Relevant bibliographies by topics / Osmosis

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Academic literature on the topic 'Osmosis'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Osmosis"

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Mr., Deo Abhijit J. Ms. Monika Ola Mrs. Rajveer Bhaskar Mr. Shinde Bhushan Dr.H.S. Mahajan. "REVIEW ON FORMULATION ASPECTS OF OSMOTIC DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM." INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES o6, no. 05 (May 9, 2019): 9172–82. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2682533.

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<em>The drug delivery System is a new approach to controlling the release of medicinal forms. A Wide range of drug delivery systems for patented osmosis resistance such as Rose-Nelson pump, Higuchi-leeper pump, higuchi-theeuwes pump, elementary osmotic pump etc. Possibility for poorly allowed medications, release of pulsatile drugs, zero emission order is useful. Different methods for sample ratio are obtained push pull osmotic Pump, osmotic Bursting osmotic pump, liquid oral osmotic system, sandwiched osmotic tablets (SOTS), long period of time delivery osmotic device, and controlled porosity osmotic Pump. Release of the drug from the osmosis pressure system is controlled by various factors, such as the formulation and solubility of the main component osmosis pressure, the degree of opening of the type of supply and control of the membrane. The Development of the extended release capacity measurement structure also requires saving the Wise through channels (GIT). With the help of this drug in the existing technology to get the best bioavailability, which produces osmosis drug distribution system, is essentially unique. This study now highlights the flow of frustration and traffic osmosis treatment with innovation and clinical research.</em> <strong>Keywords: </strong><em>Oral Controlled Osmotic Drug delivery system (OCODDS), Sandwich Osmotic Pump Tablet (SOPT), Elementary Osmotic Pump (EOP), Semi permeable Membrane (SPM), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Liquid Oral Osmotic System (L-OROS)<strong>.</strong></em>
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Xiaoyu, Fan, Ding Jihui, Wei Yaxing, and Zhao Qi. "Experimental study on treatment of municipal sludge by electro-osmotic method." International Journal of Engineering Research & Science 3, no. 12 (December 31, 2017): 16–22. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1187242.

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<em>The main purpose of the electro</em><em>-</em><em>osmosis method in engineering is to reinforce the foundation</em><em>. The electro-osmosis method has a lot of research on the foundation reinforcement. The most application is the experiment of electro-osmotic combined loading. The experiment on treatment of heavy metals in municipal sludge by electro-osmotic method is still in a blank state. In this paper, the changes of basic physical properties of sludge before and after electro-osmosis and the changes of heavy metals in sludge before and after electro-osmosis were analyzed. The feasibility of electro-osmotic treatment of heavy metals in sludge was verified by comparing the content of heavy metals in the sludge with the standard value of soil environmental quality after electro-osmotic treatment</em><em>.</em>
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Kiil, F. "Molecular mechanisms of osmosis." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 256, no. 4 (April 1, 1989): R801—R808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1989.256.4.r801.

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Osmosis across a semipermeable membrane is usually treated in terms of thermodynamics, but the equations for osmosis can also be derived from kinetic considerations. Since fewer solvent molecules bombard the semipermeable membrane from the solution side, a kinetic pressure difference (osmotic potential) is generated into pore openings. Intermolecular forces cancel each other and do not affect the osmotic potential. On the other hand, osmotic flow is dependent on intermolecular cohesive forces permitting the generation of large negative pressures in the membrane pores. Osmosis is therefore a unique property of liquids, whereas intermolecular cohesive forces do not affect diffusion. Osmotic pressure up to 180 atm can be correctly determined from the reduction in saturated vapor pressure above the solution because osmotic pressure and reduction in vapor pressure to some extent are analogous phenomena. Osmotic pressures up to 180 atm may also be correctly determined from kinetic considerations by accounting for binding between solvent and solute molecules (4-5 water molecules per solute molecule for sucrose solutions).
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Wu, Sihao, Juntao Wang, Lin Zhang, Sixin Liu, and Congfa Li. "Effects of Osmotic Dehydration on Mass Transfer of Tender Coconut Kernel." Foods 13, no. 14 (July 11, 2024): 2188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods13142188.

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Tender coconut water has been very popular as a natural beverage rich in various electrolytes, amino acids, and vitamins, and hence a large amount of tender coconut kernel is left without efficient utilization. To explore the possibility of making infused tender coconut kernel, we investigated the effects of two osmosis methods, including solid-state osmotic dehydration and liquid-state osmotic dehydration, as well as two osmosis agents such as sorbitol and sucrose, on the mass transfer of coconut kernel under solid-state osmotic dehydration conditions. The results showed that under the conditions of solid-state osmosis using sucrose and liquid-state osmosis using sucrose solution, the water diffusion coefficients were 9.0396 h−1/2 and 2.9940 h−1/2, respectively, with corresponding water mass transfer coefficients of 0.3373 and 0.2452, and the equilibrium water loss rates of 49.04% and 17.31%, respectively, indicating that the mass transfer efficiency of solid-state osmotic dehydration of tender coconut kernel was significantly higher than that of liquid-state osmotic dehydration. Under solid osmosis conditions, the water loss rates using sucrose and sorbitol were 38.64% and 41.95%, respectively, with dry basis yield increments of 61.38% and 71.09%, respectively, demonstrating superior dehydration efficiency of sorbitol over sucrose under solid-state osmosis. This study can provide a reference for the theoretical study of the mass transfer of tender coconut kernel through osmotic dehydration, and also provide technical support for the development and utilization of tender coconut kernel.
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Xiang, Pengfei, Yunliang Cui, and Gang Wei. "Study on the Effect of Low-Temperature Anode Filled with FeCl3 Solution on Electro-Osmotic Reinforcement of Soft Clay." Applied Sciences 12, no. 5 (February 28, 2022): 2517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12052517.

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In order to study the effect of FeCl3 solution on the current, soil pH value, drainage volume, anode potential difference, energy consumption, and resistivity of electro-osmosis consolidation of soft clay with different moisture contents under a low temperature environment, we carried out 31 sets of model tests under different working conditions by using a self-made device and an improved Miller Soil Box. The test results showed that, under the same conditions, although the energy consumption coefficient of electro-osmosis had little change in the low temperature environment, the current, displacement, and electro-osmosis coefficient were obviously reduced, and the resistivity and anode potential difference was greatly increased, indicating that the low temperature environment reduces the efficiency of electro-osmosis of soft clay. After the anode was filled with FeCl3 solution, the current, water displacement, and electro-osmotic coefficient were clearly increased; the anode potential difference and electro-osmotic energy consumption coefficient were clearly decreased; and the resistivity was reduced to a certain extent, which indicates that the anode filled with FeCl3 solution is very beneficial in improving electro-osmotic efficiency and in saving energy. The electro-osmotic discharge after the anode filled with FeCl3 solution at low temperature was clearly higher than that after the anode was filled water at normal temperature, indicating that the effect of the anode filled with FeCl3 solution on electro-osmosis is greater than that of temperature. In the process of electro-osmosis of soft clay, the better the electro-osmosis effect, the smaller the pH value of the anode and the larger the pH value of the cathode. The pH value of the cathode and anode can be used as one of the indexes to reflect the electro-osmosis effect.
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Odom, Arthur Louis, Lloyd H. Barrow, and William L. Romine. "Teaching Osmosis to Biology Students." American Biology Teacher 79, no. 6 (August 1, 2017): 473–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2017.79.6.473.

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Osmosis is a fundamental concept of great importance to understanding natural biological, physical, and chemical processes. We provide an instructional guide to assist instructors of advanced high school biology and college biology students in defining questions that are central to deriving a highly developed understanding of osmosis. We present teaching activities that focus on advancing multiple hypotheses about the cause of osmosis, presenting a tentative explanation and model of osmosis, and drawing scientifically accepted conclusions about osmotic processes.
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Touati, Khaled, Fernando Tadeo, and Hamza Elfil. "Osmotic energy recovery from Reverse Osmosis using two-stage Pressure Retarded Osmosis." Energy 132 (August 2017): 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.05.050.

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Jeyakanthan, V., C. T. Gnanendran, and S. C. R. Lo. "Laboratory assessment of electro-osmotic stabilization of soft clay." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 48, no. 12 (December 2011): 1788–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t11-073.

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The application of electro-osmosis (EO) for stabilizing soft clays is receiving more attention in geotechnical engineering. When the application of traditional ground improvement techniques, such as surcharge, pre-loading, wick drains, and vacuum pre-loading, is not appropriate for a particular situation, innovative techniques such as electro-osmosis need to be considered. Although the effectiveness of electro-osmosis has been widely demonstrated in many field applications, geotechnical engineers are still hesitant to apply electro-osmosis due to unknown effects such as electro-chemical changes, which could not be accounted for in the design. This paper presents a design of an electro-osmotic triaxial testing apparatus suitable for electro-osmotic treatment of soft clays and for measuring electro-osmotic permeability and generated pore-water pressure, as well as a testing procedure that accounts for the contribution of electro-chemical changes in the improvement of soil properties. A series of electro-osmotic triaxial tests with various initial stresses and boundary conditions were conducted and the results are presented in the paper.
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Kim, Jung Eun, Sherub Phuntsho, Syed Muztuza Ali, Joon Young Choi, and Ho Kyong Shon. "Forward osmosis membrane modular configurations for osmotic dilution of seawater by forward osmosis and reverse osmosis hybrid system." Water Research 128 (January 2018): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.10.042.

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Spinelli Barria, Michele, Cecilia Morales, Cristian Merino, and Waldo Quiroz. "Realist ontology and natural processes: a semantic tool to analyze the presentation of the osmosis concept in science texts." Chemistry Education Research and Practice 17, no. 4 (2016): 646–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5rp00219b.

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In this work, we developed an ontological tool, based on the scientific realism of Mario Bunge, for the analysis of the presentation of natural processes in science textbooks. This tool was applied to analyze the presentation of the concept of osmosis in 16 chemistry and biology books at different educational levels. The results showed that more than 50% of the books present the process of osmosis connected just with concentration properties associated with the hydrodynamic state of the osmotic process, forgetting the properties of osmotic pressure to define the state of osmotic equilibrium. This omission creates confusion between the state of osmotic equilibrium with the isotonic state by reducing the entire osmosis process to a mere process of diffusion by differences in concentrations. Moreover, in 4 of the biology textbooks, the presentation of the osmosis concept and osmotic equilibrium in cell system illustrations generates confusion between hydrostatic pressure generated by gravityvs.hydrostatic pressure generated by membrane tension or turgor pressure. Our results show that in most of the texts, the osmotic process is not connected with the non-equilibrium state, macroscopic dynamic state or equilibrium state, whereas in other textbooks, equivalence between these states and hypo–hyper and isotonic states is incorrectly presented.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Osmosis"

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Alaswad, Saleh O. M. "Investigation of organic osmotic agents forward osmosis desalination process." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2015. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/808886/.

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This study investigated the effects of novel membrane-osmotic agent systems on forward osmosis process efficacy. Glucose, sucrose and NaCl were investigated as osmotic agents, and nano-filtration, reverse osmosis and hollow fibre flat sheet as membrane types. The effects of draw solution concentration, flow rate and temperature as well as feed water flow rate and temperature were investigated for the aforementioned membrane types. The efficacy of forward osmosis process was measured on the basis of water flux, water recovery rate, water permeability, specific energy consumption and solute flux where applicable. Single, binary and ternary systems were considered. Experimental results showed the NF membrane and the RO membrane performed better at low and high concentrations of osmotic agent. Higher water flux rates were achieved by using NF membrane for both types of osmotic agents with changing osmotic agent concentration rates. The best result was obtained through the combination of NF membrane and glucose at lower concentrations and with sucrose at higher concentrations. The NF membrane-sucrose system showed better results for all parameters when changing feed water flow rate at lower temperatures while the NF-glucose system showed better performance when increasing temperature of the solution. Specific energy consumption increased in all the combinations of membrane-osmotic agent with increasing osmotic agent concentration rates. However, the lowest energy requirements were noted for the combination of NF membrane - glucose as an osmotic agent. Overall, both NF and RO membranes showed better results at different osmotic agent flow rates, but glucose proved to be the superior osmotic agent. For the binary systems, higher FO process efficacy across almost all parameters was noted for the systems with deionised water (DW). However, systems also used more energy; because such systems also used more energy they are not necessarily superior to other systems. Water recovery rate and water flux were considerably higher in a ternary system involving sucrose + NaCl + DW compared to the ternary system using brackish water as feed solution in FO process. Overall, FO efficiency for a ternary mixture of glucose osmotic agent + NaCl salt + BW was higher in water recovery and water flux than the other ternary mixtures with DW as feed solution. Based on the study results, a number of recommendations for future work are provided. Manipulated Osmosis Desalination (MOD) is a promising desalination approach that should be further investigated by analysing the factors affecting the process’ efficacy. Such factors are likely to include various membrane parameters (thickness, porosity and different pore diameters) and draw solutions as well as the process parameters including temperature, flow rates and osmotic agent concentrations. Further investigations should be conducted for binary and especially ternary systems involving different types of membranes and solutes for refining and optimising the process of selection. The Close loop circulation system needs to be replaced by the no-circulation systems for better FO performance in future studies. Importantly, the experimental results should be compared with the developed mathematical models to further validate the results. Finally, future MOD studies should focus on identifying optimal regeneration approaches. The selection of osmotic agents based on their regeneration economics along with other important FO parameters could be undertaken in future research.
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Hassinger, Elaine. "Reverse Osmosis Units." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/156939.

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1 pp.<br>Reverse osmosis (RO) is an excellent way to remove certain unwanted contaminants, such as lead and nitrates, from your drinking water. This article discusses how reverse osmosis works, and both the advantages and disadvantages of the system.
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Xie, Zhangwang. "Polysaccharide fouling in reverse osmosis and forward osmosis desalination and its alleviation." Thesis, Xie, Zhangwang (2015) Polysaccharide fouling in reverse osmosis and forward osmosis desalination and its alleviation. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2015. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/31172/.

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Membrane separation processes, including forward osmosis (FO) and reverse osmosis (RO), for application in water desalination are plagued by membrane fouling. In particular, membrane biofouling is unpredictable in its nature and affected by numerous factors. One of the major contributors to biofouling is the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by bacteria, especially the polysaccharides that form a large part of EPS. The objectives of this study are to understand the polysaccharide fouling mechanisms based on a comparison of polysaccharide fouling in FO and RO and to find suitable alleviating agents for polysaccharide fouling mitigation. Three major tasks were conducted in this study. Firstly, polysaccharide fouling in FO and RO were compared under identical solution chemistry and operational conditions to understand the respective fouling mechanisms in FO and RO. Secondly, some alleviating agents for mitigation of polysaccharide fouling in FO and RO were tested to demonstrate the fouling alleviation mechanism. Thirdly, a model of hydraulic resistances was developed to illustrate membrane fouling mechanisms based on analysis of the contribution of hydraulic resistances to permeate flux decline. Major findings are: 1) Commercial polysaccharides and polysaccharides isolated from naturally adherent bacteria behaved differently in membrane fouling, which showed that alginate was not a typical model and it is important to select a proper model for polysaccharide fouling. 2) Under identical conditions, membrane fouling by both commercial and isolated polysaccharides was more severe in RO than FO, indicating the importance of pressure source in membrane fouling. 3) RO fouling was likely dominated by foulant – foulant interaction which was greatly affected by calcium ions, while FO fouling could be largely governed by foulant – membrane interaction, which was greatly influenced by solution viscosity. 4) Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) at a proper dose was found to be able to reduce membrane fouling, which could be explained by the electrostatic repulsion between polysaccharides and SNP. 5)Presence of calcium ions played a crucial role in polysaccharide fouling and its alleviation, with its presence leading to significant increase in cake resistance in RO fouling and reducing alleviation efficiency.
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Lion, Thomas. "Osmosis : a molecular dynamics computer simulation study." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/7877.

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Osmosis is a phenomenon of critical importance in a variety of processes ranging from the transport of ions across cell membranes and the regulation of blood salt levels by the kidneys to the desalination of water and the production of clean energy using potential osmotic power plants. However, despite its importance and over one hundred years of study, there is an ongoing confusion concerning the nature of the microscopic dynamics of the solvent particles in their transfer across the membrane. In this thesis the microscopic dynamical processes underlying osmotic pressure and concentration gradients are investigated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. I first present a new derivation for the local pressure that can be used for determining osmotic pressure gradients. Using this result, the steady-state osmotic pressure is studied in a minimal model for an osmotic system and the steady-state density gradients are explained using a simple mechanistic hopping model for the solvent particles. The simulation setup is then modified, allowing us to explore the timescales involved in the relaxation dynamics of the system in the period preceding the steady state. Further consideration is also given to the relative roles of diffusive and non-diffusive solvent transport in this period. Finally, in a novel modi cation to the classic osmosis experiment, the solute particles are driven out-of-equilibrium by the input of energy. The effect of this modi cation on the osmotic pressure and the osmotic ow is studied and we find that active solute particles can cause reverse osmosis to occur. The possibility of defining a new "osmotic effective temperature" is also considered and compared to the results of diffusive and kinetic temperatures.
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Siddiqui, Farrukh Arsalan. "Membrane filtration : fouling and cleaning in forward osmosis, reverse osmosis, and ultrafiltration membranes." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:bcaadfaa-62fb-4910-8218-bff387a19a11.

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A comparison of fouling in osmotically driven processes with that in pressure driven processes is the main focus of the thesis. Forward osmosis (FO) and reverse osmosis (RO) have received considerable attention for water treatment and seawater desalination. This research compared the nature of fouling in FO mode with that in RO starting with the same initial flux in connection with cleaning effects and then comparing to those in ultrafiltration membranes. In all cases, with cleaning as an integral part, the extent of fouling reversibility, and the question whether a critical flux could be determined were examined. The work during the first phase (undertaken at Oxford) quantified the removal of reversible fouling through rinsing by cold and hot water for a range of concentrations using the foulants dextran and carboxymethyl cellulose. The flux-TMP relationship was conventionally compared to that of the clean water flux. The later phase (at Singapore) compared the fouling in FO and RO by alginate in terms of multiple parameters using cellulose tri acetate (CTA) and thin film composite (TFC) membranes. Silica and alginate were selected as model foulants. Whilst experimental water flux profiles in the present study did not exhibit significant differences in trend between FO and RO fouling, foulant resistance for FO was found to be increasingly greater than for RO with the progression of the fouling tests. This was further corroborated by membrane autopsies post fouling tests; both foulant mass deposition density and specific foulant resistance for FO were greater than for RO. The analysis clearly revealed that FO is essentially more prone to fouling than RO which was presumably due to less flux decline in FO (or greater average flux) as compared to that in RO in result of ICP-self compensation effect which is opposite to the prevailing claim in the literature. Additionally, the present study did not find evidence that hydraulic pressure in RO has a role in foulant layer compaction. FO membrane fouling by real waters was the focus of the final phase of the research at SMTC. Pilot scale FO experiments were conducted on spiral wound CTA membrane with treated waste water obtained from a NEWater factory (Singapore) as the feed. In the second stage, experiments were repeated at bench scale with membrane coupons taken from the spiral wound membranes used earlier. The key finding was that the mass transfer coefficients in the Spiral-Wound module were around 50% lower than the corresponding values in the flat sheet unit and this severely limited the fluxes. The reason could be attributed to strong internal concentration polarisation in the former, where tightly wound spacers act to increase the structural parameter.
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Guell, David Charles. "The physical mechanism of osmosis and osmotic pressure--a hydrodynamic theory for calculating the osmotic reflection coefficient." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/29859.

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Arnaud, Damien. "Biofouling on reverse osmosis membranes." Thesis, Arnaud, Damien (2015) Biofouling on reverse osmosis membranes. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2015. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/29838/.

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Membrane biofouling is a major concern in water treatment processes as it can significantly reduce the system’s efficiency. Biofouling is mainly caused by microorganisms, and is difficult to control or avoid. It leads to higher operating pressure which strains the membrane, shortens the membrane life, and increases maintenance costs. Multiple literature reviews suggest that the main contributors to membrane biofouling are polysaccharides. This is why in this project two model polysaccharides (alginate and xanthan) were used to study their individual fouling effects on reverse osmosis efficiency, as well as their fouling effects coupled with calcium chloride on the same system’s efficiency. During experiments, the polysaccharides were used in 0.2g/L concentrations, while calcium chloride was used at a concentration of 1.3mM. Because alginate and xanthan are two different types of polysaccharides, they would be expected to have different physical and chemical properties and thus have different fouling behaviours. It was found that the polysaccharides did not have much effect on the system’s efficiency in the absence of calcium chloride. In experiments where calcium chloride was added in the feed solution with the polysaccharide, it was demonstrated that the addition of salt led to increased membrane fouling and greater decreases in system efficiency. The fouled membranes were kept for confocal laser scanning microscopy of the fouling layers. The images determined the general structure of the cake formed on the membrane. Using the Imaris software, calculations on the average volume the cake layer was occupying (bio-volume) and the average compactness of the cake layer could be done. During experiments, the membrane showed good salt rejections with over 96% salt rejection for each experiment
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Suwannakarn, Monthat. "Biofouling on forward osmosis system." Thesis, Suwannakarn, Monthat (2016) Biofouling on forward osmosis system. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2016. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/33949/.

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Fouling is an inevitable issue that all membrane systems have to face. The presence of membrane fouling causes membrane systems (such as reverse osmosis and forward osmosis) to suffer the increase of resistance thus reducing the efficiency of the systems. This raises concerns about the osmosis technology as it also reduces the system and membrane lifetime while increasing the maintenance costs. From previous papers and literature review, polysaccharides were found to be the main contributor to membrane fouling. The literature explains the polysaccharides that caused the membrane fouling were alginate, BSA, AHA, xanthan and others however, only alginate and xanthan were tested in this research project. The mixing interaction of other cations such as Ca2+ with some of the aforementioned polysaccharides (salt in the form of CaCl2 and NaCl were also tested to see the changes in fouling effects when both are combined. Throughout the experiments, a fixed amount of NaCl and CaCl2 and the polysaccharide were kept constant. The draw solution (NaCl mixed with DI water) was always retained to be saturated. These experiments were designed in this way to examine the differences between each polysaccharide and its combination towards fouling behaviour, since alginate and xanthan have different chemical characteristics. The results show that xanthan causes a higher resistance compared to alginate. In the case where NaCl and CaCl2 were present in the feed solution, the resistance of both polysaccharides greatly increases thus resulting in lowering the flux and ultimately decreasing the system efficiency. Out of all the experiments, the xanthan with salt resulted in highest flux decrease while the alginate only had the least flux decline (excluding the baseline experiment). Further analysis was done using the total organic carbon (TOC) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). These examinations demonstrated the characteristics and properties of the polysaccharide layers that were formed on the membrane surface. The CLSM result was compared with the flux and resistance movement and it was found that they supported each other (and the findings were closely related). Since CLSM analysis is able to show the x, y and z dimension, the thickness can be found within each CLSM images. Therefore the thickness of the polysaccharide (fouling) layer (from CLSM images) was thick and/or dense, the (a higher resistance was achieved) higher the resistance would be and vice versa.
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Zaghy, Amar. "Biofouling in reverse osmosis processes." Thesis, Zaghy, Amar (2016) Biofouling in reverse osmosis processes. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2016. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/33970/.

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Reverse Osmosis (RO) is a water purification technology that uses a semi-permeable membrane to remove salt and other particles from drinking water. It is the dominant technology which has overtaken many conventional systems in recent years. Membrane biofouling is the main disadvantage of using RO technology which can result in reducing the system’s efficiency. The rejected microorganisms on the surface of the membrane form a fouling layer (biofouling) which leads to a decline in permeate flux, increase of hydraulic resistance, increase in operating pressure, and shortening of the membrane life. Polysaccharides, produced by microorganisms, are the main substances responsible for membrane biofouling. In this study, two types of polysaccharides (alginate and pullulan) were used to investigate their individual fouling effects as well as their fouling effects coupled with sodium chloride and calcium chloride. 50 mM of ionic strength (27.5 g NaCl + 1.47 g CaCl2) and 0.2 g/L of polysaccharides were used in the fouling experiments conducted with a laboratory-scale reverse osmosis system. It was found that alginate lead to more reduction in system’s efficiency in comparison with pullulan. The effect of alginate on the efficiency of the system was much more severe in the presence of salt, namely sodium chloride and calcium chloride, compared to its individual effect in the absence of salt. The addition of salt led to an increase in membrane fouling and a decrease in system’s efficiency. On the other hand, it was found that pullulan enhanced the system’s efficiency when it is combined with salt. To support the above findings, a Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) analysis, a Total Organic Carbon (TOC) test, and an estimation of the weight of produced fouling layers were performed. In general, analysing the results of the tests supported the findings.
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Aguiar, Alessandra Mara Locatelli de. "Avaliação do processo de concentração osmotica para obtenção de banana passa." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/255529.

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Orientador: Roberto Herminio Moretti<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T15:51:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Aguiar_AlessandraMaraLocatellide_M.pdf: 1450258 bytes, checksum: 8496d97a288559f534ce39db89383b61 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006<br>Resumo: O Brasil é um país com característica agrícola e o desenvolvimento dos setores agroindustriais é de grande importância sócio-econômica e que devem ser explorados a fim de evitar o desperdício de alimentos, agregar valor aos produtos agrícolas e aumentar a renda dos produtores. A transformação industrial, à experiência de regiões e países bem sucedidos, mostra que pelo menos a transformação primária das frutas deve ser pensada pelos produtores. Isto porque é um prolongamento das atividades agrícolas, que objetiva transformar produtos perecíveis em produtos estáveis. A bananicultura é uma atividade de importância econômica e social, sendo cultivada na maioria dos países tropicais. O Brasil é o terceiro maior produtor e representa cerca de 9,0% da produção mundial, com uma área de 495 mil ha, superado apenas pela Índia e pelo Equador. O presente trabalho estudou o processo de concentração osmótica em banana nanica (Musa cavendishi) através de planejamento experimental completo com 3 variáveis independentes (tempo, espessura e concentração de ácido cítrico), utilizando soluções de açúcar invertido, à pressão atmosférica e temperatura constante de 45°C. As variáveis dependentes para os 17 experimentos realizados foram: perda de peso, perda de umidade, incorporação de sólidos, variação de sólidos totais, variação de sólidos solúveis e a relação brix / acidez (ratio) que indica o equilíbrio das características sensoriais do produto. Para identificar a melhor relação foram selecionados 4 experimentos com diferentes ratio. Estas amostras de banana préconcentradas osmoticamente foram secas em estufa com circulação forçada de ar quente a 60°C até atingirem um teor de 65% de sólidos totais. Foi realizada uma análise sensorial (teste de preferência) com as 4 amostras selecionadas. Os resultados obtidos com os experimentos mostram uma perda de umidade entre 25,13 a 38,16% no processo de concentração osmótica e um produto com boas características organolépticas<br>Abstract: Brazil is a country with agricultural characteristics and thus the development of the agro-industrial sector is of great socio-economic importance and should be explored so as to avoid food wastage and increase the value of agricultural products and producer profit. Based on the experience of highly successful regions and countries, in industrial transformation, the primary transformation of fruits should be thought of by the producers, since this is really a prolongation of the agricultural activity, with the aim of transforming perishable products into stable ones. The culture of bananas is an economically and socially important activity, bananas being cultivated in the majority of tropical countries. Brazil is the third biggest producer, behind India and Ecuador, representing 9% of world production and occupying an area of 495 thousand hectares. This work studied the osmotic concentration of banana nanica (Musa cavendishi) using a complete experimental design with 3 independent variables (time, thickness and citric acid concentration), using invert sugar solutions, atmospheric pressure and a constant temperature of 45ºC. The variable dependents for the 17 experiments carried out were: weight loss, moisture loss, solids incorporation, variation in total solids, variation in soluble solids and the brix:acidity ratio, which indicates the equilibrium of the product sensory characteristics. Four experiments with different ratios were selected in order to identify the best ratio. These osmotically pre-concentrated banana samples were dried in a forced air incubator at 60ºC to a total solids content of 65%. A sensory preference analysis was carried out with the 4 samples selected. The results obtained showed moisture losses from 25.13 to 38.16% in the osmotic concentration process and a product with good organoleptic characteristics<br>Mestrado<br>Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos
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Books on the topic "Osmosis"

1

Caballero, Teresa. Osmosis. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Emecé Editores, 1988.

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Tikhomolova, K. P. Electro-osmosis. New York: E. Horwood, 1993.

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Kucera, Jane. Reverse Osmosis. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119145776.

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Kucera, Jane. Reverse Osmosis. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470882634.

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Center for Environmental Research Information (U.S.), ed. Reverse osmosis process. Cincinnati, OH: Center for Environmental Research Information, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1996.

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Sourirajan, S., and Takeshi Matsuura, eds. Reverse Osmosis and Ultrafiltration. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1985-0281.

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Tony, Staton-Bevan, ed. Osmosis & glassfibre yacht construction. 2nd ed. Dobbs Ferry, NY: Sheridan House, 1995.

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Bergman, Robert. Reverse osmosis and nanofiltration. 2nd ed. Denver, CO: American Water Works Association, 2007.

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Staton-Bevan, Tony. Osmosis & glassfibre yacht construction. 2nd ed. London: Adlard Coles Nautical, 1995.

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S, Sourirajan, Matsuura Takeshi 1936-, American Chemical Society. Division of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry., and American Chemical Society Meeting, eds. Reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration. Washington, D.C: American Chemical Society, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Osmosis"

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Kumar Majumder, Subrata. "Osmosis and Reverse Osmosis." In Mechanical and Solid-Fluid Operations, 171–93. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003571377-10.

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Heppner, John B., John B. Heppner, Minos E. Tzanakakis, Minos E. Tzanakakis, Minos E. Tzanakakis, Pauline O. Lawrence, John L. Capinera, et al. "Osmosis." In Encyclopedia of Entomology, 2697. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_1899.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Osmosis." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 507. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_8271.

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Broad, Roger. "Osmosis." In Labour's European Dilemmas, 156–74. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230508545_11.

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Baak, Marleen A., Bernard Gutin, Kim A. Krawczewski Carhuatanta, Stephen C. Woods, Heinz W. Harbach, Megan M. Wenner, Nina S. Stachenfeld, et al. "Osmosis." In Encyclopedia of Exercise Medicine in Health and Disease, 668. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-29807-6_2789.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Osmosis." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 912. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_14405.

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Phuntsho, Sherub, Ho Kyong Shon, Tian Zhang, and Rao Surampalli. "Introduction: Role of Membrane Science and Technology and Forward Osmosis Processes." In Forward Osmosis, 1–14. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784414071.ch01.

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Wei, Jing, and Chuyang Y. Tang. "Modeling of Forward Osmosis Processes." In Forward Osmosis, 15–48. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784414071.ch02.

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Kim, Joon Ha, Minkyu Park, and Jijung Lee. "Impacts of Spacers on Forward Osmosis Processes." In Forward Osmosis, 49–71. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784414071.ch03.

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Herron, Jack. "Forward Osmosis Element Design." In Forward Osmosis, 73–83. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784414071.ch04.

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Conference papers on the topic "Osmosis"

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Morefield, Sean, Vincent Hock, Michael McInerney, Orange Marshall, Charlie Marsh, and Sondra Cooper. "Control of Water Migration through Concrete Using Electro-osmosis." In CORROSION 2003, 1–15. NACE International, 2003. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2003-03279.

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Abstract Electro-osmosis, in the form of Electro-osmotic Pulses (EOP) can be used as a means to prevent water intrusion in below grade spaces. This technique has been evaluated in a test basement, and at implemented at several field locations. The testing within the scope of this work looked at the effectiveness of EOP with two different backfills, and in conjunction with conventional repair techniques. EOP was found to control moisture in a concrete wall effectively with both a clay and a gravel backfill, with the clay performing slightly better than the gravel. When the EOP configuration was changed from four cathodes surrounding the test basement to two cathodes, no significant change in EOP effectiveness was observed.
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Zisson, Peter S., and Dick Youmans. "Qualifying New Chemistries for Reverse Osmosis Membrane Treatment." In CORROSION 2000, 1–14. NACE International, 2000. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2000-00319.

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Abstract The use of reverse osmosis for water purification is increasing. Reverse osmosis offers an economically viable approach for the removal of dissolved solids from water. One aspect of membrane use is the need to treat the incoming water to prevent scale, microbiological growth and fouling from inhibiting the membrane's ability to function. In extreme conditions, these conditions can ruin a membrane, forcing expensive replacement. Treatment is itself of no value if the treatment chemicals are antagonistic to the membrane. It is of no benefit to feed a microbicide to a reverse osmosis system if the microbicide itself causes damage to the membrane. Testing products for compatibility with reverse osmosis membranes on a full sized system can be expensive and risky. Even testing on a pilot scale can consume large quantities of water and chemical. This paper describes a laboratory-scale test procedure for rapidly screening products for reverse osmosis membrane compatibility.
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Morefield, Sean, Vincent Hock, Michael McInerney, Philip Malone, Charles Weiss, Orange Marshall, Charlie Marsh, and Sondra Cooper. "Control of Water Migration through Various Construction Materials Using Electro-Osmosis." In CORROSION 2004, 1–17. NACE International, 2004. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2004-04324.

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Abstract Electro-osmosis, in the form of Electro-osmotic Pulses (EOP) can be used as a means to prevent water intrusion in below grade spaces. In the last decade, EOP has been used to control water in below grade spaces built using concrete. This paper discusses the use of EOP to water migration through brick, concrete masonry unit, granite and sandstone. A 30 VDC potential drove water, doped with 0.1 M NaCl across a 4-inch thick specimen. The water transport rates in the above mentioned materials, measured in cm/hr, compared favorably with transport rates observed in concrete cells in similar experiments. While the transport rates were similar between different materials, the shape of the curve total electrolyte transported differed significantly between materials.
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Patel, Suresh, and John Milligan. "Magnesium Hydroxide Deposit Control for Reverse Osmosis Systems." In CORROSION 2008, 1–14. NACE International, 2008. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2008-08374.

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Abstract The reduction of boron in permeate water is currently practiced by using a secondary pass reverse osmosis (RO) system whereby the pH of the feed is increased above pH 10 with a recovery of greater than 90%. These conditions lead to fouling of predominantly of magnesium hydroxide onto the membrane thus reducing its efficiency. An investigation was carried out to study the fouling under conditions of high pH and recovery on a membrane. A new method was developed to study the deposition of magnesium hydroxide under dynamic conditions. The findings from this work show that there are significant differences in precipitation in the bulk solution phase and at the membrane surface. This method was used to demonstrate the efficacy of an antiscalant to control magnesium hydroxide precipitation under high pH and high recovery conditions.
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Zeiher, E. H. K., C. A. Soderquist, and D. Woods. "Scale and Deposit Control in Reverse Osmosis Applications." In CORROSION 1993, 1–19. NACE International, 1993. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1993-93460.

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Abstract Causes of poor reverse osmosis (RO) performance and/or failure include scale formation, iron deposition, and biological fouling. Benchtop and field tests were used to screen products for their activity against these foulants. Experimental techniques and results are discussed.
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Zibrida, John F., Zahid Amjad, Robert W. Zuhl, and Jim Lewis. "Advances in Reverse Osmosis Application in Water Reuse." In CORROSION 2000, 1–7. NACE International, 2000. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2000-00314.

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Abstract Conservation of water resources and the minimization of discharges are paramount in today’s industries. The reuse of process water effluents plays an important role in conserving water. This paper investigates the recycle of effluent process water from a metal finishing operation using reverse osmosis to provide make-up water for reuse. A case history demonstrates how membrane separation is used to produce water suitable for use and to minimize or eliminate aqueous discharges. This paper also examines the use of pretreatment chemicals to minimize membrane fouling.
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Terao, Tokuhiro, and Atsuo Miyazaki. "Chemical Cleaning Waste Water Treatment by Reverse Osmosis." In CORROSION 1993, 1–6. NACE International, 1993. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1993-93364.

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Abstract A method of treatment by reverse osmosis (RO) has been developed and implemented for the treatment of waste waters from organic acid cleaning applied to the chemical cleaning of power plant once-through boilers. Concentrate waste waters containing COD and nitrogen components, such as ammonia and dilute waste waters from water washing, are separately stored. The concentrate waste water is treated by RO into a dilute permeate and a thickened waste water. By repetition of this process, the waste water volume is reduced to 1/4-1/6 of the original. In the permeate, COD and ammonia concentrations are as low as below 1/100 of those before treatment. The resulting dilute permeate and the dilute waste water from water washing are mixed together and subjected to chemical oxidation and decomposition treatment to further reduce COD to below 10 mg/l. The results of treatment are also shown.
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McInerney, Michael K., Sondra C. Cooper, Vincent F. Hock, and Sean W. Morefield. "Measurements of Water and Ion Transport in Concrete via Electro-Osmosis." In CORROSION 2004, 1–22. NACE International, 2004. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2004-04351.

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Abstract This paper describes an experimental study of water transport through concrete via electro osmosis - the forced movement of water though a porous material due to an external electric field. A basic understanding of this behavior is necessary in order to effectively apply several technologies, such as cathodic protection of rebar in concrete and the ElectroOsmotic Pulse waterproofing technology. The impact of electro-osmosis on the chemistry of concrete was also investigated by observing ion transport within the material. Concrete specimens of various water/cement ratios were prepared and tested. The laboratory experiments demonstrated that the steady-state flow velocity is relatively independent of concrete w/c ratio, in contrast to hydraulic permeability, which is very dependent on the w/c ratio. The study also showed that ion transport in concrete, particularly Calcium ions, due to electro-osmosis can be significant.
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Howlett, Larry D. "Osmosis." In ASME 2024 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2024-144276.

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Abstract This paper presents an improved model for the phenomenon of osmosis. It extends the excellent work introduced by J.H. van’t Hoff more than 130 years ago. The van’t Hoff model was a major improvement to the previous 100 years of research and experiments and has served as a solid place holder to support the tremendous advances that we have seen in many fields. Osmosis is a fluid flow phenomenon important to biological, water purification, and other problem areas. Osmotic flow occurs from a pure substance through a membrane into a solution. Flow stops when osmotic pressure is applied to the solution. The proposed model is an attempt to model a micro-scale process with macro-scale variables. The model introduces vapor pressure as the driving force for osmotic flow through a membrane. It is supported by experimental data. Although osmosis is the focus of this paper, it also opens a forgotten but important view of our educational system. The study of science is a continuing process.
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Howlett, Larry D. "The Theory of Osmosis." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-55040.

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A fresh view for explaining the process of osmosis and the phenomenon of osmotic pressure is presented. The process of osmosis was identified and modeled more than 100 years ago. Others have unsuccessfully challenged the original model developed by J.H. van’t Hoff. We revisit the basic equations and assumptions used in the thermodynamic derivation of the osmosis model. And, we propose a small but significantly different view of the traditional theory of osmosis. From this new view of osmosis and the osmosis experiment, we conclude that osmosis occurs at atmospheric pressure. In cellular membranes, flow from the solvent to the solution is related to the vapor pressure difference determined from the concentration difference with Raoult’s law. Furthermore, we suggest that osmotic pressure as determined from the osmosis experiment is related to both the solution properties and the membrane characteristics. We suggest that the difference between experimental and theoretical determination of osmotic pressure can be attributed to capillary action that may occur in some man made membranes.
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Reports on the topic "Osmosis"

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McMordie-Stoughton, Katherine L., Xiaoli Duan, and Emily M. Wendel. Reverse Osmosis Optimization. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1095449.

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Sohail Murad. Final Report: Computer Simulation of Osmosis and Reverse Osmosis in Structured Membranes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1032490.

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Siler, J. L. A comparison of ROChem reverse osmosis and spiral wound reverse osmosis membrane modules. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10191871.

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Siler, J. L. A comparison of ROChem reverse osmosis and spiral wound reverse osmosis membrane modules. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6994228.

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Siler, J. L. Remediating biofouling of reverse osmosis membranes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7279109.

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Coleman, Amos J. Ebara Reverse Osmosis Optimization (ROOP) System. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada254593.

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Siler, J. L. Remediating biofouling of reverse osmosis membranes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10172329.

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Siler, J. L. A comparison of reverse osmosis membrane cleaning methods. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6731692.

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Siler, J. L. A comparison of reverse osmosis membrane cleaning methods. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10113174.

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Farnand, B. Reverse osmosis fractionation of organic solutes in nonaqueous solutions. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/304404.

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