer India, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2616-1.

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Nothnagel, Jürgen. Der Einfluss von Salinität und Lichtintensität auf die Osmolytkonzentrationen, die Zellvolumina und die Wachstumsraten der antarktischen Eisdiatomeen Chaetoceros sp. und Navicula sp. unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Aminosäure Prolin =: The effects of salinity and light intensity on the osmolyte concentrations, cell volumes and growth rates of the Antarctic sea-ice diatoms Chaetoceros sp. and Navicula sp. with emphasis on the amino acid proline. Bremerhaven: Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 1995.

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Nothnagel, Jürgen. Der Einfluss von Salinität und Lichtintensität auf die Osmolytkonzentrationen, die Zellvolumina und die Wachstumsraten der antarktischen Eisdiatomeen Chaetoceros sp. und Navicula sp. unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Aminosäure Prolin =: The effects of salinity and light intensity on the osmolyte concentrations, cell volumes and growth rates of the antarctic sea-ice diatoms Chaetoceros sp. and Navicula sp. with emphasis on the amino acid proline. Bremerhaven: Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 1995.

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Singh, Laishram Rajendrakumar, and Tanveer Ali Dar. Cellular Osmolytes: From Chaperoning Protein Folding to Clinical Perspectives. Springer, 2017.

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Singh, Laishram Rajendrakumar, and Tanveer Ali Dar. Cellular Osmolytes: From Chaperoning Protein Folding to Clinical Perspectives. Springer, 2018.

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Khan, Nafees A., Noushina Iqbal, and Rahat Nazar. Osmolytes and Plants Acclimation to Changing Environment: Emerging Omics Technologies. Springer, 2019.

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Khan, Nafees A., Noushina Iqbal, and Rahat Nazar. Osmolytes and Plants Acclimation to Changing Environment: Emerging Omics Technologies. Ingramcontent, 2015.

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Book chapters on the topic "Osmolits"

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Gomez, Felipe. "Osmolite." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1191. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11274-4_1204.

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Gomez, Felipe. "Osmolite." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_1204-2.

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Gomez, Felipe. "Osmolite." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1803–4. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44185-5_1204.

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Chaudhuri, Pratima, Naira Rashid, and Charu Thapliyal. "Osmolyte System and Its Biological Significance." In Cellular Osmolytes, 1–34. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3707-8_1.

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Dandapath, Iman, Megha Chatterjee, Dhoopchhaya Sarkar, Akanksha Gupta, Gulam Rabbani, and Rinki Minakshi. "Bacterial Osmolyte System and Its Physiological Roles." In Cellular Osmolytes, 229–49. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3707-8_10.

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Ali, Fasil, Usma Manzoor, Mudasser Azam, and Naseem A. Ansari. "Protein-Osmolyte Interactions: Molecular Insights." In Cellular Osmolytes, 35–53. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3707-8_2.

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Pallapati, Anusha R., Eshita Das, and Ipsita Roy. "Crosstalk Between Osmolytes and Cellular Chaperones: Examples in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." In Cellular Osmolytes, 55–75. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3707-8_3.

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Rahman, Safikur, Jihyun Park, and Jihoe Kim. "Osmolytes Offset the Urea’s Effect on Protein Structure and Function." In Cellular Osmolytes, 77–96. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3707-8_4.

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Chhabra, Garima, Nividh Chandra, and Rajaram Swaminathan. "Osmolytes: Key Players in Regulating Protein Aggregation." In Cellular Osmolytes, 97–119. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3707-8_5.

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Bhat, Mohd Younus, Laishram Rajendrakumar Singh, and Tanveer A. Dar. "Modulation of Protein Aggregation/Fibrillation by Osmolytes." In Cellular Osmolytes, 121–42. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3707-8_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Osmolits"

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Ateshian, Gerard A., Kevin D. Costa, Evren U. Azeloglu, Barclay Morrison, and Clark T. Hung. "Continuum Modeling of Biological Tissue Growth by Cell Division." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-205495.

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A framework is formulated for continuum modeling of biological tissue growth that explicitly addresses cell division, using a homogenized representation of cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM). The essential elements of this model rely on the description of the cell as containing a solution of water and osmolytes, and having osmotically inactive solid constituents that may be generically described as a porous solid matrix. The division of a cell into two nearly identical daughter cells normally starts with the duplication of cell contents during the synthesis phase, followed by cell division during the mitosis phase. Thus, ultimately, cell division is equivalent to doubling of the cell solid matrix and osmolyte content, and a resulting increase in water uptake via osmotic effects. In a homogenized representation of the tissue, the geometry of individual cells is not modeled explicitly, but their solid matrix and intracellular osmolyte content can be suitably incorporated into the analysis of the tissue response, thereby accounting for their osmotic effects. Thus, cell division can be described by the growth of these cell constituents, including the accumulation of osmotically active content, and the resultant uptake of water.
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Teo, Ka Yaw, Basma Ibrahim, Seungman Park, Yeo Yoon, and Bumsoo Han. "Enhanced Transmucosal Transport Using Osmolyte-Mediated Fluid-Matrix Interaction." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53102.

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Various drug delivery systems are developed to deliver therapeutic and diagnostic agents to tissues covered with mucus, such as airways, nasal cavity, or oral cavity [1]. However, the mucus, which present for protection of the tissues, significantly hinders the transport of these agents and ultimately mitigates their efficacy [2]. Several studies have been performed to improve the transmucosal transport by studying the transport rates of polymeric nanoparticles with various sizes and surface chemistry [3–5]. However, drug delivery systems with improved transmucosal transport capability are still highly desired.
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Tuchin, Valery V., Tatijana G. Anishchenko, Alexey A. Mishin, and Olga V. Soboleva. "Control of bovine sclera optical characteristics with various osmolytes." In BiOS '97, Part of Photonics West, edited by Alexander V. Priezzhev, Toshimitsu Asakura, and Robert C. Leif. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.273626.

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"The effect of Osmolytes (sucrose and glucose) on bovine intestine Alkaline Phosphatase activity." In International Conference on Medicine, Public Health and Biological Sciences. CASRP Publishing Company, Ltd. Uk, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18869/mphbs.2016.133.

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Chand, Apramita, K. Sandeep Rao, and Snehasis Chowdhuri. "A molecular dynamics simulation study of osmolyte effects on solution conformations of [Met]-enkephalin." In NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS: NCPCM2020. AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0061203.

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Voloshin, R. A., S. K. Zharmukhamedov, and S. I. Allahverdiyev. "The influence of osmolytes on photosynthetic electronic transport and work efficiencysolar cells sensitized by thylakoid membranes." In IX Congress of society physiologists of plants of Russia "Plant physiology is the basis for creating plants of the future". Kazan University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/978-5-00130-204-9-2019-103.

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Siddhanta, Soumik, and Ishan Barman. "An improved, non-functionalized route to plasmonic nanoparticle based cellular probing through osmolyte mediation (Conference Presentation)." In Colloidal Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications XII, edited by Xing-Jie Liang, Wolfgang J. Parak, and Marek Osiński. SPIE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2252415.

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Wang, Xiaofei, Guangfeng Kan, Xiulian Ren, Cuijuan Shi, and Ruiqi Wang. "Optimization of Cold-adapted α-amylase Production in Escherichia coli by Regulation of Induction Conditions and Supplement with Osmolytes." In ICBBB '20: 2020 10th International Conference on Bioscience, Biochemistry and Bioinformatics. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3386052.3386058.

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Hulme, Paul, Simon Chi, Dominic Young, John Matyas, and Neil A. Duncan. "Enzymatic Digestion Technique Influences Regulatory Volume Decrease of Isolated Bovine Chondrocytes." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-32671.

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Cell volume regulation has been observed in almost all cell types examined to date. When cells are exposed to hypotonic solutions a quick increase in volume is followed by a more gradual return, termed regulatory volume decrease (RVD). The mechanism associated with RVD depends upon cell type and species, but in bovine chondrocytes the non-selective osmolyte channels are mainly responsible [1]. In a chondrocyte, volume control is critical for the maintenance of metabolism, and biosynthesis. Volume fluctuations can be due to changes in hydrostatic pressure, fluid flows, deformation, and extracellular matrix (ECM) hydration. Alterations in hydration can occur during static loading of articular cartilage or during the early stages of osteoarthritis [1], which have been correlated with changes in cellular metabolism. The swelling behaviour of chondrocytes, and the mechanism by which they sense and respond to changes in their physico-chemical environment, are not well understood [1]. To investigate the effects of osmotic environment on chondrocyte behaviour it is often beneficial to isolate cells from the ECM, which can be achieved by a variety of techniques. To investigate the effect of isolation technique on the swelling behaviour of bovine chondrocytes, two enzymatic digestion techniques were chosen for this study.
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Khan, Shagufta H., John A. Arnott, Hani Atamna, Nihal Ahmad, and Raj Kumar. "Abstract 4552: Naturally occurring osmolyte, trehalose induces a functionally active conformation in an intrinsically disordered transactivation function domain (AF1) of the Glucocorticoid Receptor." In Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2011-4552.

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