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Journal articles on the topic 'Ossification centers'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Gavrilin, P. M., М. O. Lieshchova, V. V. Evert, and O. M. Myrnyi. "Структурно-функціональна організація кісткового мозку поросят." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 19, no. 77 (March 15, 2017): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet7708.

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The aim of the study was to establish the degree of the development of the bone marrow and activity of its hematopoietic function by the morphometric parameters of the bones, where it is localized, and the centers of ossification in conjunction with the development of cartilage and bone tissue, define the features of the histo- and cytoarchitectonics of the hematopoietic components in the centers of the bone ossification in piglets. It is submitted, the results of the complex researching of the structural and functional features in the osseous organs (5th thoracal vertebra, 5th costal bone, sternum) in the 60- days age piglets due to their hematopoietic function. The absolute, relative mass, bone density, availability and relative area of their centers of the ossification, the relative area of bone marrow, cartilage and bone tissue in the centers of ossification and the relative area of bone marrow cells (osteogenic, hematopoietic and adipocytes) and the cell stroma (reticular and endothelial cells , macrophages, fibroblasts) in the zones of primary and secondary spongy osteine was determined. It is established that the red bone marrow is an integral component of the centers of the ossificaton, hematopoietic and osteogenic structure of which, together with the components of the hemopoietic microsurrounding, histogenetic topographically closely interrelated. The development of the bone marrow hematopoietic components in the bones of the axial skeleton in the 60-days age piglets expresses with the scale of the enchondral osteohistogenesis. The morphometric characteristics of the ossification centers, the relative quantity of the cells in the bone marrow and osteine, the presence of a multicomponent system of the hemopoietic microsurrounding and expressed zonal structure of spongy bone substance are the main criteria of the degree of development of the bone marrow and, therefore, of the potential blood-forming. It is found that bone marrow cells in the ossification centers of the axial skeleton in the 60-days age pigs characterized by expressed heterogeneous structure and in the primary areas of spongy osteine it has hematopoietic-osteogenic form, in the areas of secondary spongy osteine – insular or diffuse insular hematopoietic form with the presence of the individual adipocytes, the quantity of which increases towards the central zone of the ossification centers. In the areas of the growth, the main cells` population on the periphery of the centers of ossification are the osteoblast cells. In the centers of the secondary spongy osteine, hematopoietic cells are dominated, the largest «concentration» of their are characteristic for the centers sites with a maximum degree development of morphological features of the osteohistogenesis and remodulation of the bone tissue.
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2

Grzonkowska, Magdalena, Mariusz Baumgart, Mateusz Badura, Marcin Wiśniewski, and Michał Szpinda. "Quantitative anatomy of the fused ossification center of the occipital squama in the human fetus." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 23, 2021): e0247601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247601.

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CT-based quantitative analysis of any ossification center in the cranium has not previously been carried out due to the limited availability of human fetal material. Detailed morphometric data on the development of ossification centers in the human fetus may be useful in the early detection of congenital defects. Ossification disorders in the cranium are associated with either a delayed development of ossification centers or their mineralization. These aberrations may result in the formation of accessory skull bones that differ in shape and size, and the incidence of which may be misdiagnosed as, e.g., skull fractures. The study material comprised 37 human fetuses of both sexes (16♂, 21♀) aged 18–30 weeks. Using CT, digital image analysis software, 3D reconstruction and statistical methods, the linear, planar and spatial dimensions of the occipital squama ossification center were measured. The morphometric characteristics of the fused ossification center of the occipital squama show no right—left differences. In relation to gestational age, the ossification center of the occipital squama grows linearly in its right and left vertical diameters, logarithmically in its transverse diameters of both the interparietal and supraoccipital parts and projection surface area, and according to a quadratic function in its volume. The obtained numerical findings of the occipital squama ossification center may be considered age-specific references of relevance in both the estimation of gestational age and the diagnostic process of congenital defects.
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3

Panattoni, G. L., P. D'Amelio, M. Di Stefano, and G. C. Isaia. "Ossification Centers of Human Femur." Calcified Tissue International 66, no. 4 (April 2000): 255–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00005841.

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4

Kubicek, Kole M. "Developmental osteology of Ictalurus punctatus and Noturus gyrinus (Siluriformes: Ictaluridae) with a discussion of siluriform bone homologies." Vertebrate Zoology 72 (August 12, 2022): 661–727. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.72.e85144.

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Abstract The skeleton of Siluriformes is characterized by several autapomorphies, including secondary absence, extreme modification, and purported fusion of several ossifications. Although well documented in adults, information on skeletal development in catfishes is relatively sparse and typically focused on particular regions of the skeleton (e.g., Weberian apparatus). To further our understanding of the siluriform skeleton, I document the development of the entire skeleton in two ictalurid species, Ictalurus punctatus (channel catfish) and Noturus gyrinus (tadpole madtom) from five days pre-hatch to adult. I reexamine the homologies of bones previously hypothesized to represent compound elements in catfishes as well as an additional element only known to occur in some ictalurids. Development of the skeleton is complete in I. punctatus at 22.4 mm SL and almost complete in N. gyrinus (except dorsal- and anal-fin distal radials) at 14.1 mm SL. No signs of ontogenetic fusion were observed in any of the purported compound elements. Previous hypotheses of the homology of these elements and of additional ossifications are reviewed in light of developmental information obtained herein. No dermal parietal component is present at any stage in the so-called parieto-supraoccipital. The bone is the supraoccipital which ossifies from two lateral centers of ossification which later fuse, rather than from a median center. The ‘posttemporo-supracleithrum’ originates from a single center of ossification and represents the supracleithrum. The posttemporal is present in ictalurids and many other catfishes as a canal-bearing bone between the supracleithrum and the pterotic, a bone sometimes identified as the extrascapular. The extrascapular is missing in catfishes. Ictalurids have an additional dermal bone above the posttemporal, which is either an independently ossifying fragment of the posttemporal or a neoformation restricted to some members of this family. The single chondral bone of the pectoral girdle originates from a single center of ossification that represents the coracoid. The scapula is missing in catfishes. Dorsal-fin distal radial 2 is absent in catfishes and the foramen of dorsal-fin spine 2 is formed from modifications to the base of the fin-ray itself. Unlike loricarioid catfishes, the urohyal of ictalurids originates solely as an ossification of the sternohyoideus tendons. The anteriormost infraorbital element ossifies from a single center of ossification around the infraorbital sensory canal and represents the lacrimal. The antorbital is missing in catfishes. Finally, skeletal development of I. punctatus is compared to that available for other otophysans, including the cypriniforms Danio rerio and Enteromius holotaenia and the characiform Salminus brasiliensis.
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5

Piatt, Joseph H., and Leslie E. Grissom. "Developmental anatomy of the atlas and axis in childhood by computed tomography." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 8, no. 3 (September 2011): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2011.6.peds11187.

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Object The CT modality plays a central role in the diagnosis of cervical spine fractures. In childhood, radiolucent synchondroses between ossification centers can resemble fractures, and they can be the sites of fractures as well. Recognition of cervical spine fractures in children requires familiarity with normal developmental anatomy and common variants as they appear on CT scans. Methods A convenience sample of 932 CT scans of the cervical spine accessible on the picture archiving and communications system (known as PACS) at a single children's hospital was examined. Scans were excluded from further analysis if they did not include the atlantoaxial region or were otherwise technically unsatisfactory; if the patient carried the diagnosis of a skeletal dysplasia; or if there were developmental lesions noted at other levels of the spine. No more than 1 scan per patient was analyzed. Synchondroses were graded as radiolucent, not totally radiolucent but still visible, or no longer visible. Their locations and symmetries were noted. The presence or absence of the tubercles of the transverse ligament was noted as well. Results After exclusions, 841 studies of the atlas and 835 studies of the axis were analyzed. The 3 common ossification centers of the atlas arose in the paired neural arches and the anterior arch, but in as many as 20% of cases the anterior arch developed from paired symmetrical ossification centers. The 5 common ossification centers of the axis arose in the paired neural arches, in the basal center, in the dentate center (from which most of the dentate process develops), and in the very apex of the dentate process. The appearance of each synchondrosis was noted at sequential ages. The tubercles for the transverse ligament generally did not appear until the ossification of the synchondroses of the atlas was far advanced. Anomalies of the atlas included anterior and posterior spina bifida, absence of sectors of the posterior arch, and anomalous ossification centers and synchondroses. Anomalies of the axis were much less common. What appeared possibly to be chronic, incompletely healed fractures of the atlas were discovered on review for this analysis in 6 cases. No fractures of the axis were discovered. Conclusions There is substantial variation in the time course and pattern of development of the atlas, and anomalies are common. Some fractures of the atlas may escape recognition without manifest sequelae. Variation in the time course of the development of the axis is notable as well, but anomalies seem much less common.
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6

Kamal, Basma, Reda Rashed, and Atef Erasha. "DEVELOPMENT OF THE TYPICAL CERVICAL VERTEBRAE IN THE WHITE NEW ZEALAND RABBIT (ORYCTOLAGUS CUNICULUS)." Taiwan Veterinary Journal 43, no. 02 (December 22, 2016): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1682648515500328.

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In order to study the pattern of ossification of the components of the postcranial axial skeleton of the white new Zeeland rabbit, intact embryos were isolated between days (d) 13 and 28 of pregnancy, and postnatal till three months old rabbit. All specimens were fixed in 95% ethanol for at least one week, a group was bulk-stained using alizarin and Alcian blue, in order to stain bone and cartilage, respectively, and cleared. Another group was histologically stained with H&E and Mason Trichrome. A third group was examined with CT and X-ray. The time of the first appearance of ossification centers of these prenatal and postnatal specimens was analyzed. The findings demonstrated that, with the exception of the atlas and axis, all of the cervical vertebrae studied had similar growth patterns. The time of appearance of the various centers of ossification in the skeletal elements studied proceeded in a similar order to that described by previous authors, although there were some discrepancies in the exact time of the first appearance of certain ossification centers. Secondary ossification for the epiphysis cranialis and caudalis (the bony collar) appear in cervical region and then extend in cephalocaudal direction till complete appearance at the age of 45-days old rabbit. The data presented here provide useful baseline information on the normal sequential pattern of ossification in the typical cervical vertebrae and the characteristic growth pattern of the individual components in the rabbit.
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7

Sahni, Dr Prem. "Radiological Staging of Progressive Bony Union of Ossification Centers in Elbow Joint." Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research 05, no. 03 (March 19, 2017): 19032–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v5i3.117.

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8

Mohammed, Fadhil Sabah. "Morpho- histological study of supraoccipital bone development in domestic rabbit fetuses Oryctolagus cuniculus." Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine 36, no. 0E (April 4, 2012): 254–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.30539/iraqijvm.v36i0e.425.

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The developmental study of supraoccipital bone has been done in the rabbit fetuses, which including detection the timing primary appearance and pattern of ossification by using double staining method as well as, histological study which squired for each stages of present study. The double staining technique which are furthering by histological examination for each age, showed the supraoccipital bone was ossify by intramembranous method. The results showed that the primary ossification centers of supraoccipital appeared firstly at(22) day of gestation, and showed direct red staining, at(24) day of gestation, these centers become fused. The supraoccipital bone appear its completely intramembranous ossification at (30) day of gestation and form the roof of foramen magnum.
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9

Bijelić, Nikola, Tatjana Belovari, Dunja Stolnik, Ivana Lovrić, and Mirela Baus Lončar. "Histomorphometric Parameters of the Growth Plate and Trabecular Bone in Wild-Type and Trefoil Factor Family 3 (Tff3)-Deficient Mice Analyzed by Free and Open-Source Image Processing Software." Microscopy and Microanalysis 23, no. 4 (June 15, 2017): 818–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927617000630.

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AbstractTrefoil factor family 3 (Tff3) peptide is present during intrauterine endochondral ossification in mice, and its deficiency affects cancellous bone quality in secondary ossification centers of mouse tibiae. The aim of this study was to quantitatively analyze parameters describing the growth plate and primary ossification centers in tibiae of 1-month-old wild-type and Tff3 knock-out mice (n=5 per genotype) by using free and open-source software. Digital photographs of the growth plates and trabecular bone were processed by open-source computer programs GIMP and FIJI. Histomorphometric parameters were calculated using measurements made with FIJI. Tff3 knock-out mice had significantly smaller trabecular number and significantly larger trabecular separation. Trabecular bone volume, trabecular bone surface, and trabecular thickness showed no significant difference between the two groups. Although such histomorphological differences were found in the cancellous bone structure, no significant differences were found in the epiphyseal plate histomorphology. Tff3 peptide probably has an effect on the formation and quality of the cancellous bone in the primary ossification centers, but not through disrupting the epiphyseal plate morphology. This work emphasizes the benefits of using free and open-source programs for morphological studies in life sciences.
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10

Fiumara, Ettore, Tommaso Scarabino, Giuseppe Guglielmi, Michele Bisceglia, and Vincenzo D'Angelo. "Osteochondroma of the L-5 vertebra: a rare cause of sciatic pain." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 91, no. 2 (October 1999): 219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/spi.1999.91.2.0219.

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✓ Solitary or multiple osteochondromas, which are benign bone tumors that usually occur in the long bones, are rarely found in the vertebral column. When present in the spine, however, they have a predilection for the cervical or upper thoracic regions. The authors present the case of a solitary osteochondroma arising from the left L-5 articular process that contributed to sciatica; complete cure was achieved following its removal. It is possible to speculate that the cartilage of secondary ossification centers can be the origin of aberrant islands of cartilaginous tissue that cause the osteochondroma to form. The more rapid the ossification process of these centers, the greater the probability that aberrant cartilage will form. Therefore, the fact that osteochondromas are more frequently located in the higher segments of the vertebral column could be explained by the different durations of the ossification processes in these centers, which increase gradually below the cervical segments.
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11

Steinborn, Marc, and Christian Glaser. "Normal Variations and Pathologic Disorders of Chondrification and Ossification of the Foot and Related Diseases." Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology 23, no. 05 (September 25, 2019): 497–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1695721.

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AbstractFormation of the skeletal elements of the foot involves different stages of development. Failure in segmentation of the cartilaginous plate is supposed to be the underlying mechanism leading to tarsal coalition. Variants or disorders in ossification might result in harmless osseous anomalies or symptomatic disease. When the ossification is almost completed, several secondary ossification centers start to ossify. They are usually incidental findings. In symptomatic patients they have to be differentiated from fractures or can be the source of complaints by themselves.
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12

Tsyhykalo, O., R. Dmytrenko, I. Popova, and B. Banul. "Features of the formation of certain bones of the skull at the early stages of human ontogenesis." Bukovinian Medical Herald 25, no. 3 (99) (November 29, 2021): 144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24061/2413-0737.xxv.3.99.2021.22.

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The study of morphogenesis and embryotopography of skull bones is important not only in understanding the normal development of the human embryo but also will improve existing methods of invasive treatment and visualization of various pathologies of the central nervous system in children.The aim was to investigate the peculiarities of morphogenesis and topography of some skull bones during the early stages of human ontogenesis.Material and methods. We have studied 14 series of consecutive histological sections of human embryos and pre-fetuses aged 6 to 11 weeks of intrauterine development by using a set of topical morphological methods (anthropometry, morphometry, histology, three-dimensional reconstruction).Results. The frontal and parietal bones appear at the end of the embryonic period as mesenchymal rudiments that gradually expand upwards from primary points of ossification (starting from the basolateral parts of the head). During 8th week of IUD, the germ of the ectomeningeal capsule is detected in the form of a thin plate, close to the brain. At the beginning of the pre-fetal period, histological signs of membranous ossification are revealed; frontal and parietal bones develop from paired rudiments, which gradually fuse, which was accompanied by active angiogenesis.Conclusions. The primary ossification centers in frontal and parietal bones of the human embryo appear at the beginning of embryological period and develop by membranous type. Two ossification centers appear in frontal and parietal bones and they gradually merge. At the beginning of the prenatal period, the rudiment of a small wing of the sphenoid, spheno-ethmoidal cartilage and signs of merging of both ossification centers in the parietal bone are detected.
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13

Lee, Soon Hyuck, Sang Won Park, Dong Hun Suh, and Tae Ha Kim. "The Sequential Development of Elbow-Ossification Centers in Children." Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association 35, no. 3 (2000): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.4055/jkoa.2000.35.3.421.

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14

MAHONY, BARRY S., JAMES D. BOWIE, ALLEN P. KILLAM, HELEN H. KAY, and CIRRELDA COOPER. "Epiphyseal Ossification Centers in the Assessment of Fetal Maturity." Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 42, no. 1 (January 1987): 26–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006254-198701000-00004.

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15

MAHONY, BARRY S., JAMES D. BOWIE, ALLEN P. KILLAM, HELEN H. KAY, and CIRRELDA COOPER. "Epiphyseal Ossification Centers in the Assessment of Fetal Maturity." Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 42, no. 1 (January 1987): 26–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006254-198742010-00004.

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16

MIYAZAKI, CESAR SATOSHI, DANIEL AUGUSTO MARANHO, PAULO MORAES AGNOLLITTO, and MARCELLO HENRIQUE NOGUEIRA-BARBOSA. "STUDY OF SECONDARY OSSIFICATION CENTERS OF THE ELBOW IN THE BRAZILIAN POPULATION." Acta Ortopédica Brasileira 25, no. 6 (December 2017): 279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-785220172506170954.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the age in which the secondary ossification centers of the elbow appear and fuse in the Brazilian population. Methods: Nearly thirty radiographs were randomly selected for each age group from 0 to 18 years, with a total of 544 radiographs from 439 patients, between 2010 and 2015, without abnormalities secondary to trauma, metabolic or bone tumor diseases. Radiographs were retrospectively evaluated by two blind and independent observers, according to the presence or not of the ossification centers, and the fusion between them. Results: The age interval of appearance and fusion were, respectively: capitulum (0 to 1 year; 10 to 15 years), radius head (2 to 6 year; 12 to 16 years), medial epicondyle (2 to 8 years; 13 to 17 years), trochlea (5 to 11 years; 10 to 18 years), olecranon (6 to 11 years; 13 to 16 years), e lateral epicondyle (8 to 13 years; 12 to 16 years). Appearance and fusion were earlier in girls compared to boys (exception to capitulum and radius head). Conclusion: The chronological order was similar to the literature. For girls, the radius head and medial epicondyle appeared simultaneously. There was a tendency of the olecranon center to appear before the trochlea for both sexes. Level of Evidence III, Diagnostic Study.
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17

Cowell, H. R., E. B. Hunziker, and L. Rosenberg. "The role of hypertrophic chondrocytes in endochondral ossification and in the development of secondary centers of ossification." Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery 69, no. 2 (February 1987): 159–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/00004623-198769020-00001.

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18

Pazzaglia, Ugo E., Terenzio Congiu, Valeria Sibilia, Francesca Pagani, Anna Benetti, and Guido Zarattini. "Relationship between the chondrocyte maturation cycle and the endochondral ossification in the diaphyseal and epiphyseal ossification centers." Journal of Morphology 277, no. 9 (June 16, 2016): 1187–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.20568.

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19

Bertoni, Laura, Marzia Ferretti, Francesco Cavani, Manuela Zavatti, Elisa Resca, Augusta Benelli, and Carla Palumbo. "Leptin increases growth of primary ossification centers in fetal mice." Journal of Anatomy 215, no. 5 (November 2009): 577–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01134.x.

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20

Ihara, T., S. Oneda, and R. Nagata. "Ossification centers in fetuses of the cynomolgus monkey (macaca fasciculsaris)." Toxicology Letters 78 (August 1995): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4274(95)94769-d.

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21

Resnik, C. S., and M. A. Hartenberg. "Ossification centers of the pediatric elbow: a rare normal variant." Pediatric Radiology 16, no. 3 (March 1986): 254–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02456301.

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22

Ihara, T. "Ossification Centers in Fetuses of the Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca Fascicularis)." Toxicology Letters 78 (August 1995): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/03784-2749(59)47718-.

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23

Mitchell, Brendon C., JD Bomar, Dennis Wenger, and Andrew T. Pennock. "CLASSIFYING ISCHIAL TUBEROSITY AVULSION FRACTURES BY OSSIFICATION STAGE AND TENDON ATTACHMENT." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 7_suppl3 (July 1, 2021): 2325967121S0007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121s00077.

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Background: Currently, there is no classification system for ischial tuberosity avulsion fractures. Hypothesis/Purpose: To provide a new classification system for ischial tuberosity fractures based on the ossification pattern of the apophysis. Methods: We performed a retrospective records review of patients diagnosed with ischial tuberosity avulsion fractures at our institution from 2008 to 2018. Skeletal maturity (Modified Oxford score [MOS], Risser score), fracture type, size, and displacement were recorded based on initial injury radiographs. We reviewed a large series of pelvic CT and MRI scans from patients aged 10-19 years old to assess the ossification pattern and tendinous attachments of the ischial tuberosity. Pelvic CT review demonstrated a reproducible 5-stage pattern of ossification spanning the age of 13-19 years for males and 12-17 years for females (Figure 1). Review of available CTs and MRIs indicated that the semimembranosus attaches at the most lateral ossification center, followed by the conjoint tendon and adductor magnus as one moves medially (Figures 1). We created a classification system based on location of the ischial tuberosity avulsion fracture: Type 1 (lateral – semimembranosus and conjoint tendons) or Type 2 (complete – semimembranosus, conjoint, and adductor magnus tendons). An A or B descriptor was then added to distinguish minimally displaced (<1 cm) and displaced (≥1 cm) fractures, respectively (Figure 2). Results: We identified 45 ischial tuberosity fractures. Mean age was 14.4 years (range, 10.3–18). Males accounted for 82% of the cohort. Type 1 fractures accounted for 47% of cases and 53% were classified as Type 2. Type 1 fractures were associated with younger age chronological age (p=0.001), lower MOS (p=0.002), lower Risser score (p=0.002), less displacement (p=0.001), and smaller size (p<0.001), when compared with Type 2 fractures (Table 1). Of the 45 patients, 18 had >6 month follow-up with 56% going on to non-union. Non-union was associated with greater displacement (p=0.016) and size (p=0.027). When comparing union rates by fracture location, 33% of Type 1 fractures progressed to non-union, while 78% percent of Type 2 suffered a non-union; however, this difference did not reach statistical significance (p=0.153) (Table 2). Conclusion: In younger patients (ages 13-15 years), the lateral ossification centers of the ischial tuberosity, at which the hamstrings attach, are at risk for isolated avulsion injury. However, in older patients (16-18 years), coalescence of the hamstring and adductor magnus ossification centers predispose patients to a combined avulsion injury consisting of a larger fragment and with greater displacement. [Figure: see text][Figure: see text][Table: see text][Table: see text]
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24

Kitoh, Hiroshi. "Clinical Aspects and Current Therapeutic Approaches for FOP." Biomedicines 8, no. 9 (September 2, 2020): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8090325.

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Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is an extremely rare heritable disorder of connective tissues characterized by progressive heterotopic ossification in various skeletal sites. It is caused by gain-of-function mutations in the gene encoding activin A receptor type I (ACVR1)/activin-like kinase 2 (ALK2), a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptor. Heterotopic ossification is usually progressive leading to severe deformities in the trunk and extremities. Early clinical diagnosis is important to prevent unnecessary iatrogenic harm or trauma. Clinicians should become aware of early detectable skeletal malformations, including great toe deformities, shortened thumb, neck stiffness associated with hypertrophy of the posterior elements of the cervical spine, multiple ossification centers in the calcaneus, and osteochondroma-like lesions of the long bones. Although there is presently no definitive medical treatment to prevent, stop or reverse heterotopic ossification in FOP, exciting advances of novel pharmacological drugs focusing on target inhibition of the activated ACVR1 receptor, including palovarotene, REGN 2477, rapamycin, and saracatinib, have developed and are currently in clinical trials.
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Grissom, Leslie E., Mary P. Harty, Grace W. Guo, and Heidi H. Kecskemethy. "Maturation of pelvic ossification centers on computed tomography in normal children." Pediatric Radiology 48, no. 13 (September 3, 2018): 1902–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00247-018-4233-6.

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26

Srivastav, Ashutosh, Anupam Johry, and R. K. Mathur. "Estimation of Age in Pediatric Age Group by Wrist Ossification Centers." Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology 10, no. 2 (2016): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0973-9130.2016.00086.4.

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27

Parvaresh, Kevin C., Andrew T. Pennock, James D. Bomar, Dennis R. Wenger, and Vidyadhar V. Upasani. "Analysis of Acetabular Ossification From the Triradiate Cartilage and Secondary Centers." Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics 38, no. 3 (March 2018): e145-e150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/bpo.0000000000001120.

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28

B, Uday Kiran, and Divya Pothati. "Study of Appearances of Ossification Centers in the Carpal Bones in 3 – 14 Years Age Group in a Teaching Hospital in Telangana." Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare 7, no. 48 (November 30, 2020): 2811–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18410/jebmh/2020/576.

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BACKGROUND Study of ossification of carpal bones in children indicates the level of structural maturity and age estimation. For the assessment of skeletal maturity in children, radiologists often use hand and wrist radiograph because of low level of radiation. Carpals are the most commonly used bones for determining the age of a child. We wanted to study the appearance of ossification centers in the carpal bones in age group of 3 - 14 years. METHODS This is a prospective observational study of one-year duration conducted between January 2019 and December 2020 in the Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology at Maheshwara Medical College and Hospital, Patancheru, Telangana. Children 3 to 14 years of age from nearby schools were randomly selected, and X-rays of the carpal bones were taken. Appearance of carpal bones and ossification were studied to estimate the age. RESULTS The study included 70 school children. We found that capitate and hamate carpals ossified during the first year of life in children of both sexes. Triquetral and lunate appeared at 3 - 4 years, trapezium, trapezoid and scaphoid carpals appeared between 5 and 8 years. Pisiform appeared at 9 years of age in females and at 13 years in males. CONCLUSIONS Capitate and hamate ossify at an early age. Triquetral and lunate carpals appear after capitate and hamate. Their appearance is slightly earlier in females than in males. KEYWORDS Ossification, Carpal Bones, Capitate, Hamate
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de Rooy, Jacky, Stan Buckens, Paul M. Brons, Ingrid van der Geest, and Filip Vanhoenacker. "Acrophyseal growth arrest in a long-term survivor of acute lymphoblastic leukemia." Skeletal Radiology 49, no. 12 (June 20, 2020): 2095–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00256-020-03513-w.

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AbstractGrowth arrest at the secondary growth plate, also known as the acrophysis, is a rare phenomenon with only very few known published case reports. We report on a case of formation of ghost secondary ossification centers at the acrophyses of the knee joint in a 14-year-old female, who survived early childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The patient suffered from severe side effects from both disease and subsequent treatment strategies with a 10-month immobilization period as a consequence at the age of 3 years. The ghost secondary ossification centers were encountered on radiographs and MRI 10 years later, when she presented for evaluation of chronic pain in her left knee related to sports activities, due to a meniscal cyst. Awareness of this phenomenon is nevertheless important, because it seems that endochondral bone growth recovery at the acrophyses might be different from recovery in physes, because we found no concomitant sequelae of growth arrest in the metaphyses.
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Castellana, C., and F. Kósa. "Estimation of fetal age from dimensions of atlas and axis ossification centers." Forensic Science International 117, no. 1-2 (March 2001): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-0738(00)00446-1.

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Dharamsi, Aisha S., and Rebecca L. Carl. "Bilateral Osteochondrosis of the Primary Patellar Ossification Centers in a Young Athlete." Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 24, no. 1 (January 2014): 80–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jsm.0b013e318295e45a.

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32

Patel, Bijal, Martin Reed, and Shamir Patel. "Gender-specific pattern differences of the ossification centers in the pediatric elbow." Pediatric Radiology 39, no. 3 (January 6, 2009): 226–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00247-008-1078-4.

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33

Sheth, Sharvin, and Amit Jhala. "Thoracolumbar kyphosis in siblings of Mucopolysaccharidosis: A case report." Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics 7, no. 1 (2022): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.13107/jcorth.2022.v07i01.491.

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Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) is a group of inherited metabolic disorders caused due to abnormal storage of mucopolysaccharides in different tissues of the body. They are autosomal recessive disorders, except MPS II which has an X-linked recessive pattern. Musculoskeletal manifestations occur due to disturbance in bone remodeling and improper development of ossification centers. Thoracolumbar kyphosis is the most common spinal pathology resulting from abnormal vertebral end plate ossification and growth arrest as well as hypotonia and spinal musculature imbalance. The increased life span as a result of medical treatment and lack of osseous penetration of enzyme replacement has raised the issue of thoracolumbar dysplasia and resultant deformity. Here, we discuss a case report of progressive thoracolumbar spinal deformity in two siblings suffering from MPS who underwent spine deformity correction surgeries, and literature review for the same.
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Chai, Hum Yan, Tan Tian Swee, Gan Hong Seng, and Lai Khin Wee. "Multipurpose contrast enhancement on epiphyseal plates and ossification centers for bone age assessment." BioMedical Engineering OnLine 12, no. 1 (2013): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-925x-12-27.

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35

Matsushita, T., W. R. Wilcox, Y. Y. Chan, A. Kawanami, H. Bukulmez, G. Balmes, P. Krejci, et al. "FGFR3 promotes synchondrosis closure and fusion of ossification centers through the MAPK pathway." Human Molecular Genetics 18, no. 2 (October 22, 2008): 227–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddn339.

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36

Cheng, Jack C. Y., Ko Wing-Man, W. Y. Shen, Henry Yurianto, Guo Xia, Joseph T. F. Lau, and Albert Y. K. Cheung. "A New Look at the Sequential Development of Elbow-Ossification Centers in Children." Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics 18, no. 2 (March 1998): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01241398-199803000-00006.

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37

Winfeld, Matthew, Zehava Sadka Rosenberg, Annie Wang, and Jenny Bencardino. "Differentiating os acromiale from normally developing acromial ossification centers using magnetic resonance imaging." Skeletal Radiology 44, no. 5 (January 22, 2015): 667–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00256-015-2098-4.

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Billmann, Franck, and Jean-Marie Le Minor. "Secondary centers of ossification of the human toes: Exceptional polymorphism and evolutionary perspectives." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 132, no. 1 (2006): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20469.

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39

Kaur, Simranjeet, and Radhesh Lalam. "History Page: Leaders in MSK Radiology." Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology 26, no. 03 (June 2022): 359–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1743539.

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AbstractCharles Thurstan Holland was the first radiologist in the world and also the founder of the first radiology department. In the early days, radiographs were used primarily in the musculoskeletal system. Holland contributed significantly to the understanding of musculoskeletal radiology as seen on radiographs, including the appearance of ossification centers and accessory ossicles. The small triangular metaphyseal fragment in Salter-Harris type 2 fractures is called the “Thurstan Holland fragment.”
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40

Loreto, Carla, Giampiero La Rocca, Rita Anzalone, Rosario Caltabiano, Giuseppe Vespasiani, Sergio Castorina, David J. Ralph, et al. "The Role of Intrinsic Pathway in Apoptosis Activation and Progression in Peyronie’s Disease." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/616149.

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Peyronie’s disease (PD) is characterized with formation of fibrous plaques which result in penile deformity, pain, and erectile dysfunction. The aim of this study was to investigate the activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway in plaques from PD patients. Tunica albuginea from either PD or control patients was assessed for the expression of bax, bcl-2 and caspases 9 and 3 using immunohistochemistry and by measurement of apoptotic cells using TUNEL assay. Bax overexpression was observed in metaplastic bone tissue, in fibroblasts, and in myofibroblast of plaques from PD patients. Little or no bcl-2 immunostaining was detected in samples from either patients or controls. Caspase 3 immunostaining was very strong in fibrous tissue, in metaplasic bone osteocytes, and in primary ossification center osteoblasts. Moderate caspase 9 immunostaining was seen in fibrous cells plaques and in osteocytes and osteoblasts of primary ossification centers from PD patients. Control samples were negative for caspase 9 immunostaining. In PD patients the TUNEL immunoassay showed intense immunostaining of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, the absence of apoptotic cells in metaplasic bone tissue and on the border between fibrous and metaplastic bone tissue. Apoptosis occurs in stabilized PD plaques and is partly induced by the intrinsic pathway.
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DiGiancamillo, Mauro, Giovanni Rattegni, Michela Podestà, Luigi Cagnolaro, Bruno Cozzi, and Leo Leonardi. "Postnatal ossification of the thoracic limb in striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) (Meyen, 1833) from the Mediterranean Sea." Canadian Journal of Zoology 76, no. 7 (July 1, 1998): 1286–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z98-055.

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We analyzed the thoracic limbs of 24 striped dolphins, Stenella coeruleoalba, by means of X-ray techniques. The body length of the dolphins, the number of postnatal dentine growth layers in the teeth, the degree of ossification of the hyoid bones, and development of the gonads (when available) were correlated with X-rays and used to estimate growth stages and skeletal maturity. Newborn animals showed advanced ossification centers in the humerus and at the proximal end of the radius and ulna. The proximal end of the humerus and the distal end of the radius and ulna ossify later, followed by closure of the epiphyseal plates at the proximal and distal ends of the metacarpal bones and phalanges. We identified physical maturity by epiphyseal fusion in the thoracic limb, and considered full maturity to have been attained with deposition of bone at the level of the epiphysis-metaphysis line. The results are discussed in relation to a possible new system of age determination in S. coeruleoalba.
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Llorente-Pelayo, Sandra, Pablo Docio, Bernardo A. Lavín-Gómez, María T. García-Unzueta, Isabel de las Cuevas, Luis de la Rubia, María J. Cabero-Pérez, and Domingo González-Lamuño. "Modified Serum ALP Values and Timing of Apparition of Knee Epiphyseal Ossification Centers in Preterm Infants with Cholestasis and Risk of Concomitant Metabolic Bone Disease of Prematurity." Nutrients 12, no. 12 (December 17, 2020): 3854. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12123854.

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The usefulness of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and phosphorous in screening and monitoring of metabolic bone disease of prematurity (MBDP) still has some limitations, especially in preterm infants with concomitant conditions such as cholestasis. We aimed to assess a modification of serum ALP (M-ALP) as a biomarker for MBDP in preterm infants, and the use of ultrasound monitoring for the apparition of knee ossification centers as marker of bone mineralization. Biochemical and clinical registers were taken from 94 preterm newborns <32 weeks. A significant correlation existed between serum ALP and direct bilirubin (DB), expressed by the regression equation: M-ALP (IU/L) = 302.1 + 96.9 (DB (mg/dL)). The ratio ALP/M-ALP > 1 was demonstrated to be more specific (87.5%) in the diagnosis of MBDP than the cut-off value of serum ALP > 500 IU/L (62.5%). ALP/M-ALP > 1 showed 100% sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of MBDP, and a good correlation with specific bone ALP (B-ALP). Patients with the knee nucleus by post-menstrual week 37 had lower B-ALP compared to patients with no nucleus, and no patients with MBDP presented the nucleus by the 40th week. In the absence of reliable specific B-ALP, reinterpreting serum ALP values by M-ALP plus monitoring of knee ossification centers contribute to better management of MBDP in preterm infants with cholestasis.
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43

Kjær, Inger, N. Hansen, K. B. Becktor, N. Birkebæk, and T. Balslev. "Craniofacial Morphology, Dentition, and Skeletal Maturity in Four Siblings with Seckel Syndrome." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 38, no. 6 (November 2001): 645–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/1545-1569_2001_038_0645_cmdasm_2.0.co_2.

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Objective: To describe the craniofacial morphology, dentition, and hand maturity in four siblings with Seckel syndrome. Patients: Two boys and two girls, with Seckel syndrome. The children studied showed extreme growth retardation, severe microcephaly, bird-headed profile with receding chin, prominent nose, mental retardation, and extremely delayed skeletal maturation. The growth hormone axis and pituitary thyroid function was normal. Methods: Skeletal and dental development were investigated from radiographic material, and a cephalometric analysis was performed from profile radiographs. Results: The craniums were remarkably small with an extremely short anterior cranial base (−4.3 to −5.5 standard units) and maxillary length (−3.8 to −4.7 SU). Differences in the morphology of the sella turcica were observed in girls and boys. Tooth maturity progressed normally. Tooth agenesis and tooth malformations were observed. Taurodontic root morphology was observed only in the girls. The approximate skeletal maturity showed retardation from 4 years 3 months to 4 years 11 months. Malformations of the hand-wrist skeleton occurred in the epiphyseal ossification centers of the middle phalangeal bone in the second, third, and fourth finger and in the distal phalangeal bone in the fifth finger. The epiphyseal ossification centers were lacking in the middle and distal phalangeal bones of the fifth finger. Conclusion: The underlying gene defect in the affected children seemingly affects bone development and growth but not dental maturation and eruption.
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44

Bemenderfer, Thomas, Robert Anderson, Mario Escudero, Feras Waly, Kevin Wing, and W. Hodges Davis. "Heterotopic Ossification in Total Ankle Arthroplasty." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 3, no. 3 (July 1, 2018): 2473011418S0002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011418s00029.

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Category: Ankle Arthritis Introduction/Purpose: Heterotopic ossification (HO) following total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) is a known sequela and has been reported to contribute to reduced postoperative range of motion and poor patient functional outcomes. However, conflicting results have been reported in the literature with respect to the correlation between HO and clinical outcome. As new strategies and implants continue to be designed, it is important to understand what instruments for measuring the outcome of treatment are important to assess when evaluating outcome measures in TAA. The present study documents the incidence of HO and functional outcome for the novel 2 component fixed bearing Infinity Total Ankle System prosthesis at minimum of two year follow up and reports a systematic review of the literature. Methods: We reviewed the incidence, degree of severity, and functional outcome in 67 consecutive patients who underwent primary Infinity TAA at two North American tertiary medical centers between 2013 and 2015 in a prospective observational study. Radiographic and functional outcome data was collected preoperatively, at 6 to 12 months postoperatively, and annually thereafter. In addition, we conducted a systematic review of studies reporting the incidence of HO following TAA. We included peer-reviewed studies reporting on at least 20 TAAs with minimum follow up of two years. Results: While the incidence of HO was 68% at 2.4 years in the 67 patients who underwent primary Infinity TAA, there was no association between HO and AOFAS (HO 73.9, no HO 55.0), SF36-PCS (HO 50.1, no HO 45.2), FFI (HO 22.1, no HO 26.4), and VAS (HO 2.6, no HO 2.3). Fourteen studies with 1201 TAAs were included. The overall incidence of HO following TAA was approximately 56.6% at average 3.8 years with a wide range (range, 22.2-100%). Four studies (299 ankles) did not address functional outcomes. Nine studies (822 ankles) reported no association between functional outcomes and HO. One study (80 ankles) reported a statistically significant difference in range of motion of 7 degrees of dorsiflexion and a 7-point difference in AOFAS score. Conclusion: There was no association between HO and functional outcome in our observational cohort. Only one study demonstrated statistically significant differences in range of motion and functional outcome due to HO. Although the minimal clinical important difference in ankle dorsiflexion and AOFAS has not been established in TAA, these differences are below the minimal clinical important difference established in other foot and ankle procedures. Available data, including the results in our 67 patients, suggests that clinical function is independent of the presence of HO.
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45

Badaoui, Reda, Amine Elmaqrout, Mohamed Boussaidan, Jalal Mekaoui, Jalal Boukhriss, Bouchaib Chafry, Driss Benchaba, and Mostapha Boussouga. "Primary aggressive chondroblastoma of the tibia." Galician Medical Journal 27, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): E202021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21802/gmj.2020.2.1.

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Chondroblastoma is a primary bone tumor in children, adolescents and young adults, which accounts for 1% of all bone tumors. Epiphyseal or epiphysometaphyseal localization, this lesion usually develops from secondary ossification centers close to the knee, shoulder and hip. Although chondroblastoma is a nonaggressive benign tumor, it can very rarely show a locally aggressive character or a malignant transformation or even metastases. We describe a histologically proven case of an aggressive, primary chondroblastoma of the tibia invading soft tissue in a 22-year-old girl.
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46

Szpinda, Michał, Mariusz Baumgart, Anna Szpinda, Alina Woźniak, Celestyna Mila-Kierzenkowska, Małgorzata Dombek, Adam Kosiński, and Marek Grzybiak. "Morphometric study of the T6 vertebra and its three ossification centers in the human fetus." Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy 35, no. 10 (March 30, 2013): 901–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00276-013-1107-3.

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47

Kitoh, Hiroshi, Ralph S. Lachman, Steven G. Brodie, Pertchoui B. Mekikian, David L. Rimoin, and William R. Wilcox. "Extra pelvic ossification centers in thanatophoric dysplasia and platyspondylic lethal skeletal dysplasia-San Diego type." Pediatric Radiology 28, no. 10 (October 16, 1998): 759–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002470050461.

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48

CHIBA, Katsushi, Mohammed E. RAHMAN, Hitoshi ISHIKAWA, and Akira ENDO. "The Timing of Appearance of Ossification Centers of Carpal and Tarsal Bones in Mouse Newborns." Congenital Anomalies 35, no. 2 (June 1995): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-4520.1995.tb00610.x.

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49

Rani, Chhaya. "Radiological study of secondary ossification centers around the elbow joint in central zone of India." Journal of the Anatomical Society of India 66 (August 2017): S18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasi.2017.08.060.

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50

Lenover, Makenna B., and Maja Šešelj. "Variation in the fusion sequence of primary and secondary ossification centers in the human skeleton." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 170, no. 3 (August 29, 2019): 373–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23921.

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